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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 22 (1990), S. 387-417 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 1687-1690 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We describe a rapid, nondestructive method of measuring the orientation in particulate magnetic recording media. This technique uses the dichroic properties of the media. The results documented here agree with calculated results derived from electron micrographs of the media.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 405-417 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Birefringence ; dichroism ; colloidal suspension ; xanthan gum ; transient shear flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The rheology of dilute, colloidal suspensions in polymeric suspending fluids can be studied with simultaneous dichroism and birefringence measurements. The dichroism provides a direct measure of the particle dynamics, but the birefringence is a composite property with independent contributions from the suspended particles and the polymer molecules. For suspensions where the contribution from the particles is significant, the composite birefringence must be decoupled in order to analyze the dynamics of the polymeric suspending fluid. A method to perform the decoupling is derived and then demonstrated through transient shear flow experiments with dilute suspensions ofβFeOOH particles in semi-dilute, xanthan gum suspending fluids. The birefringence of the xanthan gum suspending fluid is calculated from experimental measurements of the composite birefringence and the dichroism of the suspension. To gather information on particle/polymer interactions, the calculated birefringence is compared to the birefringence of xanthan gum solutions containing no suspended particles and the dirchoism is compared to that of a suspension in a Newtonian fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polyisoprenes ; third normalstress difference ; oscillatory flow ; shearstress ; dynamicmoduli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results are reported for the dynamic moduli,G′ andG″, measured mechanically, and the dynamic third normal stress difference, measured optically, of a series bidisperse linear polymer melts under oscillatory shear. Nearly monodisperse hydrogenated polyisoprenes of molecular weights 53000 and 370000 were used to prepare blends with a volume fraction of long polymer,Φ L, of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.50, and 0.75. The results demonstrate the applicability of birefringence measurements to solve the longstanding problem of measuring the third normal stress difference in oscillatory flow. The relationship between the third normal stress difference and the shear stress observed for these entangled polymer melts is in agreement with a widely predicted constitutive relationship: the relationship between the first normal stress difference and the shear stress is that of a simple fluid, and the second normal stress difference is proportional to the first. These results demonstrate the potential use of 1,3-birefringence to measure the third normal stress difference in oscillatory flow. Further, the general constitutive equation supported by the present results may be used to determine the dynamic moduli from the measured third normal stress difference in small amplitude oscillatory shear. Directions for future research, including the use of birefringence measurements to determineN 2/N 1 in oscillatory shear, are described.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Mechanical rheometry ; polarimetry ; polystyrene ; segmental orientation ; flow-induced phase separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments combining mechanical rheometry with polarimetry (birefringence and scattering dichroism) have been conducted on a 6% solution of polystyrene (1.86x106 molecular weight) in dioctyl phthalate. Birefringence is used to measure the extent of segmental orientation, whereas the dichroism is sensitive to orientation and deformation of concentration fluctuations associated with the process of flow-induced phase separation. The results indicate that these fluctuations grow predominately along the neutral (or vorticity axis) of a simple shear flow. At higher rates of shear, orientation in the flow direction is favored. The transition in orientation direction is accompanied by time-dependent behavior in the optical properties of the solution during shear and the onset of shear thickening of the viscosity and the first normal stress difference coefficient.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Phase behavior ; rheo-optics ; second normal stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mechanical and optical rheometric measurements are reported on solutions of polystyrene dissolved in dioctyl phthalate, a solution that can undergo an apparent phase separation upon the application of shear. Solutions prepared using three molecular weights ranging from one to four million were studied. Time-temperature superposition was observed to apply for these solutions up to and including the onset of an apparent shear thickening of the steady shear and first normal stresses. Optical measurements employing turbidity and scattering dichroism determined that concentration fluctuations were enhanced by flow and grew parallel to the vorticity axis below the critical velocity gradient for the onset of the apparent shear thickening effect. Prior to the onset of thickening, the fluctuations were observed to rearrange and orient parallel to the flow direction. Second normal stress difference measurements indicate these solutions have a negative ratio of the second to the first normal stress differences. It is interesting to point out that the ratio tends to zero in the vicinity of the shear rate range at which shear thickening occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 35 (1996), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Birefringence ; stress tensor ; rotational rheometer ; first normal stress difference ; second normal stress difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method for measuring the stress tensor of liquids obeying the stress-optical rule is presented. In particular, the procedure makes it possible to determine the shear stress, and the first and second normal stress differences for rheometric flows. This technique is an extension of the procedure recently described by Burghardt and coworkers (Brown et al., 1995) wherein light is sent obliquely through a sample sheared between transparent plates. However, in the present development, the light is transmitted in the plane containing the velocity gradient and neutral directions, thereby reducing the necessary optical measurements by one. A polystyrene-tricresyl phosphate (TCP) solution is used as the test sample. The first and second normal stress differences in steady shear flow measured by this method show good agreement with the mechanical results measured by Madga et al. (1993) using a modified cone and plate rheometer. The transient behavior of the first and second normal stress differences following the start-up of shear flow is also presented.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 19 (1980), S. 580-600 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Doppelbrechungsmessungen an verdünnten Lösungen (50–100 ppm) von drei Polystyrolproben mit verschiedenem Molgewicht (M W = 2−8 ⋅ 106,M W /M N = 1,14−1,3) in einem polychlorierten Diphenyl-Lösungsmittel (Pyralene 4000) durchgeführt. Die Strömung wird in einer Vier-Walzen-Apparatur erzeugt, die zweidimensionale Strömungen in einem weiten Typenbereich (d. h. mit verschiedenen Verhältnissen von Rotations- zu Deformationsgeschwindigkeit) unabhängig vom Geschwindigkeitsgradienten herzustellen gestattet. Die bezüglich der Konzentration korrigierte normierte Doppelbrechung (Δn/nc) strebt bei reiner Dehnströmung mit hohem Geschwindigkeitsgradienten gegen einen Sättigungswert. Dieser ist in Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie sowohl vom Molgewicht als auch von der Konzentrationc unabhängig. Weiterhin entspricht die Größe dieses Sättigungswerts der Annahme nahezu vollständig gestreckter Ketten mit Ausdehnungen vom 20–50fachen der Ausdehnung im Ruhezustand. Die Doppelbrechungswerte sind in einem weiten Strömungsbereich gut mit dem Eigenwert des Tensors des Geschwindigkeitsgradienten korreliert, was mit den Ergebnissen der Theorien „starker“ und „schwacher Strömungen“ vonTanner (1976), sowieOlbricht und Mitarbeitern (1980) übereinstimmt. Die Experimente werden mit den Voraussagen der Theorie des einfachen Hantelmodells verglichen, allerdings unter Einschluß eines nichtlinearen Federgesetzes, einer variablen hydrodynamischen Reibung und einer „inneren Viskosität“. Man findet, daß dieses einfache Modell die experimentellen Ergebnisse überraschend genau wiederzugeben vermag, wenn die Einflüsse der Molgewichtsverteilung sowie einer endlichen Einstellzeit in der Strömungsanordnung mitberücksichtigt werden.
    Notes: Summary Flow birefringence measurements have been obtained on three molecular weight samples (2−8 × 106 M W ,M W /M N = 1.14−1.3) of polystyrene in dilute solution (50–100 ppm) in a viscous polychorinated biphenyl solvent. The flows were generated using a four roll mill which could simulate a wide range of two dimensional flows in which the flow type (i.e. the ratio of the rate of rotation to the rate of strain) could be varied independently of the velocity gradient. The normalized birefringence, corrected for concentration, (Δn/nc), was observed to approach a saturation value at high velocity gradients in purely extensional flow. This saturation value was independent of both the molecular weight and the concentrationc, in agreement with theory. In addition, the magnitude of the saturation value is consistent with nearly fully extended chains and suggests extensions in the range of 20–50 times the rest state size. The data for the birefringence over a wide range of flows was found to be well correlated against the eigenvalue of the velocity gradient tensor in agreement with the results of the “strong/weak” flow theories ofTanner (1976) andOlbricht et al. (1980). The experiments are compared with a simple dumbbell model which incorporates the effects of a nonlinear spring variable hydrodynamic friction, and internal viscosity. It is shown that this simple model can simulate the experimental results surprisingly well if the effects of molecular weight distribution and finite transit times in the flow device are taken into account.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 29 (1990), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Birefringence ; multiple order retardation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described that solves the problem of determining the correct birefringence and orientation angle of samples having multiple orders of retardation. The approach simultaneously uses two wavelengths of light combined with modulation of the polarization vector using a high-speed rotating half waveplate. The simultaneous application of two wavelengths is possible with the use of an achromatic waveplate. The technique is demonstrated by performing start-up Couette flow experiments on a concentrated polystyrene solution that produced multiple orders in retardation.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polybutadiene ; poly(ethylene propylene) ; orientation correlations ; IR dichroism ; Rouse model ; reptation ; polymer segments dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous measurement of infrared dichroism and birefringence is used to study selected polymer segment dynamics in isotopically labeled block copolymers. Two different polymers were studied: polybutadiene and poly (ethylene propylene). The first type consisted of a triblock with a short middle block labeled and a diblock with a short end block labeled, while the second type consisted of a triblock with three equal blocks and the end blocks labeled. Results of step strain experiments at −10°C for polybutadiene and at room temperature for poly(ethylene propylene) indicated that segments located at chain ends relax faster than segments located at chain centers. These experimental data were compared to the predictions of two molecular models: the bead-spring model of Rouse and the tube model of Doi and Edwards, and it was found that both models correctly predict the qualitative features of segmental relaxation. However, the tube-model predictions were closer to the experimental results. In addition, when the effects of orientational coupling interactions between segments in the melt were incorporated into this model, its predictions quantitatively agreed with the experimental results. The orientational coupling coefficient for poly(ethylene propylene) was 0.45 as measured from previous work, and for polybutadiene it was found to be 0.4.
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