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  • Physics  (492)
  • 1995-1999  (1)
  • 1980-1984  (491)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1999  (1)
  • 1981  (491)
  • 1
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    In situ ground deformation measurements from the summit of Axial Volcano during the 1998 volcanic episode (1999)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Kobe, 1, vol. 26, no. 23, pp. 3437-3440, pp. 8010, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: The formation of ocean crust along the midocean ridge system is volumetrically one of the most important geological processes on the surface of the earth. Volcanic eruptions along the ridge can be catastrophic events during which magma rises to the surface of the sea floor to release heat and gases into turbulent megaplumes that disrupt the overlying water column, initiate and rejuvenate hydrothermal circulation, and trigger an outpouring of microbial debris. Though these events may persist only a few weeks or months at one site, taken together, they may play a major role in the oceanic biogeochemical cycle. Axial Volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge has become a laboratory for the study of ephemeral aspects of sea floor volcanism, including results from expeditionary, rapid response, and permanent instrument installations. The geological context and description of the most significant magmatic event on the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the past decade is provided by Embley et al. [3425]. Dziak and Fox [3429], describe a rapid increase in the seismicity remotely monitored by the U.S. Navy hydrophone array. The increase in seismic swarms is the earliest indicator that an eruption has begun. Within hours, volcanic deflation is observed in concert with increases in the bottom water temperature due to venting. Instruments in place for the first time during such a midocean ridge volcanic event measured ground deformation and caldera subsidence resulting from the extraction of magma as described by Fox [3437] and Chadwick et al. [3441], while a coincident outpouring of hot water recorded on moored temperature sensors is described in Baker et al. [3445]. A rapid response cruise in February brought researchers to the site only 14 days after the eruption began and in the midst of winter storms. Sohn et al. [3433] describe local seismicity derived from a network of sea floor hydrophones deployed during the February cruise. Repeated measurements of helium anomalies in the water column before and after the eruption are used by Lupton et al. [3449] to fingerprint the hydrothermal plume associated with the eruption, extending a considerable distance off-axis. Water samples collected during the February 1998 cruise were analyzed for hydrothermal methane and hydrogen by McLaughlin-West et al. [3453]. They find both species to be significantly elevated near the vents and invoke microbial processes to explain the observations.
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Volcanology ; 3035 ; Marine ; geology ; and ; geophysics ; Midocean ; ridge ; processes ; 8145 ; Tectonophysics ; Physics ; of ; magma ; and ; magma ; bodies ; 8419 ; Volcanology ; Eruption ; monitoring ; (7280) ; 8434 ; Magma ; migration ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    The National Science Foundation looks to the future (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-03-13
    Description: Great advances have been made in fundamental scientific research in recent years. The new knowledge gathered, in addition to deepening our understanding of the physical universe, contributes a range of abilities and opportunities to society that would not otherwise be available. Much research that may be called applied because it addresses needs of society is quite fundamental in character, and support of such research at the National Science Foundation is to be handled in tandem by the research directorates. Other areas that require a refocusing of support are engineering science and education, at all levels, in science and engineering. Increasing our strength in these areas is essential to achieve our national economic, social, and political goals. Steps are being taken by the National Science Foundation to make its structure better able to deal with engineering and applied research and to provide greater mutual reinforcement between applied and basic research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slaughter, J B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Mar 13;211(4487):1131-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7466384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Biology ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Forecasting ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Government Agencies ; Molecular Biology ; Neurochemistry ; Physical Phenomena ; Physics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
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    Comments on a paper by Axelson and Mandelkern concerning 13C NMR spectra of polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the 13C NMR spectral collapse temperatures Tc reported by Axelson and Mandelkern tend to give a constant ratio of Tc/Tg averaging 1.21 ± 0.05 and independent of Tg or of polymer structure. It is further shown that Tc is not a high-frequency value for Tg because this would require Tc/Tg to decline with increasing Tg. Tc/Tg agrees in numerical value with Tu/Tg, where Tll is the liquid-liquid transition lying above Tg. Direct comparison of Tc and Tu for four polymers PIB, PnBA, atactic PP, and isotactic PMMA shows very close agreement. The various results suggest, but do not prove, that Tc from 13C NMR spectroscopy may be a new, direct measure for Tll. A measured Tc of 233K for linear PE is compatible with a Tg near 195 K (233/195 = 1.19), whereas a Tg of 148 K gives the ratio 233/148 = 1.57, which is outside any value shown in tabulated form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190102
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  • 4
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    Small-angle light scattering by random assemblies of incomplete spherulites. Systems with partial degree of volume filling (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented to account for the effect of the impingement of growing spherulites on their Hv small-angle light scattering patterns. The theory is developed on the basis of results of computer-simulated two-dimensional spherulite growth and calculated scattered intensities. The impingement produces a lowering of the intensity of the scattering maximum and the diminishing of the overall sharpness of the scattering peak. The extent of these effects increases with area fraction of spherulites. A procedure is suggested for determining correction factors that may be applied to intensity data obtained during the course of spherulite crystallization. An interpretation is made of the type of average spherulite size determined from the scattering angle of maximum intensity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190105
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  • 5
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    Component analysis of proton NMR spectra of linear polyethylene in the α-transition temperature range and phase distribution (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 109-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Broad-line 1H NMR spectra of linear polyethylene at temperatures in the α-transition range can be analyzed in terms of contributions from the crystalline and noncrystalline components provided molecular motion in the crystalline region is adequately considered. The spectrum of solid n-C32H66 or n-C44H90 prior to melting is used to take account of the contribution of the crystalline region of the polymer to molecular motions. The temperature dependence of the component distribution in the polymer is briefly discussed for a wide range of temperatures, together with previously reported results at low temperatures. The noncrystalline component is in a rigid glassy state at very low temperatures but with rising temperature it transforms to a mobile glassy state with restricted molecular motion, and transforms partially to the rubbery state at high temperature. The crystalline component remains rigid at low temperature, but some molecular motion is associated with it at higher temperatures in the α-transition range.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190109
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  • 6
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    Characterization of Ziegler-Natta catalyst by ESCA (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The surface composition of TiCl3-based Ziegler - Natta catalysts prepared by various methods was analyzed by ESCA to correlate the total amount of surface titanium with the catalyst activity in propylene polymerization. The ESCA peak ratio (Ti 2P3/2/Cl 2P) of the catalysts was measured to estimate the surface composition. The titanium index defined as the product of the (Ti/Cl peak ratio and surface area) was closely correlated with the catalyst activity in polymerization. This indicates that surface titanium concentration and surface area determine the catalyst activity. It was also found that removal of surface aluminum and chlorine at the catalyst preparation stage results in concentration of titanium at the surface and an increase in surface area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190111
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  • 7
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    The effect of polydispersity on the intrinsic viscosity and sedimentation coefficient of stiff chains (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190116
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  • 8
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    Physical properties and structure of silk. VII. Crystallization of amorphous silk fibroin induced by immersion in methanol (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 185-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190117
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Adsorption of acrylic acid copolymers with hydrophobic chain substituents on polystyrene latex (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Adsorption of three copolymers of acrylic acid with N-1-naphthylacrylamide on monodisperse polystyrene latex was studied as a function of pH, ionic strength, and latex concentration. A comparison of the observed adsorptive capacities with predictions based on a model in which the adsorbed polymers retain their shape in solution showed that this model leads to an increasing underestimate as the density of the hydrophobic groups on the polymer is increased and as the pH is reduced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190206
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  • 10
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    Rigid-backbone polymers. XVIII. Strictly alternating rigid-flexible polyamides (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that in strictly alternating rigid-flexible copolyamides with the axial ratio x of their rigid elements between 3 and 3.5, lyotropic liquid crystallinity exists in solutions of 25-40% poiymer. For polymers having 4.0 〈 x 〈 4.5, anisotropic solutions appear in the concentration range 15-25%. These axial ratios are substantially smaller than the value of xc = 6.4 predicted by theories for independent rodlike particles, but are in qualitative agreement with recent theoretical calculations taking cognizance of the connection of rodlike elements by flexible residues in the polymer chain. It is further shown that solid solutions of a model compound in an alternating rigid-flexible polymer may be prepared, provided there exists shape and size similarity between the model compound and the polymeric repeat unit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190209
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  • 11
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    Spectroscopic studies of solutions, suspensions, and precipitates of poly(1,6-di-p-toluene sulfonyloxy-2,4-hexadiyne) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 321-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Optical-absorption, fluorescence, and Raman spectra for solutions, suspensions, and precipitates of poly(1,6-di-p-toluene sulfonoxy-2,4-hexadiyne) in and from nitrobenzene, acetone, and chloroform are presented. These are interpreted in terms of the occurrence of two forms of the polymer chain; a quasicrystalline form with properties close to those of single crystal polymer and a chain-extended form occurring in solution and colloidal particles, with an absorption energy of about 2.5 eV (20,000 cm-1). No evidence is found for the presence of very short polymer chains in partially polymerized monomer at low conversion. The relationship of these results to those for deformed single crystals is briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190212
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  • 12
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    Heterogeneous reactions of polyethylene. II. Distortion of crystallites due to chlorination (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 361-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of heterogeneous chlorination of high-density polyethylene on its crystalline regions was investigated by NMR, x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared spectroscopy. Crystallites remained inaccessible to attack by chlorine, even after extensive chlorination, however, their perfection was affected by extensive chlorination of the adjacent amorphous regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190215
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  • 13
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    Comment on the Tll relaxation as observed in polymers by means of thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 369-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190216
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  • 14
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    Concentration dependence of the distribution coefficient for macromolecules in porous media (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 405-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Partitioning of macromolecules between pore and bulk solutions directly affects both equilibrium and transport processes such as exclusion chromatography and movement of solutes through porous media. Because of interactions between macromolecules and the pore wall, the variation of the macromolecule activity with concentration is different inside the pore than in bulk solution. This difference causes a concentration dependence of the distribution coefficient, as reported in experiments involving exclusion chromatography. In order to explain this effect, we develop a model for a concentration-dependent distribution which explicitly accounts for a coupling between pore-macromolecule and macromolecule-macromolecule interactions. Predictions using this model are reported for the case of rigid spherical macromolecules in both cylindrical and slit pores, including both steric (hard sphere-hard wall) and long-range (screened electrostatic) interactions. An important result is the existence of a general correlation between the first order concentration effect and measurable properties of the macromolecule and porous medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190303
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  • 15
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    Measurements of infrared frequency shifts in stressed polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 449-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A difference-spectrum method is used to measure vibrational frequency shifts in mechanically stressed polymers. It is shown that the peak-to-peak height of the difference-spectrum intensity profile is a linear function of small frequency shifts with a slope inversely proportional to the band halfwidth for Lorentzian or Gaussian bands. The method is applied to measure frequency shifts in uniaxially stressed ultraoriented isotactic polypropylene films, using a double beam infrared grating dispersion spectrometer with a nonstressed sample in the reference beam. It is shown that frequency shifts can be measured with an accuracy of better than 0.01 cm-1 using the difference-spectrum method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190305
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  • 16
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    SAXS instrumental broadening and the order dependence of peak width (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 487-497 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The width at half-height of SAXS discrete diffraction peaks has been used to compute the number of polyethylene lamellae in a stack. The dependence of this width on diffraction order reflects the nature and magnitude of lattice fluctuations. Within the literature there have been conflicting reports on this order dependence and hence on the nature of the lattice fluctuations. Previous studies have neglected the effects of instrumental broadening. These present studies show that instrumental effects can account for some 40% of the observed first-order peak width and drastically change the ratio of peak widths as a function of order. These studies, carried out on isothermally grown polyethylene single-crystal mats, also demonstrate the importance of the functions chosen to represent the various broadening factors. A mat was made up consisting of randomly stacked lamella with two distinct fold periods. The scattering from this mixed mat could not be described by either of the prevailing theories.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190309
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  • 17
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    Network models of concentrated polymer solutions derived from the yamamoto network theory (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 531-555 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several choices of the functions describing the creation and destruction processes of entanglement junctions in the Yamamoto network theory of concentrated polymer solutions have been examined. These choices are simple functions of the extension of the network segments bridging the entanglement points and it is demonstrated that the moments of the distribution function describing the network conformation can be solved for analytically. This has been done for a wide range of two-dimensional flows, both for the steady state and transient start-up and relaxation problems. The macroscopic stress tensor and flow birefringence are calculated and a variety of nonlinear effects are predicted and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190401
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  • 18
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    Relaxation of shear and normal stresses in step-shear deformation of a polystyrene solution. Comparison with the predictions of the Doi-Edwards theory (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 517-527 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The shear stress σ, two components of birefringence, and extinction angle were measured for a concentrated polystyrene solution in step-shear deformation of magnitude of shear 0.3 ≤ γ ≤ 4.0. The stress-optical coefficient did not depend on either γ or time. The first and the second normal-stress differences v1 and v2 were evaluated with the use of the stress-optical law. Over a certain range of long times, σ could be factored as σ = γh(γ)G(t) and the quantity h(γ) agreed with the prediction of the Doi-Edwards theory based on the de Gennes tube model of entangled polymer chains. At short times the effect of γ on σ/γ was smaller than at long times. The relaxation spectrum became approximately independent of γ at the short-time end of the rubbery plateau region. The ratios v1/σ and v2/v1 were independent of time and were in quantitative agreement with those predicted by the Doi-Edwards theory: v1/σ was equal to γ, v2/v1 was negative, and |v2/v1| decreased with increasing γ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190312
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  • 19
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    Flow birefringence of concentrated polymer solutions in two-dimensional flows (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 557-587 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The results of flow birefringence measurements are reported for polymer solutions of moderate concentration subjected to a wide range of two-dimensional flows. These flows were generated in a four-roll mill which enables one to systematically vary the ratio of the vorticity to the rate of strain in the flow while holding the velocity gradient constant. It is shown that steady-state birefringence data collected over a wide range of flow types can be correlated against the eigenvalue of the velocity gradient tensor, in agreement with criterion for strong and weak flows from model calculations. Transient birefringence measurements in which purely extensional flows were started from rest are also reported. It was observed that the birefringence went through a pronounced overshoot in time for two different polymer/solvent systems. Flow induced increases in the solution turbidity were also observed and the increased turbidity remained constant over a period of many hours after extensional flows were arrested. The birefringence, on the other hand, decayed to zero almost immediately after the flows were stopped. These changes in the turbidity suggest that crystallization of the polymer was occurring. The qualitative results of experiments are compared to recent network model calculations using the theory of Yamamoto for concentrated polymer systems. It is found that this model can predict qualitatively many of the experimental observations if the function describing the breakage of polymer chain entanglements is allowed to depend on the conformation of the polymer segments bridging the entanglements. In particular, this dependency of the entanglement breakage on the conformation of the network segments leads to a predicted overshoot of birefringence when purely extensional flows are started from rest. It is also demonstrated through this model that birefringence data taken over a wide range of flow types can be used to estimate the degree to which the network deforms affinely with the flow field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190402
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  • 20
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    Structural differences between two crystal modifications of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 653-665 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained for as-cast and oriented films of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) and a comparison was made of the molecular packing of the α-helices in forms B and C. Form B snowed Bragg reflections on the layer lines as well as on the equator. The spacings were explained by a monoclinic unit cell comprising two chains, with a = 29.06 Å, b = 13 20 Å, c = 27.27 Å α = γ = 90°. and β = 96°. The chains contained in this unit cell and consequently alternating in the crystal have opposite chain directions. Form C showed continuous scattering on the layer lines and reflections on the equator. This form, therefore, is a nematiclike paracrystal in which the packing of α-helices is periodic in the direction lateral to the chain axis (a = 14.8-115.2 Å, b = 14.3-14.8 Å, c = 27 Å, and γ = 118°-120°), but the relative levels of the chains along the chain axes are displaced. The formation of form C may be attributed to random placement of two chains with mutually opposite chain directions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190408
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    Carbon-13 NMR linewidths of polyethylenes and related polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 631-651 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The carbon-13 NMR linewidth (proton decoupled) of linear and branched polyethylenes crystallized so as to yield different supermolecular structures, as well as a polyethylene oxide sample, have been studied in detail. The purpose has been to assess the different molecular contributions to the linewidth in the completely amorphous polymer as well as in the amorphous regions of the semicrystalline state. These studies on a number of different structures were complemented by both proton-decoupled and dipolar-decoupled magic-angle spinning experiments on a particular sample, as well as frequency dependence studies. It is found that the abnormally broad resonance lines previously reported for the molten polymer can be significantly reduced by adopting appropriate methods of sample preparation and magnetic-field homogenization at each temperature. Relatively narrow lines result which can be interpreted in a conventional manner. In the semicrystalline state, the resonance lines are relatively broad and are shown to be morphology dependent. Specific contributions and their temperature dependence are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190407
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    Polyesters containing ring units in the main chain. II. Effects of size and mobility of rings on molecular relaxations (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 689-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular relaxations of polyesters containing C5-C15 rings in the main chain have been studied by DSC, dielectric dispersion, and NMR. Results are discussed in relation to the size and mobility of the rings. The Tg or α-relaxation peak moves to higher temperature with an increase in the ring size from C5 to C12, but the effect is accompanied by an even-odd alternation with ring size. The β relaxations in dielectric dispersion reflect local-mode motion of ester groups and are affected by steric interactions with the rings. Motions of the ring methylenes of C12 and C15 ring units are detected below Tg by broad-line NMR.
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  • 23
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    Computer simulation of three-dimensional spherulite growth (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 731-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A computer program for modeling three-dimensional spherulite nucleation, growth, and impingement was elaborated. The Monte Carlo method was used to determine the degree of conversion and calculate the volume of the spherulites. Athermal, thermal, and mixed types of nucleation were tested. The experimental Avrami exponent agrees with the predictions for athermal and thermal nucleation while for mixed nucleation a nonintegral exponent is characteristic. The spherulite size distributions are very different from athermal and thermal nucleations. An intermediate pattern of distribution is proper for the mixed type of nucleation. The boundaries of the largest spherulites from thermal and mixed nucleation are concave while those of the smallest spherulites are convex.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Studies of environmental stress-crack propagation in low-density polyethylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 749-761 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Correlations of the stress-intensity factor K with crack speed a have been obtained for environmental stress cracking (ESC) of a series of low-density polyethylenes in detergent. In the majority of the materials, the crack speed increases initially with increasing K, then becomes constant, and finally starts decreasing. The ESC resistance increases with increasing molecular weight and, in general, the quenched materials show greater ESC resistance than slowly cooled ones. The crack propagation results agree well with the ESC model of Williams. Attempts have also been made to understand the micromechanics of ESC failure from a combined approach of K, the crack tip characteristics, and the fracture surface appearance. The roughness of the fracture surface increases with increasing K.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    NMR spin-spin relaxation in solid and molten polyethylene structures (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 803-814 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The NMR spin-spin relaxation (T2) spectra of high-density polyethylene (PE) has been investigated over a wide range of temperatures, both in the solid and molten states. Previous work in these laboratories has shown that the T2 relaxation spectrum of molten polyethylene differs from that of other polymers studied in that (a) it cannot be decomposed into two relaxation spectra (T2S and T2L) and (b) there is some evidence of a memory effect. This paper attempts to elucidate these observations, and compare them with the spin-spin relaxation of polyethylene at lower temperatures. In the solid state, the T2 decay comprises both a Gaussian distribution for the crystalline region, and an exponential decay for the amorphous component. The effects of crystallization conditions and of temperature were determined. In the molten state the T2 decay is more complex, but can be resolved into three exponentials. The longest (T2L) component arises as expected from the most mobile, low molecular weight fraction. The T2S component is due to an entangled but mobile network, as in other polymers. In addition, a short relaxation component T2X is observed, which is influenced by previous crystallinity and the processing history of the material, and is ascribed to some vestigial degree of structure in the molten phase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Polymerization of p-acryloyloxybenzoic acid (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 837-847 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of p-acryloyloxybenzoic acid by heating on a hot stage was previously reported to lead to a lyotropic mesophase. Using optical microscopy, thermal analysis, and infrared analysis, it was shown that this mesophase involves oligomers of poly(p-oxybenzoate) formed from the monomer by ester interchange through internal acidolysis.
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  • 27
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    Ultradrawing of high-molecular-weight polyethylene cast from solution. II. Influence of initial polymer concentration (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 877-888 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ultradrawing of films of high-molecular-weight polyethylene (M̄w = 1.5 × 106) produced by gelation crystallization from solution is discussed. The influence of the initial polymer volume fraction (φ) on the maximum draw ratio (λmax) of the dried films is examined in the temperature region from 90-130°C. The results can be described very well by the relation λmax = λmax1 φ-1/2 where λmax1 is the (temperature-dependent) maximum draw ratio of the melt-crystallized film. An attempt is made to discuss the marked influence of the initial polymer volume fraction on λmax in terms of the deformation of a network with entanglements acting as semipermanent crosslinks.
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    Study of the molecular conformation of an aromatic polyamide-hydrazide by intrinsic viscosity (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 863-875 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The persistence length of poly(terephthaloyl p-amino benzhydrazide) (X-500) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been determined from intrinsic viscosities measured for several whole-polymer samples. An approximate correction is applied for excluded volume effects, and these corrected values are fitted using the viscosity treatments of Yamakawa and Fujii and of Eizner and Ptitsyn. Both give for the persistence length of X-500 values in the range 30-35 Å. Revised treatment of our previous light scattering data for the same polymer yields 49 Å for the persistence length. Thus the chain extension of X-500 falls between those of para-linked polyamides and those of typical freely coiling macromolecules. Phase diagram studies indicate the solubility of X-500 in DMSO decreases with rising temperature, and can be increased by the addition of LiCl. No anisotropic phase is found in DMSO at the highest volume fraction of polymer, v2 = 0.19, which can be obtained with 4 g/dl LiCl. The critical concentration of X-500 needed for the appearance of the anisotropic phase depends upon solvent since Morgan reported an anisotropic phase for this polymer in 100% H2SO4 when v2 ≈ 0.13.
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    Electrostatic fiber spinning from polymer melts. II. Examination of the flow field in an electrically driven jet (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 921-932 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The flow field in an electrically driven jet has been examined and quantitatively analyzed. Using a model fluid, the nature of the streamlines and magnitude of the stream velocities were investigated with the aid of tracer particle photography. It was found that the velocity field is not purely extensional, but contains rotational components as well. Furthermore, the only portion of the jet completely free of any rotational component is the region about the symmetry axis. The extensional strain rate along the symmetry axis increases rapidly with the applied electric field intensity and can attain values in excess of 50 sec-1. This suggests that it might be possible to draw continuous oriented fibers from polymer melts by this technique if the jet can be operated at sufficiently high electric field intensity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Cage effects in recombination of allyl radicals in irradiated polyethylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 983-989 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A cage model has been presented to describe the kinetics of recombination of radicals in solid polymer. The theory includes Torrey's treatment for jump diffusion and radiative boundary condition in the diffusion equation to account for the hindrance to the diffusion of macroradicals and the finite cage process of recombination reaction, respectively. The result has been applied to the interpretation of data on the decay of allyl radical in irradiated polyethylene.
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    Dielectric anisotropy in oriented poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 991-1002 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric measurements between -50 and 60°C have been made on isotropic and oriented samples of poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) with draw ratios λ of 1 to 3.5 at frequencies ranging from 30 Hz to 1 MHz. For the oriented samples, the dielectric loss has been measured with the electric field normal (ε⊥″) and parallel (ε∥″) to the draw direction. At low frequency (say 60 Hz) the loss data for the oriented samples reveal two peaks at 25 and -5°C, which are associated with the amorphous (γa) and the crystalline (γc) relaxations, respectively. Analysis of these data using a two-phase model yields values for the amorphous orientation function fa which are only about 25 to 60% of those for the crystalline orientation function fc. Upon annealing, the anisotropy ε⊥″/ε∥″ at the γa peak decreases significantly while that at the γc peak remains largely unchanged. This implies a roughly unaltered fc and a large decrease in fa, which is consistent with the results of wide-angle x-ray diffraction and birefringence measurements.
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    Effects of small differences between tagged and normal molecules on small-angle neutron scatteringWork supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No. DMR-76-80152. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1011-1013 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190611
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    Oriented polymers from solution. IV. Polyethylene/polypropylene blend films (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1047-1053 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Work on the surface-growth method of producing blend films from mixed solutions of two polymers has exposed a random fluctuation in both growth rate and composition of the blend film with time of deposition. The effects are explained by heterogeneous separation of the two polymer components in the solution induced by the stirring action of the rotor of the Couette apparatus used. The solution is thus converted to a colloidal sol which on cooling forms a gel which exhibits syneresis at room temperature. The sol-to-gel transition is thermally reversible.
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    Polystyrene-polyisoprene block copolymers in dilute solutions: Characterization of the conformation by small-angle neutron scattering (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1033-1046 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The variable-contrast method in small-angle neutron scattering has been applied to a study of the conformation of polystyrene-polyisoprene block copolymers in dilute solution. The experimental results reveal no intramolecular segregation effect in dilute solutions in toluene and cyclohexane.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Solid state characterization of the structure of chitosan films (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1081-1105 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Films of chitosan, prepared by different fabrication processes, were examined at several structural levels, from the molecular to the macroscopic. This revealed the presence of polymorphic crystal forms, which varied with film treatment. Similarly, morphological structures varying from spherulites to rods were formed, depending on film processing conditions. The effect of structure on the mechanical properties, as well as the orientability of the films, were also investigated.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    An ESR study of polyisobutylene radicals produced by γ-irradiation at 77 K (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1141-1149 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An electron spin resonance (ESR) study has been made of radicals trapped in polyisobutylene irradiated at 77 K. It is concluded that only the —C(Me)2—CH— radical remains after heat treatment above 213 K. This radical shows a very sharp doublet ESR spectrum with hyperfine splitting of about 2.2 mT. A broad doublet ESR spectrum observed without warming, which was previously assigned as —C(Me)2—CH—is explained as a mixture of a doublet and a triplet due to the —C(Me)2—CH— and radicals. γ-irradiation at 77 K produces these major radical components and other carbon radicals as minor species. It has also been found that a conversion of other radicals into —C(Me)2—CH—occurs without decay on annealing below 183 K. Heating in the range 183-213 K causes both conversion and decay of the radicals. On annealing above 213 K, only decay occurs. The ESR spectra of polyisobutylene radicals are easily saturated by microwave power even at 1.6 μW. The mechanism of radiolysis for polyisobutylene is briefly discussed.
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    Multiple-image dark-field electron microscopy of beam-sensitive materials (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1163-1166 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190714
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    High-shear viscometry of polymer solutionsPaper presented at the 50th Golden Jubilee Meeting of the American Society of Rheology, Boston, October 29-November 2, 1979. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1173-1176 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190717
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  • 39
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    Studies of polar and nonpolar probes in the determination of infinite-dilution solubility parameters (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1199-1209 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Partial molar heats of mixing ΔH1∞ and Flory-Huggins χ parameters have been determined for a series of polar and nonpolar organic probes in the polymer systems polychloroprene, poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile) (34 wt. % acrylonitrile), poly(ethylene-vinylacetate) (40 wt. % vinylacetate) and cis-1,4-polybutadiene in the range 65-85°C. Using the Flory-Huggins χ parameters, infinite-dilution solubility parameters δ2∞ were calculated for the polymers at 75°C to be 8.8 ± 0.2 for polychloroprene 10.0 ± 0.3 for poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile), 8.3 ± 0.2 for poly(ethylene-vinylacetate) and 7.9 ± 0.1 for polybutadiene. These δ2∞ values are in good agreement with literature δ2 values. δ2∞ values were also calculated using only polar or nonpolar probes. The change in δ2∞ as the set of probes changed was negligible, leading to the conclusion that Hanson's three-dimensional solubility parameter concept may not be applicable to the infinite-dilution case.
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    Lyotropic mesomorphic formation of cellulose in trifluoroacetic acid-chlorinated-alkane solvent mixtures at room temperature (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1231-1236 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mixtures of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)-1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE); TFA-dichloromethane (CH2Cl2); and TFA-trichloromethane (CHCl3) are excellent cellulose solvents at room temperature. TFA-1,2-DCE and TFA-CH2Cl2 are superior to pure TFA. Lyotropic cellulose mesophases were obtained in (20% w/v) solutions of cellulose in these solvent mixtures. The optical and optical rotatory powers of the solutions suggest that the lyotropic mesophase of cellulose is cholesteric. This implies that cellulose molecules are arranged in helical form in these solvent systems.
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    Molecular design of multicomponent polymer systems. II. Emulsifying effect of a poly(hydrogenated butadiene-b-styrene) copolymer in high-density polyethylene/polystyrene blends (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1269-1272 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Thermal density fluctuations in polymer glasses (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1277-1279 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    A comment on “incompatible blends: Thermal effects in a model system” (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1280-1280 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    DTA and x-ray studies on extended-chain crystals of polyethylene under high pressure (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1325-1331 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relation between the thermal behavior of extended-chain crystals (ECCs) of polyethylene and the phase transitions, i.e., orthorhombic ↔ hexagonal ↔ melt, of polyethylene at high pressures above about 400 MPa has been studied by high-pressure differential thermal analysis (DTA), and with a high-pressure and high-temperature x-ray diffraction apparatus equipped with a position-sensitive proportional counter measuring system. The original sample used in this study consists mainly of two kinds of ECC, which we designate as “ordinary extended-chain” crystals (OECCs) and “highly-extended-chain” crystals (HECCs). Experimental results at pressures below 300 MPa substantiate the results previously reported: i.e., the phase diagram indicating the relation between the melting temperatures and pressure for the OECCs and HECCs can be determined for pressures up to 500 MPa.In heating at pressures above about 500 MPa, the peak intensity of the (100) reflection of the hexagonal structure decreases in two stages with increasing temperature. The phenomenon corresponds to the thermal behavior determined by high-pressure DTA in which two small endothermic peaks can be observed at temperatures above that of the crystal transition evidenced by the strong peak. This phenomenon suggests melting in two stages of hexagonal structures with different thermal stabilities, and that the change at higher temperature may be due to fusion of the hexagonal phase annealed either below or above the transition temperature.
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    Piezoelectricity of uniaxially stretched poly(vinylidene fluoride) corona poled at elevated temperature (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1365-1369 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction, thermally stimulated depolarization, and piezoelectric current measurements have been carried out on uniaxially stretched poly(vinylidene fluoride) film, corona poled both negatively and positively at room temperature and at 90°C. Corona poling at elevated temperature considerably enhances the piezoelectric constant and is a more efficient way of charging the film than conventional thermal poling. Advantages over the latter are discussed.
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    Column fractionation of acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1377-1383 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer having 51.4 wt % acrylonitrile content was fractionated using dimethylformamide and a toluene-n-propanol mixture as solvent and nonsolvent, respectively. From characterization of the fractions, it is shown that the copolymer was fractionated principally in accordance with composition. The weight distribution curve of the copolymer was expressed as a function of both molecular weight and chemical composition on a two-dimensional contour map. The same plotting technique was applied to a copolymer having nearly the azeotropic composition.
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    Phase equilibrium study of the ternary system composed of two monodisperse polystyrenes and cyclohexane (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1405-1422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mixtures of two “monodisperse” samples of polystyrene (M1 = 4.53 × 104, M2 = 10.3 × 104; Mw/Mn 〈 1.01) in cyclohexane were allowed to separate into two phases at different polymer concentrations and temperatures. The compositions in the two phases were measured by gel permeation chromatography, and used to determine isothermal binodals. From the binodal data the critical temperature and concentration were estimated as functions of the composition of the polymer mixture, and the separation factor σ for each polymer component was calculated. In contrast with typical results in the literature, σ was almost independent of molecular weight of the polymer. It is shown by deriving a general expression for σ that theoretical prediction of σ requires accurate knowledge about the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter as a function of the concentrations of individual polymer components.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    The effect of annealing and mechanical constraint on the morphology structure and stiffness of ultrahigh-modulus polyethylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1435-1447 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the effects of annealing at high temperature (130°C) on the dynamic mechanical properties and melting behavior of a series of ultrahigh-modulus polyethylenes. Although annealing always resulted in a substantial decrease in modulus, there were marked differences between samples of moderate draw ratio, depending on whether they are annealed at constant length or unconstrained. On the other hand, the differences were small for high-draw-ratio samples, indicating their greater thermal stability. In all cases the -50°C plateau modulus correlated well with the degree of crystal continuity estimated from wide-angle x-ray diffraction measurements of crystal length combined with small-angle measurements of the long period. The corresponding changes in melting behavior were entirely consistent with the changes observed in the mechanical stiffness. Both types of measurement together with the x-ray results have been used to gain an understanding of the morphological changes occurring on annealing.
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    Spectroscopic study of rigid-rod polymers. I. Structures of model compounds (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1475-1488 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(p-phenylene benzbisoxazole) and poly(p-phenylene benzbisthiazole) belong to the class of extended-chain, rigid-rod polymers possessing high modulus, high strength, and good thermal and oxidative resistance. Fibers and films of these polymers are processed from anisotropic solutions in strong acids such as methane sulfonic acid or polyphosphoric acid. The electronic absorption and vibrational spectra of the model compounds have been investigated in order to characterize the structures in the solid state and in nonprotonic solvents. The dramatic intensity differences in the spectra obtained have been interpreted by variations in the dihedral angle between the plane of the phenyl group and the plane of the central heterocyclic ring which affect the resonance configuration between the two rings.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Influence of polymerization initiation rate on permeability of aqueous polyacrylamide gels (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1505-1512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It was shown by Weiss and Silberberg in 1975 that polyacrylamide gels prepared by copolymerization of acrylamide and N,N′-methylene bis-acrylamide in water are heterogeneous. A two-phase model developed in 1979 satisfactorily accounted for the permeability of the gels. These gels had been prepared under standard conditions of initiator and activator concentrations and involved precooling of the reaction mixture to 0°C with completion of the reaction at room temperature, a thermal history not very suitable for kinetic analysis. A procedure was, therefore, devised where gels are prepared at room temperature throughout. Much better correlations are then obtained, and it can be shown that the initiation is controlled by the initiator (ammonium persulfate) concentration times the activator (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylene diamine) concentration raised to the 1.5 power. These data, discussed in terms of the two-phase model, show that the initiator concentration directly determines the number of crosslinks in the more dilute, permeability-determining, gel phase. The faster the initiation, the less permeable a gel results. An increase of permeability with overall degree of crosslinking at constant monomer concentration is a feature only of gels prepared at sufficiently low polymerization initiation rates.
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    Production and properties of fibers spun from nylon 6/lithium chloride mixtures (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1549-1565 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The possibility of producing high-modulus nylon 6 fibers by incorporation of lithium chloride (LiCl) in the polymer prior to spinning and drawing has been examined. Samples containing 2% and 4% LiCl (w/w) together with an unsalted control were studied. Particular attention was given to optimizing the spinning process by varying the melt temperature and the draw-down. The spun fibers were subsequently drawn in a tensile testing machine at 135°C, preliminary studies having established that this was desirable for the production of high-modulus material. The influence of annealing after drawing was also examined. Drawn fiber moduli in the range 8-9 GPa were obtained, compared with ca. 5-6 GPa for unsalted material. Limited structural studies (birefringence and wide-angle x-ray diffraction) suggest that the enhancement of modulus is due to an increase in the stiffening effect of extended molecules in the noncrystalline regions. Dynamic mechanical measurements show that there is reduced chain mobility in the disordered regions of the polymer, suggesting strong polymer-ion interactions. The salt can be readily removed by washing the fibers in boiling water, with significant reduction in moduli. This militates against commercial application of the salted fibers.
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    Stress-strain behavior of randomly crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane networks (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1603-1617 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain behavior of randomly crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) networks was studied. The small-strain data obtained agreed well with available data on radiation-crosslinked PDMS networks. It was found that both the suppression of junction fluctuation and trapped entanglements have to be considered in order to account for the discrepancy between experimental data and the phantom-network theory. With the addition of a constant trapped entanglement term, Flory's recent network model describes correctly the behavior of our networks under tonsion and compression. The values of the parameters used in fitting the data are within the range suggested by Flory for typical rubber networks. Edwards' “potential pipe” theory did not correlate our data over the entire range of strain variation.
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    Observations concerning the temperature dependence of the langmuir sorption capacity of glassy polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1655-1656 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191014
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    The possibility of a high-temperature transition in a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer as studied by DSC (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1659-1661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191016
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    The morphology in nafionRegistered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. perfluorinated membrane products, as determined by wide- and small-angle x-ray studies (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1687-1704 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of the ionomer resin from which Nafion perfluorinated membrane products are made was studied with wide-angle and small-angle x-ray diffraction. A reflection observed in the small-angle x-ray scan from hydrolyzed polymer is attributed to ionic clustering. The effects of equiv wt, cation form, temperature, water content, and tensile drawing on this reflection were studied and are discussed.
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    Random-coil configurations of the polyformals. VI. Dipole moments of the stereochemically variable polymer prepared from 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1739-1744 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mean-square dipole moments 〈μ2〉0 for the (atactic) poly(4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane) chain [CH2OCH(CH3)CH2O—] were determined from dielectric-constant measurements carried out on two fractions dissolved in benzene. Simple examination of the chain structure leads to the predictions that this polymer should have a significantly larger value of 〈μ2〉0 than poly(1,3-dioxolane) itself, but that 〈μ2〉0 should be nearly independent of stereochemical structure. The first expectation is confirmed by the experimental results obtained, and the second by calculated results based on rotational isomeric state theory.
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    A quantitative electron-microscopic study of a linear polyethylene fraction crystallized at different temperatures (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1769-1790 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Replica and thin-section electron microscopy was performed on a linear polyethylene fraction (Mw = 1.89 × 105, Mn = 1.79 × 10 5) which was either isothermally crystallized or quenched at difference temperatures. The results are numerically analyzed in such a manner so as to give the distribution of the total long spacing and of the crystallite and amorphous thicknesses. The quantitative information about the maximum and minimum values for these parameters at each crystallization temperature yields important clues as to possible molecular processes involved. Qualitative information regarding general morphology, molecular tilt with respect to the lamellar surface, and possible crystallographic faults are also discussed.
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    Small angle scattering in polymer blends (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1801-1801 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191112
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    A structure with an irregular layer lattice in poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate-co-γ-benzyl L-glutamate) film (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1817-1826 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two types of films showing different characteristic x-ray equatorial patterns were prepared from chloroform and N,N-dimethylformamide solutions of poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate-co-γ-benzyl L-glutamate). In the film cast from chloroform solution, the x-ray pattern on the equator consisted of a remarkable mixture of sharp and diffuse reflections, with the sharp reflections corresponding to integral values of 1/3k. On the other hand, in the film cast from N,N-dimethylformamide solution, a well-defined x-ray pattern was observed. An explanation for this characteristic pattern of chloroform-cast film was made on the basis of a structural model wherein stacking faults or dislocations are incorporated into the ordered structure characteristic of N,N-dimethylformamide-cast film. Two domains divided by a stacking fault are mutually displaced along the (100) crystal planes, but the shape and size of the unit cell is everywhere the same. The intensity distribution of x-ray diffraction was calculated as a function of the probability of a stacking fault occurring in a regular sequence of (100) planes. The best correspondence with observation was obtained with a stacking fault in every three layers, on the average.
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    Small-angle X-ray scattering of isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1865-1871 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Although the crystalline phase of poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (P4MP) is less dense than the amorphous phase, the density difference is very small at room temperature. This makes it difficult to study the fine structure of P4MP by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). It has therefore not been clear whether a so-called superlattice, or long-spacing structure, is formed in P4MP as in other synthetic polymers. However, it is found that raising the temperature increases the density difference sufficiently to make SAXS study feasible, and the existence of the long-spacing structure of P4MP is indicated. Annealing studies reveal two characteristic temperatures of 170 and 200°C: above 170°C the long-spacing structure is formed with an abrupt increase of crystallinity, and at 200°C the structure is further developed.
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    Brillouin scattering studies of the effect of orientation on mechanically deformed poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1911-1921 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Brillouin scattering is used to study the internal structure of oriented films of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Splitting in the longitudinal spectrum is observed as the film is stretched, indicating that the crystalline region is developed gradually from the amorphous region. The hypersonic velocity data obtained from these two regions are used to draw directional maps of sound velocity propagation in different directions of the film. The results are discussed and correlated with a recently proposed model. The orientational parameter in the amorphous phase is calculated from the hypersonic velocity data as a function of stretch ratio. The results are found to be in good agreement with published values obtained by a different technique.
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    Small-angle scattering studies of nafion membranes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The physical structure of Nafion membranes has been investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Samples in the acid form may exhibit two scattering peaks. The first, observed by SANS at an angle corresponding to a Bragg spacing of 180 Å, is shown to arise from structures in crystalline regions. A second peak at larger scattering angles is shown to arise from ion-containing regions which may be swollen with water. Salt-form samples made by soaking the acid form in an aqueous salt solution can also exhibit the same two scattering signals. But in amorphous salt-form samples produced by quenching from the melt the first peak is absent. This permits a more accurate study of the second peak by SAXS, which shows that the second scattering component is present as a maximum over a wide range of water contents but is absent in a sample dried at 200°C. The position of the peak shifts to lower scattering angles (or larger spacings) at higher water contents. Possible structural models that might give rise to the maximum are discussed. A calculation of the SAX invariant is made and results are consistent with a phase separation of a large fraction of the water.
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    Light scattering from polymer films having optically anisotropic rodlike texture. III. Inter-rod interference (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 59-76 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Effects of interparticle interference on depolarized light scattering from polymer films having nonspherulitic (rodlike, disklike, or fibrous) crystalline superstructures are explored, both theoretically and experimentally. Discrepancies between the observed “rodlike scattering” and the predicted scattering based on “single-rod” theory are pointed out and accounted for in terms of various types of aggregation models for polymeric solids and solutions.
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    Formation and characterization of polydiacetylene monolayer fibers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 165-172 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Monolayers of certain surface-active diacetylene compounds were polymerized at the gas - water interface and collapsed to self-supporting fibers. The monolayer fibers were found to have an unusual morphology in that while the polymeric backbones have a random orientation, the hydrocarbon side chains are all perpendicular to the fiber axis. The fiber d spacings determined from x-ray diffraction agree well with electron diffraction data from unperturbed polymeric monolayers. Tensile tests of the monolayer fibers indicate average strength and high modulus.
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    Irreversible effects of moisture on the epoxy matrix in glass-reinforced composites (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 197-212 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The irreversible effects of moisture exposure on anhydride-crosslinked epoxy resin films are investigated by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Hydrolytic attack of water at the ester linkages is accelerated in alkaline media and is a mechanically activated process. Matrix hydrolysis is also enhanced in the presence of inorganic fillers.
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    Crazing in two polystyrene/polybutadiene block copolymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 253-272 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crazing was investigated in two commercial polystyrene/polybutadiene block copolymers made by the Phillips Petroleum Co. and marketed under the trade names of KRO-1 and KRO-3 resins. The two block copolymers each with 23% polybutadiene (PB), have radically different microstructure and radically different crazing behavior, leading to strains to fracture of 0.1 and 1.0, respectively. Of these, the KRO-1 Resin has a phase microstructure that consists of randomly wavy and often interconnected rods of PB of 20 nm diameter surrounded by polystyrene (PS). The microstructure of KRO-3 Resin consists of lamellae of PB with 20 nm thickness and large aspect ratio which range in packing from regular aligned lamellar domains with randomly varying misorientation in the annealed material, to randomly corrugated and wavy sheets in the as-received material. Crazes in KRO-1 Resin have well delineated planar shapes with a conventional, tufty craze matter structure which suggests growth by the now well-established meniscus instability mechanism proposed by one of us. In KRO-3 Resin, on the other hand, crazing involves profuse cavitation if the PB lamellae, giving rise to less well delineated zones of cavitational growth dispersed over the volume and suggests a mechanism of craze growth by stable, interfacial cavitational degradation in a process zone ahead of the craze tip. The measured stress and temperature dependences of craze velocities in these two polymers is in partial support of the suggested mechanisms which are also developed in outline.
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    Structure and morphology of heavily deformed single crystals of a polydiacetylene. I. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 293-305 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structure and morphology of heavily deformed single crystals of a diacetylene polymer have been studied using a combination of x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Crystals have been deformed by both rolling and hammering. The crystals remain intact during deformation and can be reduced in thickness by a factor of over 5 in directions perpendicular to their chain axes. It is found that the chain orientation is maintained during both hammering and rolling. A greenish-colored surface skin develops during both types of deformation but the structure of the interior of the crystals depends upon the type of deformation employed. The interior of the hammered crystals consists of crystal blocks ca. 50 μm thick formed by cleavage perpendicular to the chain direction whereas the rolled crystals tend to be fibrous with no evidence of molecular fracture. The possible deformation mechanisms which have given rise to the different structures have been discussed.
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    Negative thermal expansion in oriented crystalline polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 335-352 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements on the thermal expansivity α∥ and α⊥ (along and normal to the draw direction, respectively) have been carried out for a series of oriented polymers with widely different crystallinities (0.36-0.81) and draw ratios (1-20) and over large temperature ranges covering the major amorphous transitions in each case. While α⊥ increases with temperature, α∥ tends to decrease sharply above the transition temperature. For highly crystalline polymers, α∥ decreases to values typical of polymer crystals (-1 × 10-5 K-1) and this can be attributed to the constraining effect of the crystalline bridges connecting the crystalline blocks. However, for polymers of lower crystallinity, α∥ may become an order of magnitude more negative and this remarkable phenomenon is attributed to the rubber-elastic contraction of taut tie-moleucles. Since taut tie-molecules and bridges have drastically different effects on α∥ at high temperatures, this allows a rough determination of their relative fractions.
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    Conformational properties of polar polymers. I. Poly(vinyl chloride) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 375-391 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A recently developed method for including polar bonds in conformational energy calculations is applied to poly(vinyl chloride). Inductive effects on dipole moments and the effects of intervening atoms on electrostatic interaction energies are represented by polarizability centers in conjunction with bond centered dipoles. Solvation energies are estimated by means of a continuum dipole-quadrupole electrostatic model. Calculated energies of a number of conformations of meso and racemic 2,4-dichloropentane and the iso, syndio, and hetero forms of 2,4,6-trichloroheptane give satisfactory representations of isomer and conformer populations. Electrostatic effects are found to be quite important. However they appear to be effectively of sufficiently short range that the calculated conformer energies are found to be fit well by a linear combination of interaction parameters (consisting of gauche, skew chlorine, four-bond CH2…CH2, CH2…Cl, and Cl…Cl interactions) conventional to vinyl polymers and a special four-bond interaction that arises when the bond sequence Cl—CH—CH2—CH—Cl is (nearly) coplanar. These interaction parameters when assembled into statistical weight matrices lead to calculated values of both the characteristic ratio and the dipole moment ratio in satisfactory agreement with experiment. Least energy paths for transitions between the most stable conformations are also calculated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190301
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    Mixed-crystal infrared studies of chain-folding in polyethylene single crystals: Low-temperature and molecular weight studies (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 423-447 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Infrared spectra of 40 PEH/1 PED mixed crystals have been obtained at low temperature as a function of the molecular weight of the PED. The band contour in the CD2 bending region was resolved into crystalline and noncrystalline components by a least-squares fitting of Gaussian-plus-Lorentzian bands. The splittings of the crystalline component were analyzed in terms of the theory for finite chains of coupled oscillators, with the help of normal coordinate calculations for certain structures. Together with some results on n-paraffin mixed crystals, our studies show that (i) the spectroscopic observations are associated with interactions of crystalline stems of a single molecule; (ii) the observed crystalline splittings are incompatible with an essentially “switchboard” model of chain folding; (iii) adjacent reentry folding predominates, with folding along single (110) and (200) planes occurring; and (iv) for high molecular weights of PED double (110) fold planes prevail. These results are seen to be consistent with the morphologies known to be associated with the conditions of crystallization.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Crystalline transitions in powders of nylon 66 crystallized from solution (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 467-477 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Powders of nylon 66 were crystallized from solution in methanol and in other solvents. These powders exhibit a latent heat of about 4.5 cal/g at the Brill transition near 200°C where the unit cell changes from a triclinic to a pseudohexagonal form. The dimensions of the hydrogen-bonded sheets are almost unchanged up to 240°C, but the separation between the sheets increases with increasing temperature. Above 245°C, the interchain separation increases rapidly, and permits the powder to be extruded in an essentially plastic manner to form coherent extrudates. As the temperature of treatment is increased above 245°C, the latent heat of the Brill transition is reduced toward zero, the heat of fusion is reduced from about 30 cal/g to about 20 cal/g, and an endotherm at 261°C is replaced by one at 267°C.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Metal-containing coordination polymers. XI. Crystallization and melting behavior of a semicrystalline polyester and its Mg (II) complexes (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 703-717 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of metal ion content and thermal history on the crystallization and melting behavior of a semicrystalline low-molecular-weight poly(butylene adipate) and its Mg complexes was studied by wide-angle x-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both the polyester and the metal-containing derivatives are dimorphous, and a β to α transformation takes place as the annealing temperature is increased. The dependence of the degree of crystallinity on the thermal history is more pronounced at higher Mg contents because of the effect of metal ions on the rate of crystallization. Melting of specimens with nonequilibrium structure is accompanied by simultaneous recrystallization processes such as perfection of crystallites and transformation of the crystal forms. The rates of these processes decrease with increasing metal content. The crystallizability is also reduced in the presence of Mg. Above the stoichiometrically equivalent Mg content, an abrupt change in the percentage of crystallinity accompanied by a considerable alteration in the microstructure of the crystalline phase occurs.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Intrinsic viscosities of four homopolymers and one copolymer in nonpolar solvents. II. Effect of solvent steric hindrance (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 773-787 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Intrinsic viscosities at 25°C of an ethylene-propylene copolymer containing 81% ethylene (81% E) of polypentenamer (PPmer), polyisobutylene (PIB), polypentene-1 (PP-1), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been measured in n-C9 and three branched nonanes and n-C7 and five branched heptanes. The effect of the solvent steric hindrance on the free energy, i.e., on the χ parameter was investigated. The highly sterically hindered, cruciform molecules 3,3-dimethylpentane and 3,3-diethylpentane are the best solvents for four of the five polymers. The enhancement of solvent quality due to the steric hindrance diminishes when the polymer free volume increases. The difference in [η] between 2,4-dimethylpentane and 2,3-dimethylpentane is -50%, -35%, -2% for PPmer, PIB, PDMS, and can be correlated to a measure of the polymer free volume, i.e., the lower critical solubility temperature. The χ, χH, and χS are calculated from [η] using the Stockmayer-Fixman relation and from h∞E, the heat of mixing at infinite dilution of the polymer, obtained previously. With each polymer, a good correlation is found between h∞E and [η] obtained with the six heptanes and four nonanes. The correlation points to the same effect being at the origin of χH and χS but of different magnitude. In cases showing the steric hindrance effect, a negative contribution occurs in h∞E (or χH) which is larger in magnitude than the corresponding negative entropic contribution leaving a net negative effect in χ itself. Probably due to their very compact shape and fewer degrees of freedom, the cruciform solvents lose less entropy than the chain solvents in mixing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Effect of junction constraints on rubber elasticity in multiaxial states of stress (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 829-835 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strains obtained in an amorphous polymer network subject to multiaxial states of stress are calculated according to a recent molecular theory which takes account of constraints on junctions in real networks. Experimental measurements for biaxial states of stress, for pure shear superposed on tension, and for combined torsion and simple extension, are seen to compare favorably with the predictions of the theory.
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    A light-scattering study of deformation of liquid-crystalline spherulites of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) in an electric fieldPresented in part at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Society of Polymer Science, Tokyo, Japan, 1979. (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1531-1547 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The deformation of liquid-crystalline spherulites of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) in an electric field was investigated by light scattering, polarized-light microscopy, and birefringence measurements. Under the polarizing microscope, the deformation was found to be dependent upon the field strength. The spherulites deformed perpendicular to the field. Above 75 V/cm in N,N-dimethylformamide or 120 V/cm in 1,1,2-trichloroethane, the deformed spherulites were transformed to rodlike textures. With increasing voltage, the rods gradually oriented parallel to the electric field. On the basis of the experimental results, models for affine deformation are proposed. With these models, light-scattering patterns are calculated. The calculated and experimental patterns agree semiquantitatively.
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    Carbon-13 NMR of poly(vinyl acetate) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1593-1602 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of atactic poly(vinyl acetate) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers are reported and analyzed. Carbon spectra at 22.6 and 62.9 MHz together with use of shift reagents have permitted a more complete assignment than previously reported; in some cases the published assignments are found to be in error.
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    Effect of interfacial bonding on the strength of adhesion of elastomers. II. Dissimilar adherends (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1635-1640 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two elastomer layers, differing either in initial degree of crosslinking or in chemical reactivity, were bonded together by a free-radical crosslinking process. The elastomers employed were polybutadiene (BR) and an ethylene-propylene copolymer (EPR) differing in the efficiency of crosslinking by dicumyl peroxide by a factor of about 20. When a fully crosslinked sheet of either elastomer was pressed into contact with a partially crosslinked sheet of the same elastomer and the crosslinking then taken to completion, the strength of adhesion under threshold conditions was found to be qualitatively in accord with the predictions of a simple theoretical treatment for the degree of interlinking in terms of the corresponding homogeneous crosslinking reaction. Whereas the theory suggests that the effective degree of interlinking will be one-half of that generated in a homogeneous system, the experimental results were in accord with a figure of about 70%. When a layer of one elastomer was bonded to a layer of the other in a similar way, the strength of adhesion was found to be relatively high when the initial fully crosslinked layer was BR and relatively low when it was EPR. These results were also in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions for the degree of chemical interlinking developed between layers differing in chemical reactivity. Thus a general correlation appears to hold between the threshold strength of adhesion and the amount of interlinking.
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    The temperature dependence of the langmuir capacity factor in glassy polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1657-1658 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191015
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    Comments on the interpretation of kinetic parameters from dynamic thermogravimetric experiments (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1799-1800 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191111
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    Crystalline stoichiometric adducts of polyamides with phosphoric acid (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1827-1836 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown the crystalline stoichiometric adducts of phosphoric acid with polyamides such as nylon 6 and poly-p-benzamide, and probably nylon 66, nylon 69, nylon 11, and nylon 12, can be prepared. These adducts are characterized by their unique wide-angle x-ray diffraction patterns and by rather low melting or decomposition temperatures. The thermal behavior and infrared data, indicate that interactions between the acid and the polymeric amide residues are weak.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191203
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    Conformation of linear polyethylene in 1-chloronaphthalene: Light scattering characterization of polymers. IV (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 189-196 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Light scattering measurements were carried out on a linear polyethylene sample NBS 1475 in 1-chloronaphthalene at 135 and 115°C to determine the weight-average molecular weight, the second virial coefficient A2, and the z-average mean-square radius of gyration. By use of these results, the system is analyzed in terms of the interpenetration function Ψ for A2. Observed values of A2 are rather large but the excluded volume is nevertheless relatively small. Such behavior seem to be similar to that of semiflexible polymers. The characteristic ratio Cn,LS as determined by light scattering is found to be almost twice the literature value of 6.7, which was obtained from viscosity measurements. This discrepancy is explained by comparing the theoretical value of the Flory viscosity parameter Φ at the nondraining limit with values calculated from the light scattering results.
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    Molecular dynamics and rheological properties of concentrated solutions of rodlike polymers in isotropic and liquid crystalline phases (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 229-243 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A molecular theory is presented for the dynamics of rodlike polymers in concentrated solutions. The theory describes the rotational motion of rods in both the isotropic phase and the liquid crystalline phase. Combined with the molecular expression of the stress tensor, it also gives a unified rheological constitutive equation which predicts the nonlinear viscoelasticity in both phases. As an illustrative example, the steady-state viscosity η at zero-shear-rate is calculated. The predicted dependence of η on molecular weight and concentration agrees fairly well with experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190205
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    Measurements of light scattering changes induced by a strong optical field in solutions of tRNA (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 273-280 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Changes in light scattering induced by a strong laser beam, as predicted theoretically by Kielich, were measured for unfractionated yeast transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) solutions. The vertically polarized electric field of a strong laser pulse (λ = 1060nm) amounted to 4.5 × 103 esu cgs; its duration was 10 nsec. A weak incident laser beam (λ = 630nm) was also polarized vertically and the vertical and horizontal intensity components of the light scattered through 90° at the latter wavelength were measured. These measurements together with previous results from measurements of Rayleigh light scattering and light scattering in a magnetic field permitted evaluation of the tensor of third-order polarizability (c = 3 × 10-30 esu cgs, c = -373 × 10-30 esu cgs) and the anisotropy of the third-order polarizability components with its sign (δc = +56 × 10-2, δc = +0.25 × 10-2 for tRNA monomer and aggregate, respectively). The new method described may be useful for studies of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes of biological importance.
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    Laser Raman spectroscopy of polyacrylamide (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 353-360 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Raman spectra of polyacrylamide and its covalently crosslinked gel (with N,N′-methylenebis-acrylamide as the crosslinking agent) in the region of 200-3600 cm-1 are discussed. The vibrational band assignments for polyacrylamide are made on the basis of a comparison with the spectra of acrylamide, acrylic acid, polyacrylic acid, poly(vinyl alcohol), and other vinyl polymers. The Raman spectra of polyacrylamide in the solid phase and in aqueous solution have similar spectral features. The Raman spectra of gels with low crosslink content and of polyacrylamide in aqueous solution are comparable except that one new band, predominantly due to the residual monomer, appears in the gel phase. An analysis based on polarized Raman, infrared and NMR spectra, model building, and group theoretical calculations suggests a structure dominated by isotactic species.
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    Application of spin-labeling technique to the study of molecular motion at the surface of polypropylene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 371-372 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190217
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    Additivity rule for Ca2+ ion activity in solutions of maleic acid copolymer (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1171-1172 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190716
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    Pressure-induced freezing of conformational states of poly(vinyl chloride) (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1187-1198 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The pressure-induced freezing of high-energy conformations (trans-gauche) of poly(vinyl chloride) has been measured by FTIR absorbance spectroscopy. The conformational change predicted from the increase in Tg with pressure and the change in population (absorbance) with temperature is larger than the observed change in population (absorbance). This difference is of the right order of magnitude as that predicted from the volume difference between conformers which favors the trans isomer at high pressure. Samples prepared at high pressure recover to their equilibrium population at the normal zero-pressure glass temperature when heated with no applied pressure.
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    SAXS determination of the amorphous surface layer thickness of polymer single crystals (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1237-1243 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene single crystals were grown from 0.1% solutions in xylene at 80 and 87°C. Oriented mats were made from each preparation and the small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles obtained. Following treatment of the raw data for main-beam position and width, background scatter, and the Lorentz factor, five Bragg reflections were resolved. A one-dimensional lattice was used as a model for the oriented mats of single crystals. This model contains three parameters. An additional parameter Gx was also introduced to demonstrate the general effect of a broadening factor on the model. The effect of each parameter on the calculated diffraction pattern was examined. From this examination it was found that by assuming that the broadening functions are zero we can determine directly from the number of observable peaks the maximum possible thickness of the amorphous surface. Further, we find that the thickness of the amorphous layer must be less than the maximum value calculated if Gx is assigned values greater than zero. A “best-fit” diffraction pattern was generated in order to estimate how much smaller the surface thickness can be such that one can still resolve five diffraction maxima. The range of amorphous surface thicknesses found from the calculated diffraction profile is 12-20 Å. This is in good agreement with complementary studies performed on the same crystal preparations.
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    Phase separation of polymer blends in thin filmsCorrected proofs received June 22, 1981 (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1255-1267 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Films of polystyrene-poly(vinylmethyl ether) blends of various compositions are formed by a dip-coating procedure, the thickness of the film being controlled by the concentration of the solution. The substrates used are glass and gold. The phase separation process is followed by a laser light scattering experiment in which the total forward scattering intensity is monitored as a function of temperature. Morphological examination shows that phase separation occurs by a spinodal decomposition mechanism. A thickness effect on the phase separation temperature is noticeable when film thickness is smaller than 1 μm. This effect is substrate dependent. In all films formed on gold the spinodal temperature increases as film thickness decreases. Films formed on glass exhibit a destabilizing effect on decreasing film thickness. This effect is slight in films of composition poorer in polystyrene than the critical composition, and is enhanced in films richer in polystyrene. The stabilizing effect of decreasing the thickness of films formed on the gold substrate is considered to reflect mainly a purely geometrical effect. The decreasing dimensionality is shown by simple theoretical considerations to increase the phase-separation temperature. However, the phase separation behavior of thin films on glass appears to be the result of two kinds of substrate-polymer interactions in addition to the geometrical effect: (a) electrostatic interaction of the charged glass surface (a destabilizing effect at all film compositions) and (b) selective adsorption of polystyrene on glass.
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    Molecular aggregation of solid aromatic polymers. I. Small-angle x-ray scattering from aromatic polyimide film (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1293-1312 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular aggregation in a commercial polyimide film, Du Pont Kapton, was investigated by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). From the analysis of the desmeared SAXS curve, it is concluded that aggregation in the Kapton film can be elucidated in terms of a two-phase structure having electron density fluctuations within the phases. For comparison with the molecular aggregation in Kapton, molecular aggregation in polyimides synthesized in our laboratory was also investigated. It was found in this case that molecular aggregation is controlled by the initial imidization temperature. Molecular aggregation of polyamic acid and polyimide cyclized at a low temperature gives amorphous structures. On the other hand, molecular aggregation of polyimide cyclized at high temperatures gives two-phase structures like that of Kapton film. The SAXS curve for a polyimide having the two-phase structure shows a peak due to interference between ordered regions. The two-phase structure of the polyimide can be explained in terms of a one-dimensional model. The more ordered phase is produced at the higher initial imidization temperature. The relative density difference between two phases is only a few percent for polyimide films cyclized at high temperatures. This result shows that the two-phase structure of aromatic polyimide differs essentially from that of ordinary crystalline polymers.
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    A site-model theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1371-1376 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The two-site model theory is reexamined taking into account changes in site population, and the differential equation describing deformation behavior is solved without utilizing an approximation normally employed. The result is a nonlinear solution with the many of the characteristics found experimentally with polymeric materials.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190909
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  • 92
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    Photon correlation spectroscopy of polymer solutions (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1471-1473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190918
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  • 93
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    A model for permeation of mixed gases and vapors in glassy polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1513-1530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A model is discussed which explains reported complex effects of feed composition and pressure on component permeabilities in high-pressure gas separators based on glassy polymer membranes. A special form of Fick's law which accounts for the fact that penetrants in glassy polymers sorb into and diffuse through two different molecular environments provides the basis for the analysis of gas mixture permeation. Potential deviations from the theory are discussed in terms of separable solubility-and mobility-related effects.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191004
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
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    Fourier-transform infrared study of the reversible interaction of water and a crosslinked epoxy matrix (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1567-1575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is utilized to characterize the interaction of a crosslinked epoxy matrix with sorbed water vapor. The perturbations of the epoxy vibrational spectrum are evidence for weak H bonding between water molecules and polar groups in the resin. The epoxy-water interactions are reversible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191007
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
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    Instabilities of the deformation process in cold drawing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and other polymers (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1705-1726 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between drawing rate and drawing stress was studied for amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) under various experimental conditions. Three types of expriments were performed: simple drawing with necking at constant rate, drawing through a conical die, and drawing at constant stress. Under constant stress conditions a transition between two stable regimes of drawing can be observed. The transition occurs at a critical stress σc at which the rate of neck propagation changes by some orders of magnitude. Such a transition was found both below and above the glass transition of PET. With constant drawing rates instabilities of neck propagation were observed under certain experimental conditions. Such self-oscillations, described by other authors, are not due to heat effects as has been proposed, but are related to the existence of the critical stres σc.Stress-induced transitions in deformation behavior as in PET were observed for polypropylene and nylon 6 but not for polycarbonate. The results obtained by various methods including morphological studies do not support the assumption that the instabilities are caused by thermal effects due to the dissipation of deformation energy. Rather, a model is proposed which is based on the existence of a “spinodal transition” from the isotropic into the highly oriented state.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191104
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite-element analysis of craze deformation (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1759-1768 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The finite-element method is applied to a craze model in order to estimate surface displacements and stresses of an isolated craze in a thin rectangular plate. The limitation of assuming linear-elastic behavior of the craze fibrils is demonstrated by comparing computed profiles with published experimental ones. Accurate finite-element estimates of craze surface stresses are obtained from the experimental displacement profile. The analysis is extended to the three-dimensional case but the difference between the craze displacements at the surface of the plate and those at midthickness is too small to justify the considerable increase in computer time in comparison with that required for two-dimensional analysis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191108
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypersonic relaxation in polybutadiene and polyisoprene (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1791-1797 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Brillouin scattering is used to study hypersonic relaxation in 1,2-polybutadiene and cis-polyisoprene. The temperature of maximum loss was determined to be 125°C for a frequency of 5.0 GHz for polybutadiene and 100°C at a frequency of 5.9 GHz for polyisoprene. Hypersonic loss maxima are examined for many polymers and general conclusions are reached concerning the factors that can be used to predict the temperature of maximum loss.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180191110
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of water on the secondary dielectric relaxations in nylon 66 (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1211-1220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric data were taken on nylon 66 at several moisture levels at frequencies from 10 to 105 Hz and temperatures from -70°C to room temperature. Moisture increases the frequency and the peak height for the β relaxation and reduces its activation energy. The peak height of the γ relaxation is reduced by moisture and shifts to slightly higher frequencies with little change in activation energy. The β relaxation follows the pattern of Jonscher and Ngai for a cooperative many-body process. The γ relaxation is slightly broader than a Debye relaxation and approaches that model quite closely as the temperature is increased. The high-frequency end of the β relaxation overlaps the γ relaxation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190804
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  • 99
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    Studies of polylactone/poly(vinyl chloride), polylactone/poly(vinyl fluoride), and polylactone/poly(vinylidene fluoride) blends (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1245-1253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that polyvalerolactone/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVL/PVC) blends are miscible over all compositions since a single glass transition temperature Tg is observed, intermediate between those of pure PVL and pure PVC. Melting points, enthalpies of fusion and morphologies of PVL/PVC blends are also reported. It is also shown that polyvalerolactone, poly(α-methyl-α-n-propyl-β-propiolactone), poly(α-methyl-α-ethyl-β-propiolactone), and poly(caprolactone) are immiscible with poly(vinyl fluoride) and poly(vinylidene fluoride), despite the fact that all these polylactones are miscible with PVC. Differences in electronegativity, in atomic radius, and in molar attraction between the fluoride and the chlorine atoms are probably responsible for this difference in behavior.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190808
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    Observation of the orientational loss above the glass transition temperature in oriented polyethylene-terephthalate films using brillouin light scattering (1981)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 1273-1275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.180190811
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