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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (2,556)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 2005-2009  (4,375)
  • 1995-1999
  • 2007  (4,375)
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  • 2005-2009  (4,375)
  • 1995-1999
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  • 1
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    Aegean Sea Water Masses during the Early Stages of the Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-08
    Description: The Aegean water masses and circulation structure are studied via two large-scale surveys performed during the late winters of 1988 and 1990 by the R/V Yakov Gakkel of the former Soviet Union. The analysis of these data sheds light on the mechanisms of water mass formation in the Aegean Sea that triggered the outflow of Cretan Deep Water (CDW) from the Cretan Sea into the abyssal basins of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (the so-called Eastern Mediterranean Transient). It is found that the central Aegean Basin is the site of the formation of Aegean Intermediate Water, which slides southward and, depending on their density, renews either the intermediate or the deep water of the Cretan Sea. During the winter of 1988, the Cretan Sea waters were renewed mainly at intermediate levels, while during the winter of 1990 it was mainly the volume of CDW that increased. This Aegean water mass redistribution and formation process in 1990 differed from that in 1988 in two major aspects: (i) during the winter of 1990 the position of the front between the Black Sea Water and the Levantine Surface Water was displaced farther north than during the winter of 1988 and (ii) heavier waters were formed in 1990 as a result of enhanced lateral advection of salty Levantine Surface Water that enriched the intermediate waters with salt. In 1990 the 29.2 isopycnal rose to the surface of the central basin and a large volume of CDW filled the Cretan Basin. It is found that, already in 1988, the 29.2 isopycnal surface, which we assume is the lowest density of the CDW, was shallower than the Kassos Strait sill and thus CDW egressed into the Eastern Mediterranean.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1841-1859
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Aegean Sea ; Water Masses ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Effects of Land-Surface-Vegetation on theboreal summer surface climate of a GCM (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: A land surface model (LSM) has been included in the ECMWF Hamburg version 4 (ECHAM4) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The LSM is an early version of the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) and it replaces the simple land surface scheme previously included in ECHAM4. The purpose of this paper is to document how a more exhaustive consideration of the land surface–vegetation processes affects the simulated boreal summer surface climate. To investigate the impacts on the simulated climate, different sets of Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations have been performed with ECHAM4 alone and with the AGCM coupled with ORCHIDEE. Furthermore, to assess the effects of the increase in horizontal resolution the coupling of ECHAM4 with the LSM has been implemented at different horizontal resolutions. The analysis reveals that the LSM has large effects on the simulated boreal summer surface climate of the atmospheric model. Considerable impacts are found in the surface energy balance due to changes in the surface latent heat fluxes over tropical and midlatitude areas covered with vegetation. Rainfall and atmospheric circulation are substantially affected by these changes. In particular, increased precipitation is found over evergreen and summergreen vegetated areas. Because of the socioeconomical relevance, particular attention has been devoted to the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) region. The results of this study indicate that precipitation over the Indian subcontinent is better simulated with the coupled ECHAM4–ORCHIDEE model compared to the atmospheric model alone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 255–278
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Land Atmosphere interactions ; Global climate models ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    The influence of Tropical Indian Ocean SST on the Indian summer monsoon (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is one of the main components of the Asian summer monsoon. It is well known that one of the starting mechanisms of a summer monsoon is the thermal contrast between land and ocean and that sea surface temperature (SST) and moisture are crucial factors for its evolution and intensity. The Indian Ocean, therefore, may play a very important role in the generation and evolution of the ISM itself. A coupled general circulation model, implemented with a high resolution atmospheric component, appears to be able to simulate the Indian summer monsoon in a realistic way. In particular, the features of the simulated ISM variability are similar to the observations. In this study, the relationships between ISM and Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) SST anomalies are investigated, as well as the ability of the coupled model to capture those connections. The recent discovery of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode (IODM) may suggest new perspectives in the relationship between ISM and TIO SST. A new statistical technique, the Coupled Manifold, is used to investigate the TIO SST variability and its relation with the Tropical Pacific Ocean (TPO). The analysis shows that the SST variability in the TIO contains a significant portion that is independent from the TPO variability. The same technique is used to estimate the amount of Indian rainfall variability that can be explained by the Tropical Indian Ocean SST. Indian Ocean SST anomalies are separated in a part remotely forced from the Tropical Pacific Ocean variability and a part independent from that. The relationships between the two SSTA components and the Indian monsoon variability are then investigated in detail.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3083-3105
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Indian Ocean ; monsoon ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Marine Environment and Security for the European Area (MERSEA) - Towards operational oceanography (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An assessment of the present European operational marine monitoring and forecasting systems shows how observations, atmospheric forcing fields and ocean models combine to make useful oceanographic products possible.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1081-1090
    Description: open
    Keywords: MARINE ENVIRONMENT ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.05. Operational oceanography
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Interannual to Decadal Climate Predictability in the North Atlantic: A Multi-Model-Ensemble Study (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ensemble experiments are performed with five coupled atmosphere–ocean models to investigate the potential for initial-value climate forecasts on interannual to decadal time scales. Experiments are started from similar model-generated initial states, and common diagnostics of predictability are used. We find that variations in the ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) are potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, a more consistent picture of the surface temperature impact of decadal variations in the MOC is now apparent, and variations of surface air temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean are also potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, albeit with potential skill levels that are less than those seen for MOC variations. This intercomparison represents a step forward in assessing the robustness of model estimates of potential skill and is a prerequisite for the development of any operational forecasting system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1195-1203
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Decadal Climate ; North Atlantic ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.05. Models and Forecasts ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Accuracy of a pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler profiler in a wave-dominated flow (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21 (2004): 1448–1461, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021〈1448:AOAPAD〉2.0.CO;2.
    Description: The accuracy of velocities measured by a pulse-coherent acoustic Doppler profiler (PCADP) in the bottom boundary layer of a wave-dominated inner-shelf environment is evaluated. The downward-looking PCADP measured velocities in eight 10-cm cells at 1 Hz. Velocities measured by the PCADP are compared to those measured by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter for wave orbital velocities up to 95 cm s−1 and currents up to 40 cm s−1. An algorithm for correcting ambiguity errors using the resolution velocities was developed. Instrument bias, measured as the average error in burst mean speed, is −0.4 cm s−1 (standard deviation = 0.8). The accuracy (root-mean-square error) of instantaneous velocities has a mean of 8.6 cm s−1 (standard deviation = 6.5) for eastward velocities (the predominant direction of waves), 6.5 cm s−1 (standard deviation = 4.4) for northward velocities, and 2.4 cm s−1 (standard deviation = 1.6) for vertical velocities. Both burst mean and root-mean-square errors are greater for bursts with ub ≥ 50 cm s−1. Profiles of burst mean speeds from the bottom five cells were fit to logarithmic curves: 92% of bursts with mean speed ≥ 5 cm s−1 have a correlation coefficient R2 〉 0.96. In cells close to the transducer, instantaneous velocities are noisy, burst mean velocities are biased low, and bottom orbital velocities are biased high. With adequate blanking distances for both the profile and resolution velocities, the PCADP provides sufficient accuracy to measure velocities in the bottom boundary layer under moderately energetic inner-shelf conditions.
    Description: This work was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion Study
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Uncertainty and Inference for Verification Measures (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-01
    Description: When a forecast is assessed, a single value for a verification measure is often quoted. This is of limited use, as it needs to be complemented by some idea of the uncertainty associated with the value. If this uncertainty can be quantified, it is then possible to make statistical inferences based on the value observed. There are two main types of inference: confidence intervals can be constructed for an underlying “population” value of the measure, or hypotheses can be tested regarding the underlying value. This paper will review the main ideas of confidence intervals and hypothesis tests, together with the less well known “prediction intervals,” concentrating on aspects that are often poorly understood. Comparisons will be made between different methods of constructing confidence intervals—exact, asymptotic, bootstrap, and Bayesian—and the difference between prediction intervals and confidence intervals will be explained. For hypothesis testing, multiple testing will be briefly discussed, together with connections between hypothesis testing, prediction intervals, and confidence intervals.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 8
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    Relationships between Marine Stratus Cloud Optical Depth and Temperature: Inferences from AVHRR Observations (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-15
    Description: Studies using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) data have reported decreases in cloud optical depth with increasing temperature, thereby suggesting a positive feedback in cloud optical depth as climate warms. The negative cloud optical depth and temperature relationships are questioned because ISCCP employs threshold assumptions to identify cloudy pixels that have included partly cloudy pixels. This study applies the spatial coherence technique to one month of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data over the Pacific Ocean to differentiate overcast pixels from the partly cloudy pixels and to reexamine the cloud optical depth–temperature relationships. For low-level marine stratus clouds studied here, retrievals from partly cloudy pixels showed 30%–50% smaller optical depths, 1°–4°C higher cloud temperatures, and slightly larger droplet effective radii, when they were compared to retrievals from the overcast pixels. Despite these biases, retrievals for the overcast and partly cloudy pixels show similar negative cloud optical depth–temperature relationships and their magnitudes agree with the ISCCP results for the midlatitude and subtropical regions. There were slightly negative droplet effective radius–temperature relationships, and considerable positive cloud liquid water content–temperature relationships indicated by aircraft measurements. However, cloud thickness decreases appear to be the main reason why cloud optical depth decreases with increasing temperature. Overall, cloud thickness thinning may explain why similar negative cloud optical depth–temperature relationships are found in both overcast and partly cloudy pixels. In addition, comparing the cloud-top temperature to the air temperature at 740 hPa indicates that cloud-top height generally rises with warming. This suggests that the cloud thinning is mainly due to the ascending of cloud base. The results presented in this study are confined to the midlatitude and subtropical Pacific and may not be applicable to the Tropics or other regions.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 9
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    Analyzing Monthly Extreme Sea Levels with a Time-Dependent GEV Model (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-01
    Description: A statistical model to analyze different time scales of the variability of extreme high sea levels is presented. This model uses a time-dependent generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution to fit monthly maxima series and is applied to a large historical tidal gauge record (San Francisco, California). The model allows the identification and estimation of the effects of several time scales—such as seasonality, interdecadal variability, and secular trends—in the location, scale, and shape parameters of the probability distribution of extreme sea levels. The inclusion of seasonal effects explains a large amount of data variability, thereby allowing a more efficient estimation of the processes involved. Significant correlation with the Southern Oscillation index and the nodal cycle, as well as an increase of about 20% for the secular variability of the scale parameter have been detected for the particular dataset analyzed. Results show that the model is adequate for a complete analysis of seasonal-to-interannual sea level extremes providing time-dependent quantiles and confidence intervals.
    Print ISSN: 0739-0572
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0426
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 10
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    Characterization of the Interannual and Intraseasonal Variability of West African Vegetation between 1982 and 2002 by Means of NOAA AVHRR NDVI Data (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-01
    Description: The interannual and intraseasonal variability of West African vegetation over the period 1982–2002 is studied using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR).The novel independent component analysis (ICA) technique is applied to extract the main modes of the interannual variability of the vegetation, among which two modes are worth describing. The first component (IC1) describes NDVI variability over the Sahel from August to October. A strong photosynthetic activity over the Sahel is related to above-normal convection and rainfall within the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in summertime and is partly associated with colder (warmer) SST in the eastern tropical Pacific (the Mediterranean). The second component (IC2) depicts a dipole pattern between the Sahelian and Guinean regions during the northern summer followed by a southward-propagating signal from October to December. It is associated with a north–south dipole in convection and rainfall induced by variations in the latitudinal location of the ITCZ as a response to the occurrence of the tropical Atlantic dipole.The analysis of the intraseasonal variability of the Sahelian vegetation relies on the analysis of the seasonal marches and their main phenological stages. Green-up usually starts in early July and shows a very low year-to-year variability, while senescence ends by mid-November and is prone to larger interannual variability. Six types of vegetative seasonal marches are discriminated according to variations in the timing of phenological stages as well as in the greening intensity. These types appear to be strongly dependent on rainfall distribution and amount, particularly those recorded in late August. Finally, year-to-year memory effects are highlighted: NDVI recorded during the green-up phase in year j appears to be strongly related to the maximum NDVI value recorded at year j − 1.
    Print ISSN: 0894-8755
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0442
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 11
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    Scaling Analysis of the Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly in the South China Sea (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-04-01
    Description: Based on the data of optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (OISST), the temporal correlations of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the South China Sea (SCS) are studied by using the rescaled range analysis (R/S) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). The results show that the scaling exponents of SSTAs are larger than 0.8. This finding indicates that the SSTAs in the SCS exhibit persistent long-range time correlation of the fluctuations and the interval spreads over a wide period, from about 1 month to 4.5 yr (4∼235 weeks). In addition, the “degree” of the correlations depends very much on the geographic locations: near to the coastal regions, the value is small, while far from the coastline, the value is relatively larger. This means that SSTAs in the central SCS are smoother than those of the coastal regions. The persistence of SST in the SCS may be used as a “minimum skill” to assess the ocean models and to evaluate their performance.
    Print ISSN: 0739-0572
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0426
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 12
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    Lake-Breeze Fronts in the Salt Lake Valley (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-01
    Description: Winds at the Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC) during the April–October period from 1948 to 2003 have been observed to shift to the north (up-valley direction) between late morning and afternoon on over 70% of the days without precipitation. Lake-breeze fronts that develop as a result of the differential heating between the air over the nearby Great Salt Lake and that over the lake’s surroundings are observed at SLC only a few times each month. Fewer lake-breeze fronts are observed during late July–early September than before or after that period. Interannual fluctuations in the areal extent of the shallow Great Salt Lake contribute to year-to-year variations in the number of lake-breeze frontal passages at SLC. Data collected during the Vertical Transport and Mixing Experiment (VTMX) of October 2000 are used to examine the structure and evolution of a lake-breeze front that moved through the Salt Lake Valley on 17 October. The onset of upslope and up-valley winds occurred within the valley prior to the passage of the lake-breeze front. The lake-breeze front moved at roughly 3 m s−1 up the valley and was characterized near the surface by an abrupt increase in wind speed and dewpoint temperature over a distance of 3–4 km. Rapid vertical mixing of aerosols at the top of the 600–800-m-deep boundary layer was evident as the front passed.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 13
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    Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Neutral Atmospheric Surface Layer (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-01
    Description: This study combines the experimental measurements with large-eddy simulation (LES) data of a neutral planetary boundary layer (PBL) documented by a 60-m tower instrumented with eight sonic anemometers, and a high-resolution Doppler lidar during the 1999 Cooperative Atmospheric and Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) experiment. The target of the paper is (i) to investigate the multiscale nature of the turbulent eddies in the surface layer (SL), (ii) to explain the existence of a −1 power law in the velocity fluctuation spectra, and (iii) to investigate the different nature of turbulence in the two sublayers within the SL, which are the eddy surface layer (ESL; lower sublayer of the SL lying between the surface and about 20-m height) and the shear surface layer (SSL; lying between the ESL top and the SL top). The sonic anemometers and Doppler lidar prove to be proper instruments for LES validation, and in particular, the Doppler lidar because of its ability to map near-surface eddies.This study shows the different nature of turbulence in the ESL and the SSL in terms of organized eddies, velocity fluctuation spectra, and second-order moment statistics. If quantitative agreement is found in the SSL between the LES and the measurements, only qualitative similarity is found in the ESL due to the subgrid-scale model, indicating that the LES captures part of the physics of the ESL. The LES helps explain the origin of the −1 power-law spectral subrange evidence in the velocity fluctuation spectra computed in the SL using the CASES-99 dataset: strong interaction between the mean flow and the fluctuating vorticities is found in the SL, and turbulent production is found to be larger than turbulent energy transfer for k1z 〉 1 (k1 being the longitudinal wavenumber and z the height), which is the condition of the −1 power-law existence.
    Print ISSN: 0022-4928
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0469
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 14
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    The Influence of Precipitation Variability and Partial Irrigation within Grid Cells on a Hydrological Simulation (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-01
    Description: The effects of natural and anthropogenic heterogeneity on a hydrological simulation are evaluated using a distributed biosphere hydrological model (DBHM) system. The DBHM embeds a biosphere model into a distributed hydrological scheme, representing both topography and vegetation in a mesoscale hydrological simulation, and the model system includes an irrigation scheme. The authors investigated the effects of two kinds of variability, precipitation variability and the variability of irrigation redistributing runoff, representing natural and anthropogenic heterogeneity, respectively, on hydrological processes. Runoff was underestimated if rainfall was placed spatially uniformly over large grid cells. Accounting for precipitation heterogeneity improved the runoff simulation. However, the negative runoff contribution, namely, the situation that mean annual precipitation is less than evapotranspiration, cannot be simulated by only considering the natural heterogeneity. This constructive model shortcoming can be eliminated by accounting for anthropogenic heterogeneity caused by irrigation water withdrawals. Irrigation leads to increased evapotranspiration and decreased runoff, and surface soil moisture in irrigated areas increases because of irrigation. Simulations performed for the Yellow River basin of China indicated streamflow decreases of 41% due to irrigation effects. The latent heat flux in the peak irrigation season [June–August (JJA)] increased 3.3 W m−2 with a decrease in the ground surface temperature of 0.1 K for the river basin. The maximum simulated increase in the latent heat flux was 43 W m−2, and the ground temperature decrease was 1.6 K in the peak irrigation season.
    Print ISSN: 1525-755X
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-7541
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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    An Assessment of Marine Surface Winds from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Numerical Weather Prediction Systems (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2007-06-01
    Description: A method for routinely verifying numerical weather prediction surface marine winds with satellite scatterometer winds is introduced. The marine surface winds from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s operational global and regional numerical weather prediction systems are evaluated. The model marine surface layer is described. Marine surface winds from the global and limited-area models are compared with observations, both in situ (anemometer) and remote (scatterometer). A 2-yr verification shows that wind speeds from the regional model are typically underestimated by approximately 5%, with a greater bias in the meridional direction than the zonal direction. The global model also underestimates the surface winds by around 5%–10%. A case study of a significant marine storm shows that where larger errors occur, they are due to an underestimation of the storm intensity, rather than to biases in the boundary layer parameterizations.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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    Monsoon Dynamics with Interactive Forcing. Part I: Axisymmetric Studies (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2007-05-01
    Description: The applicability of axisymmetric theory of angular momentum conserving circulations to the large-scale steady monsoon is studied in a general circulation model with idealized representations of continental geometry and simple physics. Results from an aquaplanet setup with localized subtropical forcing are compared with a continental case. It is found that the meridional circulation that develops is close to angular momentum conserving for cross-equatorial circulation cells, both in the aquaplanet and in the continental cases. The equator proves to be a substantial barrier to boundary layer meridional flow; flow into the summer hemisphere from the winter hemisphere tends to occur in the free troposphere rather than in the boundary layer. A theory is proposed to explain the location of the monsoon; assuming quasiequilibrium, the poleward boundary of the monsoon circulation is collocated with the maximum in subcloud moist static energy, with the monsoon rains occurring near and slightly equatorward of this maximum. The model results support this theory of monsoon location, and it is found that the subcloud moist static energy distribution is determined by a balance between surface forcing and advection by the large-scale flow.
    Print ISSN: 0022-4928
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0469
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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    Fully Nonlinear Statistics of Wave Crest Elevation Calculated Using a Spectral Response Surface Method: Applications to Unidirectional Sea States (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-01
    Description: This paper concerns the calculation of the probability of exceedance of wave crest elevation. The statistics have been calculated for broadbanded, unidirectional, deep-water sea states by incorporating a fully nonlinear wave model into a spectral response surface method. This is a novel approach to the calculation of statistics and, as all of the calculations are performed in the probability domain, avoids the need for long time-domain simulations. Furthermore, in contrast to theoretical distributions, the broadbanded, fully nonlinear nature of the sea state can be considered. The results have been compared with those of fully nonlinear time-domain simulations and are shown to be in good agreement. The results indicate that in unidirectional seas the crest elevations of the largest waves can be much higher than would be predicted by linear or second-order theory. Hence, the occurrence of locally long crested sea states offers a possible explanation for the formation of freak or rogue waves.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3670
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0485
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 18
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    Variability in the Environmental Factors Driving Evapotranspiration from a Grazed Rangeland during Severe Drought Conditions (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2007-04-01
    Description: Nearly one-half of the earth’s terrestrial surface is susceptible to drought, which can have significant social, economic, and environmental impacts. Therefore, it is important to develop better descriptions and models of the processes linking the land surface and atmosphere during drought. Using data collected during the International H2O Project, the study presented here investigates the effects of variations in the environmental factors driving the latent heat flux (λE) during drought conditions at a rangeland site located in the panhandle of Oklahoma. Specifically, this study focuses on the relationships of λE with vapor pressure deficit, wind speed, net radiation, soil moisture content, and greenness fraction. While each of these environmental factors has an influence, soil moisture content is the key control on λE. The role of soil moisture in regulating λE is explained in terms of the surface resistance to water vapor transfer. The results show that λE transitioned between being water or energy limited during the course of the drought. The implications of this on the ability to understand and model drought conditions and transitions into or out of droughts are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 1525-755X
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-7541
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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    Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Measurements of Surface Wave Decay and Directional Spectra in the Marginal Sea Ice Zone* (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-01-01
    Description: In March 2003 several autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) missions were carried out under sea ice in the western Bellingshausen Sea. Data from the upward-looking acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) on the “Autosub” AUV indicate a strongly oscillating horizontal velocity of the ice due to ocean swell. Swell period, height, direction, and directional spread have been computed every 800 m from the ice edge to 10 km inward for three missions. Exponential, period-dependent attenuation of waves propagating through sea ice was observed. Mean period increased with distance from the ice edge. The wave field refracted during propagation. The directional wave spread does not seem to relate to distance from the ice edge, although higher frequencies tended to be more spread. If suitably deployed, an ordinary ADCP may be used with this technique to study both scalar and directional properties of waves in open or ice-covered water.
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    Swell and Slanting-Fetch Effects on Wind Wave Growth (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2007-04-01
    Description: Wind-sea generation was observed during two experiments off the coast of North Carolina. One event with offshore winds of 9–11 m s−1 directed 20° from shore normal was observed with eight directional stations recording simultaneously and spanning a fetch from 4 to 83 km. An opposing swell of 1-m height and 10-s period was also present. The wind-sea part of the wave spectrum conforms to established growth curves for significant wave height and peak period, except at inner-shelf stations where a large alongshore wind-sea component was observed. At these short fetches, the mean wave direction θm was observed to change abruptly across the wind-sea spectral peak, from alongshore at lower frequencies to downwind at higher frequencies. Waves from another event with offshore winds of 6–14 m s−1 directed 20°–30° from shore normal were observed with two instrument arrays. A significant amount of low-frequency wave energy was observed to propagate alongshore from the region where the wind was strongest. These measurements are used to assess the performance of some widely used parameterizations in wave models. The modeled transition of θm across the wind-sea spectrum is smoother than that in the observations and is reproduced very differently by different parameterizations, giving insights into the appropriate level of dissipation. Calculations with the full Boltzmann integral of quartet wave–wave interactions reveal that the discrete interaction approximation parameterization for these interactions is reasonably accurate at the peak of the wind sea but overpredicts the directional spread at high frequencies. This error is well compensated by parameterizations of the wind input source term that have a narrow directional distribution. Observations also highlight deficiencies in some parameterizations of wave dissipation processes in mixed swell–wind-sea conditions.
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    Distribution of Energy Spectra, Reynolds Stresses, Turbulence Production, and Dissipation in a Tidally Driven Bottom Boundary Layer (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2007-06-01
    Description: Seven sets of 2D particle image velocimetry data obtained in the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean along the South Carolina and Georgia coast [at the South Atlantic Bight Synoptic Offshore Observational Network (SABSOON) site] are examined, covering the accelerating and decelerating phases of a single tidal cycle at several heights above the seabed. Additional datasets from a previous deployment are also included in the analysis. The mean velocity profiles are logarithmic, and the vertical distribution of Reynolds stresses normalized by the square of the free stream velocity collapse well for data obtained at the same elevation but at different phases of the tidal cycle. The magnitudes of 〈u′u′〉, 〈w′w′〉, and −〈u′w′〉 decrease with height above bottom in the 25–160-cm elevation range and are consistent with the magnitudes and trends observed in laboratory turbulent boundary layers. If a constant stress layer exists, it is located below 25-cm elevation. Two methods for estimating dissipation rate are compared. The first, a direct estimate, is based on the measured in-plane instantaneous velocity gradients. The second method is based on fitting the resolved part of the dissipation spectrum to the universal dissipation spectrum available in Gargett et al. Being undervalued, the direct estimates are a factor of 2–2.5 smaller than the spectrum-based estimates. Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers for the present analysis range from 24 to 665. Anisotropy is present at all resolved scales. At the transition between inertial and dissipation range the longitudinal spectra exhibit a flatter than −5/3 slope and form spectral bumps. Second-order statistics of the velocity gradients show a tendency toward isotropy with increasing Reynolds number. Dissipation exceeds production at all measurement heights, but the difference varies with elevation. Close to the bottom, the production is 40%–70% of the dissipation, but it decreases to 10%–30% for elevations greater than 80 cm.
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    Dispersive Fluxes between the Coastal Ocean and a Semienclosed Estuarine Basin (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2007-06-01
    Description: Scalar exchange between San Francisco Bay and the coastal ocean is examined using shipboard observations made across the Golden Gate Channel. The study consists of experiments during each of the following three “seasons”: winter/spring runoff (March 2002), summer upwelling (July 2003), and autumn relaxation (October 2002). Within each experiment, transects across the channel were repeated approximately every 12 min for 25 h during both spring and neap tides. Velocity was measured from a boat-mounted ADCP. Scalar concentrations were measured at the surface and from a tow-yoed SeaSciences Acrobat. Net salinity exchange rates for each season are quantified with harmonic analysis. Accuracy of the net fluxes is confirmed by comparison with independently measured values. Harmonic results are then decomposed into flux mechanisms using temporal and spatial correlations. In this study, the temporal correlation of cross-sectionally averaged salinity and velocity (tidal pumping flux) is the largest part of the dispersive flux of salinity into the bay. From the tidal pumping flux portion of the dispersive flux, it is shown that there is less exchange than was found in earlier studies. Furthermore, tidal pumping flux scales strongly with freshwater flow resulting from the density-driven movement of a tidally trapped eddy and stratification-induced increases in ebb–flood frictional phasing. Complex bathymetry makes salinity exchange scale differently with flow than would be expected from simple tidal asymmetry and gravitational circulation models.
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    Performance of a New Generation of Acoustic Current Meters (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2007-02-01
    Description: As part of a program aimed at developing a long-duration, subsurface mooring, known as Ultramoor, several modern acoustic current meters were tested. The instruments with which the authors have the most experience are the Aanderaa RCM11 and the Nortek Aquadopp, which measure currents using the Doppler shift of backscattered acoustic signals, and the Falmouth Scientific ACM, which measures changes in travel time of acoustic signals between pairs of transducers. Some results from the Doppler-based Sontek Argonaut and the travel-time-based Nobska MAVS are also reported. This paper concentrates on the fidelity of the speed measurement but also presents some results related to the accuracy of the direction measurement. Two procedures were used to compare the instruments. In one, different instruments were placed close to one another on three different deep-ocean moorings. These tests showed that the RCM11 measures consistently lower speeds than either a vector averaging current meter or a vector measuring current meter, both more traditional instruments with mechanical velocity sensors. The Aquadopp in use at the time, but since updated to address accuracy problems in low scattering environments, was biased high. A second means of testing involved comparing the appropriate velocity component of each instrument with the rate of change of pressure when they were lowered from a ship. Results from this procedure revealed no depth dependence or measurable bias in the RCM11 data, but did show biases in both the Aquadopp and Argonaut Doppler-based instruments that resulted from low signal-to-noise ratios in the clear, low scattering conditions beneath the thermocline. Improvements in the design of the latest Aquadopp have reduced this bias to a level that is not significant.
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    Spectral Energy Fluxes in Geostrophic Turbulence: Implications for Ocean Energetics (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2007-03-01
    Description: The energy pathways in geostrophic turbulence are explored using a two-layer, flat-bottom, f-plane, quasigeostrophic model forced by an imposed, horizontally homogenous, baroclinically unstable mean flow and damped by bottom Ekman friction. A systematic presentation of the spectral energy fluxes, the mean flow forcing, and dissipation terms allows for a comprehensive understanding of the sources and sinks for baroclinic and barotropic energy as a function of length scale. The key new result is a robust inverse cascade of kinetic energy for both the baroclinic mode and the upper layer. This is consistent with recent observations of satellite altimeter data over the South Pacific Ocean. The well-known forward cascade of baroclinic potential and total energy was found to be very robust. Decomposing the spectral fluxes into contributions from different terms provided further insight. The inverse baroclinic kinetic energy cascade is driven mostly by an efficient interaction between the baroclinic velocity and the barotropic vorticity, the latter playing a crucial catalytic role. This cascade can be further enhanced by the baroclinic mode self-interaction, which is only present with nonuniform stratification (unequal layer depths). When model parameters are set such that modeled eddies compare favorably with observations, the inverse baroclinic kinetic energy cascade is actually much stronger than the well-known inverse cascade in the barotropic mode. The upper-layer kinetic energy cascade was found to dominate the lower-layer cascade over a wide range of parameters, suggesting that the surface cascade and time mean density stratification may be sufficient for estimating the depth-integrated cascade from ocean observations. This may find useful application in inferring the kinetic to gravitational potential energy conversion rate from satellite measurements.
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    ROBOTICS: Rescue Droids Stumble in an Urban Jungle (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: AUSTIN, TEXAS--Here at the 17th Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, four teams of engineers fielded mechanical contestants in the first annual urban ruin search-and-rescue competition--a simulated catastrophe created to test intelligent lifesaving robots that may one day lead rescuers to people trapped in the precarious rubble of collapsed buildings. The competition indicated that the technology still has a way to go.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sincell, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):846a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    EUROPEAN SCIENCE: Research Behemoth Slated for Overhaul (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-06
    Description: Disaffection with the European Union's (E.U.'s) flagship research effort has found a sympathetic ear in the program's upper echelons. Last week, the E.U.'s top two research officials said they are pushing for big changes in the successor to Europe's 5-year, $17 billion Framework 5, including stronger efforts to coordinate research across the continent and to support innovative projects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2019b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17799385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    MIDDLE SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT: Asia Stays on Top, U.S. in Middle in New Global Rankings (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Eighth graders from the United States are still running in the middle of the global pack when it comes to science and math achievement, according to the latest results from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. And Asian nations continue to lead the way, with Singapore and Taiwan emerging as the star performers among the 38 participating countries. The news is not good for U.S. science and math educators, who have spent much of the decade pursuing reforms aimed at raising student achievement.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1866.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17742044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Canine detectives: the nose knows-or does it? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brisbin, I L Jr -- Austad, S -- Jacobson, S K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1093b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17743252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Further scrutiny of scientific whaling (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brownell, R L Jr -- Tillman, M F -- di Sciara, G N -- Berggren, P -- Read, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1696a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17798206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ASTROBIOLOGY: Ames's Proposal for Lab Triggers Battle at NASA (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Officials at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, would like to trade the use of part of their land for a new building largely dedicated to NASA's nascent astrobiology program, the core of which is a 2-year-old virtual institute based at Ames. Although some scientists applaud the idea, others say that it undermines the idea of a virtual institute and that operating costs would take money away from higher priorities. Two panels have offered conflicting opinions, which may be aired at a meeting next week.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):23a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Alternative views on alternative medicine (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehl-Madrona, L -- Katz, M -- Curry, E P -- Bribiesca, L B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):245b-6b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Lamarck and antibody genes (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steele, E J -- Blanden, R V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2318d-9d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769837" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Questioning placebo controls (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Farr, N L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1747c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17836686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ASTRONOMY: A New Source of Gamma Rays (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-05
    Description: Relativistic outflows or "jets" are collimated streams of high-energy electrons that emit synchrotron radiation at radio wavelengths and have bulk velocities that are a substantial fraction of the speed of light. They trace the outflow of enormous amounts of energy and matter from a central supermassive black hole in distant radio galaxies. As Fender explains in this Perspective, much smaller, more local sources may also produce such jets. Data presented by Paredes et al. point toward association of one such source, a relatively faint x-ray binary, with a gamma-ray source. This and similar pairs may contribute substantially to the production of high-energy particles and photons within our galaxy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fender, R P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2326.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    How much does one vote count in an election? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bunnett, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1895b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17742052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    SOLAR SYSTEM EXPLORATION: A More Cautious NASA Sets Plans for Mars (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Twice burned by mission failures last year, NASA managers last week unveiled a new 15-year blueprint for Mars exploration. The revamped strategy allows for doing more science, but at a slower pace, while delaying a sample return until well into the next decade.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):915a-6a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    MATERIALS SCIENCE: Deformations in Extreme Matter (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Most materials become narrower in cross section when stretched, but some materials, such as foams, have the counterintuitive property of becoming fatter when stretched (they have a negative Poisson's ratio). In this Perspective, Lakes discusses how his unusual property may arise in isotropic and anisotropic materials. He highlights the study by Baughman et al., who show that anisotropic materials with a negative Poisson's ratio in one direction can be incompressible, i.e., without an overall change in volume upon stretching. This behavior is predicted for materials with very high density, such as neutron star crusts, or very low density, such as ion plasmas, and the validity of the prediction is demonstrated with experimental data for ion plasmas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lakes, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1976-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17835108" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    RESEARCH POLICY: Report Tracks Federal Funding in Each State (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Maryland is the most research-intensive state in the country, according to a new report that describes in unprecedented detail where the federal government's annual $80 billion research budget is spent. Its authors hope the report will raise public awareness about research as well as inform politicians.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2115b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17758899" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ASIAN-AMERICAN SCIENTISTS: Lee Case Births a Reluctant Activist (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Until the past year, Alex Chao, a senior physicist at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, tended to keep his views to himself. But the Wen Ho Lee case turned Chao into a reluctant activist who has contributed money for Lee's defense, helped organize rallies in the San Francisco Bay area, and talked to his neighbors about the injustice he believes Lee and other Asian Americans have suffered.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1073.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17743249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    SCIENCE FUNDING: Australian Researchers Go for the Gold (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Academic scientists are hoping that two new reports calling for increased funding of research and education and an improved climate for commercializing new technology will finally boost an R&D budget that has been stagnant since 1996. One report argues for a variety of measures to reduce the country's reliance on such low-tech commodities as agriculture and precious metals and stimulate innovation. The second report, based on an innovation summit held in February, recommends spending $1.4 billion over 5 years on research, facilities, and education.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finkel, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):255-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17734105" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ASIAN-AMERICAN SCIENTISTS: Silent No Longer: 'Model Minority' Mobilizes (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Angered and emboldened by the Wen Ho Lee case, many Asian-American researchers at national laboratories are decrying their status as "high-tech coolies"--and demanding change. It's a sudden and surprising turn of events for a community that traditionally has avoided political organization, legal recourse, and conflict with authority. And given the growing numerical muscle of Asian Americans in both public and private labs, the budding movement--if sustained--will be felt far beyond the secure fences of the Department of Energy's weapons labs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1072-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17743248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    CONSERVATION BIOLOGY: Feds Team Up With a Company to Protect 17 Threatened Fish Species (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: For several years now, road runoff and erosion stemming in part from the operations of the Plum Creek Timber Co. have choked Elk Creek, known as the best bull trout spawning stream in the West, with sediment, raising fears of even further decline in this endangered species. Now, in an effort to mitigate its harmful effects and avert regulatory action, Plum Creek has designed a Native Fish Habitat Conservation Plan covering 17 fish species, including the bull trout.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuethrich, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):385.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17840573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    BIOMEDICINE: 'Glue Grant' Boosts Cell Signaling Consortium (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) is using a novel funding approach to bind together researchers in cutting-edge fields at many institutions, allowing them to transcend their individual areas of expertise. NIGMS has awarded $5 million a year for 5 years to a group of scientists studying cellular signaling. To speed their findings into the public domain and make them available for use in drug testing, members of the project have agreed to post new results in a public database and forgo some patent and authorship claims.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fisher, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1854a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The ascent of atmospheric sciences (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: In this month's essay, Paul J. Crutzen and Veerabhadran Ramanathan chart some of the courses by which atmospheric sciences evolved from their beginnings, with curious scientists teasing apart the complexity of the air they breathe, into an ever more multidisciplinary enterprise that routinely generates globally consequential knowledge. The authors chronicle developments in chemistry and meteorology up to the early 1970s, before the possibility of human influence beyond the local scale became actualized. To illustrate how humanity's hand has grown to have global effects, they zero in on two contemporary issues: atmospheric ozone and global warming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):299-304.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17734112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: In Search of Einstein's Genius (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Steve C. Wang is a lecturer in the Department of Statistics at Harvard University. He earned his B.S. from Cornell University and his Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Chicago. He has taught statistics and mathematics at the University of Chicago and Williams College. His research interests include applying statistics to paleobiology, endocrine diseases, and image recognition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, S C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1477.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839518" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    BROOKHAVEN LAB: Forbes Loses in Fallout From Reactor Fight (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-06
    Description: A New York congressman who sided with environmentalists to kill a nuclear research reactor at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, has been defeated in a stunning primary upset. Representative Michael Forbes lost last week by a narrow margin to Regina Seltzer, the 71-year-old widow of a Brookhaven chemist. The defeat is welcome news to many Brookhaven scientists.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2021b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17799387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    EASTERN EUROPE: Serbian University Law Causes Turmoil (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-05
    Description: Whether the University of Belgrade was ruined or saved in May 1998 depends on one's political views. That was when the regime of Slobodan Milosevic pushed through the Serb parliament the University Act, a law that gave the minister of higher education the right to appoint deans at Serbian universities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):691.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17780504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    CANADIAN UNIVERSITIES: Funding of 2000 Slots Sets Off Musical Chairs (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Four months before it goes into effect, a $605 million program to help Canadian universities attract and retain the best scientific talent has ignited a furor within Canadian academe. Research-intensive universities have begun aggressively shopping for prospective candidates, using the new chairs as bait. Smaller universities say that has left them fending off talent raids.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondro, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2112.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17758896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    EUROPEAN POLICY: Science in Europe (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Europe is in a growth phase--growing in size as several countries are negotiating to join the European Union (EU) and growing in maturity as its institutions evolve to meet better the needs of its citizens. One aspect of this maturation is the realization that the EU structures to support science have failed in many respects and need a drastic overhaul. The European Life Scientists Organization (ELSO) was created last year to pull together molecular life scientists into a coherent body that can work toward improving conditions for research in Europe.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simons, K -- Featherstone, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1099-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17743255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    MAGNETISM: Magnets Fast and Small (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: As magnetic devices become smaller and faster, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the dynamics of magnetic domains on small spatial and temporal scales. In their Perspective, Miltat and Thiaville highlight the report by Acremann et al., whose magnetooptical microscope combines state of the art space and time resolution, thus allowing the precessional motion of magnetic domains to be studied directly. The dynamics they observe are complex, indicating that in both the space and time domains, neither the magnetization nor the applied field should be viewed as uniform.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miltat, J -- Thiaville, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):466-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17844284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Database searches for binding sites (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murphy, K -- Frazer, K A -- Loots, G -- Rubin, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2319a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ARCHAEOLOGY: Paintings in Italian Cave May Be Oldest Yet (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Stone slabs bearing images of an animal and a half-human, half-beast figure were uncovered during excavations by an Italian team at the Fumane Cave northwest of Verona. The images are believed to be at least as ancient as some found in the Grotte Chauvet in southern France--the current record holder at 32,000 years--and possibly even older. More important, cave art experts say, the new paintings bolster other evidence that humans engaged in sophisticated symbolic expression much earlier than once thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):419-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17844275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    SCIENCE PRIORITIES: An Opportunities-Based Science Budget (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-06
    Description: Newt Gingrich introduces the concept of an "opportunities-based budget", as an approach to federal research and development funding. Policy-makers should not frame the debate on science funding in terms of percentage of increase. Rather, a systematic analysis of the promise of opportunities should be conducted and the funds allotted accordingly. This article is a call to rethink how lawmakers are funding the discoveries upon which future generations will rely.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gingrich, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1303.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17787232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    EUROPEAN SCIENCE: Pathogens Lab Chief Stripped of Duties (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Europe's most advanced high-security pathogen lab has claimed its first human casualty--and it hasn't even opened for business. On 28 June, the Marcel Merieux Foundation, which funded the construction of the $8 million facility in Lyons, banned lab director Susan Fisher-Hoch from the premises and launched legal proceedings to dismiss her. Fisher-Hoch's most egregious offense, it appears, was speaking with the press.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):228b-9b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Help in accessing human genome information (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1471b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PLANETARY SCIENCE: 'Spiders' Channel Mars Polar Ice Cap (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Scientists studying the latest high-resolution photos of the martian south polar ice cap think they may have found additional clues to its ebb and flow. These hints of the planet's bizarre atmosphere come from a new class of dramatic-looking terrain features whose dark, multilimbed, vaguely radial designs have earned them the moniker "black spiders," and another group of dusky, spreading features called "dark fans." At a recent gathering here of Mars researchers, a planetary scientist proposed that the spiders might be subsurface gas channels, visible through an unusually transparent section of the martian ice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lovett, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1853a-4a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    NASA's Living with a Star Initiative (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karpen, J T -- Krimigis, S M -- Appleby, J F -- Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1296.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Stranger than science fiction (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉C Clarke, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):727.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17819565" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ASTRONOMY: The Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a satellite of the Milky Way, is an important yardstick by which most intergalactic distances are measured. But as Cole explains in this Perspective, how far away the LMC is remains a matter of dispute, with far reaching implications in cosmology. But observations of Cepheids and of eclipsing binaries, two types of stars that allow absolute luminosity and thus absolute distances to be determined, are promising to resolve this important issue in the not too distant future.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cole, A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1149-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17833402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    MATHEMATICS: Taking the Measure of the Wildest Dance on Earth (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: By exploiting the symmetry of randomness, three mathematicians have revealed the geometric underpinnings of the frenetic random dance called Brownian motion. The methods they used seem likely to apply to other random processes, some as familiar as the flow of water through a filter. The proof was presented at the recent Current Developments in Mathematics 2000 conference sponsored by Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mackenzie, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1883-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17742050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    CHEMISTRY: Harnessing the Power of Diatomics (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: When a diatomic molecule is broken up into its constituent atoms, these very energetic atoms provide a large driving force for further reaction. Diatomic molecules often do not undergo productive chemistry, however, because the energy needed to break the diatomic bond is also high. In his Perspective, Thorp discusses the work by MacBeth et al., who have synthesized a nonheme iron complex that reacts with O2 to produce two equivalents of a metal-oxo complex. The complex elegantly mimic the ability of some enzymes to influence metal ion coordination spheres.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thorp, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):882-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ASTROPHYSICS: Neutron Stars Imply Relativity's a Drag (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: A new finding, based on x-rays from distant neutron stars, could be the first clear evidence of a weird relativistic effect called frame dragging, in which a heavy chunk of spinning matter wrenches the space-time around it like an eggbeater. Using data from NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, three astronomers in Amsterdam found circumstantial evidence for frame dragging in the flickering of three neutron stars in binary systems. They announced their results in the 1 September issue of The Astrophysical Journal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schilling, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1448a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ECOLOGY: Forest Fire Plan Kindles Debate (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Forest fires burning in the western United States have already scorched over 2.5 million hectares this summer. Now a federal proposal to prevent them by paying loggers to cut smaller trees is generating heat among ecologists, who say the approach may not be right for all forests--or all fires.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macneil, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1448b-9b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ASTRONOMY: Neighborhood Gamma Ray Burst Boosts Theory (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Titanic explosions that emit powerful flashes of energetic gamma rays are one of astronomy's hottest mysteries. Now an analysis of the nearest gamma ray burst yet detected has added weight to the popular theory that they are expelled during the death throes of supermassive stars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schilling, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    AGRICULTURE: Variety Spices Up Chinese Rice Yields (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: The results of Chinese field trials reinforce the accepted scientific wisdom that planting different varieties of a crop in the same field holds down the spread of certain diseases and improves yields. And this time researchers seem to have convinced farmers, too.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1122b-3b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17833396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS: X-ray Satellites Seek Clues to Bursts (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Last month the High Energy Transient Explorer 2, the first satellite dedicated to spotting gamma ray bursts, rocketed successfully into orbit, bolstering a handful of x-ray satellites whose instruments are trained on the mysterious explosions. But some researchers say setbacks to the fleet have left unfortunate gaps in coverage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schilling, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):927.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS: Gamma Ray Bursts May Pack a One-Two Punch (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Most astrophysicists puzzling over what causes gamma ray bursts--short, intense explosions of high-energy photons that occur deep in space--now agree that the answer is a hypernova, the blast of energy released when a supermassive star collapses into a black hole. Two papers in this issue of Science (pp. 953 and 955), reporting on new x-ray observations of two gamma ray bursts, argue that the hypernova model tells only half of the story. On its way to becoming a black hole, the authors propose, the supermassive star actually collapses twice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schilling, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):926-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    MATERIALS SCIENCE: Weird Gold Nanowires (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: When the dimensions of matter are reduced to the nanometer scale and beyond, strange properties often emerge. In their Perspective, Tosatti and Prestipino discuss the weird gold nanowire structures reported by Kondo and Takayanagi. They explain why the wires may be helical and only form certain "magic" sizes. Other metals may form similarly strange structures with unusual properties.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tosatti, E -- Prestipino, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):561-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Late cretaceous true polar wander: not so fast (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cottrell, R D -- Tarduno, J A -- Sager, W W -- Koppers, A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2283a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PLANETARY SCIENCE: Enhanced: A Meteorite Falls on Ice (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Primitive meteorites provide a glimpse into the early history of our solar system, but some of the most primitive meteorites are also rarely found on Earth. In his Perspective, Grossman explains why the fall of the Tagish Lake meteorite on 18 January 2000 in British Columbia, Canada, was a lucky event for meteorite researchers. The first analysis of the meteorite is reported by Brown et al. Well-preserved organic matter in the meteorite provides a unique opportunity to study the nature and origin of organic matter that may have accreted on early Earth and played a role in the origin of life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grossman, J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):283-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17734110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Temperature oscillations in the north atlantic (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schlesinger, M E -- Ramankutty, N -- Andronova, N -- Margolis, M -- Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):547b-8b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PHILANTHROPY: Moore Foundation Targets Science (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-05
    Description: Last week, computer industry titan Gordon Moore and his wife, Betty, announced that they are creating a $5-billion-plus foundation to support scientific research, conservation, and higher education. Once fully funded within a few years, the foundation is expected to rank among the dozen largest charities based in the United States.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1481b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17771219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY: Satisfaction Sans Status (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-06
    Description: When University of California, Irvine, developmental biologist Susan Bryant married David Gardiner, Gardiner took a soft-money position as a researcher at Irvine. Because Gardiner was flexible in his goals and committed to raising children, it seemed a better choice than trying to get two jobs somewhere else, he recalls. And 17 years and two children later, Gardiner says that decision was right for them as a couple--and that he has learned to endure the indignities that come with the territory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2025.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17799388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    MARINE ENVIRONMENT: Clinton Creates Huge Hawaiian Coral Haven (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: President Bill Clinton last week signed an executive order creating the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve. Marine scientists say that the megareserve, which holds nearly 70% of the nation's reefs, will help protect some of the globe's most pristine ocean habitats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1873b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17742048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Fractional quantum Hall effect in organic molecular semiconductors (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-05
    Description: High-quality crystals of the organic molecular semiconductors tetracene and pentacene were used to prepare metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures exhibiting hole and electron mobilities exceeding 10(4) square centimeters per volt per second. The carrier concentration in the channel region of these ambipolar field-effect devices was controlled by the applied gate voltage. Well-defined Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations and quantized Hall plateaus were observed for two-dimensional carrier densities in the range of 10(11) per square centimeter. Fractional quantum Hall states were observed in tetracene crystals at temperatures as high as approximately 2 kelvin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schon, J H -- Kloc, C -- Batlogg, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2338-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PALEOCLIMATE: An Appealing Snowball Earth That's Still Hard to Swallow (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: The startling claim that Earth has frozen over from pole to pole for millions of years at a time, a hypothesis widely known as the "snowball Earth" scenario, has intrigued many earth scientists but as yet convinced few. But the theory, which would explain some previously inexplicable observations from the Neoproterozoic era 600 million to 700 million years ago, is gaining adherents. Last year, for example, most researchers agreed that one part of the sweeping hypothesis--the claim that glaciers once flowed into ice-covered tropical seas--is correct, even though this idea had been rebuffed for more than 30 years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1734-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17841405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The Sun Again Intrudes on Earth's Decadal Climate Change (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Researchers have long doubted that solar cycles affect terrestrial climate, because no one has yet come up with a convincing mechanism to explain how tiny changes on the sun might change climate on Earth. Now, however, two such correlations--a 22-year climate cycle recorded in glacial sediments and the tracing of an 11-year cycle from the stratosphere into the lower atmosphere--may be robust enough to give the sun-climate link a touch more respectability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1986.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17835111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PALEOCLIMATE: Taking the Temperature of Past Ocean Surfaces (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-07
    Description: Accurate reconstructions of past climatic conditions on Earth are important for modeling future climate change. Researchers use climate "proxies" from deep-sea sediments, corals, or ice cores to reconstruct these past climatic conditions, but as Nurnberg explains in this Perspective, different techniques often give different answers. A relatively new technique, Mg/Ca paleothermometry, is a particularly promising tool, especially in conjunction with oxygen isotope measurements on the same planktonic foraminiferal specimens. The power of this method is exemplified by the study by Lea et al.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nurnberg, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1698-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17811150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    EARTH SCIENCE: Did Volcanoes Drive Ancient Extinctions? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: With the publication in recent weeks of two papers on a mass extinction 183 million years ago, researchers can add five suggestive cases to the list of extinctions with known causes. These extinctions coincide with massive outpourings of lava, accompanied by signs that global warming threw the ocean-atmosphere system out of whack. Although no one can yet pin any of these mass extinctions with certainty on the volcanic eruptions, scientists say it's unlikely that they're all coincidences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1130-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17833400" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PLANETARY SCIENCE: Most-Common Meteorites Find a Home Among the Asteroids (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Meteoriticists have long been puzzled by the fact that the most common meteorites, so-called ordinary chondrites, don't appear to have come from the most common asteroids, the S-types. Last week, however, a group of researchers attending the spring meeting of the American Geophysical Union here announced that the 31-kilometer-long S-type asteroid Eros now being orbited by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft is made of the same stuff as ordinary chondrites. That conclusion comes from NEAR Shoemaker's first-ever analysis of the elemental composition of an asteroid.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1714-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17836680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    A north atlantic climate pacemaker for the centuries (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: Although El Nino and La Nina are the largest single sources of global interannual climate variability, climate shifts on longer time scales than El Nino's 2 to 7 years are also drawing the attention of researchers. On multidecadal time scales of 40 to 80 years, a restless North Atlantic seems to be at work, alternately countering and enhancing humankind's alterations of climate. The evidence for this is turning up in such records as tree rings, ice cores, and corals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1984-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17835110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    OCEANOGRAPHY: Missing Mixing Found in the Deep Sea (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: In their simulations of how the sea's ponderous flows of water and heat affect climate, including future greenhouse warming, climate modelers assumed that something evenly stirred the world ocean from top to bottom around the globe. But oceanographers gauging the tides of the world's seas from a satellite perch have found intense patches of tidally driven mixing deep within the open ocean. Once modelers include these patches, they should see some changes in model predictions of global warming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1947-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17835102" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    EUROPEAN SCIENCE: U.K. Unveils 'Brain Gain' Initiative (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-07
    Description: Last week, U.K. Trade and Industry minister Stephen Byers announced a $6 million a year program to lure as many as 50 research stars to the country or persuade others who might accept lucrative offers from abroad to remain in Great Britain. The initiative is the latest in a series of moves in the past few weeks aimed at buoying up the British scientific community.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Urquhart, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):713b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17819563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    CLIMATE CHANGE: Enhanced: The Greenland Ice Sheet Reacts (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: The Greenland Ice Sheet holds a substantial part of Earth's fresh water, and melting of the sheet contributes to sea level rise. Dahl-Jensen discusses the reports by Krabill et al. and Thomas et al., which shed light on short- and long-term surface elevation changes of the ice sheet. Low-altitude areas are melting, but high-altitude areas show no net reduction over both the short and the long term.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dahl-Jensen, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):404-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17840575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ECOLOGY: The Other H's (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-07
    Description: Fisheries scientists have long identified the factors implicated in salmon decline as the "four H's": hydropower dams, harvesting, habitat degradation, and hatchery misuse. According to a new plan by nine federal agencies, known as the "All-H Paper," improvements in the other three H's will provide benefits that are more certain and widespread than those from dam breaching. But addressing the other H's may be even more costly than breaching dams.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mann, C C -- Plummer, M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):718.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17819564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PARTICLE PHYSICS: CERN Collider Glimpses Supersymmetry--Maybe (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Last week, particle physicists at the CERN laboratory in Switzerland announced that by smashing together matter and antimatter in four experiments, they detected an unexpected effect in the sprays of particles that ensued. The anomaly is subtle, and physicists caution that it might still be a statistical fluke. If confirmed, however, it could mark the long-sought discovery of a whole zoo of new particles--and the end of a long-standing model of particle physics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seife, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):227a-8a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    MATERIALS SCIENCE: Long-Wavelength Lasers Sniff Out New Uses (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: Just a few weeks after two physicists won the Nobel Prize for figuring out how to make lasers out of semiconductors, researchers announced that they have made those lasers much more useful. A new technique permits the lasers to shine light in regions of the infrared spectrum previously inaccessible to similar devices. The advance may open the door to cheap devices to sniff explosives and other robotic sensors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seife, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):916-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749181" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ECONOMICS NOBEL: Dealing With Biases and Discrete Choices (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: This year's Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences, given in honor of Alfred Nobel, goes to two researchers who gave the field of microeconomics--the study of individuals' economic behavior--new tools to help draw conclusions from imperfect data. James Heckman of the University of Chicago wins half of this year's prize for coming up with ways to deal with selection biases. Daniel McFadden of the University of California, Berkeley, tackled a different conundrum: how to quantify discrete choices rather than continuous ones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seife, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):427.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17844279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ASTRONOMY: Brown Dwarf's Flare Opens X-ray Eyes (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: When the Chandra X-ray Observatory pointed its snout at a failed star 16 light-years away, astronomers expected it to see little sign of activity. Instead, the orbiting telescope got smacked in the eye by an x-ray flare--and astrophysicists are still trying to explain why.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seife, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):373a-4a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17840567" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    INFORMATION THEORY: 'Ultimate PC' Would Be a Hot Little Number (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: A physicist has used the laws of thermodynamics, information, relativity, and quantum mechanics to figure out the ultimate physical limits on the speed of a computer. His calculations show that, in principle, a kilogram of matter in a liter-sized container could be an "ultimate laptop" more than a trillion trillion trillion times as powerful as today's fastest supercomputer--if it could be turned into a black hole.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seife, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1447a-8a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    SAVING KYOTO: Can the Kyoto Climate Treaty Be Saved From Itself? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: The climate treaty being hammered out this month at The Hague may be doomed to failure, as numerous observers say the United States simply won't ratify any treaty that requires such wrenching reductions in carbon emissions, and if the United States bails out, the protocol is in very deep trouble. Some policy analysts think that by tweaking the rules, the United States could eventually sign on, but if they are tweaked too much, other countries may balk. The key, some say, will be keeping the treaty going now and rethinking its controversial goals later.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):920-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PHYSICS: Will Livermore Laser Ever Burn Brightly? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: The National Ignition Facility (NIF), a superlaser being built here at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in an effort to use lasers rather than nuclear explosions to create a fusion reaction, is supposed to allow weapons makers to preserve the nuclear arsenal--and do nifty fusion science, too. But a new report that examines its troubled past also casts doubt on its future. Even some of NIF's scientific and political allies are beginning to talk openly of a scaled-down version of the original 192-laser design.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seife, C -- Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1126-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17833398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    SAVING KYOTO: A Well-Intentioned Cleanup Gets Mixed Reviews (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: By publishing an alternative, and decidedly upbeat, scenario for how greenhouse warming might play out in the next half-century, the director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City hoped to open new prospects for attacking the problem. Instead, he got a lot of grief.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    NUCLEAR SCIENCE: DOE Drops Plan to Restart Reactor (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-06
    Description: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has abandoned the idea of restarting a controversial nuclear reactor at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington state. Some biomedical researchers are applauding the decision to pull the plug on the Fast Flux Test Facility, which they feared would drain scarce resources from other DOE research programs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1666b-7b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17798200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    PHYSICS: Will NIF Live Up to Its Name? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: The National Ignition Facility (NIF)--if it works as advertised, which is by no means certain given all of NIF's problems (see main text)--will pump almost 2 million joules of laser energy into a BB-sized pellet of hydrogen. But the bigger question is whether the pellet will actually achieve ignition--that is, undergo a sustained nuclear reaction that gives off as much energy as was put in? Most scientists on the project are cautiously optimistic, but others have grave doubts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seife, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1128.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17833399" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    GENOMICS: Sanger Will Sequence Zebrafish Genome (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-06
    Description: As the international human genome project nears completion, the Sanger Centre in Cambridge, U.K., has settled on a new effort to keep its sequencing machines humming: the genome of the zebrafish, a model organism much loved by developmental geneticists. After nearly 4 years of lobbying biomedical funding agencies, scientists who study the 4-centimeter Danio rerio are delighted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1671b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17798204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    CHEMICAL PHYSICS: Magnetic Wires Promise Giant Step for Memory (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: On page 2126, researchers describe a potentially cheap and simple method of creating porous plastic templates capable of molding magnetic posts so small and close together that 10(12) of them fit in a square centimeter. If each post could be addressed individually, disk drives would be able to store a terabit of data per square centimeter, a 300-fold improvement over current models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 15;290(5499):2047a-8a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17733044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Mbeki and AIDS in Africa (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Markus, M B -- Fincham, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2131d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17758903" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    BODY CHEMISTRY: Forensic Science on a Shoestring (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-09-11
    Description: With billions of dollars spent each year on law enforcement in the United States, one might think that funds for R&D on advanced crime-solving methods would be flowing freely. But the experiences of the U.S. national laboratories in trying to carve out a niche in forensics research suggest otherwise.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):857.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17839149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ECOLOGY: Conservation Targets: Do They Help? (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2007-08-31
    Description: No more than 5% of the land area worldwide is being set aside for the protection of nature, and there is little evidence that much tropical biodiversity will survive outside of well-managed reserves. Many international development and conservation organizations recommend that at least 10% of territory be protected, though ecologists generally concur that at least 50% of all species will soon be lost if 90% of the habitat is seriously disrupted. Current policies, therefore, are a prescription for a massive loss of biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soule, M E -- Sanjayan, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2060-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17742319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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