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  • Institute of Physics (IOP)
  • 2015-2019  (3,335)
  • 1980-1984
  • 2016  (3,335)
  • 1
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    Diverse growth trends and climate responses across Eurasia’s boreal forest (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: The area covered by boreal forests accounts for ∼16% of the global and 22% of the Northern Hemisphere landmass. Changes in the productivity and functioning of this circumpolar biome not only have strong effects on species composition and diversity at regional to larger scales, but also on the Earth’s carbon cycle. Although temporal inconsistency in the response of tree growth to temperature has been reported from some locations at the higher northern latitudes, a systematic dendroecological network assessment is still missing for most of the boreal zone. Here, we analyze the geographical patterns of changes in summer temperature and precipitation across northern Eurasia 〉60 °N since 1951 AD, as well as the growth trends and climate responses of 445 Pinus , Larix and Picea ring width chronologies in the same area and period. In contrast to widespread summer warming, fluctuations in precipitation and tree growth are spatially more diverse and overall less di...
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  • 2
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    Is land surface processes representation a possible weak link in current Regional Climate Models? (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: The representation of land surface processes and fluxes in climate models critically affects the simulation of near-surface climate over land. Here we present an evaluation of COSMO-CLM 2 , a model which couples the COSMO-CLM Regional Climate Model to the Community Land Model (CLM4.0). CLM4.0 provides a more detailed representation of land processes compared to the native land surface scheme in COSMO-CLM. We perform historical reanalysis-driven simulations over Europe with COSMO-CLM 2 following the EURO-CORDEX intercomparison protocol. We then evaluate simulations performed with COSMO-CLM 2 , the standard COSMO-CLM and other EURO-CORDEX RCMs against various observational datasets of temperature, precipitation and surface fluxes. Overall, the results indicate that COSMO-CLM 2 outperforms both the standard COSMO-CLM and the other EURO-CORDEX models in simulating sensible, latent and surface radiative fluxes as well as 2-meter temperature acros...
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  • 3
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    Arctic sea ice decline contributes to thinning lake ice trend in northern Alaska (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: Field measurements, satellite observations, and models document a thinning trend in seasonal Arctic lake ice growth, causing a shift from bedfast to floating ice conditions. September sea ice concentrations in the Arctic Ocean since 1991 correlate well ( r = +0.69, p 
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  • 4
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    Estimation of aboveground net primary productivity in secondary tropical dry forests using the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) model (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: Although tropical dry forests (TDFs) cover roughly 42% of all tropical ecosystems, extensive deforestation and habitat fragmentation pose important limitations for their conservation and restoration worldwide. In order to develop conservation policies for this endangered ecosystem, it is necessary to quantify their provision of ecosystems services such as carbon sequestration and primary production. In this paper we explore the potential of the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) for estimating aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in a secondary TDF located at the Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP), Costa Rica. We calculated ANPP using the CASA model (ANPP CASA ) in three successional stages (early, intermediate, and late). Each stage has a stand age of 21 years, 32 years, and 50+ years, respectively, estimated as the age since land abandonment. Our results showed that the ANPP CASA for early, intermediate, and late successional stages were 3.22 Mg C ha...
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  • 5
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    Corrigendum: Assessing the potential additionality of certification by the Round table on Responsible Soybeans and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (2016 Environ. Res. Lett. 11 045003 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/045003] ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
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  • 6
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    Precipitation sensitivity to warming estimated from long island records (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: Some of the most damaging impacts of climate change are a consequence of changes to the global water cycle. Atmospheric warming causes the water cycle to intensify, increasing both atmospheric water vapor concentrations and global precipitation and enhancing existing patterns of precipitation minus evaporation ( P − E ). This relationship between temperature and precipitation therefore makes understanding how precipitation has changed with global temperatures in the past crucial for projecting changes with future warming. In situ observations cannot readily estimate global precipitation sensitivity to temperature (d P /d T ), as land precipitation changes are affected by water limitation. Satellite observations of precipitation over ocean are only available after 1979, but studies based on them suggest a precipitation sensitivity over wet tropical (30N–30S) oceans that exceeds the Clausius–Clapeyron value. Here, we determine for the first time precip...
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  • 7
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    The spatially varying influence of humans on fire probability in North America (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: Humans affect fire regimes by providing ignition sources in some cases, suppressing wildfires in others, and altering natural vegetation in ways that may either promote or limit fire. In North America, several studies have evaluated the effects of society on fire activity; however, most studies have been regional or subcontinental in scope and used different data and methods, thereby making continent-wide comparisons difficult. We circumvent these challenges by investigating the broad-scale impact of humans on fire activity using parallel statistical models of fire probability from 1984 to 2014 as a function of climate, enduring features (topography and percent nonfuel), lightning, and three indices of human activity (population density, an integrated metric of human activity [Human Footprint Index], and a measure of remoteness [roadless volume]) across equally spaced regions of the United States and Canada. Through a statistical control approach, whereby we account for the effe...
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  • 8
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    Productivity ranges of sustainable biomass potentials from non-agricultural land (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: Land is under pressure from a number of demands, including the need for increased supplies of bioenergy. While bioenergy is an important ingredient in many pathways compatible with reaching the 2 °C target, areas where cultivation of the biomass feedstock would be most productive appear to co-host other important ecosystems services. We categorize global geo-data on land availability into productivity deciles, and provide a geographically explicit assessment of potentials that are concurrent with EU sustainability criteria. The deciles unambiguously classify the global productivity range of potential land currently not in agricultural production for biomass cultivation. Results show that 53 exajoule (EJ) sustainable biomass potential are available from 167 million hectares (Mha) with a productivity above 10 tons of dry matter per hectare and year (tD Mha −1 a −1 ), while additional 33 EJ are available on 264 Mha with yields between 4 and 10 tD M ha −1
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  • 9
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    The improbable but unexceptional occurrence of megadrought clustering in the American West during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: The five most severe and persistent droughts in the American West (AW) during the Common Era occurred during a 450 year period known as the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA—850–1299 C.E.). Herein we use timeseries modeling to estimate the probability of such a period of hydroclimate change occurring. Clustering of severe and persistent drought during an MCA-length period occurs in approximately 10% of surrogate timeseries that were constructed to have the same characteristics as a tree-ring derived estimate of AW hydroclimate variability between 850 and 2005 C.E. Periods of hydroclimate change like the MCA are thus expected to occur in the AW, although not frequently, with a recurrence interval of approximately 11 000 years. Importantly, a shift in mean hydroclimate conditions during the MCA is found to be necessary for drought to reach the severity and persistence of the actual MCA megadroughts. This result has consequences for our understanding of the atmosphere-ocean dynamics un...
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  • 10
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    Towards more spatially explicit assessments of virtual water flows: linking local water use and scarcity to global demand of Brazilian farming commodities (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-25
    Description: Global consumption of farming commodities is an important driver of water demand in regions of production. This is the case in Brazil, which has emerged as one of the main producers of globally traded farming commodities. Traditional methods to assess environmental implications of this demand rely on international trade material flows at country resolution; we argue for the need of finer scales that capture spatial heterogeneity in environmental variables in the regions of production, and that account for differential sourcing within the borders of a country of production. To illustrate this, we obtain virtual water flows from Brazilian municipalities to countries of consumption, by allocating high-resolution water footprints of sugarcane and soy production to spatially-explicit material trade flows. We found that this approach results in differences of virtual water use estimations of over 20% when compared to approaches that disregard spatial heterogeneity in sourcing patterns...
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  • 11
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    The influence of soil moisture deficits on Australian heatwaves (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Several regions of Australia are projected to experience an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves (HWs) under future climate change. The large-scale dynamics of HWs are well understood, however, the influence of soil moisture deficits—due for example to drought—remains largely unexplored in the region. Using the standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index, we show that the statistical responses of HW intensity and frequency to soil moisture deficits at the peak of the summer season are asymmetric and occur mostly in the lower and upper tails of the probability distribution, respectively. For aspects of HWs related to intensity, substantially greater increases are experienced at the 10th percentile when antecedent soil moisture is low (mild HWs get hotter). Conversely, HW aspects related to longevity increase much more strongly at the 90th percentile in response to low antecedent soil moisture (long HWs get longer). A corollary to this is that in ...
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  • 12
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    Large CO 2 effluxes at night and during synoptic weather events significantly contribute to CO 2 emissions from a reservoir (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: CO 2 emissions from inland waters are commonly determined by indirect methods that are based on the product of a gas transfer coefficient and the concentration gradient at the air water interface (e.g., wind-based gas transfer models). The measurements of concentration gradient are typically collected during the day in fair weather throughout the course of a year. Direct measurements of eddy covariance CO 2 fluxes from a large inland water body (Ross Barnett reservoir, Mississippi, USA) show that CO 2 effluxes at night are approximately 70% greater than those during the day. At longer time scales, frequent synoptic weather events associated with extratropical cyclones induce CO 2 flux pulses, resulting in further increase in annual CO 2 effluxes by 16%. Therefore, CO 2 emission rates from this reservoir, if these diel and synoptic processes are under-sampled, are likely to be underestimated by approximately 40%. Our res...
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  • 13
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    Time series analysis of satellite data reveals continuous deforestation of New England since the 1980s (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Land cover and land change were monitored continuously between 1985 and 2011 at 30 m resolution across New England in the Northeastern United States in support of modeling the terrestrial carbon budget. It was found that the forest area has been decreasing throughout the study period in each state of the region since the 1980s. A total of 386 657 ± 98 137 ha (95% confidence interval) of forest has been converted to other land covers since 1985. Mainly driven by low density residential development, the deforestation accelerated in the mid-1990s until 2007 when it plateaued as a result of declining new residential construction and in turn, the financial crisis of 2007–08. The area of forest harvest, estimated at 226 519 ± 66 682 ha, was mapped separately and excluded from the deforestation estimate, while the area of forest expansion on non-forested lands was found to not be significantly different from zero. New England is often held as a principal example of a forest transition ...
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  • 14
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    El Niño's impact on California precipitation: seasonality, regionality, and El Niño intensity (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: California has experienced severe drought in recent years posing great challenges to agricultural production, water resources, and land management. El Niño, as the prime source of seasonal to interannual climate predictability, offers the potential of amelioration of drought in California. Here El Niño’s impacts on California winter precipitation are examined, focusing on variations by season, region, and the strength of El Niño using observational data for the period 1901–2010. The El Niño influence on California precipitation strengthens from early to late winter and is stronger in the south than the north. Eight of ten moderate-to-strong El Niños in the late winter put southern California in the wettest tercile and none of these ten events put northern California in the driest tercile. The early to late winter strengthening of the El Niño impact on precipitation occurs even as El Niño weakens and is associated with a strengthening and eastward extending tropical deep convecti...
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  • 15
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    From dwindling ice to headwater lakes: could dams replace glaciers in the European Alps? (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: The potential exploitation of areas becoming ice-free in response to ongoing climate change has rarely been addressed, although it could be of interest from the water management perspective. Here we present an estimate for the potential of mitigating projected changes in seasonal water availability from melting glaciers by managing runoff through reservoirs. For the European Alps we estimate that by the end of the century, such a strategy could offset up to 65% of the expected summer-runoff changes from presently glacierized surfaces. A first-order approach suggests that the retention volume potentially available in the areas becoming deglacierized is in excess of the volume required for achieving the maximal possible mitigation by more than one order of magnitude. Obviously, however, such a strategy cannot compensate for the reduction in annual runoff caused by glacier ice depletion. Our estimates indicate that by 2070–2099, 0.73 ± 0.67 km 3 a −1 of this non...
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  • 16
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    Corrigendum: Sensitivity of carbon budgets to permafrost carbon feedbacks and non-CO 2 forcings (2015 Environ. Res. Lett. 10 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125003] 125003 ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
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  • 17
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    Causes and trends of water scarcity in food production (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: The insufficiency of water resources to meet the needs of food production is a pressing issue that is likely to increase in importance in the future. Improved understanding of historical developments can provide a basis for addressing future challenges. In this study we analyse how hydroclimatic variation, cropland expansion and evolving agricultural practices have influenced the potential for food self-sufficiency within the last century. We consider a food production unit (FPU) to have experienced green–blue water (GBW) scarcity if local renewable green (in soils) and blue water resources (in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, aquifers) were not sufficient for producing a reference food supply of 3000 kcal with 20% animal products for all inhabitants. The number of people living in FPUs affected by GBW scarcity has gone up from 360 million in 1905 (21% of world population at the time) to 2.2 billion (34%) in 2005. During this time, GBW scarcity has spread to large areas and become mor...
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  • 18
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    A multi-dimensional integrated approach to assess flood risks on a coastal city, induced by sea-level rise and storm tides (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Coastal cities are vulnerable to increasing flood risks caused by the combination of sea-level rise (SLR) and storm tides (STs), due to their low-lying topography and densely distributed assets. Faced with this challenge, comprehensive and integrated flood risk information is vital and fundamental for the planning, implementation and optimization of coastal risk adaptation and management. The goal of this study is to propose an integrated assessment approach to sea-level rise- and storm tide-induced flood risks on a coastal urban system by employing a wide range of indicators across ecological, physical and socio-economic dimensions. To demonstrate its applicability, a case study of Xiamen City, China was performed. The results show that this approach is applicable for assessing the specific flood risks on urban ecological, physical and socio-economic system, respectively. Under 4.75 ∼ 5.86 m extreme sea-level, 11 600 ∼ 17 100 ha land and 440 000 ∼ 720 000 population will be flo...
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  • 19
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    Typhoon enhancement of N and P release from litter and changes in the litter N:P ratio in a subtropical tidal wetland (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Litter production and decomposition are key processes controlling the capacity of wetland to store and cycle carbon (C) and nutrients. Typhoons deposit large amounts of green and semi-green (between green and withered) plant tissues and withered litter (normal litter) on wetland soils, generating a pulse of litter production. Climatic models project an increase in typhoon intensity and frequency. Elucidating the impacts of typhoons on C, N and P cycles and storage capacities in subtropical and tropical wetland areas is thus important. We analyzed the patterns and changes of litter decomposition after a typhoon in the Minjiang River estuary in southeastern China. Green litter decomposed the fastest, and the loss of mass did not differ significantly between semi-green litter, withered litter and mixed litter (all soil litter after a typhoon). During the decomposition process the remaining green litter had the highest, and withered litter the lowest N and P concentrations. The biom...
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  • 20
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    Water stress in global transboundary river basins: significance of upstream water use on downstream stress (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Growing population and water demand have increased pressure on water resources in various parts of the globe, including many transboundary river basins. While the impacts of upstream water use on downstream water availability have been analysed in many of these international river basins, this has not been systematically done at the global scale using coherent and comparable datasets. In this study, we aim to assess the change in downstream water stress due to upstream water use in the world’s transboundary river basins. Water stress was first calculated considering only local water use of each sub-basin based on country-basin mesh, then compared with the situation when upstream water use was subtracted from downstream water availability. We found that water stress was generally already high when considering only local water use, affecting 0.95–1.44 billion people or 33%–51% of the population in transboundary river basins. After accounting for upstream water use, stress level in...
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  • 21
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    Russian boreal peatlands dominate the natural European methane budget (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-13
    Description: About 60% of the European wetlands are located in the European part of Russia. Nevertheless, data on methane emissions from wetlands of that area are absent. Here we present results of methane emission measurements for two climatically different years from a boreal peatland complex in European Russia. Winter fluxes were well within the range of what has been reported for the peatlands of other boreal regions before, but summer fluxes greatly exceeded the average range of 5–80 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 for the circumpolar boreal zone. Half of the measured fluxes ranged between 150 and 450 mg CH 4 m −2 d −1 . Extrapolation of our data to the whole boreal zone of European Russia shows that theses emissions could amount to up to 2.7 ± 1.1 Tg CH 4 a −1 , corresponding to 69% of the annual emissions from European wetlands or 33% of the total annual natural European methane emission. In 2008, climatic conditions corr...
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  • 22
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    Quantifying the temperature-independent effect of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering on global-mean precipitation in a multi-model ensemble (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: The reduction in global-mean precipitation when stratospheric aerosol geoengineering is used to counterbalance global warming from increasing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations has been mainly attributed to the temperature-independent effect of CO 2 on atmospheric radiative cooling. We demonstrate here that stratospheric sulphate aerosol itself also acts to reduce global-mean precipitation independent of its effects on temperature. The temperature-independent effect of stratospheric aerosol geoenginering on global-mean precipitation is calculated by removing temperature-dependent effects from climate model simulations of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). When sulphate aerosol is injected into the stratosphere at a rate of 5 Tg SO 2 per year the aerosol reduces global-mean precipitation by approximately 0.2 %, though multiple ensemble members are required to separate this effect from internal variability. For comparison, th...
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  • 23
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    Climate change impacts on the power generation potential of a European mid-century wind farms scenario (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Wind energy resource is subject to changes in climate. To investigate the impacts of climate change on future European wind power generation potential, we analyze a multi-model ensemble of the most recent EURO-CORDEX regional climate simulations at the 12 km grid resolution. We developed a mid-century wind power plant scenario to focus the impact assessment on relevant locations for future wind power industry. We found that, under two greenhouse gas concentration scenarios, changes in the annual energy yield of the future European wind farms fleet as a whole will remain within ±5% across the 21st century. At country to local scales, wind farm yields will undergo changes up to 15% in magnitude, according to the large majority of models, but smaller than 5% in magnitude for most regions and models. The southern fleets such as the Iberian and Italian fleets are likely to be the most affected. With regard to variability, changes are essentially small or poorly significant from subda...
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  • 24
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    Community-level climate change vulnerability research: trends, progress, and future directions (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: This study systematically identifies, characterizes, and critically evaluates community-level climate change vulnerability assessments published over the last 25 years ( n = 274). We find that while the field has advanced considerably in terms of conceptual framing and methodological approaches, key shortcomings remain in how vulnerability is being studied at the community-level. We argue that vulnerability research needs to more critically engage with the following: methods for evaluating future vulnerability, the relevance of vulnerability research for decision-making, interdependencies between social and ecological systems, attention to researcher / subject power dynamics, critical interpretation of key terms, and consideration of the potentially positive opportunities presented by a changing climate. Addressing these research needs is necessary for generating knowledge that supports climate-affected communities in navigating the challenges and opportunities ahead.
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  • 25
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    Stress Ratio Effect on Ratcheting Behavior of AISI 4340 Steel (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Ratcheting is known as accumulation of plastic strain during asymmetric cyclic loading of metallic materials under non-zero mean stress. This phenomenon reduces fatigue life of engineering materials and thus limits the life prediction capacity of Coffin-Manson relationship. This study intends to investigate the ratcheting behavior in AISI 4340 steel which is mainly used for designing of railway wheel sets, axles, shafts, aircraft components and other machinery parts. The effect of stress ratio on the ratcheting behaviour in both annealed and normalised conditions were investigated for investigated steel. Ratcheting tests were done at different stress ratios of -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8. The results showed that the material responds to hardening behavior and nature of strain accumulation is dependent on the magnitude of stress ratio. The post ratcheted samples showed increase in tensile strength and hardness which increases with increasing stress ratio and these variations in tensile p...
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    Water absorption behavior and residual strength assessment of glass/epoxy and glass-carbon/epoxy hybrid composite (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Present investigation is aimed to study the water absorption behaviour and evaluation of residual strength of glass fibre/epoxy (GE) and alternate plies of glass- carbon/epoxy (GCE) hybrid composite. Both the composite systems were exposed to water at 70°C. Specimens were weighed after certain time periods to study the water uptake kinetic. Flexural tests were conducted after 4, 100 and 450 hours of ageing to evaluate the effect of hot water ageing on the mechanical properties of these potential materials. The water uptake kinetic was found to follow Fickian diffusion kinetic for GE as well as GCE hybrid composite but the rate of diffusion was higher for GE composite over GCE composite. The water content was also higher in GE composite over GCE composite after 450 hours of ageing. Significant decrement in flexural strength was observed with the increase in ageing time. Presence of water in the composite also imparted significant embrittlement to the matrix as reflected in the de...
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    Semi-Solid Processing by Electric Current During Sand Casting of Aluminium Alloys (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: This study reports the effect of DC and 50Hz AC treatment (ECT) on aluminium or aluminium alloys during solidification in sand moulds i.e., at their semisolid state. Castings, with different geometry, were made in open or closed sand moulds. It is observed that ECT (a) reduces dissolved gas, (b) reduces internal shrinkage and (c) metal mould reactions in castings. It is also observed that the AC treatment is more effective compared to DC treatment. ECT changes the movement of solidification front. The optical microstructures of ECT samples are quite similar to the samples treated in other semisolid processing methods.
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    5th National Conference on Processing and Characterization of Materials (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: This volume contains selected full length technical papers from the oral presentations made during the 5 th National Conference on Processing and Characterization of Materials (NCPCM) 2015 organized by Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, NIT Rourkela, India on 12 th - 13 th December, 2015. The first conference of the NCPCM series was held in December 2011. NCPCM 2015 has successfully carried the tradition of previous conferences. About 100 participants from various organizations across India have participated in the conference. The conference has attracted researchers, scientists and engineers from various R & D organizations, academic institutions and industries at a single forum. The interdisciplinary approach of the conference allowed the participants to look beyond their areas of activities. Besides oral presentations the conference also had poster and metallography sessions. The conference had four technical sessions. The ...
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    Peer review statement (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
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    Dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy composite reinforced with short palmyra fibers (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: The present work explores the possibility of using palmyra fiber as a replacement for synthetic fiber in conventional polymer composites for application against wear. An attempt has been made in this work to improve the sliding wear resistance of neat epoxy by reinforcing it with short palmyra fibers (SPF). Epoxy composites with different proportions (0, 4, 8 and 12 wt. %) of SPF are fabricated by conventional hand lay-up technique. Dry sliding wear tests are performed on the composite samples using a pin-on-disc test rig as per ASTM G 99-05 standards under various operating parameters. Design of experiment approach based on Taguchi's L16 Orthogonal Arrays is used for the analysis of the wear. This parametric analysis reveals that the SPF content is the most significant factor affecting the wear process followed by the sliding velocity. The sliding wear behavior of these composites under an extensive range of test conditions is predicted by a model based on the artificial neural...
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    High Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Aluminum- Cu 50 Zr 50 Metallic Glass Interface (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to determine interface strength between aluminum (metal) and Cu 50 Zr 50 (metallic glass) at temperature of 500 K and at strain rate of 10 8 s -1 . Simulation box of size 100 Å (x) × 110 Å (y) × 50 Å (z) is used for the above studies. At first Al-Cu 50 Zr 50 crystalline interface model is built with the base layer-Al of 50 A and the top layer-Cu 50 Zr 50 of 55 Å along y-direction. Later Cu 50 Zr 50 metallic glass is obtained by quenching at a cooling rate of 4 x 10 12 Ks -1 . NPT ensemble is used in metallic glass preparation simulation. The interface model is then equilibrated at 300 K for 500 ps to relieve the internal stresses. EAM (Embedded Atom Method) potential is used for modelling the interaction between Al-Cu-Zr atoms. The interface strength of Al-Cu 50 Zr 50 model interface is determined...
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    Hygrothermal effects on the flexural strength of laminated composite cylindrical panels (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: In this article, the effect of hygrothermal conditions on the bending behaviour of laminated composite cylindrical panels has been investigated by using a nonlinear finite element micromechanical model. The panel model has been developed mathematically by introducing the geometrical nonlinearity in Green-Lagrange sense in the framework of the higher-order shear deformation theory. In order to achieve any general case, all the nonlinear higher order terms have been incorporated in the present formulation and the lamina material property variations due to hygrothermal effect are included via the micromechanical model. The governing equation is obtained using the variational principle and discretised using nonlinear finite element steps. The convergence behaviour of the present numerical model has been established and validated by comparing the responses with the existing results in the literature. The effects of thickness ratio, lamination scheme and support conditions under diffe...
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    Effect of post-deposition annealing on the structural and electrical properties of RF sputtered hafnium oxide thin films (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Hafnium oxide films were deposited on silicon substrates by RF sputtering at room temperature. Post-deposition rapid thermal annealing of the sputtered HfO 2 films was carried out in the temperature range of 400°C to 800°C in oxygen ambient. The structural properties ware studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), where the enhancement in the crystallinity of HfO 2 (1¯11) orientation was observed. The Capacitance —Voltage (C-V) and Current density —Voltage (J-V) characteristics of the annealed dielectric film were investigated employing Al/HfO 2 /Si Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structure. The flatband voltage (V fb ) and oxide charge density (Q ox ) were extracted from the high frequency (1 MHz) C-V curve. Leakage current was found to be minimum for the annealing temperature of 600°C.
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    Application of Hydrogen for the Reduction of Bauxite Mineral (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Reduction of oxides present in bauxite through hydrogen was investigated in the present study. The bauxite samples were subjected to reduction through molecular hydrogen and hydrogen plasma at 650 o C and 800 o C with different flow rates of hydrogen for different time periods respectively. The samples, after the reduction processes, were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique and chemical analysis. It was observed that the oxides of iron present in bauxite were only undergone through reduction while other oxides remain unreduced. An attempt was then made to separate pure Al 2 O 3 present in bauxite samples through acid leaching process.
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    Ultraviolet photodetection characteristics of Zinc oxide thin films and nanostructures (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: ZnO thin films were deposited by using RF sputtering technique at 150W and 4×10 -3 mbar pressure. Post-deposition rapid thermal annealing of ZnO thin films were carried out at 1000°C for 600sec. ZnO nanostructures (nanowires/nanorods) were hydrothermally grown by using equimolar solution of Zinc nitrate and hexamethyltetramine. Morphology of ZnO thin films and nanostructures were investigated using scanning electron microscope. A comparative study on the ultraviolet photodetection behaviour of ZnO thin films and nanostructures were carried out by adopting current-voltage measurement technique at room temperature. ZnO annealed films have shown relatively lower transient photocurrent decay as compared to as- deposited film, which may be due to the faster evacuation of the charge carries. However, in case of ZnO nanorods transient photocurrent decay is relatively slow than that of nanowires, which is attributed to delayed readsorption of oxygen molecules onto the nanorods...
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    Epoxy matrix composites filled with micro-sized LD sludge: wear characterization and analysis (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Owing to the very high cost of conventional filler materials in polymer composites, exploring the possibility of using low cost minerals and industrial wastes for this purpose has become the need of the hour. In view of this, the present work includes the development and the wear performance evaluation of a new class of composites consisting of epoxy and microsized LD sludge. LD sludge or the Linz-Donawitz Sludge (LDS) are the fine solid particles recovered after wet cleaning of the gas emerging from LD convertors during steel making. Epoxy composites filled with different proportions (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt %) of LDS are fabricated by conventional hand lay-up technique. Dry sliding wear trials are performed on the composite specimens under different test conditions as per ASTM G 99 following a design of experiment approach based on Taguchi's orthogonal arrays. The Taguchi approach leads to the recognition of most powerful variables that predominantly control the wear rate. This...
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    Physical, Mechanical and Water Absorption Behaviour of Coir Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites Filled With Al 2 O 3 Particulates (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: The objective of the present work is to study the physical, mechanical and water absorption behaviour of coir fiber reinforced epoxy composites filled with Al 2 O 3 particulates. Composites with different compositions were prepared by varying the length of the fiber and content of fiber using hand lay-up technique. The experimental investigation reveals that the properties of composite increases with the incorporation of Al 2 O 3 particulates. It is observed that the density of composites increases with increase in fiber content, while a decrease in density is observed with increase in fiber length. The strength properties of the composites increases with the increase in fiber content up to 15 wt.% and 12mm fiber length, however further increase in fiber length and fiber content the value decreases. The maximum tensile strength of 25.71MPa, flexural strength of 29.75MPa and impact strength of 14.76kJ/m 2 is obtained for composites ...
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    Effect of delamination on vibration behaviour of woven Glass/Epoxy composite plate-An experimental study (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: We have analysed the free vibration responses of the laminated composite plate with delamination numerically and validated with subsequent experiment. In order to compute the numerical frequencies, the delaminated composite plate is modelled with two sub-laminate approaches in the commercial finite element package (ANSYS) using ANSYS parametric design language code in ANSYS environment. For the experimental analysis, the woven Glass/Epoxy composite plate is fabricated using hand layup method with the desired delamination. The natural frequencies of the delaminated plate are also computed experimentally with the help of the vibration analyser (NI-CDAQ) and validated by comparing with the simulation result. Further, the simulation model is extended for various design parameter and discussed in detail.
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    Synthesis CNTs Particle Based Abrasive Media for Abrasive Flow Machining Process (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Abrasive flow machining (AFM) is a modem fine finishing process used for intricate and internal finishing of components or parts. It is based on flowing of viscoelastic abrasive media over the surface to be fine finished. The abrasive media is the important parameter in the AFM process because of its ability to accurately abrade the predefined area along it flow path. In this study, an attempt is made to develop a new abrasive, alumina with Carbon non tubes (CNTs) in viscoelastic medium. CNT s in house produced through chemical vapour deposition technique and characterize through TEM. Performance evaluation of the new abrasive media is carried out by increasing content of CNT s with fixed extrusion pressure, viscosity of media and media flow rate as process parameters and surface finish improvement and material removal as process responses in AFM setup. Significantly improvement has been observed in material removal and maximum improvement of 100% has been observed in the surfac...
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    An experimental investigation on the effect of particle size on the thermal properties and void content of Solid Glass Microsphere filled epoxy Composites (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: This paper investigates about the thermal characterization of Solid glass micro-sphere (SGM) filled epoxy composites. SGMs of different sizes are embedded in epoxy resin to fabricate composites by hand-layup technique. The composites for various SGM content ranging from 0 to about 35 vol % are thus fabricated and the effective thermal conductivities ( k eff ) of the composites are estimated. The theoretical values are then compared with k eff values obtained from the experiment. This study shows that the incorporation of SGm results in an improvement in thermal insulation capability of the polymer. Further, the influence of size and content of SGMs in the extent of reduction of k eff was studied. Also, the effect of void content on improving insulation capability of the composites was analysed.
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    Effect of Nanosize Yittria and Tungsten Addition to Duplex Stainless Steel During High Energy Planetary Milling (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: In this present investigation, elemental powders of duplex stainless steel composition (Fe-18Cr-13Ni) with 1 wt. % nano yittria and tungsten were milled separately in dual drive planetary mill (DDPM) for 10 h to fabricate yittria dispersed and tungsten dispersed duplex stainless steel powders. The milled powder samples were characterized by X-Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the size, morphology and phase evolution during milling. The gradual transformation from ferrite to austenite is evident from XRD spectra during milling. The crystallite size and lattice strain of yittria dispersed duplex stainless steel after 10 h milling were found to be 7 nm and 1.1% respectively. The crystallite size of tungsten dispersed duplex stainless steel was 5 nm. It has been observed from SEM analysis that particles size has been reduced from 40 to 5 μm in both cases. Annealing of 10 h milled powder was performed at 750°C for 1 h under argon atmosphere to study phas...
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    Effect of Post-thermal shock on Prolonged Sea Water aged GFRP Composite (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: The present investigation is an attempt of evaluating the suitability of glass fibre reinforced polymer composites to thermal shock treatments of various lengths of time subject to pre-immersion in sea water for 1 year. Mechanical properties like inter laminar shear strength (ILSS), stress at rupture, strain at rupture and modulus values are recorded by adopting 3-point bend test method. Mechanical properties show a general decreasing trend at higher durations of up and down-thermal shock exposure irrespective of showing initial nonequilibrium zig-zag trend. Glass Transition temperature (T g ) with respect to optimum durations of thermal shock treatment show considerable variation for the sample with minimum sea water immersion period. SEM fractographs of the thermally shocked specimens revealed the mode of failures like fibre pull out, fibre/matrix debonding, cusp formation indicating polymer crazing, matrix cracking, fibre breaking etc.
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    Conference Sponsors (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Details of the conference sponsors can be found in the PDF.
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    Effect of pre-strain on ratcheting behavior of A668 Class D steel (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: The aim of this investigation is to study the effect pre-strain (0%, 2%, 4% and 8%) on ratcheting behavior of ASTM A668 Class D steel in different heat treatment conditions (normalized and hardened-tempered). Ratcheting tests were carried out at room temperature on cylindrical specimens having 12.5 mm gauge length and 6 mm gauge diameter. The results include reduced strain accumulation with increasing prestrain level due to work hardening of the pre-strained samples. Further, cyclic hardening takes place during ratcheting deformation.
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    Study on blast furnace cooling stave for various refractory linings based on numerical modeling (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Cooling technology for refractory lining of blast furnace is very important for the metallurgical industry, because it can substantially increase output and operation life of furnaces. A three dimensional mathematical model for the temperature field of the blast furnace stave cooler with refractory lining has been developed and analyzed. The temperature and heat dissipated by stave cooler is examined by using the finite element method. The cast steel stave is studied and computational analysis is made to know the effect of the cooling water velocity, temperature, and the lining material on the maximum temperature of the stave hot surface. The refractory lining materials, which are used in this experiment, are high alumina bricks with different stave materials (copper, aluminum and cast iron). The obtained numerical calculations are compared with that obtained from experiments performed at Rourkela Steel Plant, Odisha taking a stave in belly zone having maximum heat load shows ve...
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    A Study On the effect of Surface treatment on the Physical and Mechanical properties of date-palm stem liber embedded epoxy composites (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites are being used frequently for variety of engineering applications due to many of their advantages like ease of availability, low density, low production cost and good mechanical properties but natural fibers are more or less hydrophilic in nature. Therefore, an investigation has been carried out to make better utilization of a class of natural fiber that is date palm stem fiber, for making a wide range of products. Attempts have been made in this research work to study the effect of fiber loading on the physical, mechanical and water absorption behaviour of treated and untreated short fiber based epoxy composites. Composites of various compositions of different amounts of fiber loading are fabricated by simple hand lay-up technique. It has been observed that there is a significant effect of surface treatment of fibers on the overall properties of composites. Further enhancement of properties with lower water absorption rate was attaine...
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    Parametric Optimization of Simulated Extrusion of Square to Square Section Through Linear Converging Die (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: The effect of various process parameters for determining extrusion load has been studied for square to square extrusion of Al-6061 alloy, a most used aluminium alloy series in forming industries. Parameters like operating temperature, friction condition, ram velocity, extrusion ratio and die length have been chosen as an input variable for the above study. Twenty five combinations of parameters were set for the investigation by considering aforementioned five parameters in five levels. The simulations have been carried out by Deform-3D software for predicting maximum load requirement for the complete extrusion process. Effective stress and strain distribution across the billet has been checked. Operating temperature, extrusion ratio, friction factor, ram velocity and die length have the significant effect in decreasing order on the maximum load requirement.
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    Improvement of thermal properties of water and ethylene glycol by metallic and ceramic dispersion (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Owing to rising need for more energy efficient coolant systems, the current work focuses on synthesis of Alumina-water, Alumina-Ethylene Glycol (EG), Zirconium-water, Zirconium-Ethylene Glycol particle dispersion systems for use as quenchants, with varying volume of particles obtained using a top-down approach of 10h ball milling. Characterisation of the particles was performed using XRD analysis, also measuring the crystallite size. Particle size measurement was also undertaken by using particle size analyzer, further corroborated by SEM analysis. A zeta-potential study was carried out to obtain the iso electric point for maintaining stability. Synthesis of the dispersions at different volume % of powders were followed by thermal conductivity measurements with water and EG base fluids, with and without addition of oleic acid as a surfactant. The stability studies were performed by visual observation. From the results it was observed that Al 2 O 3 and Zr can i...
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    Rapid regional-scale assessments of socio-economic vulnerability to climate change (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Assessing socio-economic vulnerability to climate change impacts to support regional decision-making is conceptually and practically challenging. We report on research that tested a rapid assessment approach of socio-economic vulnerability in Australia’s natural resource management regions. The approach focuses on regionally important economic sectors, identified using existing datasets, which are likely to be sensitive to climate change impacts. Disaggregated spatial representations of factors known to be associated with vulnerability function as multiple lines of evidence for highlighting intra-regional hotspots of high potential vulnerability. Our results show that a small number of factors based upon contextually relevant empirical evidence offers a low-cost, rapid assessment process, which is readily transferable across regions and provides end-users with guidance for interpreting the results within the context of regional conditions.
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    The impact of a future solar minimum on climate change projections in the Northern Hemisphere (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Solar variability represents a source of uncertainty in the future forcings used in climate model simulations. Current knowledge indicates that a descent of solar activity into an extended minimum state is a possible scenario. With aid of experiments from a state-of-the-art Earth system model,we investigate the impact of a future solar minimum on Northern Hemisphere climate change projections. This scenario is constructed from recent 11 year solar-cycle minima of the solar spectral irradiance, and is therefore more conservative than the ‘grand’ minima employed in some previous modeling studies. Despite the small reduction in total solar irradiance (0.36 W m −2 ), relatively large responses emerge in the winter Northern Hemisphere, with a reduction in regional-scale projected warming by up to 40%. To identify the origin of the enhanced regional signals, we assess the role of the different mechanisms by performing additional experiments forced only by irradiance changes a...
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    Carbon reductions and health co-benefits from US residential energy efficiency measures (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The United States (US) Clean Power Plan established state-specific carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions reduction goals for fossil fuel-fired electricity generating units (EGUs). States may achieve these goals through multiple mechanisms, including measures that can achieve equivalent CO 2 reductions such as residential energy efficiency, which will have important co-benefits. Here, we develop state-resolution simulations of the economic, health, and climate benefits of increased residential insulation, considering EGUs and residential combustion. Increasing insulation to International Energy Conservation Code 2012 levels for all single-family homes in the US in 2013 would lead to annual reductions of 80 million tons of CO 2 from EGUs, with annual co-benefits including 30 million tons of CO 2 from residential combustion and 320 premature deaths associated with criteria pollutant emissions from both EGUs and residential combustion sources. Monet...
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    Analysis of Maintenance Service Contracts for Dump Trucks Used in Mining Industry with Simulation Approach (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: A mining company needs high availability of dump trucks used to haul mining materials. As a result, an effective maintenance action is required to keep the dump trucks in a good condition and hence reducing failure and downtime of the dump trucks. To carry out maintenance in-house requires a high intensive maintenance facility and high skilled maintenance specialists. Often, outsourcing maintenance is an economic option for the company. An external agent takes a proactive action with offering some maintenance contract options to the owner. The decision problem for the owner is to decide the best option and for the agent is to determine the optimal price for each option offered. A non-cooperative game-theory is used to formulate the decision problems for the owner and the agent. We consider that failure pattern of each truck follows a non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) and a queueing theory with multiple servers is used to estimate the downtime. As it involves high complexity...
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    Competing risk models in reliability systems, a weibull distribution model with bayesian analysis approach (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: In reliability theory, the most important problem is to determine the reliability of a complex system from the reliability of its components. The weakness of most reliability theories is that the systems are described and explained as simply functioning or failed. In many real situations, the failures may be from many causes depending upon the age and the environment of the system and its components. Another problem in reliability theory is one of estimating the parameters of the assumed failure models. The estimation may be based on data collected over censored or uncensored life tests. In many reliability problems, the failure data are simply quantitatively inadequate, especially in engineering design and maintenance system. The Bayesian analyses are more beneficial than the classical one in such cases. The Bayesian estimation analyses allow us to combine past knowledge or experience in the form of an apriori distribution with life test data to make inferences of the parameter...
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    Study on the Key Factor Parameters to Increase Productivity in Construction and Manufacturing Industries. (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: Proper management of human and non-human resources in construction and manufacturing projects can give-in considerable savings in time and cost. Construction and Manufacturing industry faces issues in connection with problems related with productivity and the problems are usually connected with performance of employees. The performance of employees is affected by many factors. In this paper a survey was made on respondents who are employed various projects of Saudi Arabia. The researcher developed a theoretical framework from the existing research which was used as a Model to collect and analyze the field data to test the hypothesis. In this research activity three predictors (commitment, job satisfaction and job performance) for determining the change in productivity. The results highlight that commitment and job performance (respectively) are the two predictors which are explaining 37% of variation in the productivity of the companies. The results also show that Job Satisfacti...
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    Dry Machining Process of Milling Machine using Axiomatic Green Methodology (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: Most of companies know that there are strategies to become green industry, and they realize that green efforts have impacts on product quality and cost. Axiomatic Green Methodology models the relationship between green, quality, and cost. This methodology starts with determining the green improvement objective and then continues with mapping the functional, economic, and green requirements. From the mapping, variables which affect the requirements are identified. Afterwards, the effect of each variable is determined by performing experiments and regression modelling. In this research, axiomatic green methodology was implemented to dry machining of milling machine in order to reduce the amount of coolant. Dry machining will be feasible if it is not worse than the minimum required quality. As a result, dry machining is feasible without producing any defect. The proposed machining parameter is to reduce the coolant flow rate from 6.882 ml/minute to 0 ml/minute, set the depth of cut...
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    Contribution to the modelling and analysis of logistics system performance by Petri nets and simulation models: Application in a supply chain (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: In this paper, the focus is on studying the performance of complex systems in a supply chain context by developing a structured modelling approach based on the methodology ASDI (Analysis, Specification, Design and Implementation) by combining the modelling by Petri nets and simulation using ARENA. The linear approach typically followed in conducting of this kind of problems has to cope with a difficulty of modelling due to the complexity and the number of parameters of concern. Therefore, the approach used in this work is able to structure modelling a way to cover all aspects of the performance study. The modelling structured approach is first introduced before being applied to the case of an industrial system in the field of phosphate. Results of the performance indicators obtained from the models developed, permitted to test the behaviour and fluctuations of this system and to develop improved models of the current situation. In addition, in this paper, it was shown how Arena ...
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    Ultrasonic spot welding of dissimilar materials: characterization of welded joints and parametric optimization (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Material joining is one of the key manufacturing processes used to assemble metallic and non-metallic parts for several applications. But the industries are facing many difficulties in joining of thin sheets of dissimilar metals by the conventional welding process because of their differences in chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties. Thus, ultrasonic welding is a solid state joining process used for joining of small elements in microelectronics industries. In this process, acoustic horn and booster are the important assets. The accuracy and strength of the welding depend mainly on their geometry. This proposed work deals with the design and modelling of an acoustic stepped sonotrode with booster using finite element analysis (FEA). From this analysis, the actual length of the horn is obtained by gradually decreasing its theoretical length. The quality of the weld is reckoned by its weld strength and the combinations of different process parameters. These are e...
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    Analysis of Effects of Cutting Parameters of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining on Material Removal Rate and Surface Integrity (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: As wire electrical discharge machining is pioneered as a vigorous, efficient and precise and complex nontraditional machining technique, research is needed in this area for efficient machining. In this paper, the influence of various input factors of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) on output variable has been analyzed by using Taguchi technique and analysis of variance. The design of experiments has been done and by applying L8 orthogonal arrays method and experiments have been conducted and collected required data. The objectives of the research are to maximize the material removal rate and to minimize the surface roughness value (Ra). Surface morphology of machined workpiece has been obtained and examined by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique.
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    Characterisation of Suspension Precipitated Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Powders (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a well-known biomaterial for coating on femoral implants, filling of dental cavity and scaffold for tissue replacement. Hydroxyapatite possess limited load bearing capacity due to their brittleness. In this paper, the synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powders was prepared by dissolving calcium oxide in phosphoric acid, followed by addition of ammonia liquor in a beaker. The prepared solution was stirred by using magnetic stirrer operated at temperature of 80°C for an hour. This leads to the formation of hydroxyapatite precipitate. The precipitate was dried in oven for overnight at 100°C. The dried agglomerated precipitate was calcined at 800°C in conventional furnace for an hour. The influence of calcium oxide concentration and pH on the resulting precipitates was studied using BET, XRD and SEM. As result, a well-defined sub-rounded morphology of powders size of ∼41 nm was obtained with a salt concentration of 0.02 M. Finally, it can be concluded...
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    Ratcheting fatigue behaviour of Al-7075 T6 alloy: Influence of stress parameters (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: The use of aluminium and aluminium based alloys are increasing rapidly on account of its high formability, good thermal and electrical conductivity, high strength and lightness. Aluminium alloys are extensively used in aerospace, automobile, marine and space research industries and are also put into structural applications where chances of fatigue damage cannot be ruled out. In the current work, it is intended to study the ratcheting fatigue behavior of 7075-T6 aluminium alloy at room temperature. This Al alloy is potentially used in aviation, marine and automotive components as well as in bicycle parts, rock mounting equipment and parts of ammunition where there is every chance of failure of the parts due to deformation caused by ratcheting. Ratcheting is the process of accruement of plastic stain produced when a component is subjected to asymmetric cyclic loading under the influence of low cycle fatigue. To accomplish the requirements of the projected research, stress-controll...
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    Equilibrium state of anatase to rutile transformation for nano-structured Titanium Dioxide powder using polymer template method. (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: In this work we report the novel synthesis procedure of phase-pure nano-structured titania in anatase phase using polyacrylamide gel based polymer template method. The evolution of rutile phased titania with increasing temperature has also been investigated. The synthesized nano-materials are characterized using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer - Emmett - Teller surface analysis technique and Scanning electron microscopy. We have used dual phase Rietveld refinement method to analyse the X-Ray diffraction data to get clear picture of crystallographic information of the prepared samples.
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    Scheming of microwave shielding effectiveness for X band considering functionalized MWNTs/epoxy composites (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Present typescript encompasses anextraordinary electrical and mechanical behaviors of carboxylic (-COOH) functionalized multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNTs)/epoxy composites at low wt.% (0,5, 0,75, 1wt.%). Functionalization on the surface of the nanotube assists MWNTs in dispersing it into epoxy polymer in a respectable manner, Fabricated composites are exposed to different characterization techniques in order to examine the overall physical properties, Microwave shielding effectiveness (SE) for X band (8-12 GHz) and the flexural properties have been premeditated to predict the electrical and mechanical performances. It was found that the total SE of the nanocomposites was increased with the positive gradient of MWNT contents, The best result was recorded for 1 wt.% MWNT loading (SE of about 51,72 dB).In addition, incorporation of nanofillers enhanced the flexural modulus, flexural strength and micro-hardness of the resulting composites while comparing with neat epoxy, Nanocomposit...
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    Studies on Effective Elastic Properties of CNT/Nano-Clay Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composite (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: This paper presents a computational approach to predict elastic propertiesof hybrid nanocomposite material prepared by adding nano-clayplatelets to conventional CNT-reinforced epoxy system. In comparison to polymers alone/single-fiber reinforced polymers, if an additional fiber is added to the composite structure, it was found a drastic improvement in resultant properties. In this regard, effective elastic moduli of a hybrid nano composite are determined by using finite element (FE) model with square representative volume element (RVE). Continuum mechanics based homogenization of the nano-filler reinforced composite is considered for evaluating the volumetric average of the stresses and the strains under different periodic boundary conditions.A three phase Halpin-Tsai approach is selected to obtain the analytical result based on micromechanical modeling. The effect of the volume fractions of CNTs and nano-clay platelets on the mechanical behavior is studied. Two different RVEs o...
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    Fabrication and Characterization of novel W 80 Ni 10 Nb 10 alloy produced by mechanical alloying (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Nanostructured tungsten (W) based alloy with nominal composition of W 80 Ni 10 Nb 10 (in wt. %) was synthesized by mechanical alloying of elemental powders of tungsten (W), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb) in a high energy planetary ball-mill for 20 h using chrome steel as grinding media and toluene as process control agent followed by compaction at 500 MPa pressure for 5 mins and sintering at 1500°C for 2 h in Ar atmosphere. The phase evolution and the microstructure of the milled powder and consolidated product were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallite size of W in W 80 Ni 10 Nb 10 powder was reduced from 100 μm at 0 h to 45.6 nm at 10 h and 34.1 nm at 20 h of milling whereas lattice strain increases to 35% at 20 h of milling. The dislocation density shows sharp increase up to 5 h of milling and the rate of increase drops beyond 5 ...
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    Production and Compressive Characterization of Aluminium MMC Foam Manufactured Using Dual Foaming Agent (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Aluminium foams, produced by melting Aluminium alloy (LM6) containing blowing agent(s) and vigorous stirring. TiH 2 is a known agent for this. As TiH 2 begins to decompose into Ti and gaseous H 2 when heated above about 465°C, large volumes of hydrogen gas are rapidly produced, creating bubbles that leads to a closed cell foam. A novel Strategy to enhance the mechanical properties of Al-MMC foams is discussed here, and it is demonstrated that titanium hydride (TiH 2 ) in the form of 10-15 μm diameter particles can be pre-treated by selective oxidation to produce more uniform foams having better compressive properties (yield strength and energy absorption). It is found that the mechanical properties of the foams and the uniformity of cell size distribution is improved when the foam is blown with an optimized mixture of CaCO 3 and pretreated TiH 2 . In order to define the relationship of mechanical properties with relative ...
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    Grain boundary character modification employing thermo-mechanical processing in type 304L stainless steel (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Grain boundary engineering (GBE) approach has been employed to modify the boundaries character of a type 304L stainless steel through thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) route, which combined a low level of cold deformation (5, 10 and 15%) followed by annealing at 1173K and 1273K for 1hour. Employing Electron Back Scatter Diffraction based Orientation Imaging Microscopy, the fraction and distribution of low ∑ CSL boundaries (∑≤ 29) and its effect on random high-angle grain boundaries connectivity and triple junction distribution of as-received (AR) and GBE specimens were evaluated. It was possible to increase the fraction of low ∑ CSL boundaries up to 75% following GBE treatment (as compared to 50% in AR specimen). The GBE specimens also contained maximum number of percolation resistant triple junctions which could render better resistance against percolation related phenomena.
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    Effect of loading rate on tensile properties and failure behavior of glass fibre/epoxy composite (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Fibre reinforced polymeric (FRP) composite materials are subjected to different range of loading rates during their service life. Present investigation is focused on to study the effects of variation of loading rates on mechanical behavior and various dominating failure modes of these potential materials when subjected to tensile loading. The results revealed that on the variation of loading rates the ultimate tensile strength varies but the tensile modulus is mostly unaffected. Furthermore, the strain to failure is also increasing with increase in loading rates. Different failure patterns of glass/epoxy composite tested at 1, 10,100, 500 and 1000 mm/min loading rates are identified. Scanning electron micrographs shows various dominating failures modes in the glass/epoxy composite.
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    Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wildfire: an expert assessment (2016)
    Benjamin W Abbott, Jeremy B Jones, Edward A G Schuur, F Stuart Chapin III, William B Bowden, M Syndonia Bret-Harte, Howard E Epstein, Michael D Flannigan, Tamara K Harms, Teresa N Hollingsworth, Michelle C Mack, A David McGuire, Susan M Natali, Adrian V Rocha, Suzanne E Tank, Merritt R Turetsky, Jorien E Vonk, Kimberly P Wickland, George R Aiken, Heather D Alexander, Rainer M W Amon, Brian W Benscoter, Yves Bergeron, Kevin Bishop, Olivier Blarquez, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Amy L Breen, Ishi Buffam, Yihua Cai, Christopher Carcaillet, Sean K Carey, Jing M Chen, Han Y H Chen, Torben R Christensen, Lee W Cooper, J Hans C Cornelissen, William J de Groot, Thomas H De; Luca, Ellen Dorrepaal, Ned Fetcher, Jacques C Finlay, Bruce C Forbes, Nancy H F French, Sylvie Gauthier, Martin P Girardin, Scott J Goetz, Johann G Goldammer, Laura Gough, Paul Grogan, Laodong Guo, Philip E Higuera, Larry Hinzman, Feng Sheng Hu, Gustaf Hugelius, Elchin E Jafarov, Randi Jandt, Jill F Johnstone, Jan Karlsson, Eric S Kasischke, Gerhard Kattner, Ryan Kelly, Frida Keuper, George W Kling, Pirkko Kortelainen, Jari Kouki, Peter Kuhry, Hjalmar Laudon, Isabelle Laurion, Robie W Macdonald, Paul J Mann, Pertti J Martikainen, James W McClelland, Ulf Molau, Steven F Oberbauer, David Olefeldt, David Paré, Marc-André Parisien, Serge Payette, Changhui Peng, Oleg S Pokrovsky, Edward B Rastetter, Peter A Raymond, Martha K Raynolds, Guillermo Rein, James F Reynolds, Martin Robard, Brendan M Rogers, Christina Schädel, Kevin Schaefer, Inger K Schmidt, Anatoly Shvidenko, Jasper Sky, Robert G M Spencer, Gregory Starr, Robert G Striegl, Roman Teisserenc, Lars J Tranvik, Tarmo Virtanen, Jeffrey M Welker and Sergei Zimov
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: As the permafrost region warms, its large organic carbon pool will be increasingly vulnerable to decomposition, combustion, and hydrologic export. Models predict that some portion of this release will be offset by increased production of Arctic and boreal biomass; however, the lack of robust estimates of net carbon balance increases the risk of further overshooting international emissions targets. Precise empirical or model-based assessments of the critical factors driving carbon balance are unlikely in the near future, so to address this gap, we present estimates from 98 permafrost-region experts of the response of biomass, wildfire, and hydrologic carbon flux to climate change. Results suggest that contrary to model projections, total permafrost-region biomass could decrease due to water stress and disturbance, factors that are not adequately incorporated in current models. Assessments indicate that end-of-the-century organic carbon release from Arctic rivers and collapsing co...
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    Contrasting impacts of urban forms on the future thermal environment: example of Beijing metropolitan area (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: This study investigated impacts of urban forms on the future thermal environment over Beijing, the capital city of China. Beijing is experiencing remarkable urban expansion and is planned to undergo the transformation of urban forms from single-centric (compact-city) to poly-centric city (dispersed-city). Impacts of urban forms on the future thermal environment were compared and evaluated by conducting numerical experiments based on a regional atmospheric model coupled with a single-layer urban canopy model as well as future climate forcing output from a global climate model. Results show that a dispersed city is efficient in reducing mean urban heat island intensity, but produces larger thermal loading and deeper thermal feedback at the regional scale compared to a compact city. Thermal comfort over downtown areas is reduced in compact-city scenario under future climate conditions. Future climate contributes almost 80% of the additional thermal loading over urban areas, with th...
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    Enhancing drought resilience with conjunctive use and managed aquifer recharge in California and Arizona (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Projected longer-term droughts and intense floods underscore the need to store more water to manage climate extremes. Here we show how depleted aquifers have been used to store water by substituting surface water use for groundwater pumpage (conjunctive use, CU) or recharging groundwater with surface water (managed aquifer recharge, MAR). Unique multi-decadal monitoring from thousands of wells and regional modeling datasets for the California Central Valley and central Arizona were used to assess CU and MAR. In addition to natural reservoir capacity related to deep water tables, historical groundwater depletion further expanded aquifer storage by ∼44 km 3 in the Central Valley and by ∼100 km 3 in Arizona, similar to or exceeding current surface reservoir capacity by up to three times. Local river water and imported surface water, transported through 100s of km of canals, is substituted for groundwater (≤15 km 3 yr −1 , CU) or is used to rec...
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    An FMS Dynamic Production Scheduling Algorithm Considering Cutting Tool Failure and Cutting Tool Life (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: This paper deals with Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) production rescheduling due to unavailability of cutting tools caused either of cutting tool failure or life time limit. The FMS consists of parallel identical machines integrated with an automatic material handling system and it runs fully automatically. Each machine has a same cutting tool configuration that consists of different geometrical cutting tool types on each tool magazine. The job usually takes two stages. Each stage has sequential operations allocated to machines considering the cutting tool life. In the real situation, the cutting tool can fail before the cutting tool life is reached. The objective in this paper is to develop a dynamic scheduling algorithm when a cutting tool is broken during unmanned and a rescheduling needed. The algorithm consists of four steps. The first step is generating initial schedule, the second step is determination the cutting tool failure time, the third step is determination of...
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    Generation of Look-Up Tables for Dynamic Job Shop Scheduling Decision Support Tool (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: Majority of existing scheduling techniques are based on static demand and deterministic processing time, while most job shop scheduling problem are concerned with dynamic demand and stochastic processing time. As a consequence, the solutions obtained from the traditional scheduling technique are ineffective wherever changes occur to the system. Therefore, this research intends to develop a decision support tool (DST) based on promising artificial intelligent that is able to accommodate the dynamics that regularly occur in job shop scheduling problem. The DST was designed through three phases, i.e. (i) the look-up table generation, (ii) inverse model development and (iii) integration of DST components. This paper reports the generation of look-up tables for various scenarios as a part in development of the DST. A discrete event simulation model was used to compare the performance among SPT, EDD, FCFS, S/OPN and Slack rules; the best performances measures (mean flow time, mean tar...
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    Improving Efficiency of Aluminium Sacrificial Anode Using Cold Work Process (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: Aluminium is one of the preferred materials to be used as sacrificial anode for carbon steel protection. The efficiency of these can be low due to the formation of oxide layer which passivate the anodes. Currently, to improve its efficiency, there are efforts using a new technique called surface modifications. The objective of this research is to study corrosion mechanism of aluminium sacrificial anode which has been processed by cold work. The cold works are applied by reducing the thickness of aluminium sacrificial anodes at 20% and 40% of thickness reduction. The cathodic protection experiments were performed by immersion of aluminium connected to carbon steel cylinder in 3% NaCl solutions. Visual inspections using SEM had been conducted during the experiments and corrosion rate data were taken in every week for 8 weeks of immersion time. Corrosion rate data were measured using weight loss and linear polarization technique (LPR). From the results, it is observed that cold wor...
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    A variation reduction allocation model for quality improvement to minimize investment and quality costs by considering suppliers’ learning curve (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: Quality improvement must be performed in a company to maintain its product competitiveness in the market. The goal of such improvement is to increase the customer satisfaction and the profitability of the company. In current practice, a company needs several suppliers to provide the components in assembly process of a final product. Hence quality improvement of the final product must involve the suppliers. In this paper, an optimization model to allocate the variance reduction is developed. Variation reduction is an important term in quality improvement for both manufacturer and suppliers. To improve suppliers’ components quality, the manufacturer must invest an amount of their financial resources in learning process of the suppliers. The objective function of the model is to minimize the total cost consists of investment cost, and quality costs for both internal and external quality costs. The Learning curve will determine how the employee of the suppliers will respond to the l...
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    Proposal for a Conceptual Model for Evaluating Lean Product Development Performance: A Study of LPD Enablers in Manufacturing Companies (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: The instability in today's market and the emerging demands for mass customized products by customers, are driving companies to seek for cost effective and time efficient improvements in their production system and this have led to real pressure for the adaptation of new developmental architecture and operational parameters to remain competitive in the market. Among such developmental architecture adopted, is the integration of lean thinking in the product development process. However, due to lack of clear understanding of the lean performance and its measurements, many companies are unable to implement and fully integrate the lean principle into their product development process and without a proper performance measurement, the performance level of the organizational value stream will be unknown and the specific area of improvement as it relates to the LPD program cannot be tracked. Hence, it will result in poor decision making in the LPD implementation. This paper therefore see...
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    Temperature Gradient Field Theory of Nucleation (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-03
    Description: According to the proposed theory, ceramic particles present in molten metal, lose heat at a slower rate than the metallic liquid during cooling. Such condition results in the formation of a spherical thermal gradient field (TGF) around each particle. Hence, the interstitials (low temperature) of such TGFs are the regions to reach the nucleation temperature first, owing to low energy barrier than the liquid-particle interface (higher temperature). Analytics also indicate that the nucleation rate is higher at the TGF interstitials, than at the liquid-particle interface. Such TGF network results in simultaneous nucleation throughout the system, resulting in grain refinement.
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    8th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Geospatial & Remote Sensing (IGRSM 2016) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: This proceedings consists of the peer-reviewed papers from the 8 th IGRSM International Conference and Exhibition on Geospatial & Remote Sensing & GIS (IGRSM 2016), which was organised by the Institution of Geospatial and Remote Sensing Malaysia (IGRSM) on 13-14 April 2016 at the Berjaya Times Square Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The conference, with the theme Geospatial on the Go, aimed to facilitate the dissemination of knowledge, and the sharing of expertise and experience in geospatial sciences, in all aspects of its applications. It also aimed to build linkages between industry and local and international professionals in this field. The co-organisers of the conference were Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Science & Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), National Space Agency (ANGKASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP), Malaysian Rubber Board (LGM), For...
    Print ISSN: 1755-1307
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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    Sediment-hosted/orogenic gold mineral systems exploration using PALSAR remote sensing data in Peninsular Malaysia (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: The Bentong-Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) is genetically related to the sediment-hosted/orogenic gold deposits associated with the major lineaments and form-lines in the Central Gold Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. In this investigation, the Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite remote sensing data were used to analyse major geological structures in Peninsular Malaysia and provide detailed characterization of lineaments and form-lines in the BRSZ, as well as its implications for sediment-hosted/orogenic gold exploration in tropical environments. The pervasive array of N-S faults in the study area and surrounding terrain is mainly linked to the N-S trending of the BRSZ Suture Zone. N-S striking lineaments are often cut by younger NE-SW and NW-SE-trending lineaments. Three generations of folding event have been discerned from remote sensing structural analysis. Gold mineralized trends lineaments are associated with the intersection of N-S, NE-SW, NNW-SSE and ...
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    Assessment of geometric errors of Advanced Himawari-8 Imager (AHI) over one year operation (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: This paper presents an approach to check a geometric performance of Advanced Himawari-8 imager (AHI) and demonstrate and evaluate a new approach to ensure more geometric accurately focusing on visible imagery in 500 meters. A series of processing is supplemented by ground control points of shore lines, land mark locations and digital elevation model. Firstly, a template matching technique is conducted to find a best matching point by simply moving the center of AHI sub-image over each point in a reference image of shore lines and calculating the sum of products between the coefficients and the corresponding neighbourhood pixels in the area spanned by the filter mask. Secondly, ortho-rectification processing is carried out to compensate for the geodetical distortions with respect to the acquisition condition including viewing geometry and so on. As a result, an average of root mean square sum of residual errors with system correction and that of precise geometric correction are s...
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    Online 3D terrain visualisation using Unity 3D game engine: A comparison of different contour intervals terrain data draped with UAV images (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: The main objective of this paper is to discuss on the effectiveness of visualising terrain draped with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images generated from different contour intervals using Unity 3D game engine in online environment. The study area that was tested in this project was oil palm plantation at Sintok, Kedah. The contour data used for this study are divided into three different intervals which are 1m, 3m and 5m. ArcGIS software were used to clip the contour data and also UAV images data to be similar size for the overlaying process. The Unity 3D game engine was used as the main platform for developing the system due to its capabilities which can be launch in different platform. The clipped contour data and UAV images data were process and exported into the web format using Unity 3D. Then process continue by publishing it into the web server for comparing the effectiveness of different 3D terrain data (contour data) draped with UAV images. The effectiveness is compared...
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    Peer review statement (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
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    Genetic algorithm for investigating flight MH370 in Indian Ocean using remotely sensed data (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: This study utilized Genetic algorithm (GA) for automatic detection and simulation trajectory movements of flight MH370 debris. In doing so, the Ocean Surface Topography Mission(OSTM) on the Jason- 2 satellite have been used within 1 and half year covers data to simulate the pattern of Flight MH370 debris movements across the southern Indian Ocean. Further, multi-objectives evolutionary algorithm also used to discriminate uncertainty of flight MH370 imagined and detection. The study shows that the ocean surface current speed is 0.5 m/s. This current patterns have developed a large anticlockwise gyre over a water depth of 8,000 m. The multi-objectives evolutionary algorithm suggested that objects are existed on satellite data are not flight MH370 debris. In addition, multiobjectives evolutionary algorithm suggested that the difficulties to acquire the exact location of flight MH370 due to complicated hydrodynamic movements across the southern Indian Ocean.
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    Technical Programme Committee (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: Chairpersons: Gs. Dr. Dinesh Sathyamoorthy, Science & Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE), Ministry of Defence, Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Gs. Dr. Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia Members: Prof. Gs. Dr. Mazlan Hashim, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia Prof. Dr. Li Jing, Beijing Normal University, China Prof. Dr. Iyyanki Muralikrishna, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), India Prof. Dr. Ismat Mohamed El Hassan, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia Prof. Dr. Ewe Hong Tat, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia Prof. Dr. Christine Pohl, University of Osnabrueck, Germany Prof. Dr. Mahender Kotha, Goa University, India Prof. Dr. Paolo Gamba, University of Pavia, Italy Assoc. Prof. Gs. Dr. Abdul Nasir Matori, Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP), Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Gs. Dr. Khiruddi...
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    A novel built-up spectral index developed by using multiobjective particle-swarm-optimization technique (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: In this study, we propose a novel built-up spectral index which was developed by using particle-swarm-optimization (PSO) technique for Worldview-2 images. PSO was used to select the relevant bands from the eight (8) spectral bands of Worldview-2 image and then were used for index development. Multiobiective optimization was used to minimize the number of selected spectral bands and to maximize the classification accuracy. The results showed that the most important and relevant spectral bands among the eight (8) bands for built-up area extraction are band4 (yellow) and band7 (NIR1). Using those relevant spectral bands, the final spectral index was form ulated by developing a normalized band ratio. The validation of the classification result using the proposed spectral index showed that our novel spectral index performs well compared to the existing WV -BI index. The accuracy assessment showed that the new proposed spectral index could extract built-up areas from Worldview-2 image...
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    Organising Committee (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: Chairman Assoc. Prof. Gs. Dr. Abdul Rashid Mohamed Shariff Technical Programme Gs. Dr. Dinesh Sathyamoorthy Finance Normalina Jamaluddin Gs. Kumar Veliayudam Local Arrangement Gs. Dr. Ahmad Fikri Abdullah Gs. Dr. Farrah Melissa Muharam Siti Sarah Emran Sponsorship and Exhibition Tn. Hj. Gs. Khairuddin Abd Rahman Gs. Mohd Hafiz Mohd Hazir Publicity and Website Gs. Samsuddin Ahmad Gs. Dr. Ruzinoor Che Mat Gs. Mohd Zakri Tarmidi Siti Nooradzah Adam Steering Committee Members Gs. Wan Abdul Hamid Shukri, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM) Gs. Khairul Anam Musa, National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Zuhaidah Nordin, Malaysian Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MaCGDI) Maj. (PA) Syed Azam Shah, Malaysian Civil Defence Department (JPAM) Noor Azawani Wahap, National Space Agency (ANGKASA) Tn. Hj. Ismail Hj...
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    A comparative accuracy of Google Earth height with MyGeoid, EGM96 and MSL (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
    Description: This study aims to provide understanding on the accuracy of height derived from Google Earth (H GoogleEarth ) as compared to height obtained from Malaysian Geoid Model (H MyGeoid ), Mean Sea Level (H MSL ) and Earth Geoid Model 96 (H EGM96 ). Total of 50 established points with height acquired from HMyGeoid and HMSL were measured within UiTM (Universiti Teknologi MARA) Arau Campus. These points were also used to extract height from Google Earth and EGM96. Statistical results showed a good range of R 2 between H GoogleEarth -H MyGeoid , H GoogleEarth -H MSL and H GoogleEarth -H EGM96 i.e. 0.823, 0.843 and 0.824 respectively. It shows H GoogleEarth strongly correlated with H msl .
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    Condition of larval red snapper ( Lutjanus campechanus ) relative to environmental variability and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWHOS) spatially and temporally overlapped with the spawning of many fish species, including Red Snapper, one of the most economically important reef fish in the Gulf of Mexico. To investigate potential impacts of the DWHOS on larval Red Snapper, data from a long-term ichthyoplankton survey off the coast of Alabama were used to examine: (1) larval abundances among pre-impact (2007–2009), impact (2010), and post-impact (2011, 2013) periods; (2) proxies for larval condition (size-adjusted morphometric relationships and dry weight) among the same periods; and (3) the effects of background environmental variation on larval condition. We found that larval Red Snapper were in poorer body condition during 2010, 2011, and 2013 as compared to the 2007–2009 period, a trend that was strongly (and negatively) related to variation in Mobile Bay freshwater discharge. However, larvae collected during and after 2010 were in relatively poor condition even after a...
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    Drought effects on US maize and soybean production: spatiotemporal patterns and historical changes (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: Maximizing agricultural production on existing cropland is one pillar of meeting future global food security needs. To close crop yield gaps, it is critical to understand how climate extremes such as drought impact yield. Here, we use gridded, daily meteorological data and county-level annual yield data to quantify meteorological drought sensitivity of US maize and soybean production from 1958 to 2007. Meteorological drought negatively affects crop yield over most US crop-producing areas, and yield is most sensitive to short-term (1–3 month) droughts during critical development periods from July to August. While meteorological drought is associated with 13% of overall yield variability, substantial spatial variability in drought effects and sensitivity exists, with central and southeastern US becoming increasingly sensitive to drought over time. Our study illustrates fine-scale spatiotemporal patterns of drought effects, highlighting where variability in crop production is most ...
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    Eco-engineered rock pools: a concrete solution to biodiversity loss and urban sprawl in the marine environment (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: In coastal habitats artificial structures typically support lower biodiversity and can support greater numbers of non-native and opportunistic species than natural rocky reefs. Eco-engineering experiments are typically trialed to succeed; but arguably as much is learnt from failure than from success. Our goal was to trial a generic, cost effective, eco-engineering technique that could be incorporated into rock armouring anywhere in the world. Artificial rock pools were created from manipulated concrete between boulders on the exposed and sheltered sides of a causeway. Experimental treatments were installed in locations where they were expected to fail and compared to controls installed in locations in which they were expected to succeed. Control pools were created lower on the structure where they were immersed on every tidal cycle; experimental pools were created above mean high water spring tide which were only immersed on spring tides. We hypothesised that lower and exposed p...
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    The spatial distribution of extreme climate events, another climate inequity for the world’s most vulnerable people (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: Does the climate change signal emerge equally from internal climate variability across the globe? If not, are there particular locations where temperature extremes might disproportionately affect specific populations? The letter by Harrington et al (2016 Environ. Res. Lett. 11 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/055007] 055007 ) argues that people living in low latitude countries, which contain the majority of the world’s poorest people, are—and will continue to be—disproportionately affected by increases in temperature extremes. Due to differences in expertise of climate scientists, and climate impact and adaptation scientists, few climate extreme event analyses are spatially disaggregated and linked to local populations’ socio-economic characteristics. The research presented in this letter begins to bridge this gap by providing evidence of inequitable spatial impacts from climate extremes on the world’s poorest people.
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    Biomass burning, land-cover change, and the hydrological cycle in Northern sub-Saharan Africa (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: The Northern Sub-Saharan African (NSSA) region, which accounts for 20%–25% of the global carbon emissions from biomass burning, also suffers from frequent drought episodes and other disruptions to the hydrological cycle whose adverse societal impacts have been widely reported during the last several decades. This paper presents a conceptual framework of the NSSA regional climate system components that may be linked to biomass burning, as well as detailed analyses of a variety of satellite data for 2001–2014 in conjunction with relevant model-assimilated variables. Satellite fire detections in NSSA show that the vast majority (〉75%) occurs in the savanna and woody savanna land-cover types. Starting in the 2006–2007 burning season through the end of the analyzed data in 2014, peak burning activity showed a net decrease of 2–7%/yr in different parts of NSSA, especially in the savanna regions. However, fire distribution shows appreciable coincidence with land-cover change. Althou...
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    Vegetation plays an important role in mediating future water resources (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: Future environmental change is expected to modify the global hydrological cycle, with consequences for the regional distribution of freshwater supplies. Regional precipitation projections, however, differ largely between models, making future water resource projections highly uncertain. Using two representative concentration pathways and nine climate models, we estimate 21st century water resources across Australia, employing both a process-based dynamic vegetation model and a simple hydrological framework commonly used in water resource studies to separate the effects of climate and vegetation on water resources. We show surprisingly robust, pathway-independent regional patterns of change in water resources despite large uncertainties in precipitation projections. Increasing plant water use efficiency (due to the changing atmospheric CO 2 ) and reduced green vegetation cover (due to the changing climate) relieve pressure on water resources for the highly populated, hum...
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    The contribution of greenhouse gases to the recent slowdown in global-mean temperature trends (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: The recent slowdown in the rate of increase in global-mean surface temperature (GMST) has generated extensive discussion, but little attention has been given to the contribution of time-varying trends in greenhouse gas concentrations. We use a simple model approach to quantify this contribution. Between 1985 and 2003, greenhouse gases (including well-mixed greenhouse gases, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, and stratospheric water vapour from methane oxidation) caused a reduction in GMST trend of around 0.03–0.05 K decade −1 which is around 18%–25% of the observed trend over that period. The main contributors to this reduction are the rapid change in the growth rates of ozone-depleting gases (with this contribution slightly opposed by stratospheric ozone depletion itself) and the weakening in growth rates of methane and tropospheric ozone radiative forcing. Although CO 2 is the dominant greenhouse gas contributor to GMST trends, the continued increase in ...
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    Evidencing decadal and interdecadal hydroclimatic variability over the Central Andes (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: In this study we identified a significant low frequency variability (8 to 20 years) that characterizes the hydroclimatology over the Central Andes. Decadal–interdecadal variability is related to the central-western Pacific Ocean ( R 2 = 0.50) and the zonal wind at 200 hPa above the Central Andes ( R 2 = 0.66). These two oceanic–atmospheric variables have a dominant decadal–interdecadal variability, and there is a strong relationship between them at a low frequency time scale ( R 2 = 0.66). During warming decades in the central-western Pacific Ocean, westerlies are intensified at 200 hPa above the Central Andes, which produce decadal periods of hydrological deficit over this region. In contrast, when the central-western Pacific Ocean is cooler than usual, easterly anomalies prevail over the Central Andes, which are associated with decades of positive hydrological anomalies over this region. Our results indicate that impacts of El...
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    Nitrogen use in the global food system: past trends and future trajectories of agronomic performance, pollution, trade, and dietary demand (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-15
    Description: Nitrogen (N) limits crop and grass production, and it is an essential component of dietary proteins. However, N is mobile in the soil-plant system and can be lost to the environment. Estimates of N flows provide a critical tool for understanding and improving the sustainability and equity of the global food system. This letter describes an integrated analysis of changes in N in human diets, N use efficiency (NUE) of cropping and livestock systems, N pollution and N in traded food and feed products for 12 world regions for the period 1960–2050. The largest absolute change in consumption of animal proteins during the period 1960–2009 is seen in China, while the largest share of animal protein per capita is currently observed in North America, Europe and Oceania. Due to the substantial growth of the livestock sector, about three quarters of contemporary global crop production (expressed in protein and including fodder crops and bioenergy byproducts) is allocated to livestock. Trend...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 96
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    Simulating the Earth system response to negative emissions (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-21
    Description: Natural carbon sinks currently absorb approximately half of the anthropogenic CO 2 emitted by fossil fuel burning, cement production and land-use change. However, this airborne fraction may change in the future depending on the emissions scenario. An important issue in developing carbon budgets to achieve climate stabilisation targets is the behaviour of natural carbon sinks, particularly under low emissions mitigation scenarios as required to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. A key requirement for low carbon pathways is to quantify the effectiveness of negative emissions technologies which will be strongly affected by carbon cycle feedbacks. Here we find that Earth system models suggest significant weakening, even potential reversal, of the ocean and land sinks under future low emission scenarios. For the RCP2.6 concentration pathway, models project land and ocean sinks to weaken to 0.8 ± 0.9 and 1.1 ± 0.3 GtC yr −1 respectively for the second half of t...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Scale dependence of the simulated impact of Amazonian deforestation on regional climate (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-21
    Description: Using a global climate model, Amazonian deforestation experiments are conducted perturbing 1, 9, 25, 81 and 121 grid points, each with 5 ensemble members. All experiments show warming and drying over Amazonia. The impact of deforestation on temperature, averaged either over the affected area or a wider area, decreases by a factor of two as the scale of the perturbation increases from 1 to 121 grid points. This is associated with changes in the surface energy balance and consequential impacts on the atmosphere above the regions deforested. For precipitation, as the scale of deforestation increases from 9 to 121 grid points, the reduction in rainfall over the perturbed area decreases from ∼1.5 to ∼1 mm d −1 . However, if the surrounding area is considered and large deforestation perturbations made, compensatory increases in precipitation occur such that there is little net change. This is largely associated with changes in horizontal advection of moisture. Disagreements ...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 98
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    Shrinking sea ice, increasing snowfall and thinning lake ice: a complex Arctic linkage explained (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-22
    Description: The dramatic shrinkage of Arctic sea ice is one of the starkest symptoms of global warming, with potentially severe and far-reaching impacts on arctic marine and terrestrial ecology (Post et al 2013 Science 341 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1235225] 519–24 ) and northern hemisphere climate (Screen et al 2015 Environ. Res. Lett . 10 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084006] 084006 ). In their recent article, Alexeev et al (2016 Environ . Res . Lett . 11 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074022] 074022 ) highlight another, and unexpected, consequence of Arctic sea ice retreat: the thinning of lake ice in northern Alaska. This is attributed to early winter ‘ocean effect’ snowfall which insulates lake surfaces and inhibits the formation of deep lake ice. Lake ice thinning has important consequences for Arctic lake hydrology, biology and permafrost degrada...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 99
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    Time optimal trajectory generation from polyline with velocity, acceleration and spatial deviation constraints (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-03
    Description: In this paper is presented a method for generating continuous and differentiable trajectory from an input path described by a polyline while maintaining accelerations and velocities constraints. The method in based on replacing the path corners with parabolic blends of constant acceleration. The complete spatial control of the resulted trajectory is obtained with a velocity reduction procedure which ensures that the trajectory doesn't deviate from the input path further than a settable value. The total time is minimized by replacing the non-maximized constant velocity sections with boost sequences containing maximized symmetrical accelerating and decelerating time frames while also keeping the velocity constraints. The method was successfully tested in practice and the results were very good even on complex input paths.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    About the preliminary design of the suspension spring and shock absorber (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-03
    Description: The aim of this paper is to give some recommendation for the design of main-spring and shock absorber of motor vehicle suspensions. Starting from a 2DoF model, the suspension parameters are transferred on the real vehicle on the base of planar schemes for the linkage. For the coil spring, the equations that must be fulfilled simultaneously permit to calculate three geometrical parameters. The indications presented for the shock absorber permit to obtain the damping coefficients in the compression and rebound strokes and to calculate the power dissipated during the vehicle oscillatory movement.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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