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  • General Chemistry  (890)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (643)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (467)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (2,000)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (2,000)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (2,000)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Satellite mission analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 217-218
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  • 2
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    Modeling studies related to stratospheric measurements and data analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 215-216
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  • 3
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    Data survey and evaluation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 214
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  • 4
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    UARS definition study (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 209
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  • 5
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    Upper Atmosphere Research Satellites (UARS) working group and definition study (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 210
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  • 6
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    National Academy sensitivity studies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 207
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  • 7
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    Ozone data processing and analysis (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 203-204
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  • 8
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    ATMOS Spacelab science investigation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 201-202
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  • 9
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    Empirical stratospheric models (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 199-200
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  • 10
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    Rocket ozone data in support of Nimbus-7 and SAGE (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 196-197
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  • 11
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    Effects of solar variability on terrestrial upper atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 188
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  • 12
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    Analysis of GASP carbon monoxide data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 189-190
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  • 13
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    Analysis of GASP ozone data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 186-187
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  • 14
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    Evaluate atmospheric trace gas and particle data obtained from B-747 commerical airliners (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 185
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  • 15
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    Satellite Ozone Analysis (SOAC/DMSP) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 191-192
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  • 16
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    A study of the relationship between solar activity and terrestrial ozone fluctuations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program p179-180 (SEE N85-73711 19-46)
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  • 17
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    Studies of equatorial stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 178
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  • 18
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    Study of the observed and theoretical distribution of atmospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 176-177
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  • 19
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    Ozone data analysis and interpretation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program (SEE N85-73711 19-46)
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  • 20
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    Refinement of 2-D stratospheric model for aerosol dispersion (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 171
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  • 21
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    Computational investigation of reactive molecules (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 172
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  • 22
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    Stratospheric aerosol model (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 170
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  • 23
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    Stratospheric and mesospheric dynamics (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 167-168
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  • 24
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    Transport of trace constituents in the stratosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 169
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  • 25
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    Stratospheric dynamics (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 166
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  • 26
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    Support of university stratospheric research (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 165
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  • 27
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    Methane and stratospheric water (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 156-157
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  • 28
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    Analysis of atmospheric reaction schemes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 160
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  • 29
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    Upper atmosphere theoretical studies (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 154-155
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  • 30
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    A program of stratospheric research (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 150-151
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  • 31
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    Theoretical studies of the atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 152-153
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  • 32
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    Molecular properties of stratospheric constituents (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 122
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  • 33
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    A possible new atmospheric OH source (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 120-121
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  • 34
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    Photochemical and kinetic measurements of atmospheric constituents vis-a-vis their role in controlling stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 113-115
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  • 35
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    Ionic processes in the upper atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 107
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  • 36
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    Reaction rate measurements (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 103-104
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  • 37
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    Homogeneous and heterogeneous rate constants of atmospheric interest (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 105-106
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  • 38
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    Laboratory kinetic studies of atmospheric reactions (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 100-102
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  • 39
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    An investigation of several reactions of importance in defining stratospheric halogen chemistry (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 98-99
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  • 40
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    Kinetics of stratospheric reactions (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 96-97
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  • 41
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    Stratospheric dynamics: Observational studies (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 69-70
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  • 42
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    Direct measurements of photolysis rates of stratospheric constituents (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmosphere Res. Program; p 21-22
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  • 43
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    Experimental relations between airborne and ground measured wheat canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments using ground-based measurements of canopy temperatures have shown that plant temperatures are good indicators of plant water stress, and thus are useful for assessing water requirements and predicting yields. An intensive 23-day airborne- and ground-measurement program was conducted in Phoenix, Arizona in 1977 to compare airborne-acquired wheat canopy temperatures with simultaneous ground measurements. For canopies that covered at least 85 percent of the soil surface, airborne measurements differed from ground measurements of plant temperature by less than 2 C. Regardless of the amount of plant cover, the airborne measurements were virtually identical to ground-nadir measurements, and thus represent a combination of plant temperature and solid background temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Feb. 198
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  • 44
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    Observations of waves artificially stimulated by an electron beam inside a region with auroral precipitation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of waves stimulated by artificial injection inside an auroral arc by an electron accelerator mounted on the POLAR 5 sounding rocket are presented. The accelerator produced a pulsed electron beam with currents up to 130 mA and energies up to 10 keV; emissions after the end of beam injection were generated by perturbations in the ambient plasma near the accelerator during beam injection. These emissions were independent of the electron beam direction along the geomagnetic field. The high frequency emission observed after beam injection correlated with the passage through an auroral arc; the low frequency emissions after beam injection were concentrated in two bands below the lower hybrid frequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; Dec. 198
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  • 45
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    Time-average fluxes of heavy ions at the geostationary orbit (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of average proton, helium, carbon, and oxygen fluxes at 6.6 earth radii are reported. The data represent averages obtained on ATS 6 between June 15 and Oct. 3, 1974. The energy range covered was 0.36-1.1 MeV for protons and approximately 1-4 MeV for the heavier ions. The results indicate that above about 1 MeV the heavier ion fluxes dominate over the proton flux on the energy/ion scale. Using two different spectral dependencies to fit the data, the carbon to oxygen concentration ratio for energies above 1 MeV was found to be 0.43 for the power law spectrum and 0.44 for the exponential spectrum. Thus in either case the abundance ratio is consistent with the solar origin of the particles. Similarly, the helium to oxygen concentration ratio is found to be 0.17 for the power law spectrum and 0.28 for the exponential spectrum. This is inconsistent with the solar wind ratio, which is about 10. The results quoted above are based on a very small portion of the distribution function above 1 MeV.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 46
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    Appendix D: Assessement of potential industrial sites in Essex County, New York (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Potential industrial sites were assessed using high and medium altitude aircraft photographs and supporting information on the 4,730 sq. km. (1,825 sq. mile) county. Factors evaluated include land availability, slope, site accessibility, soil drainage, other subsurface characteristics, and the expected physical as well as visual impacts on existing land use. Areas unavailable or unsuitable for development were eliminated first, and the remaining areas evaluated and the best sites identified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 138 p
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  • 47
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    Appendix B: Inventory of coniferous forests near Bath, New York (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A zoom stereoscope was used to interpret aerial color photographs of the Finger Lakes region near Bath, New York, and areas of conifers were delineated on acetate sheets. Scale was determined for each photograph and units were converted to acres. Photographically enlarged positive transparencies of imagery from LANDSAT bands 5,6, and 7 for the southern portion of the study area were placed in a cold additive viewer and registered with each other to provide a composite image. A green filter was used on band 5, blue on band 6, and red on band 7. Conifers appeared at dark, reddish purple. Average was determined using a grid. Results show that the total confer stands within 50 miles of Bath is approximately 176,000 acres of which 60,000 acres are in Pennsylvania. The study was conducted to determine the feasibility of locating a particleboard manufacturing firm in the Southern Tier.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 3 p
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  • 48
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    Appendix C: A comparative study of small scale remotely sensed data for monitoring clearcutting in hardwood forests (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Manual photointerpretation techniques were used to analyze images acquired by high altitude aircraft, the Skylab multispectral and Earth terrain camera (ETC), the LANDSAT multispectral scanner, and the LANDSAT-3 return beam vidicon camera. A color-additive viewer, and digital image analysis were also used on the LANDSAT MSS imagery. The value of each type of remotely sensed data was judged by the ease and accuracy of clearcut identification, and by the amount of detail discernible, especially regarding revegetation. Results of a site study in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania indicate that high altitude aerial photography, especially color infrared photography acquired during the growing season, is well suited for identifying clearcuts and assessing revegetation. Although photographs acquired with Skylab's ETC also yielded good results, only incomplete inventories of clearcuts could be made using LANDSAT imagery. Results for the Adirondack region of New York State were similar for the aircraft and satellite photography, but even less satisfactory for the LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 157 p
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  • 49
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    Rocket observations of the vertical distribution of ozone in the polar night and during a mid-winter stratospheric warming (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocket ozone soundings have been conducted in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere at high latitudes during winter. The collection of soundings show a high degree of variability when compared to ozone distributions measured during summer and at lower latitudes. The concurrently observed temperature and winds also show large variations which can be qualitatively related to the ozone profiles. Two most unusual ozone profiles were observed in January 1979 over Alaska during a stratospheric warming event. Both ozone profiles were consistent in showing the measured mixing ratios to be higher at 50 km than those measured at 40 km, a feature never reported before. This feature is related to the concurrently observed wind and temperature distributions and the NMC analyses of pressure height fields. The polar night ozone observations in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere suggest some temperature dependence, but transports seem to play an important role.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Aug. 198
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  • 50
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    The behavior of ozone near the stratopause from two years of BUC observations (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two years of Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet data have been recalibrated and reprocessed. A Laplace transform inversion was applied to radiances at 2876 A and below for 560,000 individual scans for the period April 1970-May 1972. The behavior of ozone near 50 km as a function of time, latitude, and longitude is presented. The high-latitude 1-mbar ozone mixing ratio is maximum at the winter solstice, about 10 microgram/g and is minimum at the summer solstice, about 4 microgram/g. Below 30 deg latitude the ozone is fairly constant at 4 microgram/g. Ozone variability is large in winter and spring and small in summer and fall.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Aug. 20
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  • 51
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    Midlatitude measurements of the ionospheric electric field during the ALADDIN programme (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three measurements of ionospheric electric field were made during the 24-h ALADDIN rocket program at Wallops Island on June 29-30, 1974. The first of these used a double probe instrument, flown at 1500 Local Solar Time, and the second and third measurements were made by barium cloud releases at evening and morning twilight. These three electric field vectors have been compared with the predictions of a number of models of electric field due to the dynamo effects of various atmospheric tides, and also of a possible magnetospheric origin. On the assumption that the measurements were made at a location equatorward of the afternoon convergence and poleward of the morning divergence in the electric field patterns related to the Sq current system, Stening's (1973) model of the diurnal variation of the electric field induced by the (1, -2) tidal model at the time of the summer solstice correctly predicts the directions of the observed electric field. Forbes and Lindzen's (1976, 1977) model, incorporating the three major propagating tidal modes as well as the evanescent (1, -2) mode, also bears an acceptable relationship to the ALADDIN electric field directions. The ALADDIN E-field magnitudes are comparable with those obtained by ground-based observations from Millstone Hill and from Saint Santin but are about half of Stening's model values, and three times those of Forbes and Lindzen. Saint Santin E-field directions, at the same latitude but 75 deg difference in longitude, are distinctly different from ALADDIN, implying that longitudinal differences are significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 42; June 198
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    Unsupervised classification of MSS Landsat data for mapping spatially complex vegetation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The various stages in carrying out a monocluster block unsupervised classification using Landsat MSS data are described. Procedures for carrying out these various stages were found to be far from well-established for the type of terrain being investigated, which is rugged and contains many small land cover units. Two particular difficulties were encountered: first, that of precise ground location of pixels; and, secondly, that of objectively evaluating the results. Ways in which these can be surmounted are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Supernovae effects on the terrestrial atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first effects of a nearby (10 parsec) supernova on the earth's atmosphere will be caused by ultraviolet radiation dissociating molecular oxygen. The event will be of about one month's duration. Several months later nuclear gamma radiation may arrive, causing a decrease in atmospheric ozone. Cosmic radiation from the supernova remnant will not intercept the earth for at least 1000 years at which time ozone will be seriously depleted. Supernova ultraviolet radiation increases column ozone and atomic oxygen. Atmospheric thermal structure is modified with a large temperature increase in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and a decrease at higher altitudes caused by enhanced heat loss due to atomic oxygen radiation and conduction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; June 198
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    Energetics and thermal structure of the middle atmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of a large number of temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere shows a much more complex thermal structure of this region than described in the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976. The mesopause height which is generally assumed to be at 80 km varies between 70 and 100 km, often with two minima in temperature at about 70 and 100 km and a maximum between 80-85 km. By solving the energy balance equation and the equations of continuity, the physical significance of the observed thermal structure is discussed in terms of the energetics of the various regions of the middle atmosphere. It is show that the solar UV radiation plays a major role only in the energy budget of the stratosphere and the lower thermosphere. The energetics of the mesosphere is primarily influenced by the dissipation of eddy energy. The temperature in the region is a good indicator of the eddy diffusivity and can be used in deriving the eddy diffusion coefficient.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 28; June 198
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    The effect of earth's atmosphere on contrast reduction for a nonuniform surface albedo and 'two-halves' field (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents a model for contrast reduction by atmospheric haze developed for the 'two-halves' field of the earth's surface and other geometries of the earth's surface albedo. The model is based on a simplified solution of the equation of radiative transfer in two dimensions, resulting in a method for calculation of the upward zenith intensity in the atmosphere as a function of the distance from the border between the two half planes, for an unabsorbing atmosphere. The adjacency effect between two infinitesimal areas of different albedos is calculated; the resultant simplified solution is used to develop expressions for the line-spread function of the atmosphere and the modulation transfer function. The line-spread function is used to calculate the point spread function, which can be used to compute the intensity above any surface with given spatial dependence of the reflectivity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; July 20
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    The influence of NO and ClO variations at twilight on the interpretation of solar occultation measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurement of short-lived photochemically-produced species in the stratosphere by solar occultation is difficult because the rapid variation of such species near the terminator introduces ambiguities in interpreting the measured absorption in terms of meaningful atmospheric abundances. These variations produce tangent path concentrations that are asymmetric relative to the tangent point, as opposed to the symmetrical distribution usually assumed in most inversion algorithms. Neglect of this asymmetry may yield an inverted profile that deviates significantly from the true sunset/sunrise profile. In the present paper, the influence of this effect on solar occultation measurements of ClO and NO is examined. The results show that average inhomogeneity factors, which measure the concentration variation along the tangent path and which can be calculated from a photochemical model, can indicate which species require more careful data analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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  • 57
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    Microbial mobilization of calcium and magnesium in waterlogged soils (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Quality; 9; Jan
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    Two-stream approximations to radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres - A unified description of existing methods and a new improvement (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Existing two-stream approximations to radiative transfer theory for particulate media are shown to be represented by identical forms of coupled differential equations if the intensity is replaced by integrals of the intensity over hemispheres. One set of solutions thus suffices for all methods and provides convenient analytical comparisons. The equations also suggest modifications of the standard techniques so as to duplicate exact solutions for thin atmospheres and thus permit accurate determinations of the effects of typical aerosol layers. Numerical results for the plane albedos of plane-parallel atmospheres are given for conventional and modified Eddington approximations, conventional and modified two-point quadrature schemes, the hemispheric-constant method and the delta-function method, all for comparison with accurate discrete-ordinate solutions. A new two-stream approximation is introduced that reduces to the modified Eddington approximation in the limit of isotropic phase functions and to the exact solution in the limit of extreme anisotropic scattering. Comparisons of plane albedos and transmittances show the new method to be generally superior over a wide range of atmospheric conditions (including cloud and aerosol layers), especially in the case of nonconservative scattering.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Mar. 198
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    Remote sensing of the ozone profile in the lower stratosphere using UV and IR measurements from Nimbus 4 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: With a three-parameter analytical model, the ozone profile below 10 mbar to the surface is derived from the Nimbus 4 satellite backscattered ultraviolet and infrared measurements. Comparison of the derived profiles with those observed by ozonesondes shows that gross features are satisfactorily reproduced. Meridional cross section of the ozone partial pressure derived from the satellite data reveal the significant equator-to-pole features, as well as seasonal variability. An examination of the sensitivity of the method shows that an error in infrared radiance of approximately 1 erg leads to an error of about 10 mbar in the weighted mean pressure of the ozone layer in the tropics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Mar. 20
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    The effect of injection location on the spectrum of energetic magnetospheric particles (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The role of local particle injections and accelerations in determining energetic particle spectra used as an indication of the radial diffusion of trapped magnetospheric particles is assessed. An idealized one-dimensional steady-state model of magnetospheric radial transport in which diffusion is balanced against particle sources and sinks is used to illustrate the effects of particle injection at a point and over a band of radii in which the observation point is immersed in particle spectra. For an injection spectrum uniformly distributed in space and a step function in energy, it is shown that the energy dependence of the measured spectrum is determined not only by adiabatic energization of the input spectrum but by the spatial structure of the injection and the radial dependence of the diffusion coefficient as well. The relevance of the results for observations of particle spectra in the terrestrial and Jovian magnetospheres is also considered
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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    Satellite ozone measurements (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Since 1960 three classes of zone sounders have been developed: (1) backscatter ultraviolet, (2) infrared limb and nadir radiance, and (3) stellar and solar occultation methods. With these techniques ozone has been measured from 20 to 100 km. Tropospheric ozone measurements are beyond present technology, but total ozone is determined with the backscatter ultraviolet and nadir infrared methods.
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    LACIE - An application of meteorology for United States and foreign wheat assessment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper describes the overall Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment technical approach utilizing the global weather-reporting network and the Landsat satellite to make a quasi-operational application of existing research results, and the accomplishments of this cooperative experiment in utilizing the weather information. Global weather data were utilized in preparing timely yield estimates for selected areas of the U.S. Great Plains, the U.S.S.R. and Canada. Additionally, wheat yield models were developed and pilot tested for Brazil, Australia, India and Argentina. The results of the work show that heading dates for wheat in North America can be predicted with an average absolute error of about 5 days for winter wheat and 4 days for spring wheat. Independent tests of wheat yield models over a 10-year period for the U.S. Great Plains produced a root-mean-square error of 1.12 quintals per hectare (q/ha) while similar tests in the U.S.S.R. produced an error of 1.31 q/ha. Research designed to improve the initial capability is described as is the rationale for further evolution of a capability to monitor global climate and assess its impact on world food supplies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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    Landsat digital analysis of the initial recovery of burned tundra at Kokolik River, Alaska (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-19588)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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    Effects of vegetation canopy structure on remotely sensed canopy temperatures (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-33530)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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    Field size, length, and width distributions based on LACIE ground truth data (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of agricultural remote sensing systems requires knowledge of agricultural field size distributions so that the sensors, sampling frames, image interpretation schemes, registration systems, and classification systems can be properly designed. Malila et al. (1976) studied the field size distribution for wheat and all other crops in two Kansas LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment) intensive test sites using ground observations of the crops and measurements of their field areas based on current year rectified aerial photomaps. The field area and size distributions reported in the present investigation are derived from a representative subset of a stratified random sample of LACIE sample segments. In contrast to previous work, the obtained results indicate that most field-size distributions are not log-normally distributed. The most common field size observed in this study was 10 acres for most crops studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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    Optimum spectral bands for rock discrimination (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using stepwise discriminant analysis on spectral reflectance and spectral emissivity data collected by a Multispectral Scanner and Data System, mounted in an NC-130B aircraft and flown at an altitude of approximately 3 km, spectral bands were ranked as to their usefulness in separating specific rock types and rock alteration products in seven geologically diverse Utah sites. The optimum band for rock discrimination included the 1.18 to 1.30 micron interval, and the optimum combination of bands comprised the 1.18 to 1.30, 4.50 to 4.75, 0.46 to 0.50, 1.52 to 1.73, and 2.10 to 2.36 micron intervals. It is concluded that the spectral interval combination was more successful in differentiating geologic materials than either simulated Multispectral Scanner bands or simulated Thematic Mapper bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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    Production of nitrous oxide in the auroral D and E regions (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of nitrous oxide formation mechanisms indicates that N2O concentrations greater than 10 to the 9th per cu cm could be produced in IBC III aurora or by lower-level activity lasting for many hours, and, in favorable conditions, the N2O concentration could exceed the local nitric oxide density. An upper limit on the globally averaged N2O production rate from auroral activity is estimated at 2 x 10 to the 27th per second.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 287; Oct. 9
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    Spectral reflectance and discrimination of plutonic rocks in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Visible and near-infrared field spectral reflectance measurements of plutonic rocks were acquired in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region with a portable field reflectance spectrometer. These spectra were used to determine spectral signatures for the various rock types and to evaluate the separability of these rocks based on their spectral characteristics. A total of 135 samples were divided into 11 groups based on their mineralogy. These 11 groups approximately correspond to traditional rock classifications and include five granitic groups, three gabbroic groups, and three ultramafic groups. The positions, intensity, and presence of iron, CO3(-2), and Al-OH and Mg-OH absorption bands varied among the 11 groups. Each rock group also had a range of albedos characteristic of the group. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was performed on the spectral data to determine the separability of the 11 groups. Classification accuracy for 30 equally spaced wavelength bands between 0.45 and 2.45 microns was 78% with 10% serious misclassifications. The same analysis was repeated, limiting the spectral data to the wavelength regions corresponding to the proposed Landsat D thematic mapper scanner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 10
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    Magnetic field directional discontinuities. I - Minimum variance errors (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper deals with a statistical analysis of the errors associated with a minimum variance analysis of directional discontinuities by use of an idealized model of these discontinuities and various simulations, and also by an examination of actual Mariner 10 interplanetary magnetic field data. An empirical expression is derived for the magnitude of the error in an estimated discontinuity normal component, relative to the total field across the directional discontinuity. The analysis was performed primarily to aid in differentiating between interplanetary tangential and rotational discontinuities observed by Mariner 10.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 1
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    Ozone, ultraviolet flux and temperature of the paleoatmosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The development of surface and atmospheric levels of paleoatmospheric ozone is calculated by means of a detailed photochemical model and used to determine the levels of ultraviolet flux to the surface and the surface and atmospheric temperatures of the primitive earth. The model takes into account the chemistry of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen species and the effects of vertical transport in an atmosphere originally composed of as much N2, H2O and CO2 as the present atmosphere to which O2 is added to calculate the vertical profiles of O3 and nitrogen oxides as a function of O2 content. Calculations show that as oxygen content increases from 0.0001 to 1 times its present value, the height of the ozone peak moves from 5 to 25 km, and that maximum ozone densities are achieved for an O2 level of 0.1 times the present. Calculations of solar UV absorption by atmospheric species indicate the presence of a UV window between 200 and 220 nm that closed only when O2 reached 0.01 times its present level. Finally, calculations made using a radiative-convective model reveal that O3 levels corresponding to an O2 level of 0.1 times the present result in a globally averaged surface temperature increase of about 4.5 K for the present solar constant.
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    Stratospheric NO2 and H2O mixing ratio profiles from high resolution infrared solar spectra using nonlinear least squares (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive vertical mixing ratio profiles for NO2 and H2O above 16 km from high resolution (0.2/cm) solar spectra collected during sunset with a balloon borne interferometer. The NO2 profile shows a sharp peak of 8 ppbv at 32 km falling rapidly to less than 0.5 ppbv at 17 km. The H2O profile shows a broad peak of 6.5 ppmv at 30 km falling to less than 4 ppmv at 17 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; July 198
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    Complexities of nadir-looking radiometric temperature measurements of plant canopies (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effective radiant temperatures (ERTs) of five wheat canopies in different stages of development were measured during morning and noon periods. The observed variability in nadir sensor response was quantitatively described as a function of canopy structure and the vertical temperature profile of canopy components. In many cases, the nadir sensor ERT was a poor measure of vegetation temperature due to effects of soil emissions. Strong vertical temperature profiles of vegetation components were also observed. The theory and measurements presented document that remote measurements of vegetation canopy temperatures cannot be made indiscriminately over large spatial regions without consideration of the underlying physical principles.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 1
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    Relationship of crop radiance to alfalfa agronomic values (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Red and photographic infrared spectral data of alfalfa were collected at the time of the third and fourth cuttings using a hand-held radiometer for the earlier alfalfa cutting. Significant linear and non-linear correlation coefficients were found between the spectral variables and plant height, biomass, forage water content, and estimated canopy cover. For the alfalfa of the later cutting, which had experienced a period of severe drought stress which limited growth, the spectral variables were found to be highly correlated with the estimated drought scores.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; Jan
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    Microwave radar and radiometric remote sensing measurements of lake ice (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Simultaneous microwave radar and spectral radiometric data were collected over Lake Erie during March 1978. A theoretical development is presented which interprets the data collected at nadir in terms of changes in the ice thickness and the electromagnetic attenuation coefficient. The theory also addresses the failure of the spectral radiometer to determine ice thickness through observations of quarter wavelength excursions in the reflectivity. Radar data collected off-nadir showed a substantially different behavior compared to that collected near nadir. This difference is attributed to a change in propagation characteristics from quasi-specular return from the ice-water interface to scattering from the rough air-ice interface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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    Microwave approaches in hydrology (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave approaches for remote sensing of soil moisture centent, snowpack properties, surface water area, and the detection of precipitation over land are discussed. Both active (radar) and passive (radiometry) approaches are considered, and the advantages of microwave sensing are pointed out, including all-weather capability, especially at the longer wavelengths, and greater penetration depth with optical or infrared sensors. Results obtained from ground-based, aircraft, and spacecraft platforms show that microwave systems can monitor the moisture content in the surface soil layer (5 cm thick), and that passive microwave systems can discriminate between light and heavy snowcover, detect the presence of liquid water in the snow, and qualitatively estimate snow water equivalent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Apr. 198
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    Stratospheric ozone decrease due to chlorofluoromethane photolysis - Predictions of latitude dependence (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A two-dimensional model is used to predict the 1990 reduction in ozone due to the chlorine compounds formed by chlorofluoromethane (CFM) photolysis when the CFM release rate is held constant at the 1975 value. The predicted globally averaged ozone reduction of 3.5% is similar to that predicted by one-dimensional models that did not include chlorine nitrate chemistry, and used lower values for the reactions rates of NO + HO2 yielding NO2 + OH and O3 + HO2 yielding OH + 2O2. When the 5.7 ppbv increase in chlorine compounds predicted by one-dimensional models to occur under steady-state conditions is simulated by the two-dimensional model, a 26% decrease in atmospheric ozone is predicted. The latitude dependence of the ozone reduction is discussed in terms of the relevant photochemical reaction and transport. The chemical reactions that most strongly influence the meridional dependence of the ozone depletion are identified as those associated with the reactions of chlorine monoxide and atomic oxygen, the recombination of ozone and atomic oxygen, and the photodissociation of molecular oxygen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; Mar. 198
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    Seasonal variations in high-latitude ozone and metastable molecular oxygen emissions - A theoretical interpretation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Comparison of photochemical calculations of atmospheric ozone between 40 and 55 km with measurements from a satellite-borne remote sensor shows agreement in the high-latitude summer hemisphere. However, in the sunlit high-latitude winter, the available data imply either a smaller water vapor mixing ratio than generally accepted or a temperature 15 - 20 K colder than contained in published model atmospheres. As with the ozone data the infrared emission in winter implies an odd oxygen loss rate smaller than predicted on the basis of standard water vapor and temperature models. The magnitude of the 1.27 micron signals and their consistency with upper stratospheric ozone data cast doubt on the large mesospheric ozone abundances deduced in independent experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Mar. 20
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    Crop emergence date determination from spectral data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Estimating the emergence of a given crop, such as wheat or barley, is proposed using an analytic method which relies on the hypothesis that in the region (lambda = 0.70-1.35 microns) a given crop, after emergence, has a unique spectral profile in time. If the crop emerges early or late, relative to a reference standard determined for a given segment, the profile is displaced but has the same shape. Therefore, given the crop specific constants of the reference profile and a sufficient number of Landsat observations of reflectivity at specific times, the emergence date of a field can be determined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Mar. 198
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    Study of electric fields parallel to the magnetic lines of force using artificially injected energetic electrons (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Electron beam experiments using rocket-borne instrumentation will be discussed. The observations indicate that reflections of energetic electrons may occur at possible electric field configurations parallel to the direction of the magnetic lines of force in an altitude range of several thousand kilometers above the ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Feb. 198
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    Energetic particle penetrations into the inner magnetosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nose structures observed on 90-deg pitch angle ion spectrograms characteristic of energetic particle injection into the ring current region of the inner magnetosphere in the afternoon to midnight sector are examined in detail on the basis of Explorer 45 data. A statistical analysis of the time dependence of nose structures yields a highest probability of occurrence at around 2000 MLT, and most events are found to occur on successive passes. The appearance of nose events is also related to an enhancement or change in configuration of the geoelectric field which alters magnetospheric convection patterns to drive an ion front close to the earth, where it can be observed by Explorer 45. The observed characteristics of nose structures are interpreted in terms of adiabatic charged particle motions in the magnetosphere in a Volland-Stern convection electric field model, which is also applied to explain the energy spectra and dispersion in penetration distances of electrons and ions observed in the postmidnight to morning sectors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 81
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    Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress in corn-soybean growing regions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a part of a follow-on study to the moisture stress detection effort conducted in the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE), a technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data was evaluated for detecting moisture stress in humid growing regions using sample segments from Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. At known growth stages of corn and soybeans, segments were classified as undergoing moisture stress or not undergoing stress. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index). This comparison demonstrated that the remote sensing technique could be used to monitor the growing conditions within a region where corn and soybeans are the major crop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Aug. 198
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  • 82
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    The topographic effect on spectral response from nadir-pointing sensors (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is difficult to interpret multispectral Landsat earth resources data in areas of rugged and mountainous terrain because of the topographic effect on the sensor response. The objectives of this study were to examine and quantify the topographic effect on the sensor response from a uniform sand surface, to assess a simple theoretical incidence model for modeling the radiance from the surface, and to simulate Landsat sensor response due to the topographic effect. A field experiment was designed to collect data from a large range of slope angles and aspects at a range of solar elevations, using a hand-held radiometer. Analysis of these data showed that the magnitude of the topographic effect varied as a function of the solar elevation, the azimuthal orientation of the slope, and the slope inclination. The field measured variations in spectral response were found to have generally strong correlations with the theoretical model, and it was shown that the applicability of the Lambertian assumption varied within and between data sets. It is concluded that if slope angle, aspect, and solar zenith angle and azimuth are known, a technique incorporating a model to reduce the topographic effect prior to multispectral classification may be developed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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  • 83
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    Production of odd nitrogen in the stratosphere and mesosphere - An intercomparison of source strengths (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), nuclear explosions, lightning, solar proton events (SPEs), relativistic electron precipitation, and meteors are related to the oxidation of nitrous oxide by comparing several sources of odd nitrogen (ON) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Published O3 and N2O data show that ON produced by the reaction of O(1D) with N2O peaks between 25 and 35 km; the GCRs add approximately the same amount of ON as N2O oxidation at the solar minimum for geographic latitudes over 50 deg. Nuclear explosions in 1961-1962 added 1.1 and 2.2 x 10 to the 34th NO molecules each, and SPEs produced greater amounts of ON above 50 deg than N2O oxidation during 1958 through 1960, and in 1972.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 20
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  • 84
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    A search for correlation between geomagnetic activity and stratospheric ozone (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The total ozone column content (TOZ) measured from the Nimbus 4 BUV experiment is analyzed in geomagnetic coordinates to study a possible link between the solar corpuscular radiation and the lower stratosphere. Using planetary magnetic index Ap as a measure of the solar corpuscular radiation, it is shown that the correlation between TOZ and Ap, if any, occurs predominantly at high latitudes during winter seasons. This is typical of most of the claimed correlations between sun and weather and may be the result of the winter increase of planetary wave activity which by coincidence have periods comparable to magnetic activity. The fact that even major magnetic storms have no detectable effect on the stratospheric ozone during summer does not support a direct cause and effect relation between solar and stratospheric perturbations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 85
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    Trigger, an active release experiment that stimulated auroral particle precipitation and wave emissions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experimental design by which a cesium vapor cloud was suddenly released in order to stimulate auroral particle precipitation is described along with the general results obtained. A drastic increase of the field-aligned charged-particle flux was observed with subsequent particle bursts. It is suggested that low-energy acceleration was due to parallel electric fields created by an instability which was driven by field-aligned currents resulting from the plasma injection. Pitch angle scattering in the deep magnetosphere may account for particle precipitation continuing for 130 sec after release.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Oct. 1
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  • 86
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    Correlations between neutral meridional winds and ion densities observed on AE-E (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The southward directed neutral meridional wind and the nighttime ion density simultaneously measured on AE-E for altitudes from 250 to 290 km are compared and found to correlate when the magnetic field inclination is negative and anticorrelate when the inclination is positive. This effect is attributed to neutral winds transporting the ions up or down a field line depending upon the sign of the field-aligned wind and the inclination. Model calculations for the ion density in the presence of a field-aligned wind and ambipolar diffusion are presented. Six examples of this ionospheric response are analyzed and found to be in qualitative and approximate quantitative agreement with the theoretical results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Sept. 1
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  • 87
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    Dissociation of molecular oxygen in the Schumann-Runge bands (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Oscillator strengths and predissociation linewidths deduced in recent studies predict a dissociation rate for O2 in the Schumann-Runge bands which is significantly larger in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere than previously believed. Error bars on molecular parameters required in the cross-section calculation translate into uncertainties in the dissociation rate which are less than plus or minus 10% at all altitudes where the Schumann-Runge bands are aeronomically significant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 37; May 1980
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  • 88
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    The semidiurnal and terdiurnal tides in the equatorial thermosphere from AE-E measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral composition and temperature aboard the near-equatorial AE-E satellite are analyzed to determine the semidiurnal and terdiurnal variations from 145 to 295 km. The amplitudes and phases of the semidiurnal variation are approximately the same for N2, O, He, and Ar at the lowest altitude, and the amplitude increases with decreasing altitude. Except for He, the phase undergoes a 180 deg shift around 200 km. The behavior of the terdiurnal variation is in many respects similar to the behavior of the semidiurnal variation. These characteristics suggest that the semidiurnal tide and (to a lesser extent) the terdiurnal tide have an origin primarily in the lower thermosphere or below.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Apr. 1
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  • 89
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    Energetic ion beam magnetosphere injection and solar power satellite transport (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of ion beam injection in the magnetosphere are considered. The beam's parameters are those characteristic of the ion propulsion engines envisioned for use in solar power satellite placement (Hanley and Guttman, 1978). Specifically, from a detailed analysis of the beam's propagation through the magnetosphere it is shown that the bulk of the ion beam is not stopped in the magnetosphere. However, the relatively small fraction of the beam which is deposited via the beam's sheath loss may give rise to a large distortion in the magnetospheric plasma population. Possible loss mechanisms from the magnetosphere for this artificial energetic ion component are evaluated. Electron Coulomb scattering yields the shortest lifetime throughout most of the plasmasphere provided that plasmasphere heating by beam ions is not too intense. Charge exchange dominates beyond the plasmasphere. The effects of pitch angle scattering due to beam ion turbulence may appreciably shorten beam ion lifetimes throughout the magnetosphere
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Apr. 1
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  • 90
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    Global crop forecasting (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The needs for and remote sensing means of global crop forecasting are discussed, and key results of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) are presented. Current crop production estimates provided by foreign countries are shown often to be inadequate, and the basic elements of crop production forecasts are reviewed. The LACIE project is introduced as a proof-of-concept experiment designed to assimilate remote sensing technology, monitor global wheat production, evaluate key technical problems, modify the technique accordingly and demonstrate the feasibility of a global agricultural monitoring system. The global meteorological data, sampling and aggregation techniques, Landsat data analysis procedures and yield forecast procedures used in the experiment are outlined. Accuracy assessment procedures employed to evaluate LACIE technology performance are presented, and improvements in system efficiency and capacity during the three years of operation are pointed out. Results of LACIE estimates of Soviet, U.S. and Canadian wheat production are presented which demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the remote-sensing approach for global food and fiber monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 208; May 16
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  • 91
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    A statistical determination of the shape and position of the geomagnetic neutral sheet (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using 2.5-minute average field values from Imp 6, 7, and 8 magnetic field measurements, the standard magnetotail neutral sheet (MNS) model is examined. The best representation for the MNS is found to be an arched surface which crosses the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane on the flanks of the tail about 18 earth radii (ER) from the tail axis; the surface is anchored to the geomagnetic dipole at a hinging distance of 10.5 ER. In addition, the shape and position of the neutral sheet (NS) do not vary significantly with distance down the tail, but the NS is anchored somewhat closer to the earth during disturbed geomagnetic conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 1
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  • 92
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    Atmospheric effects on radiometric imaging from satellites under low optical thickness conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The interference that the atmosphere poses to analyzing the imagery taken by satellite-borne instruments is discussed, assuming a cloud-free, planar, and horizontally uniform atmosphere. An approximate explicit formula is derived for the earth-atmosphere system nadir-beam reflectivity in terms of the atmospheric parameters, object pixel reflectivity and surrounding area reflectivity, for the limiting case of an optically thin atmosphere. The concepts of the forward-scattering and the backward-scattering optical thickness are introduced, and it is shown that the atmospheric effects in a spectral band depend in a specific fashion on these atmospheric parameters and on the surface spectral reflectivity. In addition, contrast transmittance through the atmosphere, which affects the possibilities of photointerpretation, is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 93
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    A spectral method for determining the percentage of green herbage material in clipped samples (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A laboratory radiometric method for the rapid determination of green and brown vegetation percentages in clipped grass samples has been developed and tested. The method uses red and photographic infrared radiance or reflectance differences between green and brown vegetation. Mixtures of green and brown material were found to have radiances or reflectances proportional to the percentage of green material present. This method may permit the use of rapid green/brown radiometric determinations to replace the tedious hand sorting now generally used. It may also have application in remote sensing of vegetation ground-truth work where the determination of dry green biomass in clipped samples is necessary.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 94
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    Snowpack monitoring in North America and Eurasia using passive microwave satellite data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Areas of the Canadian high plains, the Montana and North Dakota high plains, and the steppes of central Russia have been studied in an effort to determine the utility of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snow depths in different geographic areas. Significant regression relationships between snow depth and microwave brightness temperatures were developed for each of these homogeneous areas. In each of the study areas investigated in this paper, Nimbus-6 (0.81 cm) ESMR data produced higher correlations than Nimbus-5 (1.55 cm) ESMR data in relating microwave brightness temperature to snow depth. It is difficult to extrapolate relationships between microwave brightness temperature and snow depth from one area to another because different geographic areas are likely to have different snowpack conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 95
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    View angle effects in the radiometric measurement of plant canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thermal infrared sensor response from a wheat canopy was extremely non-Lambertian because of spatial variations in energy flow processes; the effective radiant temperature of the sensor varied as much as 13 C with changing view angle. This variation of sensor response was accurately quantified (root-mean-square of deviations between theoretical and measured responses reduced to 1.1 C) as a function of vegetation canopy geometry, vertical temperature distribution of canopy components, and sensor view angle. The results have important implications for optimizing sensor view angles for remote sensing missions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 96
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    A comparative study of microwave radiometer observations over snowfields with radiative transfer model calculations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-30611)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 97
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    Remote sensing of leaf water content in the near infrared (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-20768)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Aug. 198
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  • 98
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    An airborne system for detection of volcanic surface deformations (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A technique is proposed for measuring volcanic deformation on the order of centimeters per day to centimeters per year. An airborne multifrequency pulsed radar, tracking passive ground reflectors spaced at 1 kilometer intervals over a 50 square kilometer area is employed. Identification of targets is accomplished by Doppler and range resolution techniques, with final relative position measurements accomplished by phase comparison of multifrequency signals. Atmospheric path length errors are corrected by an airborne refractometer, meteorological instruments, or other refractive index measuring devices. Anticipated system accuracy is 1-2 cm, with measuring times on the order of minutes. Potential problems exist in the high intrinsic data assimilation rate required of the system to overcome ground backscatter noise.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 99
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    Simulation modeling of estuarine ecosystems (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simulation model has been developed of Galveston Bay, Texas ecosystem. Secondary productivity measured by harvestable species (such as shrimp and fish) is evaluated in terms of man-related and controllable factors, such as quantity and quality of inlet fresh-water and pollutants. This simulation model used information from an existing physical parameters model as well as pertinent biological measurements obtained by conventional sampling techniques. Predicted results from the model compared favorably with those from comparable investigations. In addition, this paper will discuss remotely sensed and conventional measurements in the framework of prospective models that may be used to study estuarine processes and ecosystem productivity.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 100
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    An experiment concept to measure stratospheric trace constituents by laser heterodyne spectroscopy (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laser heterodyne spectroscopy (LHS) techniques were used to measure radical gases from Spacelab. Major emphasis was placed on the measurement of ClO, ClOnO2, HO2, H2O2, N2O5, and HOCl in solar occultation with vertical resolution less than or equal to 2-km and vertical range from 1O to 70-km. Sensitivity analyses were performed on ClO and O3 to determine design criteria for the LHS instrument. Results indicate that O3 and ClO vertical profiles can be measured with an accuracy more than or equal to 95% and more than or equal to 80%, respectively, over the total profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: High Resolution Infrared Spectry. Tech. for Upper Atmospheric Meas.; p 55-79
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