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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (66,713)
  • Oxford University Press  (42,776)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (38,621)
  • 2020-2022  (15,712)
  • 1985-1989  (94,717)
  • 1955-1959  (37,681)
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  • 1
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    Retrospective short-term forecasting experiment in Italy based on the occurrence of strong (fore) shocks (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-15
    Description: In a recent work we computed the relative frequencies with which strong shocks (4.0≤Mw〈5.0), widely felt by the population were followed in the same area by potentially destructive main shocks (Mw≥5.0) in Italy. Assuming the stationarity of the seismic release properties, such frequencies can be tentatively used to estimate the probabilities of potentially destructive shocks after the occurrence of future strong shocks. This allows us to set up an alarm-based forecasting hypothesis related to strong foreshocks occurrence. Such hypothesis is tested retrospectively on the data of a homogenized seismic catalogue of the Italian area against a purely random hypothesis that simply forecasts the target main shocks proportionally to the space-time fraction occupied by the alarms. We compute the latter fraction in two ways a) as the ratio between the average time covered by the alarms in each area and the total duration of the forecasting experiment (60 years) and b) as the same ratio but weighted by the past frequency of occurrence of earthquakes in each area. In both cases the overall retrospective performance of our forecasting algorithm is definitely better than the random case. Considering an alarm duration of three months, the algorithm retrospectively forecasts more than 70% of all shocks with Mw5.5 occurred in Italy from 1960 to 2019 with a total space-time fraction covered by the alarms of the order of 2%. Considering the same space-time coverage, the algorithm is also able to retrospectively forecasts more than 40% of the first main shocks with Mw5.5 of the seismic sequences occurred in the same time interval. Given the good reliability of our results, the forecasting algorithm is set and ready to be tested also prospectively, in parallel to other ongoing procedures operating on the Italian territory.
    Description: This paper benefitted from funding provided by the European Union within the ambit of the H2020 project RISE (No. 821115), which in particular fully financed the PhD grant of one of the authors (E.B.).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1192–1206
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake interaction ; Statistical seismology ; forecasting, ; prediction ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Thermal structure of a vanishing subduction system. An example of seismically-derived crustal temperature along the Italian peninsula (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: The active tectonic processes in convergent margins confer a high degree of complexity to the crust. Determining the thermal structure is, therefore, key to better elucidate the nature of those processes. In order to reconstruct the thermal structure of the crust beneath the Italian peninsula, we combine the most recent and accurate shear-wave velocity model that is currently available with thermodynamic modelling, assuming a global average crustal composition with no lateral variations. Our model, presented in terms of Moho temperature and crustal thermal gradients, shows a very good agreement with the known thermal anomalies associated with the backarc spreading related to the Apennine subduction. Importantly, we envisage a new anomalous region of high Moho temperatures in NW Italy (T 〉 800 degrees C at 30 km), at the transition between the Alps and Apennine orogens. The lowest temperatures of our model, corresponding to geothermal gradients 〈 19 degrees C km(-1), are obtained in the still active but slow-convergent portion of the northern Apennine. Moho temperatures increase moving southwards along the Apennine chain, an observation that is coherent with the evidence of ceasing subduction and consequent rebalancing of the depressed isotherms along the slab. Our results suggest that a thermal structure in different tectonic settings can be inferred with acceptable uncertainties based on absolute seismic velocity models. In this sense, our approach can be extended to any other region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 239–247
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Aseismic transient driving the swarm-like seismic sequence in the Pollino range, Southern Italy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: ectonic earthquake swarms challenge our understanding of earthquake processes since it is difficult to link observations to the underlying physical mechanisms and to assess the hazard they pose. Transient forcing is thought to initiate and drive the spatio-temporal release of energy during swarms. The nature of the transient forcing may vary across sequences and range from aseismic creeping or transient slip to diffusion of pore pressure pulses to fluid redistribution and migration within the seismogenic crust. Distinguishing between such forcing mechanisms may be critical to reduce epistemic uncertainties in the assessment of hazard due to seismic swarms, because it can provide information on the frequency–magnitude distribution of the earthquakes (often deviating from the assumed Gutenberg–Richter relation) and on the expected source parameters influencing the ground motion (for example the stress drop). Here we study the ongoing Pollino range (Southern Italy) seismic swarm, a long-lasting seismic sequence with more than five thousand events recorded and located since October 2010. The two largest shocks (magnitude M w = 4.2 and M w = 5.1) are among the largest earthquakes ever recorded in an area which represents a seismic gap in the Italian historical earthquake catalogue. We investigate the geometrical, mechanical and statistical characteristics of the largest earthquakes and of the entire swarm. We calculate the focal mechanisms of the M l 〉 3 events in the sequence and the transfer of Coulomb stress on nearby known faults and analyse the statistics of the earthquake catalogue. We find that only 25 per cent of the earthquakes in the sequence can be explained as aftershocks, and the remaining 75 per cent may be attributed to a transient forcing. The b-values change in time throughout the sequence, with low b-values correlated with the period of highest rate of activity and with the occurrence of the largest shock. In the light of recent studies on the palaeoseismic and historical activity in the Pollino area, we identify two scenarios consistent with the observations and our analysis: This and past seismic swarms may have been ‘passive’ features, with small fault patches failing on largely locked faults, or may have been accompanied by an ‘active’, largely aseismic, release of a large portion of the accumulated tectonic strain. Those scenarios have very different implications for the seismic hazard of the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1553–1567
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Non-stability of the noise HVSR at sites near or on topographic heights (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-18
    Description: The horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) of seismic noise is often used to investigate site effects, and it is usually assumed to be a stable feature of the site considered. Here we show that such an assumption is not always justified, and may lead to incorrect conclusions. The HVSR analysis was performed on ambient seismic noise recordings lasting from weeks to months at many sites in Calabria, Italy. Results show a variety of site effects, from the resonance of a shallow sedimentary layer to the polarized amplification of horizontal ground motion associated with topographic effects. We describe the results of seven sites whose HVSR is characterized by dual content: one that is persistent, and another appearing only occasionally. Two sites very near the coast of the Tyrrhenian sea and five sites in the Calabrian Arc mountains show the most remarkable results. The shape of the HVSR changes significantly at these sites when the amplitude of background noise increases in a broad frequency band during periods of bad weather. The occasional contribution to the HVSR consists of one or more peaks, depending on the site, that appear only when the amplitude of ambient noise is higher than usual. The seven sites where we observe the HVSR variability are all located in complex geological environments, on mountains, ridges or foothills. A variation of the HVSR correlated with the day–night cycle is also observed at some of these sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2162–2171
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    The Shallow Plumbing System of Piton de la Fournaise Volcano (La Reunion Island, Indian Ocean) Revealed by the Major 2007 Caldera-Forming Eruption (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-10
    Description: The 2007 caldera-forming eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (PdF) erupted the largest volume of magma (210 Mm3)recorded at this volcano in at least three centuries. Major and trace element and Sr^Nd isotope data for bulk-rocks, groundmasses and olivine phenocrysts have been combined with melt inclusion data (major, trace and volatile elements) to track magma evolution over the whole eruptive sequence. We show that each eruptive phase had a distinctive geochemical and petrological signature and that caldera collapse on 5 April was preceded by a marked shift in bulk magma composition and crystal content and size. Aphyric basalt erupted at the beginning of the sequence (February 2007) had relatively high Sr isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr ¼ 0·70420^0·704180) and low Nd isotopic ratio(143Nd/144Nd ¼ 0·51285^0·51286). Olivine-basalts extruded on2^5 April just before caldera collapse are less enriched in radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr ¼ 0·70412^0·70416), but characterized by the same Nd isotopic composition. This magma is interpreted as a new deep input, which pressurized the shallow PdF plumbing system and triggered the 2007 activity. Post-collapse oceanite lavas represent the main volume of magma extruded in 2007. Their bulk-rocks and groundmasses have 87Sr/86Sr (0·70418) intermediate between those of February and 5 April, and similar to those of the March 2007 and 2001^2006 lavas.We show that the Steady State Basalts (SSB) commonly erupted at PdF are hybrid melts, which result from multistep mixing between ‘alkaline’and ‘transitional’end-members. Our results lead us to propose a new model of the PdF plumbing system to reconcile the petrological, geochemical and geophysical observations: (1) the shallow portion (above sea level) of the PdF plumbing system hosts several small sills, in which magma experiences variable degrees of degassing, cooling and crystallization; (2) oceanite lavas result from the withdrawal of shallow harrisitic mushes stored at low pressures (548 MPa; 51800^2400 m depth) below both the volcano summit and its eastern flank; (3) water degassing plays a major role in fast magma crystallization at shallow depths. Multistep ascent and periodic extrusion of the shallow magmas is promoted by injections of deeper and hotter basaltic magma, containing up to 1·3 wt % H2O and 1630 ppm S. In 2007, the new deep input was the ultimate source of the large excess in sulfur degassing detected by satellites. Lateral draining and intrusion of magma below the eastern flank of the volcano are the cause of major volcano deformation, flank sliding and summit caldera collapse.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1287-1315
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Piton de la Fournaise ; plumbing system ; magma reservoir ; caldera collapse ; melt inclusions ; volatile budget ; isotope geochemistry ; basalt
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Numerical analysis of interseismic, coseismic and postseismic phases for normal and reverse faulting earthquakes in Italy (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: The preparation, initiation, and occurrence dynamics of earthquakes in Italy are governed by several frequently unknown physical mechanisms and parameters. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing new techniques and approaches for earthquake monitoring and hazard assessments. Here, we develop a first-order numerical model simulating quasi-static crustal interseismic loading, coseismic brittle episodic dislocations, and postseismic relaxation for extensional and compressional earthquakes in Italy based on a common framework of lithostatic and tectonic forces. Our model includes an upper crust, where the fault is locked, and a deep crust, where the fault experiences steady shear.
    Description: Published
    Description: 627–645
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 7
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    An automatically generated high-resolution earthquake catalogue for the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence, including P and S phase arrival times (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-24
    Description: The 2016–17 central Italy earthquake sequence began with the first mainshock near the town of Amatrice on August 24 (MW 6.0), and was followed by two subsequent large events near Visso on October 26 (MW 5.9) and Norcia on October 30 (MW 6.5), plus a cluster of 4 events with MW 〉 5.0 within few hours on January 18, 2017. The affected area had been monitored before the sequence started by the permanent Italian National Seismic Network (RSNC), and was enhanced during the sequence by temporary stations deployed by the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology and the British Geological Survey. By the middle of September, there was a dense network of 155 stations, with a mean separation in the epicentral area of 6–10 km, comparable to the most likely earthquake depth range in the region. This network configuration was kept stable for an entire year, producing 2.5 TB of continuous waveform recordings. Here we describe how this data was used to develop a large and comprehensive earthquake catalogue using the Complete Automatic Seismic Processor (CASP) procedure. This procedure detected more than 450,000 events in the year following the first mainshock, and determined their phase arrival times through an advanced picker engine (RSNI-Picker2), producing a set of about 7 million P- and 10 million S-wave arrival times. These were then used to locate the events using a non-linear location (NLL) algorithm, a 1D velocity model calibrated for the area, and station corrections and then to compute their local magnitudes (ML). The procedure was validated by comparison of the derived data for phase picks and earthquake parameters with a handpicked reference catalogue (hereinafter referred to as ‘RefCat’). The automated procedure takes less than 12 hours on an Intel Core-i7 workstation to analyse the primary waveform data and to detect and locate 3000 events on the most seismically active day of the sequence. This proves the concept that the CASP algorithm can provide effectively real-time data for input into daily operational earthquake forecasts, The results show that there have been significant improvements compared to RefCat obtained in the same period using manual phase picks. The number of detected and located events is higher (from 84,401 to 450,000), the magnitude of completeness is lower (from ML 1.4 to 0.6), and also the number of phase picks is greater with an average number of 72 picked arrival for a ML = 1.4 compared with 30 phases for RefCat using manual phase picking. These propagate into formal uncertainties of ± 0.9km in epicentral location and ± 1.5km in depth for the enhanced catalogue for the vast majority of the events. Together, these provide a significant improvement in the resolution of fine structures such as local planar structures and clusters, in particular the identification of shallow events occurring in parts of the crust previously thought to be inactive. The lower completeness magnitude provides a rich data set for development and testing of analysis techniques of seismic sequences evolution, including real-time, operational monitoring of b-value, time-dependent hazard evaluation and aftershock forecasting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 555–571
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
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  • 8
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    Erratum: On seismic ambient noise cross-correlation and surface-wave attenuation (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: erratum paper
    Description: Published
    Description: 1090-1092
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Theoretical seismology ; Seismic attenuation ; Seismic noise ; Surface waves ; Free oscillations ; Seismic interferometry ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Crustal structure of the Azores Archipelago from Rayleigh wave ellipticity data (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication inGeophysical Journal International ©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Description: Determining the crustal structure of ocean island volcanoes is important to understand the formation and tectonic evolution of the oceanic lithosphere and tectonic swells in marine settings, and to assess seismic hazard in the islands. The Azores Archipelago is located near a triple junction system and is possibly under the influence of a mantle plume, being at the locus of a wide range of geodynamic processes. However, its crustal structure is still poorly constrained and debated due to the limited seismic coverage of the region and the peculiar linear geometry of the islands. To address these limitations, in this study we invert teleseismic Rayleigh wave ellipticity measurements for 1-D shear wave speed (VS) crustal models of the Azores Archipelago. Moreover, we test the reliability of these new models by using them in independent moment tensor inversions of local seismic data and demonstrate that our models improve the waveform fit compared to previous models. We find that data from the westernmost seismic stations used in this study require a shallower Moho depth (∼10 km) than data from stations in the eastern part of the archipelago (∼13–16 km). This apparent increase in the Moho depth with increasing distance from the mid-Atlantic ridge (MAR) is expected. However, the rate at which Moho deepens away from the MAR is greater than that predicted from a half-space cooling model, suggesting that local tectonic perturbations have modified crustal structure. The 1-D VS models obtained beneath the westernmost seismic stations also show higher wave speeds than for the easternmost stations, which correlates well with the ages of the islands except Santa Maria Island. We interpret the relatively low VS profile found beneath Santa Maria Island as resulting from underplating, which agrees with previous geological studies of the island. Compared to a recent receiver function study of the region, the shallow structure (top ∼2 km) in our models shows lower shear wave speed, which may have important implications for future hazard studies of the region. More generally, the new seismic crustal models we present in this study will be useful to better understand the tectonics, seismicity, moment tensors and strong ground motions in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1232–1247
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Changing modes and rates of mafic magma supply at Pantelleria (Sicily Channel, Southern Italy): new perspectives on the volcano factory drawn upon olivine records (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The island of Pantelleria, located in the Sicily Channel Rift Zone (Italy), has been the site of violent peralkaline silicic magmatism alternating with minor effusive to low-intensity Strombolian erup- tions of basaltic composition. The basaltic rock suites exposed on the island were sampled to in- vestigate the plumbing system dynamics through the study of chemical stratigraphy and temporal records of olivine crystals. Our petrographic and geochemical observations, together with the com- positional variability of olivine, suggest different evolutionary histories for basaltic magmas erupted over two major periods divided by the 􏰃45 ka Green Tuff (GT) eruption. Core-to-rim com- positional traverses across olivine crystals document different types of zoning. We recognized oliv- ine zones affected by Fo oscillations at very fine scales in the inner cores, rims and/or in intermedi- ate portions of crystals and used them to reconstruct the residence and passage of crystals through different magmatic environments, with P–T–ƒO2 and compositional characteristics con- strained by thermodynamic modeling. The sequence of magmatic environments evidenced by oliv- ine zoning indicate that the pre-GT volcanic period was dominated by injection at shallow crustal levels (􏰃300–200 MPa) of primitive melts, initially moving from a deep storage zone at the crust- mantle boundary. Supply of this magma significantly decreased after the GT eruption, while the dy- namics of magma transfer within the upper portion of the plumbing system were greatly enhanced. The diffusive relaxation of olivine zoning provided the timing of storage and migration of a crystal through different environments. For magmas feeding the ancient (〉45 ka) basaltic activ- ity we retrieved transfer histories that are much longer (up to 􏰃3 years) if compared with those cal- culated for the post-GT basalts (1–9 months). The compositional and temporal dataset presented in this study supports the idea that the GT eruption and the subsequent collapse of the volcanic edi- fice could have caused major changes to the internal structural setting of Pantelleria, creating more favorable conditions for the migration of magmas in the upper portions of the plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: egaa05
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 11
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    The Deep Plumbing System of Ischia: a Physico-chemical Window on the Fluid-saturated and CO2-sustained Neapolitan Volcanism (Southern Italy) (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Ischia, a volcanic island located 18 miles SW of Naples (Southern Italy), is a densely populated active caldera that last erupted in AD 1302. Melt inclusions in phenocrysts of the Vateliero and Cava Nocelle shoshonite^latite eruptive products (6th to 4th centuries BC) constrain the structure and nature of the Ischia deep magmatic feeding system.Their geochemical characteristics make Ischia a natural borehole for probing the physico-chemical conditions of magma generation in mantle contaminated by slab-derived fluids or melts, largely dominated by CO2.Volatile concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions require gas^melt equilibria at between 3 and 18 km depth. In agreement with what has already been demonstrated at the other neighboring Neapolitan volcanoes (Procida, Campi Flegrei caldera and Somma^Vesuvius volcanic complex), a major crystallization depth at 8^10 km has been identified.The analyzed melt inclusions provide clear evidence for CO2-dominated gas fluxing and consequent dehydration of magma batches stagnating at crustal discontinuities. Gas fluxing is further supported by selective enrichment in K owing to fluid-transfer during magma differentiation.This takes place under oxidized conditions (Fe3þ /Fe 0·3) that can be fixed by an equimolar proportion of divalent and trivalent iron in the melt if post-entrapment crystallization of the host olivine is discarded.The melt inclusion data, together with data from the literature for other Neapolitan volcanoes, show that magmatism and volcanism in the Neapolitan area, despite differences in composition and eruption dynamics, are closely linked to supercritical CO2-rich fluids. These fluids are produced by devolatilization of subducting terrigenous^pelagic metasediments and infiltrate the overlying mantle wedge, generate magmas and control their ascent up to eruption. Geochemical characteristics of Ischia and the other Neapolitan volcanoes reveal that the extent of fluid or melt contamination of the pre-subduction asthenospheric mantle wedge was similar among these volcanoes. However, differences in the isotopic compositions of the erupted magmas (more enriched in radiogenic Sr at Ischia, Campi Flegrei and Somma^Vesuvius with respect to Procida) and the amount of H2O in the plumbing system of these volcanoes (almost double at Ischia, Campi Flegrei and Somma^Vesuvius than at Procida) reflect the different flow-rates of deep slab-derived fluids or melts through the mantle wedge, which, in turn, control the amount of generated magma.The high bulk permeability of the lithosphere below Ischia, Campi Flegrei and Somma^Vesuvius, determined by the occurrence of intersecting NW^SE and NE^SW regional fault systems, favours fluid ascent and accumulation at crustal levels, with consequent larger magma production and storage than at Procida, located along the NE^SW system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 951-984
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2-fluxing ; melt inclusions ; redox state ; trachybasalts
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Sulphur behaviour and redox conditions in etnean magmas during magma differentiation and degassing (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: Sulphur behaviour and variations in redox conditions during magma differentiation and degassing in the Mt Etna (Italy) volcanic system have been explored by integrating the study of olivine-hosted melt inclusions (MIs) with an experimental survey of sulphur solubility in hydrous basaltic magmas. Sulphur solubility experiments were performed at conditions relevant to the Etnean plumbing system (1200 C, 200MPa and oxygen fugacity between NNOþ0 2 and NNOþ1 7, with NNO being the nickel–nickel oxide buffer), and their results confirm the important control of oxygen fugacity (fO2) on S abundance in mafic magmas and on S partitioning between fluid and melt phases (DSfluid/melt). The observed DSfluid/melt value increases from 5164 to 14666 when fO2 decreases from NNOþ1 760 5 to NNOþ0 3. Based on the calculated DSfluid/melt and a careful selection of previously published data, an empirical model is proposed for basaltic magmas to predict the variation of DSfluid/melt values with variations in P (25–300 MPa), T (1030–1200 C) and fO2 (between NNO– 0 8 and NNOþ2 4). Olivine-hosted melt inclusions (Fo89-91) from tephra of the prehistoric (4 ka BP) sub-plinian picritic eruption, named FS (‘Fall Stratified’), have been investigated for their major element compositions, volatile contents and iron speciation (expressed as Fe3þ/PFe ratio). These primitive MIs present S content from 235677 to 34456168 ppm, and oxygen fugacity values, estimated from Fe3þ/PFe ratios, range from NNOþ0 760 2 to NNOþ1 660 2. Iron speciation has also been investigated in more evolved and volatile-poorer Etnean MIs. The only primitive melt inclusion from the Mt Spagnolo eruption (4–15 ka BP) presents a S content of 1515649ppm and an estimated fO2 of NNOþ1 460 1. The more evolved MIs (from 2002–2003, 2006, 2008–2009 and 2013 eruptions) have S content lower than 500 ppm, and their Fe3þ/RFe ratios result in fO2 between NNO– 0 960 1 and NNOþ0 460 1. Redox conditions and S behaviour in Etnean magmas during degassing and fractional crystallization were modelled coupling MELTS code with our empirical DSfluid/melt model. Starting from an FS-type magma composition and upon decrease of T and P, fractional crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel and plagioclase causes a significant fO2 decrease. The fO2 reduction, in turn, causes a decrease in sulphur solubility and an increase in DSfluid/melt, promoting S exsolution during magma ascent, which further enhances the reduction of fO2. For the evolved MIs of 2002–2013 eruptions, magma differentiation may therefore have played a crucial role in decreasing redox conditions and favouring efficient S degassing. Differently, during the unusual FS eruption, only limited melt evolution is observed and S exsolution seems to have been triggered by a major pressure decrease accompanied by H2O and CO2 exsolution during fast magmatic ascent.
    Description: Published
    Description: egaa095
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: melt inclusions ; sulphur solubility experiments ; XANES ; Mt. Etna ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Importance of earthquake rupture geometry on tsunami modelling: the Calabrian Arc subduction interface (Italy) case study (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-16
    Description: The behaviour of tsunami waves at any location depends on the local morphology of the coasts, the encountered bathymetric features, and the characteristics of the source. However, the importance of accurately modelling the geometric properties of the causative fault for simulations of seismically induced tsunamis is rarely addressed. In this work, we analyse the effects of using two different geometric models of the subduction interface of the Calabrian Arc (southern Italy, Ionian Sea) onto the simulated tsunamis: a detailed 3-D subduction interface obtained from the interpretation of a dense network of seismic reflection profiles, and a planar interface that roughly approximates the 3-D one. These models can be thought of as representing two end-members of the level of knowledge of fault geometry. We define three hypothetical earthquake ruptures of different magnitudes (Mw 7.5, 8.0, 8.5) on each geometry. The resulting tsunami impact is evaluated at the 50-m isobath in front of coastlines of the central and eastern Mediterranean. Our results show that the source geometry imprint is evident on the tsunami waveforms, as recorded at various distances and positions relative to the source. The absolute differences in maximum and minimum wave amplitudes locally exceed one metre, and the relative differences remain systematically above 20 per cent with peaks over 40 per cent. We also observe that tsunami energy directivity and focusing due to bathymetric waveguides take different paths depending on which fault is used. Although the differences increase with increasing earthquake magnitude, there is no simple rule to anticipate the different effects produced by these end-member models of the earthquake source. Our findings suggest that oversimplified source models may hinder our fundamental understanding of the tsunami impact and great care should be adopted when making simplistic assumptions regarding the appropriateness of the planar fault approximation in tsunami studies. We also remark that the geological and geophysical 3-D fault characterization remains a crucial and unavoidable step in tsunami hazard analyses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1805–1819
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    On the Heterogeneity of the Earthquake rupture (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-14
    Description: The scaling of earthquake parameters with seismic moment and its interpretation in terms of self- similarity is still debated in the literature. We address this question by examining a worldwide compilation of corner frequency-based and elastic rebound theory (ERT)-based fault slip, area and stress drop values for earthquakes ranging in magnitude from -0.7 to 7.8. We find that corner frequency estimates of slip (and stress drop) scale differently than those inferred from the ERT approach, where the latter deviates from the generally accepted constant stress drop behavior of so- called self-similar scaling models. We also find that average slips from finite-source models are consistent with corner frequency scaling, whereas peak slip values are more consistent with the ERT scaling. The different scaling of corner frequency- and ERT-based estimates of slip and stress drop with earthquake size is interpreted in terms of heterogeneity of the rupture process. ERT-based estimates of stress drop decrease with seismic moment suggesting a self-affine behavior. Despite the inferred heterogeneity at all scales, we do not observe a clear effect on the Brune stress drop scaling with earthquake size.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1771–1781
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake dynamics ; Earthquake source observations ; Dynamics and mechanics of faulting ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Back to the future: old methods for new estimation and test of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value for catalogues with variable completeness (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-11
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: 2021 The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
    Description: In this short paper we show how to use the classical maximum likelihood estimation procedure for the b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter law for catalogues with different levels of completeness. With a simple correction, that is subtracting the relative completeness level to each magnitude, it becomes possible to use the classical approach. Moreover, this correction allows to adopt the testing procedures, initially made for catalogues with a single level of completeness, for catalogues with different levels of completeness too.
    Description: Published
    Description: 337–339
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 16
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    Good practices in PSHA: declustering, b-value estimation, foreshocks and aftershocks inclusion; a case study in Italy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.
    Description: The classical procedure of the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) requires a Poissonian distribution of earthquakes. Seismic catalogs follow a Poisson distribution just after the application of a declustering algorithm that leaves only one earthquake for each seismic sequence (usually the stronger, i.e. the main shock). Removing earthquakes from the seismic catalogs leads to underestimation of the annual rates of the events and consequently associate with low seismic hazard as indicated by several studies. In this study, we aim investigating the performance of two declustering methods on the Italian instrumental catalog and the impact of declustering on estimation of the b-value and on the seismic hazard analysis. To this end, first the spatial variation in the seismicity rate was estimated from the declustered catalogs using the adaptive smoothed seismicity approach, considering small earthquakes (Mw≥3.0). We then corrected the seismicity rates using new approach that allows for counting all events in the complete seismic catalog by simply changing the magnitude frequency distribution. The impact of declustering on seismic hazard analysis is illustrated using PSHA maps in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) in 2 s, with 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, for Italy. We observed that the hazard calculated from the declustered catalogs was always lower than the hazard computed using the complete catalog. These results are in agreement with previous results obtained in different parts of the world.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1174–1187
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Crustal and uppermost mantle shear wave velocity structure beneath the Middle East from surface wave tomography (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We have constructed a 3-D shear wave velocity (Vs) model for the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Middle East using Rayleigh wave records obtained from ambient-noise cross-correlations and regional earthquakes. We combined one decade of data collected from 852 permanent and temporary broad-band stations in the region to calculate group-velocity dispersion curves. A compilation of 〉54 000 ray paths provides reliable group-velocity measurements for periods between 2 and 150 s. Path-averaged group velocities calculated at different periods were inverted for 2-D group-velocity maps. To overcome the problem of heterogeneous ray coverage, we used an adaptive grid parametrization for the group-velocity tomographic inversion. We then sample the period-dependent group-velocity field at each cell of a predefined grid to generate 1-D group-velocity dispersion curves, which are subsequently inverted for 1-D Vs models beneath each cell and combined to approximate the 3-D Vs structure of the area. The Vs model shows low velocities at shallow depths (5–10 km) beneath the Mesopotamian foredeep, South Caspian Basin, eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, in coincidence with deep sedimentary basins. Shallow high-velocity anomalies are observed in regions such as the Arabian Shield, Anatolian Plateau and Central Iran, which are dominated by widespread magmatic exposures. In the 10–20 km depth range, we find evidence for a band of high velocities (〉4.0 km s–1) along the southern Red Sea and Arabian Shield, indicating the presence of upper mantle rocks. Our 3-D velocity model exhibits high velocities in the depth range of 30–50 km beneath western Arabia, eastern Mediterranean, Central Iranian Block, South Caspian Basin and the Black Sea, possibly indicating a relatively thin crust. In contrast, the Zagros mountain range, the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone in western central Iran, the easternmost Anatolian plateau and Lesser Caucasus are characterized by low velocities at these depths. Some of these anomalies may be related to thick crustal roots that support the high topography of these regions. In the upper mantle depth range, high-velocity anomalies are obtained beneath the Arabian Platform, southern Zagros, Persian Gulf and the eastern Mediterranean, in contrast to low velocities beneath the Red Sea, Arabian Shield, Afar depression, eastern Turkey and Lut Block in eastern Iran. Our Vs model may be used as a new reference crustal model for the Middle East in a broad range of future studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1349-1365
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.01. Earth Interior ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 18
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    Asian dust-storm activity dominated by Chinese dynasty changes since 2000 BP (2020)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 11(1), pp. 1-7, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-14
    Description: The Asian monsoon (AM) played an important role in the dynastic history of China, yet it remains unknown whether AM-mediated shifts in Chinese societies affect earth surface processes to the point of exceeding natural variability. Here, we present a dust storm intensity record dating back to the first unified dynasty of China (the Qin Dynasty, 221–207 B.C.E.). Marked increases in dust storm activity coincided with unified dynasties with large populations during strong AM periods. By contrast, reduced dust storm activity corresponded to decreased population sizes and periods of civil unrest, which was co-eval with a weakened AM. The strengthened AM may have facilitated the development of Chinese civilizations, destabilizing the topsoil and thereby increasing the dust storm frequency. Beginning at least 2000 years ago, human activities might have started to overtake natural climatic variability as the dominant controls of dust storm activity in eastern China.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Successful ecosystem-based management of Antarctic krill should address uncertainties in krill recruitment, behaviour and ecological adaptation (2020)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Nature Publishing Group, 1(28), ISSN: 2662-4435
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-12
    Description: Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, supports a valuable commercial fishery in the Southwest Atlantic, which holds the highest krill densities and is warming rapidly. The krill catch is increasing, is concentrated in a small area, and has shifted seasonally from summer to autumn/winter. The fishery is managed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, with the main goal of safeguarding the large populations of krill-dependent predators. Here we show that, because of the restricted distribution of successfully spawning krill and high inter-annual variability in their biomass, the risk of direct fishery impacts on the krill stock itself might be higher than previously thought. We show how management benefits could be achieved by incorporating uncertainty surrounding key aspects of krill ecology into management decisions, and how knowledge can be improved in these key areas. This improved information may be supplied, in part, by the fishery itself.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    Antarctic icebergs reorganize ocean circulation during Pleistocene glacials (2021)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, 589(7841), pp. 236-241, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: The dominant feature of large-scale mass transfer in the modern ocean is the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The geometry and vigour of this circulation influences global climate on various timescales. Palaeoceanographic evidence suggests that during glacial periods of the past 1.5 million years the AMOC had markedly different features from today; in the Atlantic basin, deep waters of Southern Ocean origin increased in volume while above them the core of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) shoaled. An absence of evidence on the origin of this phenomenon means that the sequence of events leading to global glacial conditions remains unclear. Here we present multi-proxy evidence showing that northward shifts in Antarctic iceberg melt in the Indian–Atlantic Southern Ocean (0–50°E) systematically preceded deep-water mass reorganizations by one to two thousand years during Pleistocene-era glaciations. With the aid of iceberg-trajectory model experiments, we demonstrate that such a shift in iceberg trajectories during glacial periods can result in a considerable redistribution of freshwater in the Southern Ocean. We suggest that this, in concert with increased sea-ice cover, enabled positive buoyancy anomalies to ‘escape’ into the upper limb of the AMOC, providing a teleconnection between surface Southern Ocean conditions and the formation of NADW. The magnitude and pacing of this mechanism evolved substantially across the mid-Pleistocene transition, and the coeval increase in magnitude of the ‘southern escape’ and deep circulation perturbations implicate this mechanism as a key feedback in the transition to the ‘100-kyr world’, in which glacial–interglacial cycles occur at roughly 100,000-year periods.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Travel Time and Source Variation Explain the Molecular Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter in an Alpine Stream Network (2020)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3JGR Biogeosciences, Wiley-Blackwell, ISSN: 2169-8961
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-21
    Description: Streams and rivers are important components of the carbon cycle as they transport and transform dissolved organic matter (DOM). Using high‐resolution Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we studied the spatial distribution of DOM at the molecular level at more than 100 sites across a stream network during summer and winter baseflow. We developed a model approximating the time DOM spent in the fluvial network, a key constraint on the biogeochemical processing of DOM. Discharge‐weighted travel time explained the compositional changes of DOM, which differed markedly in summer and winter. We attribute these seasonal differences to variation in source material, putatively reflecting the dynamics of freshly produced DOM in summer and DOM with an imprint of leaf litter in winter. Hydrological mixing was an important driver of the spatial dynamics of DOM. From the convergence rate of DOM compound intensities to the network‐wide average, we inferred the spatial distribution of sources within the catchment. Finally, we estimated network‐wide apparent mass transfer coefficients (vf app) of individual DOM compounds, which describe the vertical velocity at which DOM compounds are removed by biotic and abiotic processes. We identified the oxidative state of carbon as an important factor explaining vf app, which we consequently attribute to biological uptake of thermodynamically favorable DOM compounds. This work contributes to our understanding of the spatial processes, temporal constraints, and chemical properties of DOM that regulate the transformation and diagenesis of DOM at the fluvial network scale.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    Scenario analysis can guide aquaculture planning to meet sustainable future production goals (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press, pp. 1-11, ISSN: 1054-3139
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-23
    Description: Marine aquaculture holds great promise for meeting increasing demand for healthy protein that is sustainably produced, but reaching necessary production levels will be challenging. The ecosystem approach to aquaculture is a framework for sustainable aquaculture development that prioritizes multiple-stakeholder participation and spatial planning. These types of approaches have been increasingly used to help guide sustainable, persistent, and equitable aquaculture planning, but most countries have difficulties in setting or meeting longer-term development goals. Scenario analysis (SA) for future planning uses similar approaches and can complement holistic methods, such as the ecosystem approach to aquaculture framework, by providing a temporal analogue to the spatially robust design. Here we define the SA approach to planning in aquaculture, outline how SA can benefit aquaculture planning, and review how this tool is already being used. We track the use of planning tools in the 20 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea member nations, with particular attention given to Norway’s development goals to 2050. We conclude that employing a combination of an ecosystem framework with scenario analyses may help identify the scale of development aquaculture goals over time, aid in evaluating the feasibility of the desired outcomes, and highlight potential social-ecological conflicts and trade-offs that may otherwise be overlooked.
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    Eruptive activity on the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean): insights on magma transfer, storage and evolution at an oceanic volcanic island (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-17
    Description: Petrological and geochemical (major element, trace element, Sr–Nd isotope) data for recent (〈5 kyr old) basalts that sporadically erupt on the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (PdF), one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, allow the tracking of magma transfer and evolution from mantle to crustal depths. In the western peripheral area of PdF we document the broadly synchronous eruptions of (1) primitive olivine and olivine–clinopyroxene transitional basalts with tholeiitic affinity 30 that are closely associated in space with (2) transitional olivine basalts with alkaline affinity, and (3) hybrid lavas, intermediate between the ‘alkaline’ and the ‘tholeiitic’ end-members. The composition of the latter overlaps with that of the lavas frequently erupted from the conduit system feeding the main summit cone. AlphaMELTS modelling, and fluid inclusion and clinopyroxene barometry, constrain the conditions of magma storage at 10–30 km, and the ascent of magma from the upper 35 mantle to the shallow crustal plumbing system. Variable degrees of mantle melting, together with minor source heterogeneity and contamination with cumulate-derived partial melts, contribute to the diversity of PdF magmas. However, all these processes do not represent the dominant factors that produce the large variability we found in major element composition. Indeed, the composition of basalts erupted from PdF peripheral centers is strongly controlled by polybaric olivine–clinopyr- 40 oxene fractionation at pressures higher than 3 kbar. Crystal textures and geochemical modelling suggest that fast magma ascent is critical to prevent clinopyroxene dissolution. Conversely, longlasting magma stagnation promotes pyroxene resorption and magma differentiation. ‘Central’ eruptions occurring close to the PdF summit cone emit variably more evolved melts, which result from olivine–clinopyroxene–plagioclase differentiation at intermediate–shallow pressure (〈3 kbar and in most cases 〈1 kbar). Deep and extensive magma mixing before injection into the crustal magma conduit system, located below the summit region, results in the apparent homogeneity of basalts erupted from the central area. As regards ‘peripheral’ eruptions, deep-seated stagnation of basaltic melts and differentiation at the mantle–crust transition zone (c. 4 kbar) produces a range of 5 magma compositions. We demonstrate that rapid magma ascent from deep-seated reservoirs can bypass the central plumbing system. The eruptions of these magmas both in the central area and on the densely populated flanks have major consequences in terms of volcanic hazard at PdF.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1717–1752
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: transitional basalts ; clinopyroxene crystallization and resorption ; mantle–crust underplating
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    Supplements to Menard & Shipek 1958 (1958)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3London, United Kingdom, Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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    Overview of the mating systems of Crustacea (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3The Natural History of the Crustacea, Vol. 6: Reproductive Biology, New York, U.S.A., Oxford University Press, 30 p., pp. 277-306, ISBN: 9780190688554
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-24
    Description: Due to an exceptional variety of habitats, body plans, and lifestyles, crustaceans exhibit a wide array of mating systems. Some groups engage in simple, pure- search polygamous systems in which males usually search for receptive females. In other groups, males defend valuable resources to attract and/ or guard females to ensure paternity. Some species have developed highly complex systems of harem defense polygyny and monogamy, even cases of sub- and eusociality are reported. The expression of mating systems does not seem to be uniformly correlated to taxonomic affiliation, but is rather diverse within certain groups, suggesting that the evolution of mating systems is largely facilitated by the lifestyle of the species. Despite the broad range of mating systems in crustaceans, and although some groups have been studied comparably well, there remains a lack of knowledge about the behavioral and sexual biology of many species. In the light of the high diversity of lifestyles, mating systems, and habitats of certain groups, crustacean species would be ideal models to unravel the evolution of reproductive strategies and social behaviors.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Bacterial communities in temperate and polar coastal sands are seasonally stable (2021)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3ISME Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 1(1), pp. 1-11
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Description: Coastal sands are biocatalytic filters for dissolved and particulate organic matter of marine and terrestrial origin, thus, acting as centers of organic matter transformation. At high temporal resolution, we accessed the variability of benthic bacterial communities over two annual cycles at Helgoland (North Sea), and compared it with seasonality of communities in Isfjorden (Svalbard, 78°N) sediments, where primary production does not occur during winter. Benthic community structure remained stable in both, temperate and polar sediments on the level of cell counts and 16S rRNA-based taxonomy. Actinobacteriota of uncultured Actinomarinales and Microtrichales were a major group, with 8 ± 1% of total reads (Helgoland) and 31 ± 6% (Svalbard). Their high activity (frequency of dividing cells 28%) and in situ cell numbers of 〉10% of total microbes in Svalbard sediments, suggest Actinomarinales and Microtrichales as key heterotrophs for carbon mineralization. Even though Helgoland and Svalbard sampling sites showed no phytodetritus-driven changes of the benthic bacterial community structure, they harbored significantly different communities (p 〈 0.0001, r = 0.963). The temporal stability of benthic bacterial communities is in stark contrast to the dynamic succession typical of coastal waters, suggesting that pelagic and benthic bacterial communities respond to phytoplankton productivity very differently.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two forms of the T-cell receptor γ protein found on peripheral blood cytotoxic T lymphocytes (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 689-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The T-cell receptor (TCR) γ polypeptide is expressed associated with CD3(T3) on the surface of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. These cells function as non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and thus may play an important role in host immune defence. The TCR γ ...
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    Hercynian orogeny in the Pyrenees was not a rifting event (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 739-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE Pyrenees were a segment of Hercynian crust that underwent rifting during the Mesozoic followed by compression during Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic time1'3. From a regional study of Hercynian metamorphism in a North Pyrenean massif it was recently proposed4 that 'the Hercynian orogeny in the ...
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    How to get back from the dead (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 561-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE question whether the British university system will be able, like Lazarus, to rise from the dead will not be settled by the announcement last week that academic salaries are at last to be increased (see p. 567) or by the recommendations of the government committee under Lord Croham which, for ...
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  • 30
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    Canada demands action from United States on acid rain (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 565-565 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE Canadian government's quarrel with Washington over acid rain has moved into a new and more acrimonious phase, with the Canadians demanding immediate action. At a meeting on 21 January, the Canadian Prime Minister, Brian Mulrony, gave US vice-president George Bush what is ...
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Atomic power struggle under way in India (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 565-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] New Delhi THE appointment of a successor to Dr Raja Ramanna, retiring chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), has been postponed at the last minute in the wake of threats of resignation and an internal power struggle between top scientists at the Department of Atomic Energy ...
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  • 32
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    Japanese X-ray satellite goes up successfully (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 567-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Tokyo JAPAN'S X-ray astronomy satellite, Astro-C, was successfully launched from the Kagoshima Space Center of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) on 5 February. Developed jointly by Japanese, British and US scientists, the probe will monitor faint X-ray sources in the far ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325567c0
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    International spaceports planned for northern Australia (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 568-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sydney AUSTRALIA is to be the site for an international spaceport, if the governments in the top end of the continent have their way. A A$93,000 study commissioned by the Queensland state government is to recommend that at least 2,000 km2 be set aside for a spaceport on the Cape York ...
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    Soviet drilling project snag (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 569-569 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A US DELEGATION poised to travel to Moscow last weekend to sign a memorandum of understanding making the Soviet Union an official member of the Ocean Drilling Program was ordered not to leave just one day before the scheduled trip. The Defense Department postponed the signing by raising concern ...
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    Rem overdose (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 570-570 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-The communication by R. Russell-Jones on "Cancer risk assessments in light of Chernobyl" (Nature 323, 585; 1986) continues the vapid calculations made following the disaster. It also is technically incorrect as well as misleading. Presumably the 400,000 rem (4,000 Sv) quoted are the product of ...
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    Reading radioactive rock clocks (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 573-574 
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    Notes: [Auszug] RADIOACTIVE clocks are continuously ticking. In magma source regions, in magma chambers, in minerals crystallized from magmas and after eruption in frozen volcanic effusives, they continue to record time. These clocks are the nuclides of the naturally occurring uranium and thorium radioactive decay ...
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    New patterns in atomic spectra (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 577-578 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CAN there still be anything new in the problem of a hydrogen atom in a uniform magnetic field? Most physicists are likely to say no and be surprised that this seemingly simple problem is not yet fully understood and that unexpected and qualitatively new phenomena continue to emerge. Recent ...
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    AIDS virus and scrapie protein genes (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 581-581 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Haseltine and Patarca1 have suggested regions of sequence similarity between the 3'-end of the polymerase gene of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus, type HTLV-III)2 and the hamster gene for PrP 27-30, a protein associated with scrapie infectivity34, but Braun and Gonda have since shown that the ...
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    Interferon-β 2 living up to its name (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 581-582 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-The B-cell differentiation factor BSF-2 (or BCDF), whose complementary DNA was recently cloned from T cells by Hirano et ai', turned out to be identical to interferon-p2 (IFN-p2, 26K), which we had cloned from human fibroblasts by means of its interferon activity2 4. Billiau5, in pointing out ...
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    Is seeing believing? (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 583-584 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IF, IN good illumination (and wearing my glasses!) my eyes alight upon a common object, I have no difficulty in recognizing that there is, for example, a chair some two metres in front of me. This is the exercise of an everyday and seemingly trivial capacity, but one which has long frustrated our ...
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    Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the past 22,000 years, reconstructed using beetle remains (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 587-592 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Seasonal and mean annual temperatures can be reconstructed from radiocarbon-dated beetle remains to yield a synthesis of the palaeoclimatic history of Britain over the last 22,000 years. The reconstructions agree well with independent evidence from periglacial features and provide a detailed ...
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    Upper mantle origin for Harding County well gases (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 605-607 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the past 25 years, CO2 well gases in general1 and CO2-rich well gases from Harding County, New Mexico, in particular, have been extensively investigated for noble gases by several authors. In 1963, Butler et al.2 first found a small, but significant 129Xe excess (~2%) and fissiogenic Xe excesses ...
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    A glucagon fragment is responsible for the inhibition of the liver Ca 2+ pump by glucagon (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 620-622 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake was studied in liver plasma membrane vesicles prepared according to Prpic et al7. Addition of glucagon( 19-29) (0-50 nM) to the assay medium resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake (Fig. 1). A maximal inhibition of 40-60% was attained ...
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    A novel c-abl protein product in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 631-635 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In 1960, Nowell and Hungerford discovered a shortened chromosome 22, designated the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)1. This chromosomal aberration, which is now considered the cytogenetic hallmark of the disease, results from a reciprocal translocation between ...
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    A novel abl protein expressed in Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 635-637 
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    Notes: [Auszug] We obtained four cases of Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukaemia leukaemia (ALL) for our study (F.B., F.Y., P.N. and A.E.). The Ph chromosome was observed by cytogenetic analysis in each case. Immunophenotyping of the blast cells revealed a common ALL phenotype8 in three patients (F.B., F.Y., P.N.) and ...
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    Changing British sports (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 470-470 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IT is a long time since the British shared the belief that others have of them, that their favourite sports are fox-hunting, horse-racing, cricket and rowing, in that order. (To judge by times allocated in broadcasting schedules, the most popular game is now snooker, played with a number of ...
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    Johns Hopkins atop spending table (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 472-472 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE table below shows the top ten US universities ranked by federal research funds received in fiscal year 1985, based on data in a recent report from the National Science Foundation. Johns Hopkins owes its ranking to the $299 million a year that went to its Applied Physics ...
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    West German commission reports on genetic engineering (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 474-474 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Hamburg WiDE-ranging recommendations on the applications of genetic engineering are contained in a report of a West German parliamentary commission. Although generally approving the use and exploitation of genetic manipulation, the commission calls for a ban on experiments on fertilized human ...
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    Cameroon lake gas disaster a lesson for the future (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 475-475 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Washington A CLOUD of 1.0 km3 of carbon dioxide gas released from Lake Nyos in Cameroon last August caused the deaths by asphyxiation of at least 1,700 people, according to a report prepared by a US scientific team that investigated the natural disaster. The US report agrees substantially with ...
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    India's ballistic missile base is torpedoed by local objectors (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 477-477 
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    Notes: [Auszug] New Delhi INDIA'S plan to establish a thousand million dollar missile base at Baliapal on the eastern coast of Orissa state has run into trouble because some 41,000 residents have refused to be evicted. They have virtually sealed all entry points with road blocks and sign boards. No civilian ...
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    Primitive myth (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 478-478 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-It is a myth that preindustrial civilizations lived in harmony with nature, Jared Diamond writes in News and Views1. His argument is unassailable. But by dwelling exclusively on instances of bad natural resource management, he runs the risk of perpetrating a countermyth that sound environmental ...
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    Conodonts classified at last (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 482-483 
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    Notes: [Auszug] CONODONTS, small tooth-like fossils found in Palaeozoic (570-245 million-year-old) rocks, were until recently a mystery. Many supposed conodont animals have been reported, but it was not until 1983 that an acceptable specimen was described1. New findings2 improve our knowledge of this conodont ...
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    Benjamin Levich (1917-1987) (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 485-485 
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    Notes: [Auszug] BENJAMIN Levich, the most highly placed 'refusnik' scientist to be allowed to emigrate from the Soviet Union, died on 19 January. Levich was known internationally for his work in physicochemical hydrodynamics, which he was the first to establish as a separate scientific discipline. His research ...
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    Sequence similarity (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 487-487 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Several recent articles have described members of a rapidly growing family of proteins, each of which contain a similar domain of roughly 200 amino acids that is likely to be involved in nucleotide binding. The majority are bacterial proteins known to be ATP-binding components of periplasmic ...
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    Body temperature and the thermodynamics of water (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 489-489 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-I would like to challenge several of J. Paul's ideas in his proposal1 that the body temperature of homoiotherms is close to 36°C because the specific heat of water is near a minimum at this temperature. First, not all homoiotherms have body temperatures near the 36°C of eutherian ...
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    Rules, regularities and reasoning (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 492-493 
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    Notes: [Auszug] FROM Hume to Nelson Goodman, philosophers have been baffled by the problem of justifying induction. Professors Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett and Thagard neatly sidestep the issue by taking the pragmatic line that if it works it works. The reason we do not use the concept grue (green until time t and ...
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    Advice in analysis (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 494-494 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IT is ten years since the publication of the articles that described the rapid and simple methods used to determine sequences of DNA. So efficient are these techniques that it has been necessary to create international data libraries to record the results. These collections have grown so that the ...
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    Marginal gravitational lenses of large separation: probing superclusters (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 507-509 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Clusters may be bright X-ray sources6, may cause inhomogeneity in the microwave background7, and are often elongated8'9. For a lens that is elongated in projection, the minimal surface mass density necessary for splitting images is smaller1'4 by a factor ~2 than for round lenses3'10. I shall ...
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    Marsupial from the earliest Late Cretaceous of Western US (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 520-522 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Order Marsupialia Illiger, 1811 ?family Stagodontidae Marsh, 1889 Pariadens new genus Type and only species: Pariadens kirklandi, new Diagnosis: Similar to Stagodontidae in having lower molar paraconid as large or larger than metaconid, but lacking the extreme enlargement of ...
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    Multiple-conductance channels activated by excitatory amino acids in cerebellar neurons (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 525-528 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Single-channel currents in two outside-out membrane patches (a) activated by 10 u.M aspartate (Vm = -100mV), and (b), activated by lOpiM quisqualate (Vm = -70mV). The single-channel currents are composed of four discrete levels indicated by dotted lines. The slope conductances for aspartate ...
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    Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 529-531 
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    Notes: [Auszug] This investigation began with the observation that in cultured neurons the magnitude of the whole cell current produced by NMDA appeared to depend on the speed of perfusion of NMDA-containing solutions: slower movement of the perfusion solution resulted in a larger response (L. Nowak and P.A., ...
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    Transforming potential of the c-fms proto-oncogene (CSF-1 receptor) (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 549-552 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Retroviral vectors were constructed that contained either human c-fms cDNA or chimaeric genes formed between the feline v-fms and human c-fms genes (Fig. 1). A Bglll site shared by the 3' region of both genes was used to replace the 38 C-terminal amino acids of the v-fms gene product with the ...
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    Straight from Miami (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 556-559 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PHARMACIA has just introduced two new separation columns, and will be providing information on them in booths 1 and 2. The NICK columns are pre-packed with Sephadex DNA Grade, and are specially designed for the separation of nick-translated DNA from unincorporated radiolabelled nucleotides, ...
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    Forensic biotechnology (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 557-557 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BioTechnica Ltd, the Cardiff-based biotechnology company, has thought up a unique way to harness the information storage capability of DNA. It has developed a labelling system, using DNA fragments, to protect companies against illicit marketing and counterfeiting of their products (Reader Service ...
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    Sizewell inquiry leaves questions unanswered (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 378-378 
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    Notes: [Auszug] London DESPITE having placed much confidence in the assurances of the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) and the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (Nil) on the safety aspects of the pressurized water reactor (PWR), the Layfield Inquiry was scathing in its criticisms of the poor ...
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    Layfield gives approval to Sizewell B (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 377-377 
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    Notes: [Auszug] London BRITAIN'S proposed £1,300 million pressurized water reactor (PWR) to be based at Sizewell in Suffolk and planned to be the forerunner of five similar complexes thoughout the United Kingdom, has been recommended in the report See page 378 for more on Sizewell. The 'Summary of ...
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    Woman's AIDS death in Japan produces shock waves (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 382-382 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Tokyo THE first Japanese woman to be officially recognized as a victim of AIDS (acquired immune defiency syndrome), died last week, awakening Japan to the fact that the disease is not confined to homosexuals and haemophiliacs. According to the Health and Welfare Ministry, the number of ...
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    Castles in the Saharan air (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 384-384 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Many measurements have shown that the ozone layer in the troposphere is unstable, that carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, oxides of nitrogen, halocarbons and other trace gases and dust are increasing in the atmosphere, and that sea surface temperatures are warming, glaciers are receding ...
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    Classification (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 384-384 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-L.M. van Valen (Nature 323, 664: 1986) is wrong in suggesting that provision of a helpful taxonomic service is incompatible with doing interesting research. Studies by taxonomists or others on the evolution of molecular biology of their organisms need not be used to evoke the nuisance of ...
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    Are mathematicians logical? (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 386-387 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN A recent News and Views article (Nature 324, 406-407; 1986) I argued the case for rigorous proof in mathematics. But it would give a very one-sided picture of mathematics to lay emphasis on a technical necessity - proof - while ignoring the essence of the subject - ideas. So how do ...
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    Another cyclic-nucleotide-gated conductance (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 389-389 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] UNDERSTANDING olfactory transduction has been a sticky problem. As recently reviewed in News and Views ', modern molecular and electrophysiological techniques are beginning to reveal details of the mechanism. On page 442 of this issue2, Nakamura and Gold report that isolated membrane patches pulled ...
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    Soft-hearted saurians in museum stores (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 393-393 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The old adage, that many fossil discoveries are made in the museum basement, is confirmed by a recent study of ichthyosaurs, extinct marine reptiles like dolphins in form and habits, which highlights the often forgotten scientific importance of fossils in provincial museums1. Leicestershire Museums ...
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    Mendel was no fraud (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 395-395 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-As a result of a paper by Fisher1, and early discussion of the topic, the view has become widespread (for example, ref. 2) among those who have not bothered to read the biological literature, that Mendel falsified some of his data. Several analyses3"6 do not confirm this view, and results like ...
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    Electronic structure of the benzene molecule (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 396-396 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-It is gratifying to me that a recent spin-coupled valence-bond treatment of the benzene molecule by Cooper, et al.1 should have led the authors to conclude that the Kekule description of the molecule, as expressed in the classical VB form, is much closer to reality than a description in terms ...
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    London learning (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 399-399 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] HUNDREDTH birthdays often warrant a letter from the Queen. The sesquicenten-nial of the University of London gets instead some kind words from Princess Anne, its Chancellor since 1981, to preface Negley Harte's splendid illustrated history of the institution. The 366 pictures and their informative ...
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    Three-dimensional structure of the Earth from splitting in free-oscillation spectra (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 405-411 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Observations of splitting in free oscillations spectra can be used to constrain the three-dimensional distribution of heterogeneity in the Earth. Modes sampling mainly the Earth's mantle are compatible with the distributions of mantle heterogeneity inferred from P-wave travel times. The anomalously ...
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    Geometry, conditions and timing of off-axis hydrothermal metamorphism and ore-deposition in the Solea graben (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 423-425 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The Solea graben is the oldest and best-exposed of three asymmetric structural grabens identified along the northern margin of the Troodos ophiolite1. Originally steep dykes and normal faults dip toward the graben axes, whereas originally horizontal lavas dip away. The eastern margin of the Solea ...
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    Efficiency characteristics of crescent-shaped wings and caudal fins (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 435-437 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Many aquatic animals that swim fast for long distances have adopted the mode of propulsion Lighthill4 terms carangiform with lunate (crescent) tail. Forward thrust is generated exclusively by the caudal fin mounted on the slender tail section of the heavy body. Scombroid fishes (Fig. la) have the ...
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    The GTP-binding protein, G o 9 regulates neuronal calcium channels (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 445-447 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ICa was determined in differentiated N x G cells by the whole-cell clamp technique15, using Ba2+ as charge carrier. Outward currents were minimized by replacing K+ with Cs+. On step-depolarizations from -40 to OmV, /Ca had a density of 11.5± 2.4(xAcm~2 (mean±s.d.; n=46); the ...
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    Activation of sodium–proton exchange is a prerequisite for Ca 2+ mobilization in human platelets (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 456-458 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It has been demonstrated for a variety of cells and tissues that receptor occupancy leads to the rapid hydrolysis of phos-phatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (Ptdlns 4,5 P2) with subsequent formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). Whereas InsP3 appears to be an ...
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    Observation of an unexplained event from a magnetic monopole detector (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 463-463 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN a recent article Caplin et a/.1 reported an event, event-160. They rejected many possible terrestrial causes for event-160 and offered the event as a candidate magnetic monopole sighting. Here I demonstrate that although the precise cause of event-160 remains unknown the experimental record of ...
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    Jeantet prizes awarded (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 287-287 
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    Notes: [Auszug] SYDNEY Brenner, who was made a Companion of Honour in the British New Year's Honours list, is now also £340,000 better off as a result of his share in the 1987 awards of the Louis Jeantet Foundation for Medicine. Of this sum, £40,000 is a personal award and the rest is to be used to ...
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    Moscow refusniks suffer over Nature letter to scientific union (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 289-289 
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    Notes: [Auszug] London A GROUP of Moscow refusniks who pubished a letter recently in Nature (324, 204; 1986) report reprisals from the KGB and Public Prosecutor's Office. The letter was addressed to Professor Jean-Marie Legay, president of the World Federation of Scientific Workers (WFSW), and two of the ...
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    Pressure for SDI deployment increases in United States (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 289-289 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), President Reagan's plan to erect a "peace shield" against ballistic missiles over the United States, could become a reality by the middle of the 1990s, although it is still in its research phase. Various reasons are given for this new impetus, ...
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    UK long-term public spending plans turn the clock back 20 years (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 291-291 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] London THE British government intends further to reduce the amount of public spending, in proportion to national income, over the next three years and to demand greater value for money from its investments, including scientific research. Researchers on government projects will receive a modest ...
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    Hungarian investment needed in research and development (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 293-293 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] London HUNGARY needs increased investment in research and development, according to the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. A position paper prepared by Dr Lenart Pal, formerly chief secretary of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and now a secretary of the Central ...
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    Civil servants (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 294-294 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-In clarification of your story about the Plant Gene Expression Center (Nature 324, 103; 1986), Peter Quail will be an employee of the University of California in Berkeley, but our other six newly named staff members will be federal civil servants. Because the centre is a cooperative venture ...
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    100 years ago (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 297-297 
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    Notes: [Auszug] A MOST interesting experiment is about to be tried in Birmingham. A Company has obtained Parliamentary powers to supply power from a central station by compressed air through pipes laid in the streets. No fairer field for such an experiment could be found than in Birmingham, which is marked out ...
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    An asymmetrical view of fitness (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 298-299 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] EVOLUTION is often described as the movement of populations through an adaptive landscape1: the mathematical nature of much of population genetics theory means that this is only too often a landscape with figures. The allegorical terrain is usually hilly, with most evolving populations at or near a ...
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    Gamma rays from galactic 26 A1 (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 302-303 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE main evidence that heavy atomic nuclei are still being fashioned by stars throughout our Galaxy was the observation of the 1.809-MeV gamma-ray line arising from the decay of 26A1, an isotope with a half-life of only a million years, by the High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO-3)1 and Solar ...
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    Data in graphs and tables (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 305-305 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-The ambiguities inherent in the presentation of data in graphs and tables in the ways discussed by Ferreira (Nature 324, 215-216; 1986) may be eliminated by applying the multiplier term to the physical quantity, not to the unit. Thus, to use the example given by Ferreira, the axis would be ...
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    Mystery object identified? (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 306-306 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Artefacts closely resembling the mystery object recently encountered by Wolstenholme et al. (Nature 323, 300; 1986) in a chromosome preparation are routinely fabricated in electronics laboratories by means of positive-resist electron-beam lithography. During the fabrication of certain ...
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    Policing the paper chase (1987)
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    Nature 325 (1987), S. 309-309 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] LIKE it or not, the scientific editor's role has changed. Once concerned mostly with house style and peer review, and balancing the competing elements in his journal, he has now had other preoccupations thrust upon him: duplicate publication; piracy, plagiarism and forgery; and hidden commercial ...
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    The βγ subunits of GTP-binding proteins activate the muscarinic K + channel in heart (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 321-326 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Subunits ofguanine nucleotide regulatory proteins purified from bovine cerebral cortex were used to perfuse the intracellular surface of excised patches of chick embryonic atrial cells. Single-channel current measurements unexpectedly indicate that the βγ, and not the a subunits, are ...
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    Is the inner core of the Earth pure iron? (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 332-335 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The existence of an 1C of the Earth was first proposed just over 50 years ago by Lehmann1 to explain an apparent increase in the magnitude of the P-wave velocity deep in the core. Her interpretation was immediately confirmed by the travel-time studies of Jeffreys and Bullen2 and Gutenberg and ...
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    Bedform-generated convective transport in bottom sediment (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 341-343 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The flow of water over mobile, non-cohesive bed material such as silt, sand and gravel usually produces a series of sediment sandwaves4. These waveforms have been observed on the bottom of all aquatic environments where active water flow occurs over unconsolidated bed material. For this reason ...
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    Spontaneous recovery after experimental manipulation of the plane of beat in sperm flagella (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 351-352 
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    Notes: [Auszug] In our experimental arrangement the tip of the sperm head is held in the tip of a micropipette by gentle suction, with the planar flagellar beat4 lying approximately within the focal plane of the microscope. The micropipette is oscillated by a piezoelectric driver capable of vibrating along any ...
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    Peptides containing the cell-attachment recognition signal Arg-Gly-Asp prevent gastrulation in Drosophila embryos (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 348-350 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Early Drosophila embryogenesis is initiated by 13 rapid and synchronous nuclear cleavages which occur within a syncytium. At the end of the 13th cycle, cellular membranes begin to form at the periphery of the embryo; their completion defines the cellular blastoderm10. Soon after, gastrulation ...
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    Elevated levels of diacylglycerol and decreased phorbol ester sensitivity in ras -transformed fibroblasts (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 359-361 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The effects of transformation by ras on PI metabolism were investigated in NIH 3T3 cells recently transformed either by transfection with activated Ha-ras or by infection with Kirsten sarcoma virus, to avoid artefactual changes resulting from long-term cell-line divergence. Steady-state levels of ...
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    A protein on Plasmodium falcfparwm -infected erythrocytes functions as a transferrin receptor (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 374-374 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nature 324, 388-391 (1986). IN this letter Figs 1 and 2 were transposed. The legends arecorrect as ...
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