ALBERT

Description: Endlicheria Nees (non Presl) in Linnaea 8 (1833), p. 37; id., Progr. (1833), p. 16; id., Syst. (1836), p. 365; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 321; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, 1350; Spach, Hist. nat. Végét. X (1841), p. 473; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 554; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, Dict. univ. (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd. (1846), p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 480 in adnot.; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 1201; Benth. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 111; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. Fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 197; Lemée, Dict. 2 (1929), p. 857; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 63; Kostermans in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 41; id. in Pulle, F1. Surin. 2 (1936), p. 327. – Goeppertia Nees, Syst, l.c., p. 354, 365 (non alibi nec aliis); Endl., Gen., l.c., p. 321, n. 2051; id., Ench., l.c., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332, 1350; Spach., l.c., p. 473; Steudel, l.c., p. 697; Reichb., Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2659; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281; Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1473; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 253; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Schauera Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. ed. 2 (1836), p. 202 in adnot. (non aliis nec alibi); Endl., l.c., p. 321; id., Ench., p. 197; Meissn., Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd., l.c., p. 537; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 503; Lemée, l.c., p. 1006. – Schaueria Nees ex Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281 (non aliis); Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pax, l.c., p. 122. – Ampelodaphne Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 81; id. in Fl. Bras, l.c., p. 167; Baillon, l.c., p. 473; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 n. 2812; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 24; Lemée, Dict., l.c., p. 210; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Aydendron Griseb. (non Nees), p.p. in Fl. Brit. W. Ind. isl. (1860), p. 284; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Mez, l.c. – Huberodaphne Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 4 (1925), p. 191; Lemèe, Dict., l.c., 3 (1931), p. 661. Type species: Endlicheria hirsuta Nees.

Description: J. J. Smith was born June 29th, 1867, at Antwerp, where his father was the director of the Netherlands’ Railway Post Office. In 1872 the family moved to Utrecht and in 1875 to Amsterdam. Smith spent his school days in the capital. His leisure hours were occupied by growing and sketching plants and tending such animals as mice and keeping an aquarium and a terrarium. His 10th birthday was celebrated by the establishment of a private herbarium, the first plant inserted being Bellis perennis. His years at secondary school were greatly influenced by the then teacher of Natural History, Dr J. C. Costerus, who advised Smith to look for a position in horticulture. Horticultural schools being not yet ”en vogue“, Smith got his education in this field at the Horticulturist’s Messrs Groenewegen & Co., Amsterdam. In these years the Orchids began to impress him and Smith spent his few free hours in making pictures of flowering species. The connection with Dr Costerus was continued. Together they looked after their herbaria and later on started to study teratologica, found in the Groenewegen gardens and greenhouses, a field in which both would publish several valuable papers later on. After having been working for his firm for 3½ years, Smith went to Kew where he stayed one year and afterwards to Brussels for completing his horticultural knowledge and skill. At Brussels he was working one year in the famous Orchid nursery of Messrs Linden, and then another year at the ”Jardin Botanique“.

Description: Pendant une tournée du chalutier ”De Lanessan“ de l’Institut Océanographique de Nhatrang (Annam) vers le récif Tizard¹) en avril 1936, une collection d’algues marines a été constituée, provenant des îlots Itu-Aba, Sand Caye et Nam Yit. La situation de ces îlots est environ 10° de latitude Nord et 114° de longitude Est. Qu’il me soit permis de remercier M. R. Serène de l’Institut Océanographique de l’Indochine à Cauda par Nhatrang, qui m’a confié l’étude de cette collection.

Description: In continuation of a previous publication by Lam, in which meiomery and pleiomery in male flowers of Canarium decumanum were described, the same phenomenon is now discussed concerning the fruits of C. Mehenbethene (176 of one single tree) and C. commune (1126 fruits mixed from more than one tree). An investigation of the material gave the following results: 1. C. commune and C. Mehenbethene are closely related; the latter may prove to be a polyploid of the former. Their areas are partly overlapping, but C. commune has its centre in the Moluccas, C. Mehenbethene in New Guinea and W. Polynesia. 2. A tendency to reduce the number of ovules and carpels in the ovary is assumed. By means of a statistical method (”phase index“) the position of either species in the phases of this regression is indicated. 3. From this, it is concluded that C. Mehenbethene represents a more advanced phase than C. commune and that therefore an eastward migration must be accepted. This agrees with other facts stated earlier, both in the Burseraceae and in other plant families of western origin. 4. In Canarium commune pleiomery is found in 2.3% of the fruits, meiomery in 0.45%, which agrees fairly well with the figures found earlier for the corolla and the androeceum of the male flowers of C. decumanum (0.9% and 0.3% respectively). 5. The desirability is expressed to investigate the following points: a. the ontogeny and the fertilization of ovaries and ovules in Canarium. b. cytological relations between related trees in the tropics, especially as far as they may supply indications towards migration tracks (cf. the work of Hagerup on Vaccinium [Hereditas 18, 1933]). c. the ”phase index“ of a number of related Canarium species. d. the exact distribution of some of the phases mentioned along those migration tracks which are both geologically and biogeographically supported (e.g. Sunda centre—Philippines, Philippines—Moluccas—New Guinea, New Guinea—Moluccas—Central Celebes, Malay Peninsula—Sumatra—Java, etc.).

Description: Im Jahre 1907 wurde ich als Botaniker der Gouvernements China-Plantagen in Tjinjiroean bei Pengalengan, West-Java, angestellt, wo ich bis 1916 arbeitete. Tjinjiroean liegt etwa 1566 m über dem Meere und hat ein sehr feuchtes Klima. Es war sehr interessant nachzugehen, welche aus der Ebene von Java und aus Europa eingeführten Pflanzen dort wachsen würden. Was würde der Einfluss des Klimas, der Meereshöhe, der Temperatur, u.s.w. auf die Pflanzen sein? In Tjinjiroean fand ich sogleich viele eingeführte Pflanzen, welche dort üppig wuchsen. In den Chinaplantagen fand ich Georginen und Tropaeolum majus L. verwildert; in meinem Garten blühte Richardia africana Kunth reichlich, bildete Früchte, welche wieder zahlreiche Pflanzen lieferten. Nur einige interessante Pflanzen werde ich hier weiter erwähnen.

Description: Een man, die zich nimmer op den voorgrond stelde en wiens naam toch in de geheele botanische wereld bekend is, moet wel heel wat in die wereld hebben gepresteerd. Zoo’n man is Dr J. J. Smith, die op 29 Juni 1937 zijn 70sten verjaardag viert. Zeventig jaar te worden is op zichzelf beschouwd geen verdienste, maar het geeft vrienden en vereerders zulk een mooie gelegenheid den jubilaris eens te toonen, hoe zeer men zijn werk waardeert!

Description: Het lijkt mij niet mogelijk een juisten indruk te krijgen van de beteekenis van J. J. Smith’s phytographisch werk voor den huidigen kweeker, zonder de belangrijkste phasen in de geschiedenis der Orchidophilie in Europa kort te schetsen, die aan dit werk zijn voorafgegaan. Deze geschiedenis heeft zich practisch geheel in Engeland afgespeeld. Dit machtige rijk, in zijn gouden eeuw onbetwist heerscher ter zee, had ter behartiging van zijne overzeesche belangen de beschikking over een kolossale handelsvloot. De bemanningen der schepen voerden van heinde en verre allerlei rariteiten mede, ook levende planten en dieren. Op deze wijze kwamen in de laatste helft der achttiende eeuw de eerste exotische Orchideeën binnen uit gebieden, die niet al te ver van Engeland af lagen: Jamaica, de Bahama-eilanden, Trinidad.

Description: Het is mij een bijzonder voorrecht, om uit het leven van Dr Smith eenige bijzonderheden te mogen vertellen, waarvan enkele wellicht minder algemeen bekend zijn. Deels heb ik de gegevens geput uit datgene wat van zijn levensloop bekend is, deels stammen ze uit mijn persoonlijk contact met Dr Smith, en de gelegenheid van dit jubileum lijkt mij bij uitstek geschikt om dezen te bescheiden werker in het licht te plaatsen waarin hij behoort te staan. In de beginjaren van mijn loopbaan als Hortulanus van ’s Lands Plantentuin was Dr Smith voor mij de groote vraagbaak, was hij de man die met zijn groote liefde voor en zijn uitgebreide kennis van den Plantentuin mij als het ware heeft ingewerkt en opgeleid.

Description: Some collections which I received recently, contain interesting addenda to former studies of the paleotropical Frullaniaceae (cf. especially “De Frullaniaceis VII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. I, 1930) and Lejeuneaceae Holostipae (esp. “De Frullaniaceis XVII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. IV, 1934).

Description: Durch die extremen Existenzbedingungen, welche die Mangroven als: Formation bestimmen, sollte man glauben, dass die ökologischen Probleme, die sich in dieser Hinsicht zeigen, leicht gelöst werden könnten, um so mehr, weil diese Pflanzengenossenschaft relativ arm an Arten ist. Dass dies jedoch nicht der Fall ist, möge hier im Hinblick auf die Verbreitung der Lumnitzera-Arten im Malaiischen Archipel mit einigen Beispielen gezeigt werden. Im Jahre 1924 habe ich kurz auf die Verbreitung von 3 Lumnitzera- Arten im genannten Gebiet hingewiesen ¹). Meine Absicht war, speziell auf die unerklärliche Erscheinung aufmerksam zu machen, dass L. littorea (Jack) Voigt das Küstengebiet rund um die Java See, im Gegensatz zu L. racemosa Willd., vermeidet, obwohl beide Arten nicht nur in, sondern auch ausserhalb des Malaiischen Archipels vorkommen, ja selbst zusammen in ziemlicher Nähe angetroffen werden. Bevor wir diese Erscheinung noch einmal näher betrachten, möchte ich an der Hand von beigefügter Karte (Fig. 1) das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet nachgehen. Dieses Gebiet liegt nahezu vollkommen innerhalb der Wendekreise der alten Welt ²): Die Mangroven, wozu Lumnitzera gehört, finden als selbständige Waldoder Gebüschformation ihre natürliche Begrenzung ungefähr auf den gleichen Breiten. Nur L. racemosa überschreitet grade an 2 Stellen die- Wendekreise: An der Ostküste von Afrika streckt sie sich südlich vom Steinbrockkreis bis in die Mangroven bei Durban aus, während sie nördlich vom Wendekreis des Krebses noch in dem Riu Kiu (Lu Tschu) Archipel, nördlich von Formosa vorkommt.

Description: De publicatie van dit deel is mogelijk gemaakt door den geldelijken steun van vele van Smith’s vrienden, wier handteekeningen zijn vereenigd in een album, dat hem is aangeboden tezamen met dit Jubileum-Supplement van „Blumea” en de speciale aflevering van het „Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg”. Het oude Menangkabausche echte gouddraadweefsel uit Kota Gadang, dat heeft gediend voor de banden van het album en van de voor Dr Smith bestemde exemplaren van „Blumea” en het „Bulletin”, dankt het Comité ad hoc aan Dr E. R. Jacobson te Bandoeng.

Description: The Salajar Islands strew the Flores Sea between Celebes and Flores. The group consists of no less than 73 smaller and larger islands. The principal islands are: Salajar or Tanadoang, Djampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, and Bonerate. A number of smaller islands form together the group of the so-called Tiger Islands, and to the south of them arc the very small, low Pasitaloe Islands. The Salajar group is situated between Long. 119°50’ E. and 121°30’ E. and between Lat. 5°36’ S. and 7°25’ S. See the map on p. 240. In May 1913, I was enabled to visit this territory, thanks to a financial allowance of the „Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien” (Society for the Promotion of the Scientific Investigation of the Netherlands Colonies), for short: „Treub Society”, and also of the „Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen” (Utrecht Provincial Society for Arts and Sciences). The publication of the present paper was enabled by financial support of the „Leidsch Universiteitsfonds” (Leiden University Fund). I beg to tender my best thanks for all this valuable support here.

Description: Nederland heeft reeds in het tertiaire tijdvak in een voortdurend dalend gebied der aardkorst gelegen. Ons land is in die tijden bijna onafgebroken door de zeeën overstroomd geweest. Zij hebben op onzen bodem hun slib en zand, benevens enkele skeletdeelen van mariene organismen doen bezinken, zoodat bijna alle opeenvolgende series dezer geologische formatie tot afzetting zijn gekomen, n.l. het Palaeoceen, het Eoceen, het Oligoceen, het Mioceen en het Plioceen. Deze afdeelingen zijn elk door eigen palaeontologische en petrografische eigenschappen gekenmerkt, waaruit de palaeoklimatologie en palaeogeografie voor elke afzonderlijke étage afgeleid kunnen worden. De mariene fossielen, die in de verschillende tertiaire étage’s zijn afgezet, hebben door de herhaalde trans- en regressie der steeds opeenvolgende overstroomingen veelal aan groote verweering blootgestaan. Uit de fossielinhoud der transgressielagen en basale conglomeraten blijkt, dat de haaientanden — dank zij hun resistentie — het grootste en vaak eenige contingent der nog specifiek te herkennen fossielen vormen. De determinatie nu der haaientanden werpt in sommige gevallen een nieuw licht op den ouderdom en herkomst van het materiaal uit de transgressielagen. Deze ouderdomsbepaling biedt op haar beurt waardevolle gegevens omtrent den ouderdom der boven- en onderliggende afzettingen. Een nauwkeurige determinatie der sterk verweerde tanden uit de transgressielagen werd alleen door vergelijking met Selachiersoorten, die elders in tertiaire afzettingen in situ voorkomen, mogelijk gemaakt. Voor elke tertiaire étage werden de petrografische en paleontologische gegevens, voorzoover zij bekend zijn uit de verslagen van het werk van de voormalige Rijks Geologische Dienst en uit andere publicatie’s, verwerkt. Tevens werd een studie gemaakt over alle in het Tertiair van Nederland voorkomende Selachiers. De uitkomsten van deze onderzoekingen betreffende de geologie van Nederland, werden steeds getoetst aan die van de waarnemingen in de aan Nederland grenzende gebieden van België en Duitschland. Uit het mariene Palaeoceen, dat op enkele plaatsen in ons land is aangeboord, is geen Selachiermateriaal bekend. Het klimaat is in dit tijdvak, in tegenstelling met de onmiddellijk voorafgaande krijtperiode, subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De palaeoceene zee heeft zich over bijna geheel Nederland uitgestrekt en heeft in open verbinding gestaan met de arctische wateren. Gedurende het eoceene tijdvak hebben opeenvolgende transgressies plaats gehad, die gesteenten van verschillende lithologische facies afgezet hebben. Sporadisch zijn ze in één boring aangetroffen. Aan de glauconitische zandsteen- en mergelhoudende kleilagen, die in de Peel aangeboord zijn, werd op grond van de algeheele aaneensluiting aan de belgische isopache lijnen, een eoceenen ouderdom toegeschreven. Daar eoceene afzettingen voornamelijk uit boringen bekend zijn, is weinig fossiel materiaal te verwachten. Het klimaat is hetzelfde gebleven als in het voorafgaande tijdvak. Geheel Nederland is wederom door de zee bedekt geweest, die in verbinding heeft gestaan met de noordelijke wateren. De oligoceene afzettingen kunnen in onder-, midden- en bovenoligoceene onderscheiden worden. Op de plaats, waar het Onderoligoceen op krijtafzettingen rust, zijn eenige afgesleten haaientanden gevonden. Deze soorten: Odontaspis (Odontaspis) cf. bronni en Odontaspis (Synodontaspis) gracilis wijzen op een herkomst uit krijtafzettingen. De onderoligoceene transgressie is niet zoo uitgebreid geweest als de voorafgaande. Verschillende deelen van Nederland hebben dus boven den zeespiegel gelegen. In Zuid-Limburg zijn fluviomariene afzettingen bekend. Er is in dezen tijd nog geen verbinding geweest met de mediterrane zee. Het Middenoligoceen vertoont verschillende facies. Het komt in enkele deelen des lands aan den dag en is ook in boringen aangetoond. In Overijsel komt aan de basis van de middenoligoceene zandafzettingen een transgressielaag voor, waarin vele rondgesleten phosphorieten, haaientanden en schelpen naast enkele goedbewaarde tanden voorkomen. De determinatie dezer geremanieerde tanden wijst op boveneoceene herkomst. De in situ afgezette tanden wijzen op een middenoligoceenen ouderdom der bovenliggende glauconiethoudende zanden. In Zuid-Limburg zijn in de transgressielaag aan de basis van de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen nog enkele haaientanden gevonden, die afkomstig zijn uit oudere oligoceene lagen. Een collectie Selachiertanden uit de septarienklei van Oost-Nederland werd nader beschreven. De middenoligoceene zee heeft zich over heel N.W.-Europa uitgestrekt en waarschijnlijk via het Mainzerbekken korten tyd met de mediterrane zee in verbinding gestaan. De zuidelijke invloed op de fauna is echter in N.W.-Europa niet meer merkbaar. Het Bovenoligoceen bestaat voornamelijk uit glauconiethoudende afzettingen, die in de Peel en Zuid-Limburg zijn aangetoond. Het klimaat is tijdens het geheele oligoceene tijdvak subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De zee heeft het geheele zuidelijk deel van ons land bedekt. Het Ondermioceen is in Nederland niet in mariene facies bekend. In Zuid-Limburg gaan de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen geleidelijk over in glauconiethoudende zanden. Op sommige plaatsen nu treedt in deze zandafzettingen een transgressielaag op, waarin steenkernen van Mollusca en afgesleten haaientanden voorkomen. Door determinatie dezer geremanieerde Selachierfauna kon een bovenoligoceene herkomst van dit materiaal worden aangetoond. Hieruit werd afgeleid, dat de onderliggende glauconiethoudende zanden van bovenoligoceenen en niet van middenoligoceenen ouderdom zijn, zooals door Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) wordt aangenomen. De hierboven liggende lagen zijn tijdens een jongere neogene transgressie afgezet en hebben een middenmioceenen, niet een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom. Dit zijn de eenige mariene middenmioceene afzettingen. Een typisch mariene middenmioceene fauna is echter nergens aangetroffen. Dat echter in de onmiddellijke omgeving fossielrijke middenmioceene afzettingen bestaan moeten hebben, werd met zekerheid bewezen uit de geremanieerde, typisch middenmioceene fauna, die in een jonger transgressieconglomeraat te Elsloo werd aangetoond. Naar boven toe treden in deze mariene middenmioceene zanden eenige bruinkoolhoudende lagen op, die onderbroken worden door witte zandafzettingen. Deze zijn van marienen oorsprong en zijn gevormd tijdens steeds herhaalde transgressie’s, waarbij an de basis een laag van afgeronde vuursteenen afgezet is. Door aan te nemen, dat deze zanden van middenmioceenen ouderdom zijn, werd aan de bruinkoollagen een midden- en bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) schrijven deze afzettingen echter een ondermioceenen ouderdom toe. Deze laatste ouderdomsbepaling berust op een vergelijking met het aangrenzende bruinkolengebied van Duitschland, waar een stratigrafische opeenvolging der lagen opgesteld is, die uitgaat van een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom der onderliggende glauconitische zanden. Eenzelfde klimatologische verhouding werd zoowel voor de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna als voor de flora uit de bruinkool geconstateerd; beiden wijzen op afzetting tijdens een tropisch klimaat. De middenmioceene zee heeft in een grooten bocht over het Zuiden van ons land en het Noorden van België geloopen. Deze heeft via het Nauw van Calais in verbinding gestaan met de mediterrane zee. Van de Selachierfauna, die in de verschillende gebieden tijdens deze middenmioceene transgressie is afgezet, werd een volledige overeenkomst met de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna vanuit het transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo aangetoond. Het Bovenmioceen komt in een onderste zandige en een bovenste glimmerrijke kleiafzetting voor, die bijna overal duidelijk te onderscheiden zijn. Molengraaff en van Waterschoot van der Gracht (1913) houden de onderste, meer zandrnke facies zoowel in het Peelgebied als in Oost-Nederland voor Middenmioceen. De uit deze afzettingen beschreven Selachierfauna heeft echter een typisch bovenmioceen karakter, en daarom werd aan deze afzettingen een bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. De bovenmioceene zee heeft een groote uitbreiding gehad. Het klimaat is subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. Het plioceen komt zoowel in mariene als in continentale facies voor. In Zuid-Limburg komt onder een dunne mariene onderplioceene zandlaag het bekende transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo voor. Omtrent den ouderdom dezer laag heerscht groot meeningsverschil. Door determinatie van de geremanieerde Selachierfauna uit dit conglomeraat werd een middenmioceene herkomst van het materiaal vastgesteld. Deze ouderdomsbepaling houdt dus in, dat de bovenliggende afzettingen jonger zijn dan het Middenmioceen. Door het feit, dat het mariene Bovenmioceen niet zoover zuidelijk reikt, als ook door de aanwezigheid van een tweede, geremanieerde plioceene Selachierfauna aan de basis der hierboven liggende glaueonietzanden, werd een onderplioceene ouderdom aan de Elsloolaag toegekend. Behalve het op vele plaatsen aangetoonde mariene Onderplioceen, zijn voornamelijk in Limburg kontinentale afzettingen aangetoond. Deze zelfde facies zijn in midden- en bovenplioceene afzettingen aangetoond. Gedurende het Plioceen heeft de zee zich steeds meer naar het Westen en Noorden teruggetrokken. Het klimaat is geleidelijk kouder geworden. Tertiaire Selachiertanden komen ook op secundaire vindplaats in diluviale afzettingen voor. Nog heden ten dage spoelen vele haaientanden door de erodeerende werking van rivieren of zee uit de oorspronkelijke vindplaats los. Door de determinatie der tanden werd in vele gevallen de herkomst van de fauna vastgesteld.

Description: Experiments are described in which artificial beaches were attacked by a combination of running waves parallel to the coast and superposed standing waves at right angles to the former. Beach cusps were formed only when a steep beach was eroded by the waves. Observations in nature are cited that appear to support the view that standing waves may be the cause of beach cusps, but further data are needed before a definite conclusion can be arrived at.

Description: Much of the difficulty experienced by the modern systematic botanist is nomenclatorial. Though he may have a clear conception of a plant as a taxonomic unit, he is often at a loss to find out what it is as a legitimate nomenclatural entity. If a haphazard use of names is permitted, it will result in different botanists using the same name in a different sense, so that the names themselves, unaccompanied by a description, will give no definite denotation; that is, a name may become applicable to several independent taxonomic units. And if it is attempted to skip over these difficulties by creating a new name every time the legitimacy of a name of a plant is questioned, a usage may be established in virtue of which, on the one hand, very good names may be rejected on insufficient grounds, while, on the other, one and the same taxonomic group of plants will be known by different names to different botanists in different countries. Actually, some such state of affairs as this was common at one time in taxonomic botany, so that it came to be felt that personalities had a great deal to do with popularizing some names, however erroneous, as well as with rejecting quite good ones. In other words, there was a tendency to subordinate the naming of plants, or the validity and legitimacy of plant-names, to personal or national or provincial likes and dislikes, with the result that the scientific names were often less stable and precise in their application than the vernacular names. In order to obviate these drawbacks and to make the nomenclature of plants more precise and international, the new nomenclatorial Rules adopted as their basis the type- and the priority-concepts as the most important guiding principles in such matters. These Rules do not recognize personalities, but they oblige taxonomists to examine the claims of each plant-name for legitimacy on the merits of the names themselves, and not of the authors of the names, or of the authors of the works in which the names have been published. Thus at one stroke these two principles have, in nomenclatorial procedure, attempted to do away with all incentives for botanists to split themselves into different camps on a national basis or according to the sides taken by the heads of the particular institutions to which they belong.

Description: Botanists throughout the world and more especially those who have made a special study of the Natural Family Orchidaceae would desire to offer their congratulations and good wishes in person to Dr J. J. Smith on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. Since that privilege, however, is denied to so many of us, I desire on behalf of my British colleagues, and especially on behalf of the staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to offer to Dr. Smith our sincere thanks for the valuable work he has carried out on the Orchidaceae, Ericaceae and Euphorbiaceae, in particular of the Malayan region and more especially of the Dutch East Indies during the past thirty-five years; and to express the hope that he may long be spared to continue his valuable researches and enrich botanical literature from the vast stores of his accumulated knowledge and wide experience.

Description: Die bisher aufgestellten Orchideensysteme stimmen bis auf eine Ausnahme (L. C. Richard, 1817) in der Abtrennung der monandrischen Orchideen von den diandrischen überein. Dagegen ist bei der Gliederung der Monandrae verschieden verfahren worden. Das System von Lindley stellt hier die Beschaffenheit des Pollens voran; das von Reichenbach F. die Anheftung der Anthere; Bentham benutzt beides; Pfitzer geht von der Richtung der Pollinienverbindung mit dem Rostellum aus und verwendet dann vegetative Merkmale; das System von Schlechter schliesst sich an das von Pfitzer an, zieht aber wieder stärker den Pollen heran. Vergleicht man die Hauptgruppen dieser Systeme nach ihrem Inhalt, so ergibt sich, dass sie trotz der verschiedenen Ausgangspunkte sehr weitgehend übereinstimmen. Es bestehen nur zwei wesentlichere Abweichungen: einmal die verschiedene Aufteilung der von Schlechter als Kerosphaereae bezeichneten Gruppe (in Epidendreae und Vandeae bei Lindley-Bentham und in Acranthae und Pleuranthae bei Pfitzer- Schlechter; das läuft aber im Endergebnis nur auf die verschiedene Verteilung einiger weniger Gattungsgruppen auf die genannten Untergruppen der Kerosphaereae hinaus) und zweitens das Schwanken in der Unterbringung von ein oder zwei Gattungsgruppen bei den Polychondreae (Neottieae) oder Kerosphaereae.

Description: Dr J. J. Smith is best known by his studies about Orchidaceae. But since 1904 he published regularly in collaboration with Dr J. C. Costerus in the ”Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg“, the results of their researches in teratology of tropical plants. Some years ago, Dr J. J. Smith was so kind to ask me if I would like to continue their studies in tropical teratology; I accepted this invitation. Although botanists appreciate this part of the botanical science in more than one way, and although even the opinion about the definition of a monstrosity differs, it must be stated that what has been done by Costerus and Smith in this field of the botanical science, deserves our high appreciation as they have described and pictured for the first time a large number of tropical monstrosities.

Description: In conclusion, we propose the following nomenclatural alterations. For a good classification, the genus Vulpia is to be accepted as a member of the Festuceae. Various names of Vulpia are fixed according to our present rules of nomenclature, viz. V. bromoides (L.) GRAY, V. membranacea (L.) LINK, V. geniculata (L.) LINK, V. stipoides (L.) DUM. and V. Myurus (L.) GMELIN. For Vulpia ciliata the earliest valid epithet is taken and so this widely distributed species must bear the name of V. aetnensis TINEO, while its glabrous variety is named imberbis (Vis.) HENR.. Vulpia delicatula (LAG.) DUM. var. hirsuta HENR. and Vulpia geniculata (L.) LINK var. dasyantha HENR. are described as new varieties. Among the South American species the new combinations Vulpia eriolepis (DESV.) HENR., Vulpia australis (NEES) HENR. and Vulpia muralis (KUNTH) HENR. are proposed, moreover the endemic Vulpia Teneriffae (ROTH) HENR. is mentioned. The North American species are treated in connection with the parallel variations of the European Vulpias and the following new combinations are given, viz. Vulpia octoflora (PIPER) RYDBERG, var. hirtella (PIPER) HENR., V. sciurea (NUTT.) HENR., V. arida (ELMER) HENR., V. confusa (PIPER) HENR., V. Eastwoodae (PIPER) HENR., V. Grayi (ABRAMS) HENR. and V. Tracyi (HITCHC.) HENR..

Description: Many plants are as a whole or in some characteristic features flabelliform. So it is easy to understand that botanists often used the word piпio or piпidiov as a component of plant names. It is rather astonishing, however, that this word, R(h)ipidion or R(h)ipidium occurs no less than five times as a generic name (including one nomen nudum). In the list of homonyms by Miss M. L. GREEN C.S. (Kew Bull. misc. Inf., 1935, p. 341—544) the word is not mentioned, though it is of importance for mycologists. It may seem curious that also OTTO KUNTZE, who was very keen on such cases, probably overlooked it. Only in the list of nomina conservanda (auct. R. MAIRE; Int. Rules Nomencl., Ed. III, 1935, p. 124) one of the cases was considered¹). Rhipidium CORNU, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 18, 1871, p. 58; Ann. Sci. nat. Bot., V, 15, 1872, p. 15. (Saprolegniaceae). Standard species: Rh. interruptum CORNU l.c. = Rh. continuum CORNU l.c. = Rh. europaeum VON MINDEN, Krypt. Fl. Brandenburg, V, 1915, p. 597 (1912). For the argument of typification, see VON MINDEN, l.c., p. 596.

Description: Das bearbeitete Gebiet grenzt im E an die Wasserscheide der Serio-und Dezzoflüsse zwischen dem Monte Vigna Vaga und dem Monte Scanapá. Auf diesem Bergkamm liegen die höchsten Gipfel: der Pizzo della Presolana, 2521 m, und der Monte Ferrante, 2426 m. Nach W reicht das Gebiet bis an den Kamm der Cima di Timogno und des Monte Vodala. Diese Grenze zieht sich nach S bis Rovetta in der Valle Gera und nach N bis in die Valle di Sedornia hin, wo unseres Gebiet mit dem von Weeda kartierten über etwa 2 km zusammenfällt. Die nördlichen und südlichen Grenzen werden von den Valli di Sedornia und Gera gebildet.

Description: A new species of Paullinia, viz. P. Bernhardi Uitt. was described on p. 774 of the last volume of this periodical. I have to add here another new species to this formerly monotypic section Cryptoptilon. The three species now known are all collected uncompletly. The flowers of the two Suriname ones are wanting; those of P. verrucosa Radlk. from British Guiana are known, but unfortunately only rather young fruits are found. A new diagnosis of this section is given here together with a key and the description of the new species. Sect. Cryptoptilon Radlk. in Engl. u. Prantl, Nat. Pfl. fam. III, 5 (1895), p. 304, fig. 156 IX; id., Monogr. Paull. (1895—96), p. 247, fig. 9; id. in Engler, Pflanzenreich IV, 165, p. 309 (1931).

Description: The Netherlands’ Indies are part of those humid tropical regions where innumerable species of orchids either may hang down, sometimes in large numbers, from the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs or grow terrestrially in woods or elsewhere. Nevertheless, to every naturalist who takes the trouble of ascertaining the attitude of the native population towards the orchid-family, it at once becomes clear that up to this very moment most of these plants have only succeeded in obtaining a very modest place in the domestic life and even in the interest of the natives. The beauty of the flowers of so very many species seems never or hardly at all to have been observed by them. This is so much the more noteworthy because in other cases the native has usually invented a name, if not a use, for most plants in his surroundings, even for the rarest and most unimportant ones. As regards orchids this has never happened. These plants seem never to have played any part in religious ceremonies and in the numerous myths they are mentioned at best by a few words. On none of the old monuments they are immortalized; even on ornaments of a later date one usually seeks in vain for these plants or their flowers. How is this aloofness of the natives towards such an important part of the flora of their country to be accounted for? Orchids never were of much use either in domestic life or in the domain of medicinal science. Only with the arrival of the Europeans or, more correctly speaking, not before a very short time ago, some interest for orchids was raised with the natives. But this took, practically, only place in imitation of the foreigner, especially when the natives began to see that money was to be made in the orchid-trade. Here and there this unnatural predilection has already lead to consequences of alarming dimensions, because it has not rarely effected the complete or partial extermination of valuable species in regions where formerly they grew copiously. Nevertheless a change in the native denomination of orchids can hardly be observed. All these plants are simply called Anggrèk or Angkrèk and, as a rule, it is not deemed necessary to add a specific name. Only very few orchids can really boast of such a name; most of them remain anonymous. The names Angkrèk panèli and Angkrèk lotjis, Spatulotjis or Spatuklotis are mere corruptions of Vanilla and Spathoglottis. Angkrèk bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis) and Anggrèk matjan (Vanda tricolor), though both composed of genuinely native words, do not seem to be quite original, though this case is not identical with the two former ones; these names seem only translations of the Dutch names Maan-orchidee (Moon-orchid) and Tijger-orchidee (Tigerorchid). Yet some specific denominations exist, as a rule with some unimportant addition to the word Anggrèk or Angkrèk, e.g. běněr (bětul) = true; beureum (mèrah) = red; bodas (putih) = white; konèng (kuning) = yellow; gědè (běsar) = big; leutik (kětjil) = small, and such-like which, as a matter of fact, have little to do with the notion of species. Very often they only seem to have been invented by plantcollectors wishing to content troublesome interrogators by some plausible answer. Finally there exist some poetic names, for the greater part of very recent date, of which it is likewise difficult to ascertain whether they are really true ones or came into existence by European influences. From the foregoing, in my opinion, it sufficiently appears that the natives hardly knew how to distinguish plants of this group which, in our eyes, is so very interesting. Once more, how is this fact to be accounted for? He who knows better is, of course, free to say so, but to me this enigmatical aloofness of the natives towards orchids seems to prove that these plants do not interest him in any way. The same case presents itself with most Europeans as regards funguses, mosses, algae a.s.o., groups of plants growing in our immediate environment, unsurveyable to many, which seem not to stir our imagination. I cannot find any other explanation of the fact. Notwithstanding what I have said herebefore it may be of interest to shortly discuss which value part at least of the native population of Java sets to orchids, not exclusively regarding the very small economic worth of a few ones but especially with a view to the denomination of the diverse species. Most of the popular names mentioned beneath have proved to be of recent date. Hence they are not yet universally used; often they are of local value only; sometimes they were invented by cunning plant collectors for the benefit of their employers. Nevertheless they are worthy of being registered, with discrimination of course and spelled in the right way. By doing so we may in future attain a better surveyable and more reliable denomination of orchids than could be made now. Everyone who is acquainted with the love felt by the natives for nature and with their extensive knowledge of the multitude of forms shown by the flora of their surroundings, knows quite well how important it is, and will ever be, to judiciously exchange thoughts with them. The native likes to hoax those who do not understand him and it leaves him quite cool whether by his conduct the European thinks to have found one reason more of storming furiously against the traditional irreliability of native information about plants and plant-names. He has had to swallow severer reproaches than the annihilating opinion of incompetent persons. The fault does not lie exclusively with the natives nor entirely with the Europeans but is caused by the lack of a universally acknowledged classification of the popular names in existence. My treatise aims at contributing my mite to a correct valuation of the notions of both parties. Therefore, let us not begin with stumbling over the numerous brand-new plant-names met with at present everywhere but let us express the hope that, once sifted, they will prove useful enough to enable one to find his way in the Indian flora. Wherefore should we hesitate to register names unknown up to now, because they are not yet generally used throughout the island? If ever, then now surely the time has come to take a broad view of this matter, now that the interest shown for orchids by the different races of the population is rapidly increasing, though modern fashion may play a great part in pushing it forward.

Description: Pennisetum sagittatum HENR. nov. spec. — Perenne. Culmi erecti, superne ramosi, ramis implicatis, plus quam 1 m alti, teretes, inferne circa 1 cm crassi, glaberrimi, minute striatuli, straminei, internodia superne violascentia, culmi apicem versus plus minusve angulati, nodi tumidi nigrescentes; vaginae compressae, internodiis breviores, striatae, inferiores sparse pilosae, pilis e basi tuberculato nigro, hiantes, mox a culmo solutae, superne sensim angustatae involutae, sensim in petolium longum attenuatae et loco ligularum in auriculis ad 4 mm longis productae, ligula breviter ciliata; petiolus foliorum longitudine varians, petioli inferiores saltem ad 10 cm longi, superiores sensim decrescentes, summi brevissimi vel nulli et tunc folia sessilia, compressi, 1.5 mm crassi, superne canaliculati; laminae inferiores foliorum petiolatorum valde sagittatae, lobis ad 2.5 cm longis, obtusis, apice incrassatis, nervis sigmoideis, ut in figura demonstravit, laminae propriae inferiores e basi plus quam 1 cm lati, sensim late lanceolatae, circa 25 cm longae, in medio circa 2.5 cm latae, superne sensim angustatae et longe setaceo-acuminatae, multinervosae, supra virides, nervo mediano lato stramineo praeditae, glabrae, subtus pallide glaueae, minute adpresse puberulae, laminae superiores sensim decrescentes, summae haud sagittatae sed e basi rotundato lineari-lanceolatae, eae ramorum 6—8 cm longae, 1 cm vel minus latae. Inflorescentiae e ramorum lateralium erumpentes longe tenuiter pedunculatae, pedunculo subangulato striato, vix ½ mm crasso, panicula subsimplex, angusta, ad 6 cm longa cum spiculis vix 5 mm lata, rhachis angulosus, subflexuosus, spiculae solitariae vel subbinae, sessiles, a basi setis paucis gerentes, setae scabrae, spiculis aequilongae. Spiculae circa 4 mm vel paulo plus longae, circ. 1 mm latae, lineari-lanceolatae, valde asperulae, gluma Ia uninervia, triangulari-rhomboidea vix 1 mm longa, hyalina, gluma IIda spiculam circa 2/3 aequans, sub-7-nervis, nervis parallelis, lateralibus haud percurrentibus, gluma IIIa (lemma sterilis) valde asperula, 5-nervia, spiculam aequans, subobtusa apice angustata et leviter emarginata, in axilla epaleata vel paleam lineari-lanceolatam circa 2 mm longam 3 nervatam inferne glabram superne puberulam fovens, gluma IVa (lemma fertilis) 3-nervata vel leviter 5-nervata, nervis duabus minutis intermixtis, longitudine spiculam, inferne glabra, superne asperula, apice angustata leviter subinvoluta, palea aequilonga, antherae 3 cum filamentis brevissimis circa 2 mm longae, sagittatae. Caryopsis ignota. Bolivia. La Florida (Sur Jungas) 1700 m. s. m. planta perennis 2— 3 m altitudine. 4 fébr. 1932 leg. L. R. PARODI no. 10069. Typus speciei in Herb. Lugd. Bat. sub no. 933.48—180.

Description: Towards the end of February 1936 we received living specimens of this species, which is hitherto known only from Japan, China, the Indochinese Peninsula und Himalaya, collected in West Java, Preanger Residency, by Mr H. W. Kluit, employé of the plantation Ardjoena, section Karang-Toemaritis. The specimens are exactly matched by those of Eastern Asia and were immediately recognized. This isolated locality far from the specific area needs some comment. It is situated between a tea garden and a bamboo thicket at ca 1250 m altitude, in slight shadow. According to the information kindly supplied by Mr Kluit, the plant has been known to him for several years, but has only recently produced flowers. He showed it to numerous visitors and planters but nobody had ever seen this species before. The coolies also knew the species only from this locality, as well as some old natives well acquainted with forest plants. The native name djoekoet hanjir (Sund.) is derived from the strange smell of blood produced by the leaves. The natives even believe in the local legend that the plant has proceeded from the flesh and blood of a man who was killed by a tiger on the same spot. On account of the smell there has been some trouble with the coolies in charge of weeding. As is known from outside Malaysia, the plant is very persistent in a place if once settled, which quality it owes to the long and branched rhizomes, which easily produce buds, and occur to one foot depth. This ecology enables the plant to appear as a common weed in Japan near settlements.

Description: The bulbils of Dioscorea sansibarensis fall at maturity and are carried away from the parent plant, if at all, by water: they rest through the Dry season; and germinate when the soil under them is able to supply moisture. The new plant, is thrust into the surface of the soil and there shaped by its geotropic responsiveness. Its tuber is the result of a more or less one-sided enlargement of the first internode of the axis: it is perennial and its greatest growth becomes annular. The annual stems, which rise from the tuber are produced cymosely, each from the lowest axil of its parent axis; and, by arrest of internodes between them, all are sessile on the tuber. Thus crowded they are unable to grow in positions which are theirs theoretically and are accommodated by a certain amount of fluidity in the growth of the top of the tuber. D. sansibarensis must be excluded from the section Opsophyton because its tubers are more specialized organs than its bulbils, as well as on differences in the male inflorescences.

Description: Unter obenstehendem Titel fange ich die Veröffentlichung einer Reihe mykologisch-systematischer Beobachtungen an, zu welchen ich zum grössten Teil durch das Studium des von mir auf meiner Reise in Niederländisch Ost Indien (1936) gesammelten Materials veranlasst wurde. Zu dieser Reise wurde ich durch ein von der „Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen“ in Amsterdam verliehenes Stipendium im Stande gesetzt. Ich reiste und sammelte auf Java und Enggano (S.W. Küste von Sumatra). Die Expedition nach letztgenannter Insel wurde von dem „Indisch Comité voor wetenschappelijke Onderzoekingen“ und von dem „Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap“ mit unterstützt. Ich beschränke jedoch diese Notizen nicht auf malayische Arten oder Gattungen, erstens weil das bei der geringen Kenntnis der Verbreitung tropischer Pilze kein zweckmässiges Prinzip wäre und zweitens weil ich auch aus anderen Gegenden oft wertvolles Material erhalte über welches sich systematisch wichtige Bemerkungen machen lassen.

Description: The genus Acoridium is characterized by an extraordinary history. The original species, A. tenellum, a native of the Philippine Islands, was described at length from a fruiting specimen in 1843 by Nees von Esenbeck and referred to the Philydraceae. This treatment was prompted by the aspect of the plant, its vegetative structure and the mature seedcapsule adnate on the upper part of the elongated, sedge-like leaf. In 1843, Endlicher (Mant. Gen. Pl. Suppl. 3:59) transferred the genus from the Philydraceae to the doubtful genera of the Burmanniaceae. Until 1879, Acoridium remained a puzzling and inadequately understood concept, and then Boeckler [Flora 62 (1879) 158] placed it in the Cyperaceae, assigning to it a position between Scirpus and Eleocharis, depending entirely for his interpretation on the fruiting type preserved in the Berlin Herbarium ¹). In 1880, Bentham and Hooker referred Acoridium to the genera dubia vel exclusa at the end of their treatment of the Cyperaceae in their ”Genera Plantarum” (3: 1043). This was the situation toward the close of the nineteenth century when Mr C. B. Clark of the Kew Herbarium, after a careful study of the type specimen, concluded that it was not a member of the Cyperaceae. With the hope that its identity might be established, he submitted the type specimen to Mr R. Allen Rolfe who was engaged in critical research among Philippine plants. Fortunately Rolfe was a keen orchidologist. He recognized the plant as being equivalent to a doubtful Philippine orchid which had been erroneously referred to Ceratostylis gracilis Bl. by Andrés Naves (in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3, Nov. App. 245). However, Rolfe was unable to establish the identity of the doubtful species, because for this purpose flowerless specimens were quite inadequate. At about this time botanical exploration of the Philippines was progressing rapidly as a result of the American occupation of the Islands following the Spanish War of 1898, and A. Loher, a man with a deep interest in orchids, submitted to Rolfe, among other specimens, flowering plants that where clearly referable to Acoridium tenellum. Then it became clear that Acoridium was congeneric with Platyclinis, an orchid genus of long standing and of some horticultural prominence. But as Acoridium antedated Platyclinis, Rolfe accepted it and renamed some thirty-two species of Platyclinis [Orch. Rev. 12 (1904) 219], and over night as it were, from obscurity and uncertain rank Acoridium became a living concept, properly placed in the Orchidaceae. Almost simultaneously with Rolfe’s nomenclatorial revision in 1904, J. J. Smith, the eminent orchidologist of Buitenzorg, with characteristic thoroughness, published his monographic studies of Platyclinis and Dendrochilum (Uebersicht der Gattung Dendrochilum Bl., in Recueil des Travaux bot. Néerl.), merging these genera and reducing Platyclinis to synonymy. As Dendrochilum had been established by Blume in 1825, Rolfe’s new combinations under Acoridium passed into synonymy. Beginning in 1904 (the year in which Rolfe reduced Platyclinis and J. J. Smith monographed Dendrochilum), my interest in the question was being constantly stimulated by a steady stream of Philippine species which were coming in for identification from the Bureau of Science at Manila. In 1908, I published a complete treatment of the Philippine species of Dendrochilum known up to that time and gave my reasons for adopting the view that Acoridium and Platyclinis should be recognized as generic sections. But in restudying the whole matter thirteen years later, with an abundance of material to guide my conclusions, I reëstablished Acoridium as a valid genus, assigning to it those species which had been set apart as a section under Dendrochilum with Acoridium tenellum as the sectional type.

Description: The genus Rutidea was founded by De Candolle in 1807 on a West African plant. Twenthy-three years later in the ”Prodromus“ (IV, p. 495, 1830) he tentatively admitted a second species: it was based on a plant from Penang which he had seen in Blume’s herbarium, where it was labelled ”Rutidea? mollis Bl.“. Subsequently several other species have been added, but as none of them were Asiatic, it was, perhaps, no wonder that Bentham and Hooker f. in their ”Genera Plantarum“ (II, 1, p. 116, 1873) made no mention whatever of Blume’s plant, and regarded the genus as confined to tropical Africa. Hiern, who in the ”Flora of tropical Africa“ gave an excellent description of the genus, and enumerates ten species from tropical Africa, said that it is known from Madagascar also, but he too omitted every reference to its occurrence in Asia. Lemée (Dict. d. Pl. Phan. V, p. 903, 1934) also declares that the genus, which now comprises 25 species, is confined to tropical Africa and Madagascar¹). Blume’s plant was more fully described by Miquel in his ”Ecloge Rubiacearum Archipelagi Indici“ Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. IV, p. 256, 1869). It is not mentioned, however, in Hooker’s ”Flora of British India“. Boerlage’s remarks on it in his ”Handleiding“ (II, 1, pp. 107 et 142, 1891) also passed unnoticed; at least neither King and Gamble’s ”Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula“ nor Ridley’s ”Flora of the Malay Peninsula“ contain any reference to the plant. This want of recognition is all the more remarkable as the original diagnosis published by De Candolle did not contain anything which would have justified its exclusion from the genus. It is true that Miquel’s more detailed analysis describes the seed as ”sectione transversa semilunale introrse valde concavum“, which sounds ominous, as the seed of Rutidea is globose, but he adds ”nondum maturum“, and it might be possible, therefore, that the unusual form was but a passing stage in its development.

Description: The group of the Dematiaceae is well represented in the Netherlands Indies. Species belonging to genera of a wide distribution, are equally found predominating in temperate regions. Only a rather small number of our dematiaceous fungi seem to be restricted to tropical countries. The species to be discussed in this paper is one of them and as far as I can judge is not only undescribed, but even the type of a new form-genus.

Description: Any community of plants is characterized in four main ways — by a definite floristic composition, by definite life-forms, by a definite structure and by a definite habitat or environment. Of these four characters, floristic composition is the most important in defining a plant community in any particular locality. It is a commonplace fact that many parts of the world may show communities of higher plants identical in life-form, structure and habitat but differing widely in their floristic composition. By utilising the three last named characters of a plant community we can group our unit biocoenoses into larger groups.

Description: § 1. Plastic deformation of solid matter under high confining pressures has been insufficiently studied. Jeffreys 1) devotes a few paragraphs to deformation of solid matter as a preface to his chapter on the isostasy problem. He distinguishes two properties of solid matter with regard to its behaviour to external forces: the Rigidity and the Strength. The rigidity being the resistance to elastic stresses, the strength the resistance to shearing forces. The strength has been surpassed when a differential force results in a permanent deformation. Therefore the strength equals the differential pressure necessary to effect shearing or plastic deformation.

Description: Nachdem das Luganer Porphyrgebiet von den Leidener Geologen Kuenen, de Sitter, Harloff, und Doeglas geologisch kartiert wurde, schien es erwünscht dieses Gebiet auch chemisch gründlicher zu untersuchen. Denn nach den alten Analysen von v. Fellenberg (Lit. 10) wurden nur noch von Jakob zwei Analysen der Luganer Gesteine gemacht.

Description: A short time ago I described a new foraminiferal genus from the Tertiary of Borneo 1). I gave this genus the name of Heterospira. Mr. P. H. Oehser of Washington drew my attention to the fact that E. Koken as early as 1896²) had used the name Heterospira for a genus of triassic gastropoda from Hallstatt. Therefore according to the international rules of zoölogical nomenclature, the name Heterospira for a foraminiferal genus being a homonym has to be rejected.

Description: The following notes have been written during the preparation of the account of the Bignoniaceae for Pulle’s Flora of Suriname, and deal with the more important identifications and namechanges which have been made while the work was in progress. Previous studies on the Guiana representatives of this family appeared in the Kew Bulletin for 1932, pp. 18-28; 81-93. The Suriname material in the Herbaria of Utrecht, Leyden, Brussels and Göttingen has been sent on loan to Kew, and the writer has had the opportunity of studying the whole of the Tropical American Bignoniaceae at Kew, the British Museum, Paris and Geneva; while other specimens have been lent by the Herbaria of Berlin-Dahlem, Munich, Uppsala and Copenhagen. To the authorities of all these institutions he wishes to tender his best thanks; while he is especially indebted to Mr. J. Bausch, of Holland, for his kindness in preparing a number of slides of pollen-grains.

Description: In my work on the Malay Peninsula, I included such plants as were known from the districts of North Kedah, Perlis and Setul. Botanically however, the Malayan flora ceases at a line running from a little north of Kedah peak Lat. 6.5, to Kota Bahru in North Kelantan Lat. 6.10. It is in fact approximately the termination of the Granitic Mountains as shown in SCRIVENOR’S Map of the Geology of Malaya. North of this line there is a remarkable sudden change in the flora (with also a change of climate and soil) from the Malayan to Indo-Chinese. More than 60 genera of typical Malay plants entirely disappear, and many more are represented by a single species which has crossed the line, and disappears in Tenasserim. Among these plants are the Durioneae, Lowiaceae, Schismatoglottis, Homalomena, Cyrtandra, Neuwiedia, Plocoglottis, Leptaspis and most of Palms. A few plants from southern Siam and Cambodia have invaded the north of the Peninsula chiefly on the East side where the soil is most suitable. It is quite clear that the Peninsula was separated from the Tenasserim—Siam region through the Isthmus of Kra at no very distant period of time and was thus an island. The whole of the Peninsula (Malaya) contains about 52.000 square miles, and is about 485 miles long and 200 miles wide in its widest part. It consists of a mass of mountains usually rising to 5.000 feet alt., with two, Gunong Tahan and Gunong Kerbau 7.000 feet alt., and is fringed on the west coast by lowlands with mangrove bordering the sea, and on the East coast with sandy plains. Except on the latter the whole country is covered by dense forest, the tallest trees being 180 feet tall so that on looking over it from an elevated point, nothing can be seen but the tops of the trees.

Description: The large number of African orchids belonging to the group Monopodiales, the so-called ”Angraecoid Orchids“, constitute a puzzling assemblage of which the main lines of classification are still uncertain. Several well-defined minor groups can, however, be readily distinguished, the most striking of which are such genera as Cyrtorchis Schltr., Aerangis Schltr. (sensu stricto) and Tridactyle Schltr. Among the less welldefined but nevertheless reasonably natural groupings is the genus Rhipidoglossum. This genus was described by Schlechter in his comprehensive treatment and revision of the Angraecoid orchids in 1918. He separated four genera, including Rhipidoglossum, from the remainder on account of the presence of a foot to the column. This character, which appears to be of value in the delimitation of Asiatic genera belonging to the Monopodiales, is, however, of less use in classifying the African genera. Several pairs of closely allied species occur in which one species is with and the other without a foot to the column. On the whole those genera constantly possessing a column-foot can he easily characterised by other more obvious features. Rhipidoglossum, on the other hand, is clearly very closely allied to Diaphananthe in which the column foot is absent or very weakly developed. Indeed the theoretical delimitation of these two genera rests on the presence or absence of a callus in the mouth of the spur, the callus being absent in Rhipidoglossum. At the same time the two genera show different ranges of variation in habit and in floral structure, although the species at the various points of contact closely resemble some of those in the other genus. For instance, the stem is usually elongated in Rhipidoglossum whereas it is short with a rosette type of growth in Diaphananthe. D. bidens, however, which is typical in other respects, has much elongated stems. There is, on the other hand, a tendency towards shortening of the stem in some species of Rhipidoglossum. Secondly, in Diaphananthe the pollinia, although always provided with distinct stipites, usually share a common viscidium. There are also, however, a number of species in which two separate viscidia are found, this feature being general in Rhipidoglossum. The column in the two genera is very similar, and the rostellum is of the same general type.

Description: The genus Rhodamnia, founded by W. JACK (Malayan Miscellanies 1822) on the common Malayan R. cinerea, find its greatest development in the Australian and Papuan regions. DIELS (in LAUTERB., Beitr. Fl. Papuasien, V, ex ENGL., Bot. Jahrb. LVII, 360, 1922) recognizes five species, with a doubtful sixth, in New Guinea. I believe at least seven distinct species occur in Australia. In the present account of the Australian members of the genus, two new species are described, and a complete description of one, previously only known from sterile material is given.

Description: I have hesitated some time over the title of the present paper. The alternative was something like: ”WALLACE versus ZOLLINGER“ or ”The ”idea of a demarcation line through Malaysia, a limiting factor towards ”the progress of biogeography“. However, the first being too agressive, and the second too melodramatic ,the one found in the heading was chosen. The above introductory lines mean to put the reader at once face to face with the nucleus of what I will discuss here: the question how ZOLLINGER’S ”Karte der Flora Malesiana“ of 1857 was apparently almost entirely forgotten, although it well deserves to come under the eyes of modern biogeographers, for the sake of the honour of its author and of the priority of his work.

Description: In 1898 Koorders and Valeton ¹) considered the three species of Miquel’s genus then known as Aphanomyrtus rostrata Miq. Sumatra (and Java?), A. octandra Koord. & Val., Java, and A. camphorata Val., the latter described from a plant cultivated in the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, its origin unknown. The three recognized species were well illustrated. They gave an amplified description of Miquel’s genus, calling attention to the fact that it had been erroneously reduced to the very different Baeckea. They did not then realize that the genus Pseudoeugenia Soort. (1885) was a synonym of Aphanomyrtus Miq. Nine years later Valeton ²) again considered the genus, having recognized the identity of Pseudoeugenia Scortechini (1885) with Aphanomyrthus Miquel (1855), and making the reduction of the former. He recognized four species, A. rostrata Miq. (Pseudoeugenia singaporensis King), Sumatra, Banka, and the Malay Peninsula; A. tetraquetra (Miq.) Val. (Jambosa tetraquetra Miq., Aphanomyrtus octandra Koord. & Val., A. octandra var. tetraquetra Koord. & Val.); A. skiophila (Duthie) Val. (Eugenia skiophila Duthie, Pseudoeugenia perakiana Soort.), Penang and the Malay Peninsula, but of which he saw no material (credited also to Sumatra by Ridley); and A. camphorata Val. cultivated at Buitenzorg, Java. Valeton reconsidered the genus in 1907 because of his belief that the Koorders & Valeton paper of 1898 was not generally available to botanists, for in the meantime King (1901) had redescribed Aphanomyrtus rostrata Miq. as Pseudoeugenia singaporensis. Both papers were apparently overlooked by Ridley, for in his Flora of the Malay Peninsula (1922) he still retained the two Malay Peninsula species under Pseudoeugenia, as P. perakiana Scort. and P. singaporensis King; and in 1927 described a third species, P. tenuifolia Ridl., from the Peninsula. In the meantime Greves had recognized Miquel’s genus and described A. Forbesii Greves from Sumatra, which seems to be a synonym of A. tetraquetra (Miq.) Val., and Lauterbach described another species, Aphanomyrtus alata Lauterb., from New Guinea; the last species probably belongs in some other genus.

Description: I have already published in the Malayan Orchid Review, 1936, pp. 104—109, a brief account of two artificial hybrids in the genera Arachnis and Renanthera, and since then have had flowers of a third for examination. The account already written is of a semipopular nature, intended chiefly for orchid-growers, and a more detailed description with some remarks on the botanical aspects of the question appear to be worth publishing. The three hybrids concerned are Arachnis flosaeris X A. Hookeriana, Arachnis Hookeriana X Renanthera coccinea and Arachnis Hookeriana X Renanthera Storiei. All three were raised at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. The first is of interest because the hybrid is practically identical with Arachnis Maingayi, which has been described as a natural species. The intergeneric hybrids are the first of their kind to be described, and the way in which the different generic characters interact in the formation of the lip of their hybrids is of great interest. First hybrids between orchid species are usually closely intermediate between the two parents, but where the characters contrast strongly, as in the midlobe of the lip of the genera concerned, a strictly intermediate condition is not possible.

Description: Among the old plant collections in book-form, in the Leyden National Herbarium, there are two large volumes, containing a number of well preserved Ceylon plants. These plants are said to have been collected by PAUL HERMANN in the latter half of the 17th century. PAUL HERMANN¹), afterwards Professor of Botany at the University of Leyden, resided in Ceylon as an ”Ordinary and First Physician“ of the Dutch East Indian Company during the years 1672—1679. Several particularities on his life and on the collections made by him, are to be found in LINNAEUS’S Flora Zeylanica (6), in TRIMEN’S paper entitled ”Hermann’s Ceylon Herbarium and Linnaeus’s Flora Zeylanica“ (8), in BOULGER’S study on the history of Ceylon botany (2) and in ARDAGH’S note on HERMANN’S herbarium (1). During his residence in Ceylon HERMANN collected the herbarium, which is now in the possession of the Department of Botany of the British Museum of Natural History, London. The history of this herbarium has been described in TRIMEN’S paper (8). This was not the only collection he made, for on page 131 of TRIMEN’S paper we find that ”Besides the herbarium under consideration, Hermann formed another whilst in Ceylon, which he sent to ”J. Commelin at Amsterdam. It was from this collection (combined with ”that made by J. Hartog, which was sent from Ceylon to Voss, Curator ”of the Amsterdam Gardens) that J. Burman, Commelin’s successor, com”piled his ‘Thesaurus Zeylanicus’.“ On page 132 TRIMEN mentions still other collections: ”Hermann also sent specimens to other botanists of ”the time, especially to Gronovius“ (the latter fact must be incorrect, for as BOULGER (2) rightly states GRONOVIUS was only five years old at HERMANN’S death in 1695). These ”other botanists“ may have been BREYNE and PLUKENET (see ARDAGH’S note [1]). It is possible that one of the ”sets“ came in some way into the possession of the Leyden University and is now in the Leyden Herbarium. However, there is a possibility that, after HERMANN’S death in 1695, a part of his plants, were left at Leyden.

Description: Epipogium roseum is a tropical, holosaprophytic orchid; it lacks chlorophyll, and its colour on the whole is pale yellow, occasionally somewhat brown. The flowers are also pale yellow, sometimes with pink dots on the lip. The flowering plant consists of a tuber and an inflorescence, roots are lacking. When the flowering is over and the fruits have dehisced, the plant dies. It grows in densely shaded places, rich in humus, in virgin forests, secondary woods, and in bamboo wildernesses. The plant is of frequent occurrence in the so-called forest-garden in the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg and in the lower parts of the mountain forest near Tjibodas, up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea-level. For many years this plant has held my attention. Burgeff used the photographs I made up to 1928 and part of the material I collected in his publication (1932, p. 77). Groom (1895—97, p. 149) and Burgeff gave extensive descriptions of the anatomy and development, so that I may be brief as to these points. The tuber is flattened dorsi-ventrally, otherwise more or less cylindrical, and may be from 3 to 8 cm long, the transverse section being from 1 tot 2½ cm. On the outer side this tuber is ringed, but the bracts have developed but slightly. At the apical end develops a large bud, from which will grow up the inflorescence. The latter rises above the ground with a nodding top, and in this stage (see Fig. 1) the plant is very similar to a Monotropa Hypopitys L. that has just come up. Because of this nodding top Blume (Bijdr. 1825, p. 416) called it Galera nutans.

Description: The construction of block diagrams is a very lengthy procedure if use be not made of one of the apparatuses described in Lit. 1 and 3. The non-mechanical construction can be effected in various ways: 1. By constructing a large number of parallel profiles, which are drawn usually in isometric projection where the length in the direction of the profiles, the distance between them, and the vertical scale remain similar. Cf. fig. 1a and 1c (the vertical scale of fig. 1c is increased to twice its size).

Description: Den Anlass zu der vorliegenden Arbeit bildete eine Sammlung neogener und quartärer Echiniden, welche von Herrn Dr. J. Cosijn bei Modjokerto (Java) gesammelt wurden und mit deren Bearbeitung mich im Frühjahr 1932 Herr Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk, Konservator am „Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie” zu Leiden, beauftragte. Diese Sammlung wurde schon bald Anlass zu einer Revision der in Leiden befindlichen fossilen Echiniden des Indischen Archipels. Ausserdem erwies es sich als wünschenswert, auch die Echiniden der Selenka-Trinil-Expedition aus dem Geologisch-Palaeontologischen Museum der Universität Berlin einer Neubearbeitung zu unterziehen. Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Janensch möchte ich an dieser Stelle meinen verbindlichsten Dank aussprechen für das Ausleihen und Uebersenden dieser Sammlung. Nach und nach wurden auch sämtliche noch nicht bearbeitete Echiniden aus Leiden und aus dem Mineralogisch-Geologischen Institut der Rijksuniversiteit zu Utrecht in die Arbeit miteinbezogen; für die Ueberlassung der letzteren danke ich Herrn Prof. Dr. L. M. R. Rutten. Herr Prof. Dr. J. H. F. Umbgrove überliess mir freundlichst alle indischen Echiniden aus der Sammlung des „Instituut voor Mijnbouwkunde der Technische Hoogeschool"""" zu Delft, Später bot sich mir die Gelegenheit, eine Sammlung des „Dienst van het Mijnwezen” zu Bandoeng, Java, durch Herrn Prof. Rutten zur Bearbeitung zu erhalten; die meisten Echiniden dieser Sammlung entstammen dem gleichen Gebiet wie die von Herrn Dr. Cosijn. Durch freundliche Vermittlung von Herrn Dr. L. Bairstow erhielt ich schliesslich noch einige Echiniden aus dem „Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History)” zu London zur Ansicht. Inzwischen befasste sich in Zürich Herr Prof. Dr. A. Jeannet mit einer grossen Sammlung fossiler indischer Echiniden, für deren Inhalt nach p. 1—2 seiner Arbeit (1935) verwiesen sei. Die Publikation über die regulären Echiniden dieser Sammlung erschien Ende 1935. Im Januar 1936 machte mir dann Herr Prof. Jeannet den Vorschlag, mir die Bearbeitung der Irregularia dieser Sammlung zu überlassen, soweit dieselben noch nicht von ihm selbst besorgt war. Da ich dann Herrn Prof. Jeannet bat, das Studium einiger regulären Echiniden aus den Leidener und Delfter Sammlungen auf sich nehmen zu wollen, entstand schliesslich eine gemischte Arbeit, an der Herr Prof. Jeannet beteiligt ist mit Opechimus, Martinechinus, ? Microcyphus spec. Nr. 1, Javanechinus, Echinocyanus sp., Fibularia rhedeni, Clypeaster blumenthali Nr. 1, Echinodiscus lesueuri Nr. 5, 6, Jacksonaster herklotsi Nr. 3, Pliolampas javanus Nr. 1, Echinolampas depressus Nr. 2. Auch verdanke ich ihm viele wichtige Anweisungen bezüglich anderer Arten, während andererseits einige seiner Beschreibungen stellenweise von mir erweitert wurden¹).

Description: In this paper a series of experiments is described relating to the deformation of the earth's crust by horizontal compressive stress. A floating model crust is compressed in most cases, after a slight dent has been run across it to represent a geosyncline. When materials of the correct order of strength are used, the crust buckles down below the model geosyncline forming a root at the lower surface of the crust. At no time in this process is a topographic depression formed at the surface that exceeds the depth of deep-sea troughs as compared to the thickness of the earth's crust. Other possibilities suggested by the experiments are that the crust may break through and overthrust and that a broad geosyncline will surmount a more complicated form of root. It was also found that the direction of compressive stress need not be at right angles to the course of the geosyncline to produce a root and that an orogenetic belt need not be more plastic than the remainder of the crust, but that the contents of the geosyncline must have less aggregate strength than a layer of the crust itself of the same thickness, as they would otherwise disappear down into the root. These experiments illustrate and clarify the theories of crustal buckling evolved by Vening Meinesz to account for the anomalies of gravity in the East Indies and by Bucher from geological data. In the second part of this paper an attempt is made to explain the recent isostatic history of the East Indies on the basis of the buckling hypothesis. The chief aim is to show that the anomalies may date back to the miocene orogenetic phase, and that the recent vertical movements can be looked upon as a slow adjustment to regain isostatic equilibrium. Geological Laboratory, Groningen.

Description: In conclusion, we propose the following nomenclatural alterations. For a good classification, the genus Vulpia is to be accepted as a member of the Festuceae. Various names of Vulpia are fixed according to our present rules of nomenclature, viz. V. bromoides (L.) GRAY, V. membranacea (L.) LINK, V. geniculata (L.) LINK, V. stipoides (L.) DUM. and V. Myurus (L.) GMELIN. For Vulpia ciliata the earliest valid epithet is taken and so this widely distributed species must bear the name of V. aetnensis TINEO, while its glabrous variety is named imberbis (Vis.) HENR.. Vulpia delicatula (LAG.) DUM. var. hirsuta HENR. and Vulpia geniculata (L.) LINK var. dasyantha HENR. are described as new varieties. Among the South American species the new combinations Vulpia eriolepis (DESV.) HENR., Vulpia australis (NEES) HENR. and Vulpia muralis (KUNTH) HENR. are proposed, moreover the endemic Vulpia Teneriffae (ROTH) HENR. is mentioned. The North American species are treated in connection with the parallel variations of the European Vulpias and the following new combinations are given, viz. Vulpia octoflora (PIPER) RYDBERG, var. hirtella (PIPER) HENR., V. sciurea (NUTT.) HENR., V. arida (ELMER) HENR., V. confusa (PIPER) HENR., V. Eastwoodae (PIPER) HENR., V. Grayi (ABRAMS) HENR. and V. Tracyi (HITCHC.) HENR..

Description: The Salajar Islands strew the Flores Sea between Celebes and Flores. The group consists of no less than 73 smaller and larger islands. The principal islands are: Salajar or Tanadoang, Djampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, and Bonerate. A number of smaller islands form together the group of the so-called Tiger Islands, and to the south of them arc the very small, low Pasitaloe Islands. The Salajar group is situated between Long. 119\xc2\xb050\xe2\x80\x99 E. and 121\xc2\xb030\xe2\x80\x99 E. and between Lat. 5\xc2\xb036\xe2\x80\x99 S. and 7\xc2\xb025\xe2\x80\x99 S. See the map on p. 240.\nIn May 1913, I was enabled to visit this territory, thanks to a financial allowance of the \xe2\x80\x9eMaatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien\xe2\x80\x9d (Society for the Promotion of the Scientific Investigation of the Netherlands Colonies), for short: \xe2\x80\x9eTreub Society\xe2\x80\x9d, and also of the \xe2\x80\x9eProvinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen\xe2\x80\x9d (Utrecht Provincial Society for Arts and Sciences). The publication of the present paper was enabled by financial support of the \xe2\x80\x9eLeidsch Universiteitsfonds\xe2\x80\x9d (Leiden University Fund). I beg to tender my best thanks for all this valuable support here.

Description: Many plants are as a whole or in some characteristic features flabelliform. So it is easy to understand that botanists often used the word pi\xd0\xbfio or pi\xd0\xbfidiov as a component of plant names. It is rather astonishing, however, that this word, R(h)ipidion or R(h)ipidium occurs no less than five times as a generic name (including one nomen nudum). In the list of homonyms by Miss M. L. GREEN C.S. (Kew Bull. misc. Inf., 1935, p. 341\xe2\x80\x94544) the word is not mentioned, though it is of importance for mycologists. It may seem curious that also OTTO KUNTZE, who was very keen on such cases, probably overlooked it. Only in the list of nomina conservanda (auct. R. MAIRE; Int. Rules Nomencl., Ed. III, 1935, p. 124) one of the cases was considered\xc2\xb9).\nRhipidium CORNU, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 18, 1871, p. 58; Ann. Sci. nat. Bot., V, 15, 1872, p. 15. (Saprolegniaceae). Standard species: Rh. interruptum CORNU l.c. = Rh. continuum CORNU l.c. = Rh. europaeum VON MINDEN, Krypt. Fl. Brandenburg, V, 1915, p. 597 (1912). For the argument of typification, see VON MINDEN, l.c., p. 596.

Description: Pennisetum sagittatum HENR. nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Perenne. Culmi erecti, superne ramosi, ramis implicatis, plus quam 1 m alti, teretes, inferne circa 1 cm crassi, glaberrimi, minute striatuli, straminei, internodia superne violascentia, culmi apicem versus plus minusve angulati, nodi tumidi nigrescentes; vaginae compressae, internodiis breviores, striatae, inferiores sparse pilosae, pilis e basi tuberculato nigro, hiantes, mox a culmo solutae, superne sensim angustatae involutae, sensim in petolium longum attenuatae et loco ligularum in auriculis ad 4 mm longis productae, ligula breviter ciliata; petiolus foliorum longitudine varians, petioli inferiores saltem ad 10 cm longi, superiores sensim decrescentes, summi brevissimi vel nulli et tunc folia sessilia, compressi, 1.5 mm crassi, superne canaliculati; laminae inferiores foliorum petiolatorum valde sagittatae, lobis ad 2.5 cm longis, obtusis, apice incrassatis, nervis sigmoideis, ut in figura demonstravit, laminae propriae inferiores e basi plus quam 1 cm lati, sensim late lanceolatae, circa 25 cm longae, in medio circa 2.5 cm latae, superne sensim angustatae et longe setaceo-acuminatae, multinervosae, supra virides, nervo mediano lato stramineo praeditae, glabrae, subtus pallide glaueae, minute adpresse puberulae, laminae superiores sensim decrescentes, summae haud sagittatae sed e basi rotundato lineari-lanceolatae, eae ramorum 6\xe2\x80\x948 cm longae, 1 cm vel minus latae. Inflorescentiae e ramorum lateralium erumpentes longe tenuiter pedunculatae, pedunculo subangulato striato, vix \xc2\xbd mm crasso, panicula subsimplex, angusta, ad 6 cm longa cum spiculis vix 5 mm lata, rhachis angulosus, subflexuosus, spiculae solitariae vel subbinae, sessiles, a basi setis paucis gerentes, setae scabrae, spiculis aequilongae. Spiculae circa 4 mm vel paulo plus longae, circ. 1 mm latae, lineari-lanceolatae, valde asperulae, gluma Ia uninervia, triangulari-rhomboidea vix 1 mm longa, hyalina, gluma IIda spiculam circa 2/3 aequans, sub-7-nervis, nervis parallelis, lateralibus haud percurrentibus, gluma IIIa (lemma sterilis) valde asperula, 5-nervia, spiculam aequans, subobtusa apice angustata et leviter emarginata, in axilla epaleata vel paleam lineari-lanceolatam circa 2 mm longam 3 nervatam inferne glabram superne puberulam fovens, gluma IVa (lemma fertilis) 3-nervata vel leviter 5-nervata, nervis duabus minutis intermixtis, longitudine spiculam, inferne glabra, superne asperula, apice angustata leviter subinvoluta, palea aequilonga, antherae 3 cum filamentis brevissimis circa 2 mm longae, sagittatae. Caryopsis ignota.\nBolivia. La Florida (Sur Jungas) 1700 m. s. m. planta perennis 2\xe2\x80\x94 3 m altitudine. 4 f\xc3\xa9br. 1932 leg. L. R. PARODI no. 10069. Typus speciei in Herb. Lugd. Bat. sub no. 933.48\xe2\x80\x94180.

Description: In my work on the Malay Peninsula, I included such plants as were known from the districts of North Kedah, Perlis and Setul. Botanically however, the Malayan flora ceases at a line running from a little north of Kedah peak Lat. 6.5, to Kota Bahru in North Kelantan Lat. 6.10. It is in fact approximately the termination of the Granitic Mountains as shown in SCRIVENOR\xe2\x80\x99S Map of the Geology of Malaya. North of this line there is a remarkable sudden change in the flora (with also a change of climate and soil) from the Malayan to Indo-Chinese. More than 60 genera of typical Malay plants entirely disappear, and many more are represented by a single species which has crossed the line, and disappears in Tenasserim. Among these plants are the Durioneae, Lowiaceae, Schismatoglottis, Homalomena, Cyrtandra, Neuwiedia, Plocoglottis, Leptaspis and most of Palms. A few plants from southern Siam and Cambodia have invaded the north of the Peninsula chiefly on the East side where the soil is most suitable. It is quite clear that the Peninsula was separated from the Tenasserim\xe2\x80\x94Siam region through the Isthmus of Kra at no very distant period of time and was thus an island.\nThe whole of the Peninsula (Malaya) contains about 52.000 square miles, and is about 485 miles long and 200 miles wide in its widest part. It consists of a mass of mountains usually rising to 5.000 feet alt., with two, Gunong Tahan and Gunong Kerbau 7.000 feet alt., and is fringed on the west coast by lowlands with mangrove bordering the sea, and on the East coast with sandy plains. Except on the latter the whole country is covered by dense forest, the tallest trees being 180 feet tall so that on looking over it from an elevated point, nothing can be seen but the tops of the trees.

Description: Unter obenstehendem Titel fange ich die Ver\xc3\xb6ffentlichung einer Reihe mykologisch-systematischer Beobachtungen an, zu welchen ich zum gr\xc3\xb6ssten Teil durch das Studium des von mir auf meiner Reise in Niederl\xc3\xa4ndisch Ost Indien (1936) gesammelten Materials veranlasst wurde. Zu dieser Reise wurde ich durch ein von der \xe2\x80\x9eKoninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen\xe2\x80\x9c in Amsterdam verliehenes Stipendium im Stande gesetzt. Ich reiste und sammelte auf Java und Enggano (S.W. K\xc3\xbcste von Sumatra). Die Expedition nach letztgenannter Insel wurde von dem \xe2\x80\x9eIndisch Comit\xc3\xa9 voor wetenschappelijke Onderzoekingen\xe2\x80\x9c und von dem \xe2\x80\x9eKoninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap\xe2\x80\x9c mit unterst\xc3\xbctzt. Ich beschr\xc3\xa4nke jedoch diese Notizen nicht auf malayische Arten oder Gattungen, erstens weil das bei der geringen Kenntnis der Verbreitung tropischer Pilze kein zweckm\xc3\xa4ssiges Prinzip w\xc3\xa4re und zweitens weil ich auch aus anderen Gegenden oft wertvolles Material erhalte \xc3\xbcber welches sich systematisch wichtige Bemerkungen machen lassen.

Description: Towards the end of February 1936 we received living specimens of this species, which is hitherto known only from Japan, China, the Indochinese Peninsula und Himalaya, collected in West Java, Preanger Residency, by Mr H. W. Kluit, employ\xc3\xa9 of the plantation Ardjoena, section Karang-Toemaritis. The specimens are exactly matched by those of Eastern Asia and were immediately recognized.\nThis isolated locality far from the specific area needs some comment. It is situated between a tea garden and a bamboo thicket at ca 1250 m altitude, in slight shadow. According to the information kindly supplied by Mr Kluit, the plant has been known to him for several years, but has only recently produced flowers. He showed it to numerous visitors and planters but nobody had ever seen this species before. The coolies also knew the species only from this locality, as well as some old natives well acquainted with forest plants. The native name djoekoet hanjir (Sund.) is derived from the strange smell of blood produced by the leaves. The natives even believe in the local legend that the plant has proceeded from the flesh and blood of a man who was killed by a tiger on the same spot. On account of the smell there has been some trouble with the coolies in charge of weeding. As is known from outside Malaysia, the plant is very persistent in a place if once settled, which quality it owes to the long and branched rhizomes, which easily produce buds, and occur to one foot depth. This ecology enables the plant to appear as a common weed in Japan near settlements.

Description: Dr J. J. Smith is best known by his studies about Orchidaceae. But since 1904 he published regularly in collaboration with Dr J. C. Costerus in the \xe2\x80\x9dAnnales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg\xe2\x80\x9c, the results of their researches in teratology of tropical plants. Some years ago, Dr J. J. Smith was so kind to ask me if I would like to continue their studies in tropical teratology; I accepted this invitation.\nAlthough botanists appreciate this part of the botanical science in more than one way, and although even the opinion about the definition of a monstrosity differs, it must be stated that what has been done by Costerus and Smith in this field of the botanical science, deserves our high appreciation as they have described and pictured for the first time a large number of tropical monstrosities.

Description: The genus Acoridium is characterized by an extraordinary history. The original species, A. tenellum, a native of the Philippine Islands, was described at length from a fruiting specimen in 1843 by Nees von Esenbeck and referred to the Philydraceae. This treatment was prompted by the aspect of the plant, its vegetative structure and the mature seedcapsule adnate on the upper part of the elongated, sedge-like leaf. In 1843, Endlicher (Mant. Gen. Pl. Suppl. 3:59) transferred the genus from the Philydraceae to the doubtful genera of the Burmanniaceae. Until 1879, Acoridium remained a puzzling and inadequately understood concept, and then Boeckler [Flora 62 (1879) 158] placed it in the Cyperaceae, assigning to it a position between Scirpus and Eleocharis, depending entirely for his interpretation on the fruiting type preserved in the Berlin Herbarium \xc2\xb9). In 1880, Bentham and Hooker referred Acoridium to the genera dubia vel exclusa at the end of their treatment of the Cyperaceae in their \xe2\x80\x9dGenera Plantarum\xe2\x80\x9d (3: 1043). This was the situation toward the close of the nineteenth century when Mr C. B. Clark of the Kew Herbarium, after a careful study of the type specimen, concluded that it was not a member of the Cyperaceae. With the hope that its identity might be established, he submitted the type specimen to Mr R. Allen Rolfe who was engaged in critical research among Philippine plants. Fortunately Rolfe was a keen orchidologist. He recognized the plant as being equivalent to a doubtful Philippine orchid which had been erroneously referred to Ceratostylis gracilis Bl. by Andr\xc3\xa9s Naves (in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3, Nov. App. 245). However, Rolfe was unable to establish the identity of the doubtful species, because for this purpose flowerless specimens were quite inadequate. At about this time botanical exploration of the Philippines was progressing rapidly as a result of the American occupation of the Islands following the Spanish War of 1898, and A. Loher, a man with a deep interest in orchids, submitted to Rolfe, among other specimens, flowering plants that where clearly referable to Acoridium tenellum. Then it became clear that Acoridium was congeneric with Platyclinis, an orchid genus of long standing and of some horticultural prominence. But as Acoridium antedated Platyclinis, Rolfe accepted it and renamed some thirty-two species of Platyclinis [Orch. Rev. 12 (1904) 219], and over night as it were, from obscurity and uncertain rank Acoridium became a living concept, properly placed in the Orchidaceae.\nAlmost simultaneously with Rolfe\xe2\x80\x99s nomenclatorial revision in 1904, J. J. Smith, the eminent orchidologist of Buitenzorg, with characteristic thoroughness, published his monographic studies of Platyclinis and Dendrochilum (Uebersicht der Gattung Dendrochilum Bl., in Recueil des Travaux bot. N\xc3\xa9erl.), merging these genera and reducing Platyclinis to synonymy. As Dendrochilum had been established by Blume in 1825, Rolfe\xe2\x80\x99s new combinations under Acoridium passed into synonymy. Beginning in 1904 (the year in which Rolfe reduced Platyclinis and J. J. Smith monographed Dendrochilum), my interest in the question was being constantly stimulated by a steady stream of Philippine species which were coming in for identification from the Bureau of Science at Manila. In 1908, I published a complete treatment of the Philippine species of Dendrochilum known up to that time and gave my reasons for adopting the view that Acoridium and Platyclinis should be recognized as generic sections. But in restudying the whole matter thirteen years later, with an abundance of material to guide my conclusions, I re\xc3\xabstablished Acoridium as a valid genus, assigning to it those species which had been set apart as a section under Dendrochilum with Acoridium tenellum as the sectional type.

Description: Een man, die zich nimmer op den voorgrond stelde en wiens naam toch in de geheele botanische wereld bekend is, moet wel heel wat in die wereld hebben gepresteerd. Zoo\xe2\x80\x99n man is Dr J. J. Smith, die op 29 Juni 1937 zijn 70sten verjaardag viert.\nZeventig jaar te worden is op zichzelf beschouwd geen verdienste, maar het geeft vrienden en vereerders zulk een mooie gelegenheid den jubilaris eens te toonen, hoe zeer men zijn werk waardeert!

Description: Much of the difficulty experienced by the modern systematic botanist is nomenclatorial. Though he may have a clear conception of a plant as a taxonomic unit, he is often at a loss to find out what it is as a legitimate nomenclatural entity. If a haphazard use of names is permitted, it will result in different botanists using the same name in a different sense, so that the names themselves, unaccompanied by a description, will give no definite denotation; that is, a name may become applicable to several independent taxonomic units. And if it is attempted to skip over these difficulties by creating a new name every time the legitimacy of a name of a plant is questioned, a usage may be established in virtue of which, on the one hand, very good names may be rejected on insufficient grounds, while, on the other, one and the same taxonomic group of plants will be known by different names to different botanists in different countries. Actually, some such state of affairs as this was common at one time in taxonomic botany, so that it came to be felt that personalities had a great deal to do with popularizing some names, however erroneous, as well as with rejecting quite good ones. In other words, there was a tendency to subordinate the naming of plants, or the validity and legitimacy of plant-names, to personal or national or provincial likes and dislikes, with the result that the scientific names were often less stable and precise in their application than the vernacular names.\nIn order to obviate these drawbacks and to make the nomenclature of plants more precise and international, the new nomenclatorial Rules adopted as their basis the type- and the priority-concepts as the most important guiding principles in such matters. These Rules do not recognize personalities, but they oblige taxonomists to examine the claims of each plant-name for legitimacy on the merits of the names themselves, and not of the authors of the names, or of the authors of the works in which the names have been published. Thus at one stroke these two principles have, in nomenclatorial procedure, attempted to do away with all incentives for botanists to split themselves into different camps on a national basis or according to the sides taken by the heads of the particular institutions to which they belong.

Description: I have hesitated some time over the title of the present paper. The alternative was something like: \xe2\x80\x9dWALLACE versus ZOLLINGER\xe2\x80\x9c or \xe2\x80\x9dThe \xe2\x80\x9didea of a demarcation line through Malaysia, a limiting factor towards \xe2\x80\x9dthe progress of biogeography\xe2\x80\x9c. However, the first being too agressive, and the second too melodramatic ,the one found in the heading was chosen.\nThe above introductory lines mean to put the reader at once face to face with the nucleus of what I will discuss here: the question how ZOLLINGER\xe2\x80\x99S \xe2\x80\x9dKarte der Flora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x9c of 1857 was apparently almost entirely forgotten, although it well deserves to come under the eyes of modern biogeographers, for the sake of the honour of its author and of the priority of his work.

Description: In 1898 Koorders and Valeton \xc2\xb9) considered the three species of Miquel\xe2\x80\x99s genus then known as Aphanomyrtus rostrata Miq. Sumatra (and Java?), A. octandra Koord. & Val., Java, and A. camphorata Val., the latter described from a plant cultivated in the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, its origin unknown. The three recognized species were well illustrated. They gave an amplified description of Miquel\xe2\x80\x99s genus, calling attention to the fact that it had been erroneously reduced to the very different Baeckea. They did not then realize that the genus Pseudoeugenia Soort. (1885) was a synonym of Aphanomyrtus Miq. Nine years later Valeton \xc2\xb2) again considered the genus, having recognized the identity of Pseudoeugenia Scortechini (1885) with Aphanomyrthus Miquel (1855), and making the reduction of the former. He recognized four species, A. rostrata Miq. (Pseudoeugenia singaporensis King), Sumatra, Banka, and the Malay Peninsula; A. tetraquetra (Miq.) Val. (Jambosa tetraquetra Miq., Aphanomyrtus octandra Koord. & Val., A. octandra var. tetraquetra Koord. & Val.); A. skiophila (Duthie) Val. (Eugenia skiophila Duthie, Pseudoeugenia perakiana Soort.), Penang and the Malay Peninsula, but of which he saw no material (credited also to Sumatra by Ridley); and A. camphorata Val. cultivated at Buitenzorg, Java.\nValeton reconsidered the genus in 1907 because of his belief that the Koorders & Valeton paper of 1898 was not generally available to botanists, for in the meantime King (1901) had redescribed Aphanomyrtus rostrata Miq. as Pseudoeugenia singaporensis. Both papers were apparently overlooked by Ridley, for in his Flora of the Malay Peninsula (1922) he still retained the two Malay Peninsula species under Pseudoeugenia, as P. perakiana Scort. and P. singaporensis King; and in 1927 described a third species, P. tenuifolia Ridl., from the Peninsula. In the meantime Greves had recognized Miquel\xe2\x80\x99s genus and described A. Forbesii Greves from Sumatra, which seems to be a synonym of A. tetraquetra (Miq.) Val., and Lauterbach described another species, Aphanomyrtus alata Lauterb., from New Guinea; the last species probably belongs in some other genus.

Description: The bulbils of Dioscorea sansibarensis fall at maturity and are carried away from the parent plant, if at all, by water: they rest through the Dry season; and germinate when the soil under them is able to supply moisture. The new plant, is thrust into the surface of the soil and there shaped by its geotropic responsiveness. Its tuber is the result of a more or less one-sided enlargement of the first internode of the axis: it is perennial and its greatest growth becomes annular. The annual stems, which rise from the tuber are produced cymosely, each from the lowest axil of its parent axis; and, by arrest of internodes between them, all are sessile on the tuber. Thus crowded they are unable to grow in positions which are theirs theoretically and are accommodated by a certain amount of fluidity in the growth of the top of the tuber.\nD. sansibarensis must be excluded from the section Opsophyton because its tubers are more specialized organs than its bulbils, as well as on differences in the male inflorescences.

Description: J. J. Smith was born June 29th, 1867, at Antwerp, where his father was the director of the Netherlands\xe2\x80\x99 Railway Post Office. In 1872 the family moved to Utrecht and in 1875 to Amsterdam. Smith spent his school days in the capital. His leisure hours were occupied by growing and sketching plants and tending such animals as mice and keeping an aquarium and a terrarium. His 10th birthday was celebrated by the establishment of a private herbarium, the first plant inserted being Bellis perennis.\nHis years at secondary school were greatly influenced by the then teacher of Natural History, Dr J. C. Costerus, who advised Smith to look for a position in horticulture. Horticultural schools being not yet \xe2\x80\x9den vogue\xe2\x80\x9c, Smith got his education in this field at the Horticulturist\xe2\x80\x99s Messrs Groenewegen & Co., Amsterdam. In these years the Orchids began to impress him and Smith spent his few free hours in making pictures of flowering species. The connection with Dr Costerus was continued. Together they looked after their herbaria and later on started to study teratologica, found in the Groenewegen gardens and greenhouses, a field in which both would publish several valuable papers later on. After having been working for his firm for 3\xc2\xbd years, Smith went to Kew where he stayed one year and afterwards to Brussels for completing his horticultural knowledge and skill. At Brussels he was working one year in the famous Orchid nursery of Messrs Linden, and then another year at the \xe2\x80\x9dJardin Botanique\xe2\x80\x9c.

Description: Among the old plant collections in book-form, in the Leyden National Herbarium, there are two large volumes, containing a number of well preserved Ceylon plants. These plants are said to have been collected by PAUL HERMANN in the latter half of the 17th century.\nPAUL HERMANN\xc2\xb9), afterwards Professor of Botany at the University of Leyden, resided in Ceylon as an \xe2\x80\x9dOrdinary and First Physician\xe2\x80\x9c of the Dutch East Indian Company during the years 1672\xe2\x80\x941679. Several particularities on his life and on the collections made by him, are to be found in LINNAEUS\xe2\x80\x99S Flora Zeylanica (6), in TRIMEN\xe2\x80\x99S paper entitled \xe2\x80\x9dHermann\xe2\x80\x99s Ceylon Herbarium and Linnaeus\xe2\x80\x99s Flora Zeylanica\xe2\x80\x9c (8), in BOULGER\xe2\x80\x99S study on the history of Ceylon botany (2) and in ARDAGH\xe2\x80\x99S note on HERMANN\xe2\x80\x99S herbarium (1). During his residence in Ceylon HERMANN collected the herbarium, which is now in the possession of the Department of Botany of the British Museum of Natural History, London. The history of this herbarium has been described in TRIMEN\xe2\x80\x99S paper (8). This was not the only collection he made, for on page 131 of TRIMEN\xe2\x80\x99S paper we find that \xe2\x80\x9dBesides the herbarium under consideration, Hermann formed another whilst in Ceylon, which he sent to \xe2\x80\x9dJ. Commelin at Amsterdam. It was from this collection (combined with \xe2\x80\x9dthat made by J. Hartog, which was sent from Ceylon to Voss, Curator \xe2\x80\x9dof the Amsterdam Gardens) that J. Burman, Commelin\xe2\x80\x99s successor, com\xe2\x80\x9dpiled his \xe2\x80\x98Thesaurus Zeylanicus\xe2\x80\x99.\xe2\x80\x9c On page 132 TRIMEN mentions still other collections: \xe2\x80\x9dHermann also sent specimens to other botanists of \xe2\x80\x9dthe time, especially to Gronovius\xe2\x80\x9c (the latter fact must be incorrect, for as BOULGER (2) rightly states GRONOVIUS was only five years old at HERMANN\xe2\x80\x99S death in 1695). These \xe2\x80\x9dother botanists\xe2\x80\x9c may have been BREYNE and PLUKENET (see ARDAGH\xe2\x80\x99S note [1]). It is possible that one of the \xe2\x80\x9dsets\xe2\x80\x9c came in some way into the possession of the Leyden University and is now in the Leyden Herbarium. However, there is a possibility that, after HERMANN\xe2\x80\x99S death in 1695, a part of his plants, were left at Leyden.

Description: Pendant une tourn\xc3\xa9e du chalutier \xe2\x80\x9dDe Lanessan\xe2\x80\x9c de l\xe2\x80\x99Institut Oc\xc3\xa9anographique de Nhatrang (Annam) vers le r\xc3\xa9cif Tizard\xc2\xb9) en avril 1936, une collection d\xe2\x80\x99algues marines a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 constitu\xc3\xa9e, provenant des \xc3\xaelots Itu-Aba, Sand Caye et Nam Yit. La situation de ces \xc3\xaelots est environ 10\xc2\xb0 de latitude Nord et 114\xc2\xb0 de longitude Est.\nQu\xe2\x80\x99il me soit permis de remercier M. R. Ser\xc3\xa8ne de l\xe2\x80\x99Institut Oc\xc3\xa9anographique de l\xe2\x80\x99Indochine \xc3\xa0 Cauda par Nhatrang, qui m\xe2\x80\x99a confi\xc3\xa9 l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tude de cette collection.

Description: Durch die extremen Existenzbedingungen, welche die Mangroven als: Formation bestimmen, sollte man glauben, dass die \xc3\xb6kologischen Probleme, die sich in dieser Hinsicht zeigen, leicht gel\xc3\xb6st werden k\xc3\xb6nnten, um so mehr, weil diese Pflanzengenossenschaft relativ arm an Arten ist. Dass dies jedoch nicht der Fall ist, m\xc3\xb6ge hier im Hinblick auf die Verbreitung der Lumnitzera-Arten im Malaiischen Archipel mit einigen Beispielen gezeigt werden.\nIm Jahre 1924 habe ich kurz auf die Verbreitung von 3 Lumnitzera- Arten im genannten Gebiet hingewiesen \xc2\xb9). Meine Absicht war, speziell auf die unerkl\xc3\xa4rliche Erscheinung aufmerksam zu machen, dass L. littorea (Jack) Voigt das K\xc3\xbcstengebiet rund um die Java See, im Gegensatz zu L. racemosa Willd., vermeidet, obwohl beide Arten nicht nur in, sondern auch ausserhalb des Malaiischen Archipels vorkommen, ja selbst zusammen in ziemlicher N\xc3\xa4he angetroffen werden. Bevor wir diese Erscheinung noch einmal n\xc3\xa4her betrachten, m\xc3\xb6chte ich an der Hand von beigef\xc3\xbcgter Karte (Fig. 1) das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet nachgehen. Dieses Gebiet liegt nahezu vollkommen innerhalb der Wendekreise der alten Welt \xc2\xb2): Die Mangroven, wozu Lumnitzera geh\xc3\xb6rt, finden als selbst\xc3\xa4ndige Waldoder Geb\xc3\xbcschformation ihre nat\xc3\xbcrliche Begrenzung ungef\xc3\xa4hr auf den gleichen Breiten. Nur L. racemosa \xc3\xbcberschreitet grade an 2 Stellen die- Wendekreise: An der Ostk\xc3\xbcste von Afrika streckt sie sich s\xc3\xbcdlich vom Steinbrockkreis bis in die Mangroven bei Durban aus, w\xc3\xa4hrend sie n\xc3\xb6rdlich vom Wendekreis des Krebses noch in dem Riu Kiu (Lu Tschu) Archipel, n\xc3\xb6rdlich von Formosa vorkommt.

Description: Epipogium roseum is a tropical, holosaprophytic orchid; it lacks chlorophyll, and its colour on the whole is pale yellow, occasionally somewhat brown. The flowers are also pale yellow, sometimes with pink dots on the lip. The flowering plant consists of a tuber and an inflorescence, roots are lacking. When the flowering is over and the fruits have dehisced, the plant dies. It grows in densely shaded places, rich in humus, in virgin forests, secondary woods, and in bamboo wildernesses. The plant is of frequent occurrence in the so-called forest-garden in the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg and in the lower parts of the mountain forest near Tjibodas, up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea-level. For many years this plant has held my attention. Burgeff used the photographs I made up to 1928 and part of the material I collected in his publication (1932, p. 77).\nGroom (1895\xe2\x80\x9497, p. 149) and Burgeff gave extensive descriptions of the anatomy and development, so that I may be brief as to these points. The tuber is flattened dorsi-ventrally, otherwise more or less cylindrical, and may be from 3 to 8 cm long, the transverse section being from 1 tot 2\xc2\xbd cm. On the outer side this tuber is ringed, but the bracts have developed but slightly. At the apical end develops a large bud, from which will grow up the inflorescence. The latter rises above the ground with a nodding top, and in this stage (see Fig. 1) the plant is very similar to a Monotropa Hypopitys L. that has just come up. Because of this nodding top Blume (Bijdr. 1825, p. 416) called it Galera nutans.

Description: De publicatie van dit deel is mogelijk gemaakt door den geldelijken steun van vele van Smith\xe2\x80\x99s vrienden, wier handteekeningen zijn vereenigd in een album, dat hem is aangeboden tezamen met dit Jubileum-Supplement van \xe2\x80\x9eBlumea\xe2\x80\x9d en de speciale aflevering van het \xe2\x80\x9eBulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg\xe2\x80\x9d.\nHet oude Menangkabausche echte gouddraadweefsel uit Kota Gadang, dat heeft gediend voor de banden van het album en van de voor Dr Smith bestemde exemplaren van \xe2\x80\x9eBlumea\xe2\x80\x9d en het \xe2\x80\x9eBulletin\xe2\x80\x9d, dankt het Comit\xc3\xa9 ad hoc aan Dr E. R. Jacobson te Bandoeng.

Description: In continuation of a previous publication by Lam, in which meiomery and pleiomery in male flowers of Canarium decumanum were described, the same phenomenon is now discussed concerning the fruits of C. Mehenbethene (176 of one single tree) and C. commune (1126 fruits mixed from more than one tree). An investigation of the material gave the following results: 1. C. commune and C. Mehenbethene are closely related; the latter may prove to be a polyploid of the former. Their areas are partly overlapping, but C. commune has its centre in the Moluccas, C. Mehenbethene in New Guinea and W. Polynesia. 2. A tendency to reduce the number of ovules and carpels in the ovary is assumed. By means of a statistical method (\xe2\x80\x9dphase index\xe2\x80\x9c) the position of either species in the phases of this regression is indicated. 3. From this, it is concluded that C. Mehenbethene represents a more advanced phase than C. commune and that therefore an eastward migration must be accepted. This agrees with other facts stated earlier, both in the Burseraceae and in other plant families of western origin. 4. In Canarium commune pleiomery is found in 2.3% of the fruits, meiomery in 0.45%, which agrees fairly well with the figures found earlier for the corolla and the androeceum of the male flowers of C. decumanum (0.9% and 0.3% respectively). 5. The desirability is expressed to investigate the following points: a. the ontogeny and the fertilization of ovaries and ovules in Canarium. b. cytological relations between related trees in the tropics, especially as far as they may supply indications towards migration tracks (cf. the work of Hagerup on Vaccinium [Hereditas 18, 1933]). c. the \xe2\x80\x9dphase index\xe2\x80\x9c of a number of related Canarium species. d. the exact distribution of some of the phases mentioned along those migration tracks which are both geologically and biogeographically supported (e.g. Sunda centre\xe2\x80\x94Philippines, Philippines\xe2\x80\x94Moluccas\xe2\x80\x94New Guinea, New Guinea\xe2\x80\x94Moluccas\xe2\x80\x94Central Celebes, Malay Peninsula\xe2\x80\x94Sumatra\xe2\x80\x94Java, etc.).

Description: A new species of Paullinia, viz. P. Bernhardi Uitt. was described on p. 774 of the last volume of this periodical. I have to add here another new species to this formerly monotypic section Cryptoptilon. The three species now known are all collected uncompletly. The flowers of the two Suriname ones are wanting; those of P. verrucosa Radlk. from British Guiana are known, but unfortunately only rather young fruits are found. A new diagnosis of this section is given here together with a key and the description of the new species.\nSect. Cryptoptilon Radlk. in Engl. u. Prantl, Nat. Pfl. fam. III, 5 (1895), p. 304, fig. 156 IX; id., Monogr. Paull. (1895\xe2\x80\x9496), p. 247, fig. 9; id. in Engler, Pflanzenreich IV, 165, p. 309 (1931).

Description: Im 3. Heft des Jahrganges 1936 der Oesterreichischen Botanischen Zeitschrift ver\xc3\xb6ffentlichte ich einen Aufsatz \xc3\xbcber \xe2\x80\x9eKlimacharakter und Pflanzendecke\xe2\x80\x9d (14), in dem ich einen formelm\xc3\xa4ssigen Ausdruck f\xc3\xbcr die Ozeanit\xc3\xa4t des Klimas aufzustellen versuchte. Ich nannte diesen Wert \xe2\x80\x9e0zeanit\xc3\xa4tsindex\xe2\x80\x9d und bestimmte ihn aus der Formel n.\xc2\xbd(\xc6\x92a-\xc6\x92i) (t + 20). \xe2\x88\x9ata-ti wobei n die Niederschlagssumme des Jahres in cm, \xc6\x92a das Maximum und \xc6\x92i das Minimum der relativen Luchtfeuchtigkeit, t die Jahresmitteltemperatur in Celsiusgraden und ta das Mittel des w\xc3\xa4rmsten, ti das Temperaturmittel des k\xc3\xa4ltesten Monats bedeuten. Bei der kartographischen Darstellung der Ozeanit\xc3\xa4t mit Hilfe dieses Wertes zeigte sich eine weitgehende Uebereinstimmung mit den grossen klimabedingten Formationen bzw. Unterformationen, die ich auch am Schl\xc3\xbcsse der Arbeit tabellarisch zusammenfasste (14, Seite 211/212).\nAuf Grund dieser Skizze wandte sich im Herbst 1936 Herr Prof. Dr. H. J. LAM, Direktor des Rijksherbariums in Leiden, an mich mit der Anfrage, ob ich auf Grund ausf\xc3\xbchrlicherer Daten, als mir bisher solche zur Verf\xc3\xbcgung standen, f\xc3\xbcr Niederl\xc3\xa4ndisch-Indien die Ozeanit\xc3\xa4tsverteilung genauer bestimmen wolle; auf meine bejahende Antwort hin \xc3\xbcbermittelte mir Herr Direktor Dr. H. J. LAM im Wege des Botanischen Institutes zu Wien die meteorologischen Daten (1,9,21), die ich dann noch aus der Bibliothek der Zentralanstalt f\xc3\xbcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik in Wien erg\xc3\xa4nzen konnte (2, 3, 11, 12). Dabei ergab sich auch die M\xc3\xb6glichkeit, auf Australien R\xc3\xbccksicht zu nehmen, so dass ich dieses samt Neuseeland neuerlich in die Untersuchung miteinbezog; dazu wurde ich auch durch die Uebersendung einer ganz neuen Studie \xc3\xbcber die Vegetationsverh\xc3\xa4ltnisse Australiens (19) bewogen, die mir Herr WILLIAM HARTLEY, Assistent am Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, \xc3\xbcbermittelte. Bevor ich an die Besprechung des Themas schreite, m\xc3\xb6chte ich auch hierorts allen jenen Stellen danken, die mich unterst\xc3\xbctzt haben, vor allem Herrn Direktor Dr. H. J. LAM (Leiden), Herrn Direktor Dr. F. KNOLL und Prof. Dr. B. SCHUSSNIG (Botanisches Institut Wien), Herrn W. HARTLEY (Canberra), Dr. F. STEINHAUSER (Zentralanstalt f. Meteorologie und Geodynamik in Wien) und Herrn Prof. A. GREGER (Elisabethgymnasium Wien), ohne deren Hilfe diese Studie nicht m\xc3\xb6glieh gewesen w\xc3\xa4re.

Description: Any community of plants is characterized in four main ways \xe2\x80\x94 by a definite floristic composition, by definite life-forms, by a definite structure and by a definite habitat or environment.\nOf these four characters, floristic composition is the most important in defining a plant community in any particular locality. It is a commonplace fact that many parts of the world may show communities of higher plants identical in life-form, structure and habitat but differing widely in their floristic composition. By utilising the three last named characters of a plant community we can group our unit biocoenoses into larger groups.

Description: In this paper a series of experiments is described relating to the deformation of the earth\'s crust by horizontal compressive stress. A floating model crust is compressed in most cases, after a slight dent has been run across it to represent a geosyncline. When materials of the correct order of strength are used, the crust buckles down below the model geosyncline forming a root at the lower surface of the crust. At no time in this process is a topographic depression formed at the surface that exceeds the depth of deep-sea troughs as compared to the thickness of the earth\'s crust.\nOther possibilities suggested by the experiments are that the crust may break through and overthrust and that a broad geosyncline will surmount a more complicated form of root. It was also found that the direction of compressive stress need not be at right angles to the course of the geosyncline to produce a root and that an orogenetic belt need not be more plastic than the remainder of the crust, but that the contents of the geosyncline must have less aggregate strength than a layer of the crust itself of the same thickness, as they would otherwise disappear down into the root. These experiments illustrate and clarify the theories of crustal buckling evolved by Vening Meinesz to account for the anomalies of gravity in the East Indies and by Bucher from geological data.\nIn the second part of this paper an attempt is made to explain the recent isostatic history of the East Indies on the basis of the buckling hypothesis. The chief aim is to show that the anomalies may date back to the miocene orogenetic phase, and that the recent vertical movements can be looked upon as a slow adjustment to regain isostatic equilibrium.\nGeological Laboratory, Groningen.

Description: On his journey to Australia, Prof. Dr. L. G. M. Baas Becking collected several specimens of Parartemia zietziana, which he kindly handed over to me for further examination. As it is a very little known species, the few details given below may add to our somewhat scanty knowledge.\nSayce described this species in 1903, creating a new genus to receive it, and his material consisted of about 20 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82 and only 1 \xe2\x99\x80 (Sayce, 1903, p. 231 sqq.) The locality is given as "brackish-water swamp near Lake Alexandrina, South Australia".\nThe only further reference I have been able to find was when Calman (1913) identified a few Phyllopoda "not unlike Artemia" as this species.\nThey were collected from salt-works near Geelong, Victoria, and were said to die at a concentration of 7\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x948\xc2\xb0 B. (s.g. \xc2\xb1 1.055).\nThe material of Baas Becking consists of the following: "Port Price 1" (26 III \'36), 69 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, 39 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80, 77 juv. "Port Price 2" (26 III \'36), 35 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, 35 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80, great many juv.\nLake Voigt (26 III \'36), 37 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82, 4 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80, 2 juv. "Port Price" is a salt-work, which derives its water from the sea. It is situated on the East coast of Yorke Peninsula, near the top of Bay St.\nVincent.\nP.P. 1: Gipsum pond, concentration about 23 % total salt. Temp. 27\xc2\xb0 C.\nP.P. 2: Pickle pond, concentration 16 % total salt.\nLake Voigt lies near the South end of the East coast of Yorke, about 6 km inland. The specimens were taken from a ditch (where there was great abundance of Dunaliella viridis and D. salina). Concentration about 5 % total salt, temp. 16\xc2\xb0 C.

Description: Examining the material of the genus Charybdis de Haan in the RijksMuseum van Natuurlijke Historie and in the De Man-collection in the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam for comparison with material of the Siboga expedition and other expeditions for Prof. Dr Max Weber and the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam, I made the following notes.\nI am very much indebted to Prof. Dr H. Boschma for his kindness in placing his material at my disposal and for his hospitality at the Leiden Museum.\nCharybdis (Goniosoma) merguiensis (De Man) Goniosoma merguiense, De Man, 1888, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., vol. 22, p. 82, pl. 5 figs. 3 & 4;1895, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 8, p. 560.\nCharybdis (Goniosoma) merguiensis, Alcock, 1899, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. 68 pt. 2, p. 56; Nobili, 1899, Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova ser. 2a, vol. 20, p. 254; 1900, p. 498; 1903, Bull. Mus. Torino 18 no. 455, p. 31; Lenz, 1905, Abh.\nSenckenb. Naturf. Ges., vol. 27, p. 360; Monod, 1930, Zool. Anz., vol. 92, p. 140, fig. 7; Steinitz, 1933, Pubbl. Stat. Zool. Napoli, vol. 13, p. 151; Chopra, 1935, Rec.\nInd. Mus., vol. 37, p. 484 textfig. 8.\nGoniosoma annulatum, De Man, 1883, Notes Leyden Museum, vol. 5, p. 151.\nWhen I examined the Charybdis annulata material in the Leiden Museum I found that the six specimens (3 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82 and 1\xe2\x99\x80 in the Hoedt-collection and 2 \xe2\x99\x80 \xe2\x99\x80 in the Schorel-collection) from the shores of the island of Amboina (De Man, 1883) belonged to Charybdis merguiensis (De Man). They all had the characteristic spine at the posterior border of the carpus of the natatory leg.\nChopra (1935) compares the length of the carapace with its breadth, and

Description: In 1936 five specimens of the beautiful beetle Cicindela saetigera Horn (fig. 1) were collected by Prof. Dr. L. G. M. Baas Becking and Dr. J.\nReuter on their journey in Australia and kindly given to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden. As this rather uncommon species was new to the collections of the Museum I studied the literature on the species in more detail, especially after Prof. Baas Becking had told me a few details concerning its life conditions.\nOur specimens, all males, were caught at the following dates and localities: 4 specimens, March 27, 1936. Lake Bumbunga, N. from Bay St. Vincent, S. Australia. 1 specimen, April 15, 1936. Lake Crosbie, SW. from Mildura, N.W.Victoria.\nFirst of all I can state, that in most of the papers dealing with C. saetigera Horn there is an indication of the locality: Yorke\'s Peninsula, but no further details about the exact locality are communicated, except by Sloane (1906, p. 343) : "Wallaroo, on the shores of Spencer\'s Gulf".\nConcerning the above-mentioned localities of our specimens Prof. Baas Becking told me that he had found these beetles only on the saltlakes, where they were running and jumping on the bright white saltcrust which covers the greater part of those lakes. They prey on ants there, which live on and under the saltcrust; a rather strange habitat for insects.\nAfter Prof. Baas Becking, who investigated these saltlakes thoroughly, the beetles form an interesting link in the local food-cycle therein, which begins with the bacterial life beneath the salt-crust and ends with some lizards and birds of which no animal enemies seem to exist. More details on

Description: CONTENTS\n1. Preface . . . 83 2. Introduction . . . 85 3. Synopsis of the strata yielding fossil non-marine Mollusca . . . 86 4. Systematic survey of the shells . . . 93 5. Ecological valuation of the deposits . . . 160 6. Malacological evidence for the determination of the age of the beds . . . 166 7. Literature . . . 177\nPREFACE\nThe following report is based in the first place on the important collection of fossil non-marine mollusca made by Prof. Eug. Dubois at Trinil and vicinity (East Java) during excavations in the years 1890 to 1900. It is the very same region where Prof. Dubois discovered the famous remains of his Pithecanthropus erectus, a man-like primate. The structure and affinities of this fossil being have not only roused the general interest of naturalists and occupied them for almost the last 40 years, but they appeal also to the imagination of the whole mankind in past, present and future.\nThe entire Dubois Collection is now preserved at Leiden, as a special part of the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, under the immediate supervision of the collector.\nI take great pleasure in expressing to Prof. Dubois my infinite gratitude for entrusting to me the malacological part of his extraordinary collection.\nHis benevolent interest during the progress of the work was amply demonstrated by various suggestions and useful advice.\nMy acknowledgments are also due to the late Dr. J. J. A. Bernsen O. F.

Description: Dardanus crassimanus (H. M.-Edw.) Pagurus crassimanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1836, Ann. Sc. Nat., (2), Zool., 6, p. 277; 1837, Hist. nat. Crust., 2, p. 227; 1848, Ann. Sc. Nat., (3), Zool., 10, p. 62.\nPagurus setifer de Haan, 1849, Fauna Japonica, Crust., p. 209.\nPagurus sculptipes Stimpson, 1858, Proc. Ac. Phil., p. 246; Smiths. Misc. Coll., 1907, 49, P. 205.\nPagurus pavimentatus Hilgendorf, 1878, MB. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 816, pl. 3, fig. 1\xe2\x80\x945.\nPagurus sculptipes Stimpson, Ortmann, 1892, Zool. Jahrb., Syst, 6, p. 287; 1897, Zool.\nJahrb., Syst., 10, p. 275.\nPagurus crassimanus H. M.-Edw., Alcock, 1905, Cat. Ind. Dec. Crust., 2, Anomura, p. 162 ("Doubtful species of Clibanarius").\nPagurus pavimentatus Hilgendorf, Lenz, 1910, Voeltzkow\'s Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903\xe2\x80\x941905, 2, p. 563.\nPagurus sculptipes Stimpson, Balss, 1914, Abh. Bayer. Akad., Math. Phys, Klasse, Suppl. 2, p. 48.\nIn 1936 I had the opportunity to examine the type specimen of Pagurus crassimanus H. M.-Edw. in the Mus\xc3\xa9um National d\'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. I was able to identify it as a true Dardanus, there being no paired appendages present on the anterior abdominal segments of either sex, the left cheliped being larger than the right, fingertips corneous, blackened and somewhat spooned.\nIt quite corresponds with our dry material of Dardanus setifer (de Haan) and with Stimpson\'s description of Pagurus sculptipes. Lenz (1910) has already pointed out the differences between Pagurus setifer M.-Edw.,

Description: Egg-capsules of the following four Raja-species have been known with certainty for many years from the shores of the Netherlands: Raja clavata Linnaeus, Raja montagui Fowler (Raja maculata Montagu), Raja radiata Donovan, and Raja batis Linnaeus.\nIt is therefore of interest to note that from 1931 to 1935 and in 1936 egg-capsules diverging strongly from the well-known species, have been found on the beach between Wassenaar and Noordwijk (in the province of South-Holland). These capsules appeared to belong to the following five species: Raja brachyura Lafont, Raja naevus M\xc3\xbcller and Henle, Raja undulata Lac\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xa8de, Raja microcellata Montagu, and Raja marginata Lac\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xa8de.\nThe determinations have been made with Clark\'s (1922) paper, with the exception of Raja radiata Donovan, as this species is not mentioned by him.\nAfter studying and comparing the material of the collections of the Museum of Natural History at Leiden, several private collections, and my own, the following list of the species, occurring on the shore of the Netherlands, could be compiled: 1. Raja clavata Linnaeus. Egg-capsules are known from nearly the whole shore. Very common. 2. Raja montagui Fowler. Egg-capsules known from the shore of the province of South-Holland and the isle of Ameland. Rather common. 3. Raja radiata Donovan. Egg-capsules chiefly known from the northern part of the shore, south as far as Oostvoorne (South-Holland). Rather rare, capsules have been found single or in small groups. Once, on 2\nIX\n1935, 82 capsules have been found by the author on the isle of Ameland.

Description: Das bearbeitete Gebiet grenzt im E an die Wasserscheide der Serio-und Dezzofl\xc3\xbcsse zwischen dem Monte Vigna Vaga und dem Monte Scanap\xc3\xa1. Auf diesem Bergkamm liegen die h\xc3\xb6chsten Gipfel: der Pizzo della Presolana, 2521 m, und der Monte Ferrante, 2426 m.\nNach W reicht das Gebiet bis an den Kamm der Cima di Timogno und des Monte Vodala. Diese Grenze zieht sich nach S bis Rovetta in der Valle Gera und nach N bis in die Valle di Sedornia hin, wo unseres Gebiet mit dem von Weeda kartierten \xc3\xbcber etwa 2 km zusammenf\xc3\xa4llt. Die n\xc3\xb6rdlichen und s\xc3\xbcdlichen Grenzen werden von den Valli di Sedornia und Gera gebildet.

Description: The construction of block diagrams is a very lengthy procedure if use be not made of one of the apparatuses described in Lit. 1 and 3. The non-mechanical construction can be effected in various ways: 1. By constructing a large number of parallel profiles, which are drawn usually in isometric projection where the length in the direction of the profiles, the distance between them, and the vertical scale remain similar. Cf. fig. 1a and 1c (the vertical scale of fig. 1c is increased to twice its size).

Description: Experiments are described in which artificial beaches were attacked by a combination of running waves parallel to the coast and superposed standing waves at right angles to the former. Beach cusps were formed only when a steep beach was eroded by the waves. Observations in nature are cited that appear to support the view that standing waves may be the cause of beach cusps, but further data are needed before a definite conclusion can be arrived at.

Description: The present catalogue of the Doliidae has been composed in the same way as my former catalogues. I have entered in it, not only the Doliumspecies present in the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, but also all the other species that I found mentioned in literature of which we have no material.\nIn Lamarck\'s time (1822) only 7 Doliums were known, while Reeve in 1849 described 15, which number has since grown to approximately 54 species or varieties.\nOf all these species I give the principal synonyms and after those of which we possess material, follows a list of the specimens, stating 1) the letter under which it is entered and in the case of material on spirit the number of the bottle, 2) the number of specimens, 3) the locality; if this is wanting there is a point of interrogation, 4) the collector; when the collector\'s name is unknown I have placed a point of interrogation instead.\nGenus Dolium Lamarck, 1801 I. Subgenus Eudolium Dall, 1889 D. aulacodes (Tomlin) Eudolium aulacodes Tomlin, Ann S. African Mus., vol. 25, p. 83, fig. 4 a; 1927. \xe2\x80\x94 Ann. Natal. Mus., vol. 6, p. 432; 1931.\nD. crosseanum Monterosato Dolium Crosseanum Monterosato, Journ. de Conch., vol. 17, p. 228, pl. 12, fig. 1; 1869.\nDolium Bairdii Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), vol. 22, p. 296; 1881. \xe2\x80\x94 Trans.\nConnecticut Acad, vol. 5, p. 515, & vol. 6, p. 253, pl. 29, figs. 2a, 2b; 1884 (fide Dall).\nEudolium Crosseanum, Dall, Reports "Blake", Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, vol. 18, p. 232, pl. 15, fig. 5; 1889.

Description: Dysdercus mendesi nov. spec.\nDysdercus spp. 1936, Mendes, L.O.T., Boletim Technico N. 23, Institute Agronomico de Campinas, II, Os "Manchadores" do Algodao, p. 4 pl. I\xe2\x80\x94II.\nThis species is rather similar to D. columbicus m. and to D. brevis m.; the whitish annulation to the ultimate antennal joint is usually indistinct, the pronotum shows no black transverse stripe behind. The third joint of the tarsi, however, is not lighter than the second, the general form is more elongate, the pronotum less broad, the antennae are slightly longer and the membrane is darker, especially at the base.\nThe structure of the male genital segment differs from that of D. columbicus in showing a less pronounced inflexion in the apical edge, the protuberant parts less angular, the transverse furrow on the disk of the segment widened in the middle, ill-defined there. The segment shows a transverse streak of long, soft hairs.\nFrom D. brevis on the other hand the species differs in showing a somewhat deeper impression in the apical edge of the male genital segment, and showing more evidently a transverse impression on its disk. Moreover in D. brevis the disk is more swollen under the apical edge, and the protruding parts of the apical edge are sligthly more distant from each other.\nAlso from this species D. mendesi is distinct by its narrower thorax, and by the whitish annulation of the fourth joint of the antennae.\nLength of the \xe2\x99\x82: 10\xe2\x80\x9412 mm; of the \xe2\x99\x80 : 12 1/2\xe2\x80\x9414 1/4 mm.\nOn cotton; Campinas January 1936, L. O. T. Mendes, one \xe2\x99\x82 and one \xe2\x99\x80 Holo- and Allotype; and 13 \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82 and 13 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 Paratypes, representatives of laboratory breeding experiments of the collector.

Description: Nederland heeft reeds in het tertiaire tijdvak in een voortdurend dalend gebied der aardkorst gelegen.\nOns land is in die tijden bijna onafgebroken door de zee\xc3\xabn overstroomd geweest. Zij hebben op onzen bodem hun slib en zand, benevens enkele skeletdeelen van mariene organismen doen bezinken, zoodat bijna alle opeenvolgende series dezer geologische formatie tot afzetting zijn gekomen, n.l. het Palaeoceen, het Eoceen, het Oligoceen, het Mioceen en het Plioceen. Deze afdeelingen zijn elk door eigen palaeontologische en petrografische eigenschappen gekenmerkt, waaruit de palaeoklimatologie en palaeogeografie voor elke afzonderlijke \xc3\xa9tage afgeleid kunnen worden.\nDe mariene fossielen, die in de verschillende tertiaire \xc3\xa9tage\xe2\x80\x99s zijn afgezet, hebben door de herhaalde trans- en regressie der steeds opeenvolgende overstroomingen veelal aan groote verweering blootgestaan. Uit de fossielinhoud der transgressielagen en basale conglomeraten blijkt, dat de haaientanden \xe2\x80\x94 dank zij hun resistentie \xe2\x80\x94 het grootste en vaak eenige contingent der nog specifiek te herkennen fossielen vormen.\nDe determinatie nu der haaientanden werpt in sommige gevallen een nieuw licht op den ouderdom en herkomst van het materiaal uit de transgressielagen. Deze ouderdomsbepaling biedt op haar beurt waardevolle gegevens omtrent den ouderdom der boven- en onderliggende afzettingen.\nEen nauwkeurige determinatie der sterk verweerde tanden uit de transgressielagen werd alleen door vergelijking met Selachiersoorten, die elders in tertiaire afzettingen in situ voorkomen, mogelijk gemaakt.\nVoor elke tertiaire \xc3\xa9tage werden de petrografische en paleontologische gegevens, voorzoover zij bekend zijn uit de verslagen van het werk van de voormalige Rijks Geologische Dienst en uit andere publicatie\xe2\x80\x99s, verwerkt. Tevens werd een studie gemaakt over alle in het Tertiair van Nederland voorkomende Selachiers. De uitkomsten van deze onderzoekingen betreffende de geologie van Nederland, werden steeds getoetst aan die van de waarnemingen in de aan Nederland grenzende gebieden van Belgi\xc3\xab en Duitschland.\nUit het mariene Palaeoceen, dat op enkele plaatsen in ons land is aangeboord, is geen Selachiermateriaal bekend. Het klimaat is in dit tijdvak, in tegenstelling met de onmiddellijk voorafgaande krijtperiode, subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De palaeoceene zee heeft zich over bijna geheel Nederland uitgestrekt en heeft in open verbinding gestaan met de arctische wateren.\nGedurende het eoceene tijdvak hebben opeenvolgende transgressies plaats gehad, die gesteenten van verschillende lithologische facies afgezet hebben. Sporadisch zijn ze in \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n boring aangetroffen. Aan de glauconitische zandsteen- en mergelhoudende kleilagen, die in de Peel aangeboord zijn, werd op grond van de algeheele aaneensluiting aan de belgische isopache lijnen, een eoceenen ouderdom toegeschreven. Daar eoceene afzettingen voornamelijk uit boringen bekend zijn, is weinig fossiel materiaal te verwachten. Het klimaat is hetzelfde gebleven als in het voorafgaande tijdvak. Geheel Nederland is wederom door de zee bedekt geweest, die in verbinding heeft gestaan met de noordelijke wateren.\nDe oligoceene afzettingen kunnen in onder-, midden- en bovenoligoceene onderscheiden worden.\nOp de plaats, waar het Onderoligoceen op krijtafzettingen rust, zijn eenige afgesleten haaientanden gevonden. Deze soorten: Odontaspis (Odontaspis) cf. bronni en Odontaspis (Synodontaspis) gracilis wijzen op een herkomst uit krijtafzettingen. De onderoligoceene transgressie is niet zoo uitgebreid geweest als de voorafgaande. Verschillende deelen van Nederland hebben dus boven den zeespiegel gelegen. In Zuid-Limburg zijn fluviomariene afzettingen bekend. Er is in dezen tijd nog geen verbinding geweest met de mediterrane zee.\nHet Middenoligoceen vertoont verschillende facies. Het komt in enkele deelen des lands aan den dag en is ook in boringen aangetoond. In Overijsel komt aan de basis van de middenoligoceene zandafzettingen een transgressielaag voor, waarin vele rondgesleten phosphorieten, haaientanden en schelpen naast enkele goedbewaarde tanden voorkomen. De determinatie dezer geremanieerde tanden wijst op boveneoceene herkomst. De in situ afgezette tanden wijzen op een middenoligoceenen ouderdom der bovenliggende glauconiethoudende zanden. In Zuid-Limburg zijn in de transgressielaag aan de basis van de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen nog enkele haaientanden gevonden, die afkomstig zijn uit oudere oligoceene lagen. Een collectie Selachiertanden uit de septarienklei van Oost-Nederland werd nader beschreven. De middenoligoceene zee heeft zich over heel N.W.-Europa uitgestrekt en waarschijnlijk via het Mainzerbekken korten tyd met de mediterrane zee in verbinding gestaan. De zuidelijke invloed op de fauna is echter in N.W.-Europa niet meer merkbaar.\nHet Bovenoligoceen bestaat voornamelijk uit glauconiethoudende afzettingen, die in de Peel en Zuid-Limburg zijn aangetoond. Het klimaat is tijdens het geheele oligoceene tijdvak subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De zee heeft het geheele zuidelijk deel van ons land bedekt.\nHet Ondermioceen is in Nederland niet in mariene facies bekend.\nIn Zuid-Limburg gaan de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen geleidelijk over in glauconiethoudende zanden. Op sommige plaatsen nu treedt in deze zandafzettingen een transgressielaag op, waarin steenkernen van Mollusca en afgesleten haaientanden voorkomen. Door determinatie dezer geremanieerde Selachierfauna kon een bovenoligoceene herkomst van dit materiaal worden aangetoond. Hieruit werd afgeleid, dat de onderliggende glauconiethoudende zanden van bovenoligoceenen en niet van middenoligoceenen ouderdom zijn, zooals door Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) wordt aangenomen. De hierboven liggende lagen zijn tijdens een jongere neogene transgressie afgezet en hebben een middenmioceenen, niet een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom.\nDit zijn de eenige mariene middenmioceene afzettingen. Een typisch mariene middenmioceene fauna is echter nergens aangetroffen. Dat echter in de onmiddellijke omgeving fossielrijke middenmioceene afzettingen bestaan moeten hebben, werd met zekerheid bewezen uit de geremanieerde, typisch middenmioceene fauna, die in een jonger transgressieconglomeraat te Elsloo werd aangetoond. Naar boven toe treden in deze mariene middenmioceene zanden eenige bruinkoolhoudende lagen op, die onderbroken worden door witte zandafzettingen. Deze zijn van marienen oorsprong en zijn gevormd tijdens steeds herhaalde transgressie\xe2\x80\x99s, waarbij an de basis een laag van afgeronde vuursteenen afgezet is. Door aan te nemen, dat deze zanden van middenmioceenen ouderdom zijn, werd aan de bruinkoollagen een midden- en bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) schrijven deze afzettingen echter een ondermioceenen ouderdom toe. Deze laatste ouderdomsbepaling berust op een vergelijking met het aangrenzende bruinkolengebied van Duitschland, waar een stratigrafische opeenvolging der lagen opgesteld is, die uitgaat van een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom der onderliggende glauconitische zanden.\nEenzelfde klimatologische verhouding werd zoowel voor de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna als voor de flora uit de bruinkool geconstateerd; beiden wijzen op afzetting tijdens een tropisch klimaat. De middenmioceene zee heeft in een grooten bocht over het Zuiden van ons land en het Noorden van Belgi\xc3\xab geloopen. Deze heeft via het Nauw van Calais in verbinding gestaan met de mediterrane zee. Van de Selachierfauna, die in de verschillende gebieden tijdens deze middenmioceene transgressie is afgezet, werd een volledige overeenkomst met de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna vanuit het transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo aangetoond.\nHet Bovenmioceen komt in een onderste zandige en een bovenste glimmerrijke kleiafzetting voor, die bijna overal duidelijk te onderscheiden zijn.\nMolengraaff en van Waterschoot van der Gracht (1913) houden de onderste, meer zandrnke facies zoowel in het Peelgebied als in Oost-Nederland voor Middenmioceen. De uit deze afzettingen beschreven Selachierfauna heeft echter een typisch bovenmioceen karakter, en daarom werd aan deze afzettingen een bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend.\nDe bovenmioceene zee heeft een groote uitbreiding gehad. Het klimaat is subtropisch tot gematigd geweest.\nHet plioceen komt zoowel in mariene als in continentale facies voor.\nIn Zuid-Limburg komt onder een dunne mariene onderplioceene zandlaag het bekende transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo voor. Omtrent den ouderdom dezer laag heerscht groot meeningsverschil. Door determinatie van de geremanieerde Selachierfauna uit dit conglomeraat werd een middenmioceene herkomst van het materiaal vastgesteld. Deze ouderdomsbepaling houdt dus in, dat de bovenliggende afzettingen jonger zijn dan het Middenmioceen. Door het feit, dat het mariene Bovenmioceen niet zoover zuidelijk reikt, als ook door de aanwezigheid van een tweede, geremanieerde plioceene Selachierfauna aan de basis der hierboven liggende glaueonietzanden, werd een onderplioceene ouderdom aan de Elsloolaag toegekend.\nBehalve het op vele plaatsen aangetoonde mariene Onderplioceen, zijn voornamelijk in Limburg kontinentale afzettingen aangetoond.\nDeze zelfde facies zijn in midden- en bovenplioceene afzettingen aangetoond. Gedurende het Plioceen heeft de zee zich steeds meer naar het Westen en Noorden teruggetrokken. Het klimaat is geleidelijk kouder geworden.\nTertiaire Selachiertanden komen ook op secundaire vindplaats in diluviale afzettingen voor. Nog heden ten dage spoelen vele haaientanden door de erodeerende werking van rivieren of zee uit de oorspronkelijke vindplaats los. Door de determinatie der tanden werd in vele gevallen de herkomst van de fauna vastgesteld.

Description: Den Anlass zu der vorliegenden Arbeit bildete eine Sammlung neogener und quart\xc3\xa4rer Echiniden, welche von Herrn Dr. J. Cosijn bei Modjokerto (Java) gesammelt wurden und mit deren Bearbeitung mich im Fr\xc3\xbchjahr 1932 Herr Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk, Konservator am \xe2\x80\x9eRijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie\xe2\x80\x9d zu Leiden, beauftragte. Diese Sammlung wurde schon bald Anlass zu einer Revision der in Leiden befindlichen fossilen Echiniden des Indischen Archipels. Ausserdem erwies es sich als w\xc3\xbcnschenswert, auch die Echiniden der Selenka-Trinil-Expedition aus dem Geologisch-Palaeontologischen Museum der Universit\xc3\xa4t Berlin einer Neubearbeitung zu unterziehen. Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Janensch m\xc3\xb6chte ich an dieser Stelle meinen verbindlichsten Dank aussprechen f\xc3\xbcr das Ausleihen und Uebersenden dieser Sammlung. Nach und nach wurden auch s\xc3\xa4mtliche noch nicht bearbeitete Echiniden aus Leiden und aus dem Mineralogisch-Geologischen Institut der Rijksuniversiteit zu Utrecht in die Arbeit miteinbezogen; f\xc3\xbcr die Ueberlassung der letzteren danke ich Herrn Prof. Dr. L. M. R. Rutten. Herr Prof. Dr. J. H. F. Umbgrove \xc3\xbcberliess mir freundlichst alle indischen Echiniden aus der Sammlung des \xe2\x80\x9eInstituut voor Mijnbouwkunde der Technische Hoogeschool"""" zu Delft, Sp\xc3\xa4ter bot sich mir die Gelegenheit, eine Sammlung des \xe2\x80\x9eDienst van het Mijnwezen\xe2\x80\x9d zu Bandoeng, Java, durch Herrn Prof. Rutten zur Bearbeitung zu erhalten; die meisten Echiniden dieser Sammlung entstammen dem gleichen Gebiet wie die von Herrn Dr. Cosijn. Durch freundliche Vermittlung von Herrn Dr. L. Bairstow erhielt ich schliesslich noch einige Echiniden aus dem \xe2\x80\x9eGeological Department of the British Museum (Natural History)\xe2\x80\x9d zu London zur Ansicht.\nInzwischen befasste sich in Z\xc3\xbcrich Herr Prof. Dr. A. Jeannet mit einer grossen Sammlung fossiler indischer Echiniden, f\xc3\xbcr deren Inhalt nach p. 1\xe2\x80\x942 seiner Arbeit (1935) verwiesen sei. Die Publikation \xc3\xbcber die regul\xc3\xa4ren Echiniden dieser Sammlung erschien Ende 1935. Im Januar 1936 machte mir dann Herr Prof. Jeannet den Vorschlag, mir die Bearbeitung der Irregularia dieser Sammlung zu \xc3\xbcberlassen, soweit dieselben noch nicht von ihm selbst besorgt war. Da ich dann Herrn Prof. Jeannet bat, das Studium einiger regul\xc3\xa4ren Echiniden aus den Leidener und Delfter Sammlungen auf sich nehmen zu wollen, entstand schliesslich eine gemischte Arbeit, an der Herr Prof. Jeannet beteiligt ist mit Opechimus, Martinechinus, ? Microcyphus spec. Nr. 1, Javanechinus, Echinocyanus sp., Fibularia rhedeni, Clypeaster blumenthali Nr. 1, Echinodiscus lesueuri Nr. 5, 6, Jacksonaster herklotsi Nr. 3, Pliolampas javanus Nr. 1, Echinolampas depressus Nr. 2. Auch verdanke ich ihm viele wichtige Anweisungen bez\xc3\xbcglich anderer Arten, w\xc3\xa4hrend andererseits einige seiner Beschreibungen stellenweise von mir erweitert wurden\xc2\xb9).

Description: Vor einigen Jahren beschrieb ich eine neue terti\xc3\xa4re Molluskenfauna aus Asphaltkalken der Insel Buton, deren Alter nur auf (Grund ihres faunistischen Charakters bestimmt werden konnte und nicht durch Kenntnis der Lagerungsverh\xc3\xa4ltnisse unterst\xc3\xbctzt wurde. Ich gelangte zu dem Schl\xc3\xbcsse, dass die Mollusken nur dem j\xc3\xbcngsten Oligoc\xc3\xa4n oder dem \xc3\xa4ltesten Mioc\xc3\xa4n angeh\xc3\xb6ren k\xc3\xb6nnten-). Weitere Funde veranlassten mich sp\xc3\xa4ter, daf\xc3\xbcr bestimmt ein oligoc\xc3\xa4nes Alter anzunehmen\xc2\xb3).\nDiese Altersbestimmung wurde mir gegen\xc3\xbcber von verschiedenen, mit Buton bekannten Bergingenieuren beanstandet, und neuerdings hat W. H. Hetzel in seinem wertvollen Bericht \xc3\xbcber die Asphaltgesteine des genannten Eilands die in Rede stehenden Versteinerungen den Sampolakosa-Schichten zugewiesen, die nach ihm wahrscheinlich dem j\xc3\xbcngsten Mioc\xc3\xa4n und dem Plioc\xc3\xa4n angeh\xc3\xb6ren, jedenfalls dem j\xc3\xbcngeren Neogen 4).

Description: \xc2\xa7 1. Plastic deformation of solid matter under high confining pressures has been insufficiently studied. Jeffreys 1) devotes a few paragraphs to deformation of solid matter as a preface to his chapter on the isostasy problem. He distinguishes two properties of solid matter with regard to its behaviour to external forces: the Rigidity and the Strength. The rigidity being the resistance to elastic stresses, the strength the resistance to shearing forces. The strength has been surpassed when a differential force results in a permanent deformation.\nTherefore the strength equals the differential pressure necessary to effect shearing or plastic deformation.

Description: Nachdem das Luganer Porphyrgebiet von den Leidener Geologen Kuenen, de Sitter, Harloff, und Doeglas geologisch kartiert wurde, schien es erw\xc3\xbcnscht dieses Gebiet auch chemisch gr\xc3\xbcndlicher zu untersuchen.\nDenn nach den alten Analysen von v. Fellenberg (Lit. 10) wurden nur noch von Jakob zwei Analysen der Luganer Gesteine gemacht.

Description: A short time ago I described a new foraminiferal genus from the Tertiary of Borneo 1). I gave this genus the name of Heterospira. Mr. P. H. Oehser of Washington drew my attention to the fact that E. Koken as early as 1896\xc2\xb2) had used the name Heterospira for a genus of triassic gastropoda from Hallstatt.\nTherefore according to the international rules of zo\xc3\xb6logical nomenclature, the name Heterospira for a foraminiferal genus being a homonym has to be rejected.

Description: Shepard has made us familiar with the shape and various properties of submarine gorges and in a number of publications he has shown the great importance to earth-science of these wonderful features of the sea floor.\nVarious hypotheses have been brought forward to explain the formation of submarine canyons. The only hypothesis to which there are no grave objections, is that suggested by Daly. During the low sea levels of the ice age mud was stirred up on the shallowing shelves and the dense water ensuing, flowed down the continental slopes, gradually eroding the gorges. This theory can be substantiated by experiments. These proved that a suspension will flow down a slope without being much diluted by mixing, that such a flow will concentrate in slight depressions in the flat and follow a rut down the slope, that the current will begin to form ripple marks in sand at a velocity of 10\xe2\x80\x9420 cm/sec and that the speed varies with the root of the density and probably also roughly with the root of the depth.\nRough estimations, based on the data of one of the Georges Bank canyons, show that the velocity in nature should be somewhat less than that of larger rivers, but encreasing as it proceeds and catches up more sediment. At the lower end the suspension has gained 6 times the (effective) density and two to three times the velocity it started with. At this stage the amount of sediment has caught up the average of most larger rivers and reached that of the most muddy major rivers. Some 10.000 flows must have occurred, or one every 5 years, each eroding as much sediment as the Mississippi carries to sea in two or three weeks. The current lasted many hours and its discharge was several times the average of the Mississippi. The relatively large percentage of materials carried by the currents is a consequence of its having slumped down the sides of the gorge before the current picked it up.\nHowever rough these figures may he, they show that no preposterous assumptions have to be made to arrive at reasonable relations between velocities, amounts of water and sediment and size of the gorges for Georges Bank.\nWhere the shelf is narrow, as at some of the Californian canyons, there appears to have been hardly enough sediment to set up the necessary currents.\nThe chief remaining uncertainty lies in the necessity of assuming small strength of the rocks forming the continental slopes. But all evidence available except some of Shepard\'s dredging results, points to the same conclusion. Older, smothered gorges may have been cleaned out by this mechanism.\nIn any case, as Stetson points out, the mechanism must have played an important part in the sedimentation on and beyond the continental slope.\nGroningen, March 1937.\nAn 8-mm film illustrating the experiments, of about 20 meters length, can be obtained at the price of 8 guilders from the Rijksmuseum van Geologie at Leyden.

Description: Recently Dr. J. L. Peters drew my attention to the fact that Bonaparte\'s Piaya circe and Piaya mehleri never were closely examined in the light of modern knowledge. It is, indeed, a good thing to do this, for the names, especially mehleri, have been used for birds from various localities by different authors; this caused a good deal of trouble and confusion in the genus. Thanks to the kindness of Dr. J. L. Peters of the Museum of Comparative Zo\xc3\xb6logy, Cambridge, Mass., and Dr. S. C. Simms of Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, I received some specimens of each race to which the names possibly should be applied.\nPiaya circe Bonaparte In 1850 (p. 110) Bonaparte described Piaya circe with habitat "Columbia". Sclater (1860, p. 285) placed this name in the synonymy of Piaya macroura Gambel and in accordance with this Cabanis (1862, p. 168) considered the originally given locality to be wrong and said that Bonaparte\'s description agreed best with the birds from Montevideo and S.E.\nBrazil. Together with Heine he made the same statement in Museum Heineanum (1862\xe2\x80\x941863, p. 87). To the area inhabited by this bird in this paper they added Paraguay, which was fixed by later authors as the type locality. Allen (1893, pp. 137\xe2\x80\x94139), however, considered Gambel\'s name macroura, based on a bird which originally was said to come from Surinam (which locality was also changed by Cabanis and Heine and later fixed as Paraguay) as a synonym of P. cayana (L.). Allen thought that circe probably was a Central American bird and the name circe therefore should antedate Sclater\'s name thermophila for this animal, the name thermophila being from 1859 (p. 368). Most authors, however, joined

Description: Endlicheria Nees (non Presl) in Linnaea 8 (1833), p. 37; id., Progr. (1833), p. 16; id., Syst. (1836), p. 365; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 321; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, 1350; Spach, Hist. nat. V\xc3\xa9g\xc3\xa9t. X (1841), p. 473; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 554; Meissn., Gen. I (1836\xe2\x80\x9443), p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, Dict. univ. (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd. (1846), p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 480 in adnot.; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 1201; Benth. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 111; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. Fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. (1900\xe2\x80\x9407), p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 197; Lem\xc3\xa9e, Dict. 2 (1929), p. 857; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 63; Kostermans in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 41; id. in Pulle, F1. Surin. 2 (1936), p. 327. \xe2\x80\x93 Goeppertia Nees, Syst, l.c., p. 354, 365 (non alibi nec aliis); Endl., Gen., l.c., p. 321, n. 2051; id., Ench., l.c., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332, 1350; Spach., l.c., p. 473; Steudel, l.c., p. 697; Reichb., Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2659; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281; Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1473; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 253; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. \xe2\x80\x93 Schauera Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. ed. 2 (1836), p. 202 in adnot. (non aliis nec alibi); Endl., l.c., p. 321; id., Ench., p. 197; Meissn., Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd., l.c., p. 537; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 503; Lem\xc3\xa9e, l.c., p. 1006. \xe2\x80\x93 Schaueria Nees ex Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281 (non aliis); Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pax, l.c., p. 122. \xe2\x80\x93 Ampelodaphne Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 81; id. in Fl. Bras, l.c., p. 167; Baillon, l.c., p. 473; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 n. 2812; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 24; Lem\xc3\xa9e, Dict., l.c., p. 210; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. \xe2\x80\x93 Aydendron Griseb. (non Nees), p.p. in Fl. Brit. W. Ind. isl. (1860), p. 284; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Mez, l.c. \xe2\x80\x93 Huberodaphne Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 4 (1925), p. 191; Lem\xc3\xa8e, Dict., l.c., 3 (1931), p. 661.\nType species: Endlicheria hirsuta Nees.

Description: Mr. Boschma a eu la grande amabilit\xc3\xa9 de me pr\xc3\xa9venir que le genre Chlorogaster propos\xc3\xa9 par moi en 1912 \xc3\xa9tait pr\xc3\xa9occup\xc3\xa9. Et en effet, comme nous le montrent l\' Index animalium de Sherborn et le Nomenclator de Schulze, K\xc3\xbckenthal et Heider, deux autres auteurs ont propos\xc3\xa9 ce nom avant moi: W. Swainson (1839) pour un genre de Poissons, Macquart (1850) pour un genre de Muscides. Mr. Boschma \xc3\xa9tait particuli\xc3\xa8rement qualifi\xc3\xa9 pour attribuer un autre nom g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rique aux Peltogaster du type P. sulcatus, mais puisqu\'il m\'invite \xc3\xa0 faire moi-m\xc3\xaame la correction, je proposerai de remplacer chez les Peltogastrides le nom de Chlorogaster par celui de Gemmosaccus.\nCes Gemmosaccus (= Chlorogaster Dub.) n\'\xc3\xa9taient pas d\'abord bien s\xc3\xa9par\xc3\xa9s des autres Peltogaster par les caract\xc3\xa8res que j\'avais mis en relief et on pouvait douter de la valeur du genre, mais depuis les recherches de Ch. P\xc3\xa9rez sur leur cycle \xc3\xa9volutif et le remplacement successif de leurs sacs visc\xc3\xa9raux, on peut se demander s\'il ne faudra pas cr\xc3\xa9er pour eux plus qu\'un genre sp\xc3\xa9cial et isoler, au moins en une sous famille, les Peltogastrides qui auront leur \xc3\xa9volution.

Description: Barbacenia Blanchetii GOETH. et HENR. nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Caudex brevissimus, simplex vel divisus, squamis adpressis dense teetus ad 1\xc2\xbd cm crassus. Folia laete viridia, dense conferta, numerosa, exteriora saepius pauca reflexa, siccitate contorta, interiora gradatim magis erecta, omnia linearia, acuta, subulata, utrinque striatula, breviter sparse subadpresse pilosa, subtus in nervo mediano paullum prominente leviter carinata et in margine dense breviuscule pilosa, basin marginis versus longe albociliata, circ. 10\xe2\x80\x9412 cm longa, 1 cm lata. Flores ad 1\xe2\x80\x943 per rosulam, subterminales, violacei. Scapus foliis fere duplo brevior, subtrigonus, dense pilosus, pilis longis tenuibus subflexuosis divergentibus. Perigonii tubus elongato-clavatus, multicostatus, 3\xe2\x80\x944 cm longus, fauce circ. 6 mm amplus, fere \xc2\xbd parte ovario vix incrassato, clavato vel clavato-oblongo, pilis longiusculis subadpressis glanduliferis densiuscule vestito, adnatus, superne breviter parce pilosus. Tepala erecta vel erecto-patentia, longitudine fere ovarii, lineari-lanceolata, cire. 2 cm longa, 4 mm lata; 3 exteriora paullum angustiora, acutiuscula, extus breviter pilosa; 3 interiora glabra, obtusa, breviter mucronulata. Stamina tepala fere aequantia. Filamenta subcoriacea, longa, linearia, apicem versus breviter bifida, gradatim attenuata, ad 14 mm longa, 2\xc2\xbd mm lata, prope apicem antheram linearem, filamento aequilongam dorsifixam filamentum \xc2\xbe partibus superantem gerentia. Stylus filiformis, trigonus, parte stigmatifera fere globosa, paullum incrassata, tepala aequans. Capsula ellipsoidea, circ. 18-costata, breviuscule subadpresse pilosa.\nBrasilia: prov. Bahia. leg. BLANCHET. no. 3278! (Herb. Mus. Berol., Herb. Mus. Vindeb., Herb. Delessert); BLANCHET 3273! \xe2\x80\x9eIgreja Velha\xe2\x80\x9d fl. violettes\xe2\x80\x9d (Hb. DC.); BLANCHET 2537! La Jacobina (Hb. DC., Hb. Mus. Paris); 3870 \xe2\x80\x94 Pon\xc3\xa7o d\xe2\x80\x99Areia (Herb. Mus. Paris, Herb. Delessert).