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  • Articles  (226)
  • Elsevier  (182)
  • Frontiers Media S.A.  (44)
  • 2020-2024  (226)
  • 2000-2004  (2)
  • 2023  (226)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A measurement of τ polarization in Z^0 decays (1992-8977)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(92)91549-O
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the average lifetime of b hadrons (1993-4325)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(93)91027-K
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    Magma storage and degassing beneath the youngest volcanoes of the Massif Central (France): Lessons for the monitoring of a dormant volcanic province (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Developing appropriate monitoring strategies in long-quiescent volcanic provinces is challenging due to the rarity of recordable geochemical and geophysical signals and the lack of experienced eruptive phenomenology in living memory. This is the case in the Massif Central (France) where the last eruptive sequence formed the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes, about 7 ka ago. There, current evidence of a mantle activity reminiscence is suggested by the presence of mineral springwaters, mofettes, and soil degassing. It appears fundamental as a prerequisite to decipher the evolution of the gas phase in the magmatic system at the time of the eruptive activity to understand the meaning of current local gas emissions. In this study, we develop an innovative approach coupling CO2 densimetry and geochemistry of fluid inclusions from products erupted by the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes. 3D imagery by Raman spectroscopy revealed that carbonate forming in fluid inclusions may lead to underestimation of CO2 density in fluid inclusions by up to 50 % and thus to unreliable barometric estimates. Fortunately, we found that this effect may be limited by focusing on fluid inclusions with a small diameter (〈4 m) and where no solid phase is detected on Raman spectra. The time evolution of the eruptions of the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes shows a progressive decrease of the pressure of magma storage (from more than 9 kbar down to 1.5-2 kbar) in parallel to magma differentiation (from basanites at Montcineyre to benmoreites at Pavin). The analysis of the noble gases entrapped in fluid inclusions yielded two main conclusions: (1) the helium isotope signature (Rc/Ra = 6.5-6.8) is in the range of values obtained in fluid inclusions from mantle xenoliths in the Massif Central (Rc/Ra = 5.6±1.1, on average) suggesting partial melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and (2) magma degassing (4He/40Ar* from 4.0 to 16.2) mirrors magma differentiation and the progressive rise of the magma ponding zones of the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes. According to our modelling, about 80 % of the initial gas phase would be already exsolved from these magmas, even if stored at mantle depth. Based on the results obtained from fluid inclusions, we propose a model of the evolution of the signature of noble gases and carbon isotopes from mantle depth to crustal levels. In this frame, gas emissions currently emitted in the area (Rc/Ra = 6.1-6.7 and 4He/40Ar* = 1.7) point to an origin in the lithospheric mantle. This study strongly encourages the establishment of a regular sampling of local gas emissions to detect potential geochemical variations that may reflect a change from current steady-state conditions
    Description: Published
    Description: 121603
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fluid inclusions ; Barometry ; Noble gases ; Magma degassing ; Monitoring ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Towards a monitoring system of the sea state based on microseism and machine learning (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In this work, we exploited the ubiquitous seismic noise generated by energy transfer from the sea to the solid Earth (called microseism) to infer the significant wave height data, with the aim of developing a microseismbased monitoring system of the Sicily Channel. We used a combined approach based on statistical analysis and machine learning by using seismic and sea state data (provided by the hindcast maps), recorded between 2018 and 2021.Through spectral and amplitude analysis, we observed that microseism was influenced by the conditions of the seas surrounding Sicily. Correlation analysis demonstrates that microseism mostly originates from sources located up to 400 km from the coastlines. Moreover, employing machine learning algorithms, we successfully reconstruct spatial and temporal sea wave distributions using microseism data. Among the tested methods, the Random Forest algorithm yields the best results, with an R2 value of 0.89 and a mean prediction error of about 0.21 m.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105781
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Sulfur origin and flux variations in fumarolic fluids of Vulcano Island, Italy (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-07
    Description: A sharp increase in volatiles, especially SO2 fluxes from the solfataric plume and diffuse CO2 from the soils of the La Fossa crater area, started in June 2021, and subsequently from the Levante Bay area, suggests renewed unrest at Vulcano Island, Italy. This event has encouraged monitoring activities and stimulated new research activities aimed at understanding the recent evolution of the volcanic system. In this study, the chemical and isotopic composition of fumaroles, thermal waters, and soil gases from the main degassing areas of Vulcano Island with a special focus on sulfur isotopes, are used to investigate the fluid transfer mechanism inside the volcano. Sulfur is one of the most abundant volatile elements present in magmas and volcanic fluids from the La Fossa crater, where it mostly occurs as SO2 and H2S at variable relative concentrations depending on oxygen fugacity and temperature. The isotope composition and the chemical ratio of sulfur species depict a complex hydrothermal-magmatic system. In addition, we utilize the installed SO2 monitoring network that measures the total outgassing of SO2 with the UV-scanning DOAS technique. The SO2 fluxes from the La Fossa crater fumaroles, coupled with the SO2/CO2 and SO2/H2O ratios, were measured to evaluate the total mass of fluids emitted by the shallow plumbing system and its relationship with the status of volcanic activity. Combining the whole chemical composition of fumaroles analyzed with a discrete, direct sampling of high-temperature fumaroles located on the crater summit, the output of discharged water vapor has been estimated (5,768 t·d−1). On the basis of the water output, we estimated the total thermal energy dissipated by the crater during the last enhanced degassing activity (167 MW). This strong and sharp increase in energy observed during the current crisis confirms the long-growing trend in terms of mass and energy recorded in recent decades, which has brought the surface system of Vulcano Island to a critical level that has never been recorded since the last eruptive event of 1888–91.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1197796
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Interannual modulation of the East and South Asian summer precipitation δ18O by the Indian and western North Pacific summer monsoon strength (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 227, pp. 104187-104187, ISSN: 0921-8181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: The understanding of the relationship between the variation of precipitation stable oxygen isotope ratio (δ18Op) and monsoon activity in the Asian monsoon region is crucial for an in-depth comprehension of the regional hydrological cycle processes and for reconstructing the history of Asian paleomonsoon changes. Based on the 1979–2017 summer δ18Op output by two isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation models nudged to climate reanalysis data, this study explores the associations of the Indian summer monsoon (IM) and western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPM) intensities with the interannual variations of the regional δ18Op and their possible physical mechanisms. Statistical analyses demonstrate that the East Asian δ18Op is negatively correlated with the IM intensity while the Indian δ18Op is positively correlated with the WNPM intensity. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms linking the monsoon and δ18Op vary in different regions. In strong IM years, with the intensified convection and increased precipitation near the Indian peninsula, the water vapor isotope ratio (δ18Ov) transported to East Asia has lower values, resulting in the depletion of δ18Op there. The opposite is true for weak IM years. In years of strong WNPM, the intensified convection over the tropical western Pacific and the suppressed convection over the western Indian Ocean may be linked to a Walker-type circulation anomaly, accompanied by the enlarging of the vertical wind shear between the western Pacific and the western Indian Ocean. Accordingly, the decreasing of convection and precipitation over the Arabian Sea results in higher δ18Ov values in the upstream area of India, which ultimately increases δ18Op values in the Indian peninsula through the monsoonal moisture transport; and vice versa.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    Towards the outwelling hypothesis in a Patagonian estuary: First support from lipid markers and bacterial communities (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 854, pp. 158670-158670, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: Biogeochemical markers in combination with bacterial community composition were studied at two contrasting stations at the Río Negro (RN) estuary to assess the outwelling hypothesis in the Argentinian Patagonia. Inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic matter were exported clearly during the last hours of the ebb at the station Wetland. Moreover, a considerable outwelling of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particulates and microalgae was inferred by this combined approach. The exported 22:6(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) contributed very likely to sustain higher trophic levels in the coasts of the Southwest Atlantic. The stable isotopes did not evidence clearly the outwelling; nevertheless, the combination of δ13C with fatty acid bacterial markers indicated organic matter degradation in the sediments. The dominance of Desulfobacterales and Desulfuromonadales suggested sulphate reduction in the sediments, a key mechanism for nutrient outwelling in salt marshes. Marivivens and other Rhodobacterales (Alphaproteobacteria) in the suspended particulate matter were clear indicators of the nutrient outwelling. The colonization of particles according to the island biogeography theory was a good hypothesis to explain the lower bacterial biodiversity at the wetland. The copiotrophic conditions of the RN estuary and particularly at the wetland were deduced also by the dynamic of some Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia and Gammaproteobacteria. This high-resolution snapshot combining isotopic, lipid and bacterial markers offers key pioneer insights into biogeochemical and ecological processes of the RN estuary.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    Climate change impacts on streamflow, sediment load and carbon fluxes in the Lena River delta (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ecological Indicators, Elsevier, 157, pp. 111252-111252, ISSN: 1470-160X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: Water and sediment supply are essential to the health of deltaic ecosystems. Diverse datasets were integrated to better understand how climate change is shifting the supply of water and sediment to the largest polar distributary channel pattern – the Lena River Delta. Here the increase in warming rate from an average air temperature is from 4.1 °C for the period 1950–99 to 6.1 °C during 2000–21, which is higher than in the adjacent polar regions. Streamflow and sediment yield entering the Lena Delta have increased since 1988 by 56.3 km3 and 6.1×106 t, respectively; meanwhile, the Lena River’s increases in water temperature in June, July–August and September were found to be as much as 1.1, 0.6 and 0.05 °C. These changes have a pronounced effect on sediment regimes in particular parts of the delta. Based on analyses of correlations between various hydroclimatic drivers and sediment concentration changes across particular distributaries of the Lena Delta extracted from Landsat datasets, bank degradation driven by thermal erosional processes (which are in turn related to air and soil temperature increases) is proved to be the primary factor of the sediment regime in the delta. The study also highlights that sediment load changes are sensitive to wind speed due to remobilization of bottom sediment. Sums of daily air temperature and wind speed over 3 days are correlated with sediment concentration changes in the delta. The results also indicate that carbon transport across the delta (both POC and DOC) depends on sediment transport conditions and water discharge and might increase by up to 10 %. We conclude that the Lena Delta can be recognized as the global hot spot in terms of the hydrological consequences of climate change, which is altering sediment regimes, stream hydromorphology and carbon transport.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    Adaptive dynamical networks (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Physics Reports, Elsevier, 1031, pp. 1-59, ISSN: 0370-1573
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: It is a fundamental challenge to understand how the function of a network is related to its structural organization. Adaptive dynamical networks represent a broad class of systems that can change their connectivity over time depending on their dynamical state. The most important feature of such systems is that their function depends on their structure and vice versa. While the properties of static networks have been extensively investigated in the past, the study of adaptive networks is much more challenging. Moreover, adaptive dynamical networks are of tremendous importance for various application fields, in particular, for the models for neuronal synaptic plasticity, adaptive networks in chemical, epidemic, biological, transport, and social systems, to name a few. In this review, we provide a detailed description of adaptive dynamical networks, show their applications in various areas of research, highlight their dynamical features and describe the arising dynamical phenomena, and give an overview of the available mathematical methods developed for understanding adaptive dynamical networks.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    FPSPACK: a package of FORTRAN subroutines to manage earthquake focal mechanism data (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Description: Article + Kit and fortran 77 routines
    Description: Earthquakes fault plane solutions (FPSs) are routinely computed on the basis of various techniques and are reported in the literature with a wide range of formats and conventions. Although the equations relating the various parameters are well known and relatively simple, their practical application often arise to numerical singularities and indeterminations that sometimes are not well known by the authors and thus may result in wrongor inaccurate reportingof parameters. Such inaccuracies and mistakes affect about 40% of the published data we have examined to test our programs. Moreover the current use, in the seismological community, of at least two different coordinate systems to represent the Cartesian components of vectorial and tensorial quantities is a further cause of confusion. In order to simplify the management of such data, we have prepared a structured package of FORTRAN 77 subroutines performingalmost all of the possible computations and conversions amongdifferent parameters and coordinate systems. The package has been extensively tested with the data of a revised database of FPS of Italy and surrounding regions (presented in a companion paper) as well as of CMT solutions included in the Harvard catalog.
    Description: Published
    Description: 893–901
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Focal Mechanisms ; FORTRAN 77 Routines ; Centroid moment tensor ; Nodal planes ; Deformation axes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Impacts of stronger winds and less sea ice on Canadian Beaufort Sea shelf ecosystems since the late 1990s (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier, 294, pp. 108520-108520, ISSN: 0272-7714
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: Continuous and multi-decadal records of faunal abundance and diversity helping to identify the impacts of ongoing global warming on aquatic ecosystems are rare in the coastal Arctic. Here, we used a 50-year-long microfaunal record from a sediment core collected in the Herschel Basin (YC18-HB-GC01; 18 m water depth) to document some aspects of the environmental responses of the southern Canadian coastal Beaufort Sea to climate change. The microfaunal indicators include benthic foraminiferal assemblages, ostracods and tintinnids. The carbonate shells of two foraminiferal species were also analyzed for their stable isotope signatures (δ13C and δ18O). We compiled environmental parameters from 1970 to 2019 for the coastal region, including sea ice data (break-up date, freeze-up date, open season length and mean summer concentration), the wind regime (mean speed, direction of strong winds and the number of storms), hydrological data (freshet date, freshet discharge and mean summer discharge of the Firth and the Mackenzie rivers), and air temperature. Large-scale atmospheric patterns were also taken into consideration. Time-constrained hierarchal clustering analysis of foraminiferal assemblages and environmental parameters revealed a near-synchronous shift around the late 1990s. The microfaunal shift corresponds to an increased abundance of taxa tolerant to variable salinity, turbulent bottom water conditions, and turbid waters towards the present. The same time interval is marked by stronger easterly winds, more frequent storms, reduced sea-ice cover, and a pervasive anticyclonic circulation in the Arctic Ocean (positive Arctic Ocean Oscillation; AOO+). Deeper vertical mixing in the water column in response to intensified winds was fostered by increased open surface waters in summer leading to turbulence, increased particle loading and less saline bottom waters at the study site. Stronger easterly winds probably also resulted in enhanced resuspension events and coastal erosion in addition to a westward spreading of the Mackenzie River plume, altogether contributing to high particulate-matter transport. Increase food availability since ∼2000 was probably linked to enhanced degradation of terrestrial organic carbon, which also implies higher oxygen consumption. The sensitivity of microfaunal communities to environmental variations allowed capturing consequences of climate change on a marine Arctic shelf ecosystem over the last 50 years.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Boron and lithium behaviour in river waters under semiarid climatic conditions (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-25
    Description: Boron (B) and Lithium (Li) concentrations were studied in the Platani river, one of the most important catchments of South-Central Sicily which is under semiarid climatic conditions for roughly eight months to a year. In this area, evaporites result in potential B and Li sources for surface waters. Results from river waters have measured ionic strength values between 0.1 and 4.54 M. B and Li distributions in these waters were studied in colloidal (CF, extracted by ultrafiltration from the 0.45 μm filtrate) and total dissolved (TDF) fractions and in fractions extracted from corresponding riverbed sediments, according to changes of the B/Li ratio. In river waters, CF and TDF showed very similar B/Li values, suggesting that only negligible fractionation occurs between Li and B in the aqueous phase. Similar evidence was observed between B/Li values in TDF and the labile sediment fraction, whereas an inverse relationship arose between B/Li values in TDF and in the easily reducible sediment fraction. This relationship indicates that Mn oxy-hydroxides preferentially react with aqueous B species relative to Li at the riverbed sediment interface. The extent of the B-Mn oxy-hydroxide reactions is influenced by the ionic strength, so that only B/Li values below 4 are measured in river waters with ionic strength values above 0.5 M. Comparing B/Li and ionic strength values measured in the Platani river with those from oxic brines worldwide, the same preferential B removal relative to Li is observed. This evidence suggests that B is removed as positively-charged borate ion-pairs, formed in the aqueous phase under higher ionic strength conditions, reacting with negatively charged surfaces of Mn oxy-hydroxides. The observed B reactivity relative to Li could be exploited to bring down the B excess from natural or waste waters, allowing the natural reactions with Mn oxy-hydroxides to take place under natural conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 135509
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: B/Li ratio; Ionic strength; Mine drainage; Mn-oxyhydroxides; Salt minerals
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    On the external forcing of global eruptive activity in the past 300 years (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-25
    Description: The decryption of the temporal sequence of volcanic eruptions is a key step in better anticipating future events. Volcanic activity is the result of a complex interaction between internal and external processes, with time scales spanning multiple orders of magnitude. We review periodicities that have been detected or correlated with volcanic eruptions/phenomena and interpreted as resulting from external forces. Taking a global perspective and longer time scales than a few years, we approach this interaction by analyzing three time series using singular spectral analysis: the global number of volcanic eruptions (NVE) between 1700 and 2022, the number of sunspots (ISSN), a proxy for solar activity, the polar motion (PM) and length of day (lod), two proxies for gravitational force. Several pseudo-periodicities are common to NVE and ISSN, in addition to the 11-year Schwabe cycle that has been reported in previous work, but NVE shares even more periodicities with PM. These quasi-periodic components range from ~5 to ~130 years. We interpret our analytical results in light of the Laplace's paradigm and propose that, similarly to the movement of Earth's rotation axis, global eruptive activity is modulated by commensurable orbital moments of the Jovian planets, whose influence is also detected in solar activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1254855
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: worldwide volcanic eruptions, polar motion, sunspot number, planetary orbital moments, Laplace theory, external forcing ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Magnetic and chemical biomonitoring of particulate matter at cultural heritage sites: The Peggy Guggenheim Collection case study (Venice, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Cultural heritage (CH) is heavily threatened by air pollution, especially by airborne particulate matter (PM), that acts on the surfaces of fine arts, causing artistic loss. Therefore, the monitoring of air quality assumes a central role for the preventive conservation of CH. In this study, magnetic and chemical biomonitoring of PM was applied at the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, a contemporary and modern art museum in Venice, Italy. It is located in an aquatic context, where the PM sources are considerably different, with respect to the usual vehicular-dominated urban emissions. Lichen biomonitoring is a well-established technique for the assessment of air quality, especially where PM collecting devices cannot be operated for aesthetic and practical reasons. Samples of the lichen species Evernia prunastri were collected from a pristine area and exposed for three months (November 2022–February 2023) at increasing distances from the Grand Canal, planning an outdoor vs. indoor sampling design, for outlining the diffusion of airborne PM inside the museum. In combination with lichen exposure, the leaves of Pittosporum tobira hedges were sampled for determining their efficiency as bioaccumulators. The magnetic properties of lichens showed a moderate bioaccumulation of magnetite-like particles outdoors. Conversely, the magnetic properties of the indoor samples were like those of the unexposed ones, indicating a negligible accumulation of metallic particles indoors. Pittosporum tobira leaves mostly showed diamagnetic properties, resulting an ineffective species for preventing conservation purposes. Chemical analysis did not show any significant difference between unexposed, indoor and outdoor samples. A directional gradient of bioaccumulation was not evident, thus implying that the sources of metallic PM are distant or diffused, with respect to the site. The joint use of magnetic and chemical analyses was useful for evaluating the negligible impact of airborne particulate pollution arising from the Grand Canal towards the Halls of the Collection.
    Description: This research was funded by INGV Project “Pianeta Dinamico” (Ministry of University and Research), research line 2023-2025 “CHIOMA”, Cultural Heritage Investigations and Observations: a Multidisciplinary Approach. The Lakeshore 8604 VSM was funded by the Ministry of University and Research, project PON GRINT, code PIR01_00013.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100455
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Orbital phasing of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: Paleocene-Eocene sedimentary archives record a series of global warming events called hyperthermals. These events occurred across a long-term increasing temperature trend and were associated with light carbon injections that produced carbon isotope excursions (CIEs). Early Eocene hyperthermals occurred close to both long (∼405 kyr) and short (∼100 kyr) eccentricity maxima. It has been proposed that under long-term global warming, orbital forcing of climate crossed a thermodynamic threshold that destabilized carbon reservoirs and produced Early Eocene hyperthermals. However, orbital control on triggering of the largest hyperthermal, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), remains unclear. Identification of the precise orbital phasing of the PETM has been hindered by extensive calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution, which introduces uncertainty into PETM age models. Here, we report orbital signatures in marine sediments from Contessa Road (Italy), a western Tethyan section with reduced PETM CaCO3dissolution compared to other deep ocean sites. Orbitally controlled lysocline depth adjustments and orbital phasing of the PETM CIE onset close to both long and short eccentricity maxima are documented here. Precession-based age models from the well-resolved PETM section of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1262 (South Atlantic) confirm these results and reveal that the PETM CIE onset was partially triggered by an orbitally controlled mechanism. Climate processes associated with orbital forcing of both long and short eccentricity maxima played an important role in triggering the carbon cycle perturbations of all Paleocene-Eocene CIE events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117839
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Slip localization on multiple fault splays accommodating distributed deformation across normal fault complexities (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Deformation across structural complexities such as along-strike fault bends may be accommodated by distributed faulting, with multiple fault splays working to transfer the deformation between two principal fault segments. In these contexts, an unsolved question is whether fault activity is equally distributed through time, with multiple fault splays recording the same earthquakes, or it is instead localized in time and space across the distributed faults, with earthquakes being clustered on specific fault splays. To answer this question, we studied the distributed deformation across a structural complexity of the Mt. Marine fault (Central Apennines, Italy), where multiple fault splays accommodate the deformation throughout the change in strike of the fault. Our multidisciplinary (remote sensing analysis, geomorphological-geological mapping, geophysical and paleoseismological surveys) study identified five principal synthetic and antithetic fault splays arranged over an across-strike distance of 500 m, all of which showing evidence of multiple surface-rupturing events during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. The fault splays exhibit different and variable activity rates, suggesting that fault activity is localized on specific fault splays through space and time. Nonetheless, our results suggest that multiple fault splays can rupture simultaneously during large earthquakes. Our findings have strong implications on fault-based seismic hazard assessments, as they imply that data collected on one splay may not be representative of the behaviour of the entire fault. This can potentially bias seismic hazard calculations.
    Description: This work was realized under the agreement between the University of Chieti-Pescara (Dep. INGEO) and the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology (INGV): “Ridefinizione delle Zone di Attenzione delle Faglie Attive e Capaci emerse dagli studi di microzonazione sismica effettuati nel territorio dei Centri abitati di Barete e Pizzoli in provincia de L'Aquila, interessati dagli eventi sismici verificatisi a far data dal 24 agosto 2016”, funded by the Commissioner structure for post-earthquake reconstruction of the Italian Government.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230075
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Structural geology ; Seismic Hazard ; Active faults ; Paleoseismology ; Distributed faulting ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Electron density fluctuations from Swarm as a proxy for ground-based scintillation data: A statistical perspective (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-28
    Description: The Swarm satellite mission has been used for numerous studies of the ionosphere. Here we use a global product, based on electron density measurements from Swarm that characterises ionospheric variability. The IPIR (Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities product) provides characteristics of plasma irregularities in terms of their amplitudes, gradients and spatial scales and assigns them to geomagnetic regions. Ionospheric irregularities and fluctuations are often the cause of errors in position, navigation, and timing (PNT) based on the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), in which signals pass through the ionosphere. The IPIR dataset also provides an indication, in the form of a numerical value index (IPIR index), of the severity of irregularities affecting the integrity of trans-ionospheric radio signals and hence, the accuracy of GNSS positioning. We analysed datasets from Swarm A and ground-based scintillation receivers. Time intervals (when Swarm A passes over the field of view of the ground-based GPS receiver) are compared to ground-based scintillation data, collecting an azimuthal selection of the GNSS data relevant to the Swarm satellite overpass. We provide validations of the IPIR product against the ground-based measurements from 23 ground-based receivers, focusing on GPS TEC and scintillation data in low-latitude, auroral and polar regions, and in different longitudinal sectors. We have determined the median, mean, maximum and standard deviation of the parameter values for both datasets and each conjunction point. We found a weak correlation of the intensity of both phase and amplitude scintillation with the IPIR index.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5399-5415
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    The petrogenesis of chemically zoned, phonolitic, Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius, Italy: Role of accessory phase removal, independently filled magma reservoirs with time, and transition from slightly to highly silica undersaturated magmatic series in an ultrapotassic stratovolcano (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-04
    Description: A mineralogical, major, LA-ICP-MS trace element mineral chemistry and bulk-rock geochemical study of juvenile samples of the Mercato, Avellino, Pompeii and Pollena eruptions, collected in stratigraphically and volcano logically well-characterized sections of the Somma-Vesuvius stratovolcano (Roman Magmatic Province), along with reference data on the 1944 CE and the Pomici di Base eruptions, highlights the compositional variability of bulk-rock and glass from leucite phonotephrite to garnet-bearing phonolite. The latter products have extreme fractionation of trace elements (e.g., La/Ybn = 126, Zr/Y = 89, Zr/Hf =78, Nb/Ta = 40; Th/U = 2.3), very low Sc, V, Y, HREE and very high As, Tl, Cs, Pb, Th and U. The Pomici di Base products, older than the eruptions described above, range from leucite-bearing shoshonites to trachytes, are devoid of garnet and belong to an independent liquid-line-of-descent, having also different fractionation between trace elements (e.g., La/Ybn =15; Zr/Y = 12.4, Zr/Hf = 50, Nb/Ta = 15.6; Th/U = 3 in the Pomici di Base trachytes). A marked chemical variability of the observed phases is found. The geochemistry of garnet, amphibole, clinopyroxene and other phases shows wide variations of concentrations and elemental ratios (e.g., La/Ybn up to 520 in the sadanagaite coexisting with garnet). The magmatic evolution is dominated by low-pressure, oxidized, nearly closed-system fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, leucite, ±magnetite, ±biotite, ±olivine and apatite in the transition tephrite-phonotephrite, and of potassic sanidine (±hyalophane), Fe-clinopyroxene, melanite garnet ±Fe-amphibole in the transition tephriphonolite-phonolite. Mineralogic and geochemical evidence and model ling points out the existence of independent, zoned magma batches throughout the activity of the stratovolcano, which possibly started to crystallize at similar depths. The Somma-Vesuvius magmas thus evolved in shallow independent reservoirs with respect to those of the neighbouring volcanic complexes (Campi Flegrei, Ischia) as shown, for instance, by the contrasting compositional trends of clinopyroxene and amphibole, and have very limited evidence of crustal contamination (and/or carbonate assimilation).
    Description: Published
    Description: 106854
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Somma-Vesuvius ; Phonolites ; Trachytes ; Phase geochemistry ; LA-ICP-MS analyses
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    Setting the basis for a high-resolution record of the late Quaternary to present climate variability from Castiglione maar, central Italy: First results from AMUSED project (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: The AMUSED (A MUltidisciplinary Study of past global climatE changes from continental and marine archives in the MeDiterranean region) project aims at improving knowledge of late Quaternary climate variability and its expressions in different geological settings of the Mediterranean region. In this framework, the Castiglione maar, in the Colli Albani Volcanic District, central Italy, was selected for acquiring a high-resolution and geochronologically well-constrained multi-proxy record by drilling the entire lacustrine succession. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles were acquired across the central portion and the SW crater edge to depict the geometry of the sedimentary infilling and select the best drilling site. Two parallel cores (C1 and C2), 116 m- and 126.5 m-depth respectively, were recovered from the central sector of the Castiglione basin, where, according to ERT profiles, the sedimentary succession reaches the maximum thickness. The sedimentary infilling consists of fine-grained sediments: mainly fine sand, silt and clay, with minor gravel intervals and numerous tephra layers and volcaniclastic lenses. Specifically, more than 60 tephras were identified and used, alongside other lithostratigraphic features, to correlate the C1 and C2 cores and to assemble a composite section. The variability in magnetic susceptibility, led by glacial-interglacial cycles, and the geochemical fingerprinting of key tephra layers allowed to establish a preliminary chronological framework for the Castiglione succession which certainly spans the last 365 ka, with a mean sedimentation rate of 0.33 mm/yr. The relatively long time span of the Castiglione maar succession arises as a new potentially meaningful node of the network of Mediterranean records for better reconstructing the late Quaternary climate dynamics on a regional and extra-regional scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-14
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Unveiling a hidden fortification system at “Faraglioni” Middle Bronze Age Village of Ustica Island (Palermo, Italy) through ERT and GPR prospections (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: We carried out a geophysical research project in the Middle Bronze Age village of Ustica (Palermo, Sicily, Italy), named “Faraglioni Village” after the stack formations which detach from the coast north of the archaeological site. The investigation, which comprised Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) techniques, allowed us to discover the buried foundations of an outwork fortification system never evi denced by previous archaeological studies, only hypothesised from the observation of aerial photography and partially outcropping boulders, which align roughly parallel to the main defensive wall of the Village. Our geophysical prospection involved the entire 250 m-long arc of the outward village defensive wall, with the acquisition of eleven ERT profiles and 27 GPR scans. The techniques were selected based on both favourable logistics and methods applicability: ERT sections allowed us to trace a series of high-resistivity anomalies ar ranged to form an arc-shaped structure along the perimeter of the defensive wall. GPR investigation was localised in the most accommodating patch of terrain of the site, with the effort of intercepting clear enough sections of the target, to determine more accurately its shape, depth, and overall dimensions. Our discovery paves the way for new investigations, mainly aimed at defining the timing of construction of the fortification system, as well as the function of the remains of other architectural structures identified close to the wall, which could represent the target of further geophysical investigations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105272
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Georadar ; Electrical resistivity tomography ; Middle Bronze Age ; Villaggio Dei Faraglioni ; Fortification system ; Ustica Island
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    High-resolution climate variability across the Piacenzian/Gelasian boundary in the Monte San Nicola section (Sicily, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: The Piacenzian – Gelasian transition is a time of profound changes in the Earth's climatic regime, epitomized by the definitive establishment of large ice caps in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of the “ice ages” at ca. 2.6 Ma. This event is sharply documented in δ18O records globally by a prominent triplet of severe glacial events (MIS 100, 98 and 96) that approximate the base of the Gelasian Stage. We have reconstructed a multi-species planktic and benthic foraminiferal δ18O and δ13C record from the Monte San Nicola section (Sicily) across the Piacenzian/Gelasian boundary, with the purpose of better constraining in time the main marker criteria for recognition of the Gelasian GSSP (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) and investigating in detail the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic response of the central Mediterranean to the definitive onset of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation. Our results confirm the reliability and usability of the criteria originally proposed for defining the Gelasian GSSP, and significantly improve their chronology and chronostratigraphic positioning. Beyond an obvious alternation of obliquity-driven glacial-interglacial cycles, our isotopic record unraveled a pervasive climate variability in the suborbital time domain, the origin of which is still ambiguous. Altogether data presented in this paper provide the first high resolution isotopic records shedding new light both on the stratigraphic and paleoclimatic evolution of the Central Mediterranean area at the beginning of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108469
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
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    Decarbonation and clast dissolution timescales for short-term magma‑carbonate interactions in the volcanic feeding system and their influence on eruptive dynamics: Insights from experiments at atmospheric pressure (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-27
    Description: While long-term interactions of magma with carbonate wall-rock (a.k.a. carbonate assimilation) are well-studied, only recently some experimental studies focused on short-term interactions (seconds to minutes) at magma chamber conditions (0.5 GPa and 1200 ◦C). They have shown that carbonate assimilation can effectively release CO2 and dissolve the ingested clast in syn-eruptive timescales. Carbonate wall-rock xenoliths in eruptive products can hence be seen as proof of even shallower ingestion (i.e., within the feeding dyke). To study these shallower interactions, we performed 66 experiments at atmospheric pressure (i.e., at the second endmember of the vol- canic feeding system) and at 950–1230 ◦C with varying melt compositions and limestone compositions. Decarbonation was found to be mainly dependent on temperature and limestone composition while clast dissolution is largely dependent on magma composition, temperature, pressure and interaction time. In natural systems during magma ascent and with increasing quantities of assimilated wall-rock, the magma temperature would steadily decrease, limiting its own decarbonation and assimilation ability. But even in the 950 ◦C-ex- periments decarbonation (i.e., CO2 release) remained a syn-eruptive process. We subsequently discussed the limits of carbonate assimilation as well as the potential effect of syn-eruptive addition of CO2 to the magmatic mixture on magma ascent and eruption dynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121724
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Carbonate assimilation ; Volcanic eruption ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
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    On estimating the phase scintillation index using TEC provided by ISM and IGS professional GNSS receivers and machine learning (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-27
    Description: Amplitude and phase scintillation indexes (S4 and SigmaPhi) provided by Ionospheric Scintillation Monitoring (ISM) receivers are the most used GNSS-based indicators of the signal fluctuations induced by the presence of ionospheric irregularities. These indexes are available only from ISM receivers which are not as abundant as other types of professional GNSS receivers, resulting in limited geographic distribution. This makes the scintillation indexes measurements rare and sparse compared to other types of ionospheric measurements available from GNSS receivers. Total Electron Content (TEC), on the other hand, is an ionospheric parameter available from a wide range of multi-frequency GNSS receivers. Many efforts have worked on establishing scintillation indicators based on TEC, and geodetic receivers in general, introducing various metrics, including the Rate of TEC change (ROT) and ROT Index (ROTI). However, a possible relationship between TEC and its variation, and the corresponding scintillation index that an Ionospheric Scintillation Monitor (ISM) receiver would estimate is not trivial. In principle, TEC can be retrieved from carrier phase measurements of the GNSS receiver, as . We investigate how to estimate SigmaPhi from time series of TEC and ROT measurements from an ISM in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) using Machine Learning (ML). To evaluate its usability to estimate SigmaPhi from geodetic receivers, the model is tested using TEC data provided by a quasi-co-located geodetic receiver belonging to the International GNSS Service (IGS) network. It is shown that the model performance when TEC from the IGS receiver is used gives comparable results to the model performance when TEC from the ISM receiver is utilised. The model's ability to infer the exact value of the scintillation index is bound to Mean Square Error (MSE) = 0.1 radians^2 when SigmaPhi 〈 0. 8 radians. For SigmaPhi 〉 0. 8 radians the MSE reaches 0.18 and 0.45 radians^2 in operative testing using ISM and IGS measurements, respectively. However, the model’s ability to detect phase scintillation from IGS TEC measurements is comparable to expert visual inspection. Such a model has potential in alerting against phase fluctuations resulting in enhanced SigmaPhi, especially in locations where ISM receivers are not available, but other types of dual-frequency GNSS receivers are present.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    The EU Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE): Implementation, results, and roadmap for the second phase (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-27
    Description: The EU Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE) develops exascale transition capabilities in the domain of Solid Earth, an area of geophysics rich in computational challenges embracing different approaches to exascale (capability, capacity, and urgent computing). The first implementation phase of the project (ChEESE-1P; 2018–2022) addressed scientific and technical computational challenges in seismology, tsunami science, volcanology, and magnetohydrodynamics, in order to understand the phenomena, anticipate the impact of natural disasters, and contribute to risk management. The project initiated the optimisation of 10 community flagship codes for the upcoming exascale systems and implemented 12 Pilot Demonstrators that combine the flagship codes with dedicated workflows in order to address the underlying capability and capacity computational challenges. Pilot Demonstrators reaching more mature Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) were further enabled in operational service environments on critical aspects of geohazards such as long-term and short-term probabilistic hazard assessment, urgent computing, and early warning and probabilistic forecasting. Partnership and service co-design with members of the project Industry and User Board (IUB) leveraged the uptake of results across multiple research institutions, academia, industry, and public governance bodies (e.g. civil protection agencies). This article summarises the implementation strategy and the results from ChEESE-1P, outlining also the underpinning concepts and the roadmap for the on-going second project implementation phase (ChEESE-2P; 2023–2026).
    Description: EU
    Description: Published
    Description: 47-61
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: HPC ; Physical models ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    Horizon scanning the application of probiotics for wildlife (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Trends in Microbiology, Elsevier, pp. S0966-842X(23)00259-7-, ISSN: 0966-842X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-02
    Description: The provision of probiotics benefits the health of a wide range of organisms, from humans to animals and plants. Probiotics can enhance stress resilience of endangered organisms, many of which are critically threatened by anthropogenic impacts. The use of so-called ‘probiotics for wildlife’ is a nascent application, and the field needs to reflect on standards for its development, testing, validation, risk assessment, and deployment. Here, we identify the main challenges of this emerging intervention and provide a roadmap to validate the effectiveness of wildlife probiotics. We cover the essential use of inert negative controls in trials and the investigation of the probiotic mechanisms of action. We also suggest alternative microbial therapies that could be tested in parallel with the probiotic application. Our recommendations align approaches used for humans, aquaculture, and plants to the emerging concept and use of probiotics for wildlife.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 26
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    Global Rates of Subaerial Volcanism on Earth (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Knowledge of the global rates of volcanism is fundamental for modeling the Earth, as those rates closely relate to plate tectonics, crustal growth, mantle dynamics, atmospheric evolution, climate change, and virtually any aspect of the global Earth dynamics. In spite of their huge relevance, the global rates of volcanism have remained unknown, hidden within data that appeared disordered, largely fragmented and incomplete, reflecting poor preservation of small eruptions in the geological record, rareness of large eruptions, and distributions far from normal. Here we describe and validate a model that reproduces global volcanism to high statistical significance, and that is so simple to comfortably fit on a t-shirt. We use the model to compute the expected rates of global terrestrial volcanism over time windows from 1 to 100,000 years, and validate it by comparing with observations back to a few million years. Notably, the model can be tested against independent observations collected in the near future, a feature which is relatively uncommon among global models of Solid Earth dynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 922160
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 27
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    Comment on ‘Unveiling ductile deformation during fast exhumation of a granitic pluton in a transfer zone’ by Richard Spiess, Antonio Langone, Alfredo Caggianelli, Finlay M. Stuart, Martina Zucchi, Caterina Bianco, Andrea Brogi, & Domenico Liotta (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  Spiess, R., Langone, A., Caggianelli, A., Stuart, F.M., Zucchi, M., Bianco, C., et al., 2021. Unveiling ductile deformation during fast exhumation of a granitic pluton in a transfer zone. J. Struct. Geol. 147, 104326.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: In their paper, Spiess et al. (2021) published structural, geochronological, and EBSD data on one of the monzogranite apophyses (Capo Bianco) of the buried Porto Azzurro Pluton (island of Elba, Northern Apennines, Italy), a pluton emplaced in the upper crust (P 〈 0.2 GPa; e.g. Papeschi et al., 2019). The authors published a new U/Pb age of 6.4 ± 0.4 Ma, associated with the thermal peak, and a U-Th/He apatite age of 5.0 ± 0.6 Ma, indicating cooling below 60 ◦C. Spiess et al. (2021) use these ages to model the exhumation of the pluton controlled, in their model, by the Zuccale Fault, a subhorizontal fault with 6 km of eastward displacement (ZF; Keller & Coward, 1996). Their structural dataset from the macro to the microscale and EBSD analyses relies on a small section (about 100 m wide) in the NE part of the Calamita Peninsula. Based on their documentation of (1) vertical dykes in the monzogranite, (2) vertical to low-angle top-to-the-E extensional faults, and (3) later NWstriking oblique faults, they interpret the Porto Azzurro Pluton as emplaced in an extensional to transcurrent tectonic setting, extrapolating their findings to the entire Eastern Elba.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104499
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Upper crustal deformation ; Magmatic intrusion ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 28
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    From the Middle Triassic Cima Pape complex (Dolomites; Southern Alps) to the feeding systems beneath active volcanoes: Clues from clinopyroxene textural and compositional zoning (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Crystal zoning plays a fundamental role in modern volcanology as a key to unravel the geometry and the dynamics of plumbing systems. In this study, a detailed textural and compositional study of clinopyroxene crystals entrained in intrusive, hypabyssal and effusive products from Cima Pape (Dolomites) is coupled with thermobarometric-hygrometricmodels to reconstruct the geometry and evolution of the feeding systembeneath Middle Triassic volcanic edifices. Whole-rock major, trace element distribution and Sr-Nd isotopic signature (87Sr/86Sri = 0.7045–0.7050; 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51223–0.51228) show that the rocks from Cima Pape are SiO2- saturated and have shoshonitic affinity, and likely belong to the acme of the Mid-Triassic magmatismthat shaped the Southern Alps between 239 and 237.6Ma. Highly porphyritic trachybasaltic to basaltic trachyandesitic volcanic rocks contain a large number of concentric-zoned clinopyroxene crystals. Here, high-Mg# and -Cr2O3, REEdepleted bands (Mg# 80–91; Cr2O3 up to 1.2 wt%) with variable thickness grew between relatively low-Mg# and -Cr2O3 (Mg# 70–77; Cr2O3 〈 0.1 wt%) augitic cores and rims. In contrast, the gabbroic to monzodioritic 50- to 300-m-thick sill cropping out belowthe volcanic sequences, though to represent a relic of the shallowest portion of the plumbing system, is mostly made up of unzoned clinopyroxene crystals. Thermobarometric and hygrometric models allowed us to define that a small “mush-type” batchwas located beneath the Cima Pape volcano at depths between 7 and 14 km. Here, augitic clinopyroxene formed in equilibrium with a slightly evolved (basaltic trachyandesitic), H2O-rich melt (Mg# = 43–45; T = 1035–1075 °C; H2O = 2.6–3.8 wt%). Periodic replenishments of the magma batch by primitive (Mg# = 65–70), hotter and relatively H2O-poor (T = 1130–1150 °C; H2O = 2.1–2.8 wt%) basaltic magmas led to the formation of diopsidic bands mantling the already formed augitic cores. Later on, re-equilibration of clinopyroxene with the mixed melt resulted in the formation of low-Mg#, LILE- and LREE-enriched rims. The most Mg-poor micro-phenocrystic clinopyroxene in the volcanic rocks and in the sill records the ultimate and shallowest conditions of crystallization, occurring at T of 975–1010 °C and P comprised between 50 and 150 MPa. Based on the presence of similar zoning in clinopyroxene phenocrysts, a comparison between the Mid-Triassic Cima Pape and active volcanoes was put forward to highlight the potential of studying ancient, entirely exposed volcanic systems for interpreting the feeding systemprocesses acting beneath active volcanoes. At a regional scale, this approach represents a new, powerful tool for investigating the evolution of the Mid-Triassic magmatism in the Southern Alps and shedding light on the interactions between mantle-derived melts and differentiated batches ponding in the crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107459
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 29
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    Conjectures on spectral properties of ALIF algorithm (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: A new decomposition method for nonstationary signals, named Adaptive Local Iterative Filtering (ALIF), has been recently proposed in the literature. Given its similarity with the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and its more rigorous mathematical structure, which makes feasible to study its convergence compared to EMD, ALIF has really good potentiality to become a reference method in the analysis of signals containing strong nonstationary components, like chirps, multipaths and whistles, in many applications, like Physics, Engineering, Medicine and Finance, to name a few. In [11], the authors analyzed the spectral properties of the matrices produced by the ALIF method, in order to study its stability. Various results are achieved in that work through the use of Generalized Locally Toeplitz (GLT) sequences theory, a powerful tool originally designed to extract information on the asymptotic behavior of the spectra for PDE discretization matrices. In this manuscript we focus on answering some of the open questions contained in [11], and in doing so, we also develop new theory and results for the GLT sequences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 127-152
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mathematics - Numerical Analysis; Mathematics - Numerical Analysis; Computer Science - Numerical Analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 30
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    Deep learning models to predict flood events in fast-flowing watersheds (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: This study aims to explore the reliability of flood warning forecasts based on deep learning models, in particular Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) architecture. We also wish to verify the applicability of flood event predictions for a river with flood events lasting only a few hours, with the aid of hydrometric control stations. This methodology allows for the creation of a system able to identify flood events with acceptable errors within several hours' notice. In terms of errors, the results obtained in this study can be compared to those obtained by using physics-based models for the same study area. These kinds of models use few types of data, unlike physical models that require the estimation of several parameters. However, the deep learning models are data-driven and for this reason they can influence the results obtained. Therefore, we tested the stability of the models by simulating the missing or wrong input data of the model, and this allowed us to achieve excellent results. Indeed, the models were stable even if several data were missing. This method makes it possible to lay the foundations for the future application of these techniques when there is an absence of geological-hydrogeological information preventing physical modeling of the run-off process or in cases of relatively small basins, where the complex system and the unsatisfactory modeling of the phenomenon do not allow a correct application of physical-based models. The forecast of flood events is fundamental for correct and adequate territory management, in particular when significant climatic changes occur. The study area is that of the Arno River (in Tuscany, Italy), which crosses some of the most important cities of central Italy, in terms of population, cultural heritage, and socio-economic activities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 151885
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Arno River; Deep learning; Fast catchment basin; Flood forecasting; Hydraulic models; LSTM
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Seasonal rainfall trends of a key Mediterranean area in relation to large-scale atmospheric circulation: How does current global change affect the rainfall regime? (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Current global warming causes a change in atmospheric dynamics, with consequent variations in the rainfall regimes. Understanding the relationship between global climate patterns, global warming, and rainfall regimes is crucial for the creation of future scenarios and for the relative modification of water management. The aim of this study is to improve knowledge of the relationship between North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic (EA), and Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) with the seasonal rainfalls in Tuscany, Italy. The study area occupies a strategic position since it lies in a transition zone between the wet area of northern Europe and the dry area of the northern coast of Africa. This research, based on a statistical correlation method and on linear models, is designed to understand the relationship between seasonal rainfalls and climate patterns. The results of this study demonstrate that the use of linear models can yield more information than traditional statistical corre- lations. The results show a decrease in rainfall in the warm period of the year, namely in the summer, when its expression is most visible. This phenomenon is ascribable to current global warming, which causes an increase in sea-surface temperatures. An increase in the Northern Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature and in the Mediterra- nean Sea Surface Temperature causes a reduction of the Iceland Low, with an extension of the Azores High. Moreover, an increase in the Genoa Gulf SST
    Description: Published
    Description: 128233
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 32
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    Maximizing the detection of thermal imprints in civil engineering composites via numerical and thermographic results pre-processed by a groundbreaking mathematical approach (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: New composite materials are always subjected to non-destructive evaluation (NDE) prior to being placed on the market. This is to fully understand the reactions (i.e., development of defects) at the interface between two subsequent layers. Active infrared thermography (aIRT) can help in this regard, especially if anticipated by a simulation of the heat transfer from the exterior (lamp) to the interior (multilayer). Comsol Multiphysics® was used in this work as a tool by developing an innovative approach, which is designed – on the one hand – to minimize the computational cost and – on the other hand – to optimize the radiation to be delivered. The innovation produced by our work also concerns the pre-processing step of the thermal images; in fact, the 2D Fast Iterative Filtering (FIF2) is here introduced, discussing its benefits in comparison to previously developed techniques. Pre-processed data were further analyzed during the post-processing step demonstrating the reliability of FIF2 in enhancing thermal imprints, which leads to an improved detection of subsurface features. In particular, enhanced thermal imprints highlight the shape of the grid of glass fibres present beneath an external coating of hemp fibres (and, in general, added to the whole specimen along the x-y vectors). This grid of glass fibres was recently introduced as an insulation material for buildings. A brief review of the use of the pre-processing step in aIRT allows the reader to better understand the decisive step forward provided by FIF2 combined with a clever numerical simulation in the applied thermal engineering field. Qualitative and quantitative IRT results are shown and discussed thoroughly. Finally, a validation among numerical and experimental (thermographic) data is provided thanks to the Parker (laser flash) method.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107553
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    Tailoring 2D Fast Iterative Filtering algorithm for low-contrast optical fringe pattern preprocessing (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Retrieving object phase from the optical fringe pattern is a critical task in quantitative phase imaging and often requires appropriate image preprocessing (background and noise minimization), especially when retrieving phase from the single-shot fringe pattern image. In this article, for the first time, we propose to adapt the 2D Fast Iterative Filtering (FIF) method for fringe pattern decomposition and develop a novel version of FIF called the 2D fringe pattern Fast Iterative Filtering (fpFIF2), that is tailored for fringe pattern preprocessing. We show the positive influence of fpFIF2 onto fringe pattern filtering comparing to the previous 2D FIF implementation regarding processing speed, quality, and usage comfortability. We also compare the fpFIF2 with other state-of-the-art fringe pattern filtering methods in terms of aiding the Hilbert spiral transform method in phase retrieval. Employing numerical simulations and experimental fringe analysis, we prove that fpFIF2 outperforms reference methods, especially in terms of low-fringe-contrast phase reconstruction quality and decomposition time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107069
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Optics; Physics - Optics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 34
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    Post-caldera volcanism reveals shallow priming of an intra-ocean arc andesitic caldera: Hunga volcano, Tonga, SW Pacific (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Intra-oceanic arcs are typically associated with intermediate (andesitic) cone volcanoes. However, caldera volcanoes may also form in these settings from very large eruptions, resulting in sudden changes to the magma reservoir. These reservoirs can then produce either semi-continuous or intermittent low-intensity volcanism between major caldera-producing or caldera-deepening eruptions, providing insights into the post-caldera evolution of the system. Hunga volcano (Kingdom of Tonga, Southwest Pacific) is a large mainly submarine edifice that produced a series of caldera-forming eruptions ~900 years ago. Since then, numerous smaller-scale subaerial and submarine eruptions occurred, the most recent forming new islands in 2009 and 2014/15. Pyroclastic deposits associated with these latest eruptions have identical (range ~ 0.1 wt% of all major oxides) andesitic composition that overlap with the primitive end of the slightly wider compositional range of the caldera-forming episodes. Texturally simple plagioclase, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene phenocrysts in pre-, syn- and post-caldera pyroclasts point to a single shallow storage reservoir at 5–8 km depth. Lack of complex zonation indicates that this reservoir is constantly resupplied by low-flux inputs of basaltic andesite magma and is large enough that convective mixing rapidly homogenises new inputs. The reservoir feeds intermittent, low-intensity, post-caldera volcanism with constant andesite composition, driven possibly by magmatic overpressure and “leakage” of gas-rich magma pockets around the edges of the caldera. More primitive and compositionally variable basaltic andesites formed a lava-dominated edifice prior to the caldera-forming event. This suggests a causal link between magma supply dynamics and caldera priming relating to the maturing of the plumbing system and formation of a sustained subvolcanic andesite magma reservoir.
    Description: This research was funded by the Faculty Research Development Fund, The University of Auckland to MB and SJC. We are grateful for financial and logistic support from ICON Films, Bristol, UK. We are especially grateful for the help and company of Lucy Meadows and Alex Holden, ICON Films, UK, during the field studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106614
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Andesite caldera, mafic ignimbrite ; Lava Explosive volcanism ; Hunga Tonga Arc volcanism ; South Pacific volcanism ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
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    Fingerprinting secondary mantle plumes (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Many vertical seismic velocity anomalies observed below different parts of the Eurasian plate are rooted in the transition zone between the upper and lower mantle (410–660 km), forming so-called secondary plumes. These anomalies are interpreted as the result of thermal effects of large-scale thermal upwelling (primary plume) in the lower mantle or deep dehydration of fluid-rich subducting oceanic plates. We present the results of thermo-mechanical numerical modelling to investigate the dynamics of such small-scale thermal and chemical (hydrous) anomalies rising from the lower part of the Earth’s upper mantle. Our objective is to determine the conditions that allow thermo-chemical secondary plumes of moderate size (initial radius of 50 km) to penetrate the continental lithosphere, as often detected in seismo-tomographic studies. To this end, we examine the effect of the following parameters: (1) the compositional deficit of the plume density due to the presence of water and hydrous silicate melts, (2) the width of the weak zone in the overlying lithosphere formed because of plume-induced magmatic weakening and/or previous tectonic events, and (3) a tectonic regime varied from neutral to extensional. In our models, secondary plumes of purely thermal origin do not penetrate the overlying plate, but flatten at its base, forming “mushroom”-shaped structures at the level of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. On the contrary, plumes with enhanced density contrast due to a chemical (hydrous) component are shown to be able to pass upwards through the lithospheric mantle to shallow depths near the Moho when (1) the compositional density contrast is ≥ 100 kg m−3 and (2) the width of the lithospheric weakness zone above the plume is ≥ 100 km. An extensional tectonic regime facilitates plume penetration into the lithosphere but is not mandatory. Our findings can explain observations that have long remained enigmatic, such as the “arrow”-shaped zone of low seismic velocities below the Tengchong volcano in south-western China and the columnar (“finger”-shaped) anomaly within the lithospheric mantle discovered more than two decades ago beneath the Eifel volcanic fields in north-western Germany. It appears that a chemical component is a characteristic feature not only of conventional hydrous plumes located over presently downgoing oceanic slabs, but also of upper mantle plumes in other tectonic settings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117819
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: plume-lithosphere interaction ; secondary plumes ; hydrous plumes ; lithosphere rheology ; mantle transition zone ; numerical modelling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    Microbial vs abiotic origin of methane in continental serpentinized ultramafic rocks: A critical review and the need of a holistic approach (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Continental ultramafic rock systems, through the process of serpentinization, provide chemical and biochemical pathways that lead to the production of methane. The extent to which rock-water-gas reactions and organisms supply methane in these systems is a matter of considerable discussion and debate. Deciphering the interplay of abiotic and microbial methane observed at the surface requires several lines of reasoning as well as a variety of analyses. Despite using multiple models and interpretative tools, conclusions for the origin of methane at a particular site may vary or diverge from regional or global observations. Here, we critically address how possible conclusions of microbial versus abiotic methane in continental serpentinization systems may be interpreted and reinterpreted. We review fundamental concepts, advantages and limits, for three major methane origin models: (a) abiotic CO2 hydrogenation supplying gas reservoirs, (b) derivation from fluid inclusions in olivine-rich rocks, and (c) microbialgenesis in aquifers. We use the case of methane in the Samail ophiolite of Oman as an emblematic example of multiple interpretations; we identify ambiguous information offered by methane clumped isotopes and molecular gas compositions (e.g., the meaning of gaseous hydrocarbons heavier than methane), and suggest key tools, such as radiocarbon (14C) in methane, which may solve interpretative issues. The major constraint in any model of methane origin is the capability to sustain continuous gas flows, in terms of methane emission intensity, longevity and spatial extension, such as in natural gas sedimentary systems. Overall, this review suggests that any site interpretation can benefit from a holistic approach, integrating geochemical, geological and biological data with gas flow dynamics, as well as including regional and global contextualization.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105373
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 37
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    Trace element partitioning in zoned clinopyroxene as a proxy for undercooling: Experimental constraints from trachybasaltic magmas (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Sector-zoned clinopyroxene records kinetic effects imposed by variable degrees of magma undercooling, ΔT, and can be utilised to track the dynamics of magmatic systems. The partitioning of trace elements into sectors grown in different crystallographic orientations can be used as a proxy for ΔT. However, an experimental assessment of the relationship between trace element zoning and ΔT has been lacking to date. Here we present trace element data from a series of undercooling crystallisation experiments on a primitive trachybasalt from Mt. Etna (Italy), at conditions of crustal storage (400 MPa, NNO + 2), and ΔT ranging from 23 to 173 °C. Changes in ΔT were modulated by varying both resting and liquidus temperatures, the latter via the melt-H2O content of the experiments. The resting temperature was retained for 24 h to ensure the attainment of near-equilibrium conditions. High-resolution elemental mapping reveals the distribution of trace elements in individual clinopyroxene zones. Increasing ΔT drives a shift from polyhedral morphologies with Al-rich prism and Al-poor hourglass sectors (ΔT = 23–25 °C), to skeletal (ΔT = 75–123 °C) and dendritic (ΔT = 132–173 °C) crystals with Al-rich skeletons and Al-poor overgrowths. Aluminium-rich zones have higher concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) than Al-poor zones across all investigated ΔT conditions, and overall, Al, REE and HFSE contents increase with ΔT. This indicates that tetrahedral aluminium (TAl) and associated charge-balancing mechanisms govern the incorporation of REE and HFSE within clinopyroxene. Lattice strain parameters for REE in the M2 site indicate the incorporation of light relative to heavy REE in clinopyroxene is controlled by competing effects between the strain-free partition coefficient, D0, and the optimum cation radius, r0. Critically, the middle and heavy REE switch from incompatible to compatible with increasing ΔT. Used to model fractional crystallisation, our data demonstrate that fractionation of clinopyroxene at low ΔT controls pre-eruptive melt evolution. Importantly, this indicates crystallisation of clinopyroxene in the deep portions of Mt. Etna’s plumbing system is not rapid and is unlikely to result in the early formation of dendrites. We develop a parameterisation of ΔT based on REE partitioning between experimental clinopyroxene and coexisting melt, which can be applied to sector-zoned augite crystallising from mafic alkaline magmas, to reconstruct dynamic processes and thermal pathways during magma transport and storage. Applied to sector-zoned clinopyroxene microphenocrysts and groundmass microcrysts from the 1974 eccentric eruption at Mt. Etna, our parameterisation tracks an increase in ΔT with magma ascent and eruption, following recharge of Cr-rich mafic magma at depth. Sector-zoned clinopyroxene can track ΔT variations leading to volcanism at Mt. Etna and could be applied to quantify magma dynamics in other active volcanoes.
    Description: This work was supported by a Foundation Research Excellence Award from The University of Queensland (UQ-FREA RM2019001828, T.U.), the Advance Queensland Women’s Research Assistance Program from the Queensland Government (WRAP109-2019RD1 RM2020002371, T.U.) and the HP-HT laboratory of Experimental Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, Rome). A.M. was supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP). S.M, M.M. and A.P. were supported by the MIUR project “Time scales of solidification in magmas: Applications to Volcanic Eruptions, Silicate Melts, Glasses, Glass- Ceramics” (PRIN 2017J277S9).
    Description: Published
    Description: 249-268
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Clinopyroxene ; Sector Zoning ; Trace element partitioning ; Undercooling ; Dendritic crystals ; Rare earth elements ; LA ICP-MS Mapping ; Mt. Etna ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 38
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    Deep structure of the crust in the area of the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence from receiver function analysis (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We compute a high-resolution topographic model of the Moho beneath the fault system activated during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence, using Receiver Function (RF) analyses. We document that Ps conversions recorded in RF data-set varies abruptly at very short distance across the crustal lineament called Ancona-Anzio Line (AAL). Moho depth varies from about 25-30 km in the Tyrrhenian domain on the West to 35- 40 km in the Adriatic domain in the East. Where the two domains are juxtaposed along the AAL, Moho depth values cluster around 50 km depth, in a stripe-like area 20 km wide. Such unique feature marks the deformation zone in the lithosphere and testifies the abrupt change in delamination style in the two sectors of the Apennines. Intermittent large normal faulting earthquakes driven by across-belt extension break through such inherited strong structural changes, conditioned by localized barriers to fluids migration and overpressuring.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229237
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 39
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    Impact of Local Iron Enrichment on the Small Benthic Biota in the deep Arctic Ocean (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media S.A., 10, ISSN: 2296-7745
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: This study assesses the impact of local iron enrichment on the small benthic biota (bacteria, meiofauna) at the deep seafloor. To evaluate the hypothesis that abundance, distribution, and diversity of the small benthic biota varies in relation to a local input of structural steel at the seabed, we analyzed sediment samples and the associated infauna along a short transect (~1.5 m in length) with increasing distance to an iron source, i.e., corroding steel weights (30 cm in length and width, and 6 cm in height) of a free-falling observational platform (bottom-lander), lying on the seafloor for approximately seven years. Bacterial and meiofaunal densities and biomasses in iron-enriched sediments were significantly lower than those in unaffected sediments. Moreover, bacterial and nematode community structure between iron-enriched sediments and unaffected sediments differed strongly; taxonomic richness as well as diversity was lowest closest to the iron source. The presence of iron fostered the establishment of specialized iron oxidizers and other chemolithoautotrophic bacterial members, which were rare or absent in the unaffected sediments, within which opportunistic heterotrophs predominated. Nematodes comprised 〉90% of the total metazoan meiofauna and were therefore studied in more detail. A total of 26 genera from 16 families occurred in iron-enriched sediments (three genera were found exclusively in these sediments), while 65 genera from 27 families occurred in the unaffected sediments (39 genera and 12 families were found exclusively in these sediments). Nematode genera number (S), estimated genera richness (EG(51)) and heterogeneity (H’(log2)) were significantly lower in iron-enriched sediments than in unaffected sediments. Our results confirm that the local enrichment of deep-sea sediments by metallic and corroding structures (e.g., by ship hulls, containers, scientific equipment) strongly affects the diversity of the small benthic biota at short distances from these sources.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 40
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    Geochemistry of trace metals and Rare Earth Elements in shallow marine water affected by hydrothermal fluids at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: Trace metals and Rare Earth Element (REE) are amply discharged by submarine hydrothermal vents, sometimes leading to the formation of ore deposits of economic interest. We report on first data on the geochemical processes involving REE and trace metals, at the solid-liquid interface, in the hydrothermal area of Levante Bay at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy). Samples were collected from several submarine springs and seeps, a mud pool and one thermal well, and analyzed for Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, U and REE, besides major ions. Within the bay, hydrothermal fluids contaminate seawater and promote the leaching of metals from sediments through the dissolution of CO2 and H2S, while the particulate matter removes several elements from the water. The leaching of the bottom sediments and the contribution of steam-heated water produce an enrichment of some metals and REE in the Levante Bay with respect to the concentrations expected in the ambient seawater. An enrichment up to one order of magnitude is measured for Fe, Al, Ba, Cs and Rb, and up to two orders of magnitude for Mn in the submarine samples. Other transition metals (Ti, V, Co, Cr), U, As and Sr have concentrations similar or slightly lower than the ambient seawater. REE are in concentrations higher than in ambient seawater up to two orders of magnitude. Despite being significantly higher than uncontaminated seawater, the concentrations of some metals (namely Fe, Al, Ti, Cr, V, Co, U) and REE in most samples are lower than expected by the mixing between seawater and the steam-heated water, discharging from submarine springs. Indeed, equilibrium and reaction path modeling indicate the likely precipitation of Fe-oxyhydroxides, able to remove minor elements, such as Ti, Cr, Co, V and As, and REE. The last ones are significantly removed by newly-forming solid phases, due to the presence of a large amount of Fe released by the acidic fluids through the leaching of sediments. The low pH limits the formation of solution complexes of REE with carbonate ions (the main complexing agent for REE in seawater), whereas the sorption onto particles is still effective, even at close distance from the submarine springs and seeps. This study brings new insights on the geochemical processes occurring in submarine hydrothermal systems, in particular, those in subduction-related context.
    Description: Fondo Sociale Europeo (PO FSE 2014-2020)
    Description: Published
    Description: 120756
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: REE ; Trace metals ; Hydrothermal system ; Seawater ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 03.04. Chemical and biological ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
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    Hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of the Region Carbonífera aquifer: An example of hydrogeological systems in the semi-arid climates of northeastern Mexico (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: Hydrogeological resources in the semiarid regions of Mexico support the economy and essential domestic activities of around 17 million people. However, adverse climatic conditions and overexploitation of aquifers affect the quantity and quality of the resource, added to problems of anthropogenic pollution and the salinity of water bodies. The Region Carbonífera aquifer represents the primary hydrogeological system in the most important coal-mining region in Mexico, located in the state of Coahuila. In this work, we present a complete dataset of 157 samples from surface and groundwaters sites have been used to characterizethe physicochemical and isotopic processes responsible for the composition of circulating waters, clarifying their origin, and to evaluate the water quality in terms of human consumption and irrigation use. The aquifer is mostly represented by Ca2+-Mg2+-SO42- and Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl- type waters, that supports salinization problems in 76% of the samples as well as sulfate excess. The origin of this chemical behavior seems to be the result of three main processes: 1) dissolution of soluble salts (gypsum, anhydrite and halite), 2) high surface evaporation under semiarid climate conditions, and 3) ionic and reverse ionic exchange. Processes 1 and 2 are also supported by the enrichment trends in the δ18O and δD signatures. For human consumption, 21% of the samples show high concentrations above the maximum permissible limits of the Official Mexican Standard (NOM-127-SSA1-1994) in total dissolved solids, Cl−, Na+, and SO42−. Additionally, 80% of the waters have some irrigation limitations due to excess sodicity or salinity. The worst quality waters for human or irrigation uses are located south of the aquifer in the municipalities of Juárez and Progreso. This study exhibits the complex hydric situation of the aquifer, raising awareness of the need to seek alternative sources, rational exploitation of resources, the use of crops that better adapt to these semiarid conditions, and intensifying hydrochemical monitoring in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105307
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 42
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    A data-driven artificial neural network model for the prediction of ground motion from induced seismicity: The case of The Geysers geothermal field (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: Ground-motion models have gained foremost attention during recent years for being capable of predicting ground-motion intensity levels for future seismic scenarios. They are a key element for estimating seismic hazard and always demand timely refinement in order to improve the reliability of seismic hazard maps. In the present study, we propose a ground motion prediction model for induced earthquakes recorded in The Geysers geothermal area. We use a fully connected data-driven artificial neural network (ANN) model to fit ground motion parameters. Especially, we used data from 212 earthquakes recorded at 29 stations of the Berkeley–Geysers network between September 2009 and November 2010. The magnitude range is 1.3 and 3.3 moment magnitude (Mw), whereas the hypocentral distance range is between 0.5 and 20 km. The ground motions are predicted in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and 5% damped spectral acceleration (SA) at T=0.2, 0.5, and 1 s. The predicted values from our deep learning model are compared with observed data and the predictions made by empirical ground motion prediction equations developed by Sharma et al. (2013) for the same data set by using the nonlinear mixed-effect (NLME) regression technique. For validation of the approach, we compared the models on a separate data made of 25 earthquakes in the same region, with magnitudes ranging between 1.0 and 3.1 and hypocentral distances ranging between 1.2 and 15.5 km, with the ANN model providing a 3% improvement compared to the baseline GMM model. The results obtained in the present study show a moderate improvement in ground motion predictions and unravel modeling features that were not taken into account by the empirical model. The comparison is measured in terms of both the R2 statistic and the total standard deviation, together with inter-event and intra-event components.
    Description: Published
    Description: 917608
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 43
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    Stability Analysis of a Landslide Scarp by Means of Virtual Outcrops: The Mt. Peron Niche Area (Masiere di Vedana Rock Avalanche, Eastern Southern Alps) (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: We investigated the Mt. Peron niche area of the Masiere di Vedana rock avalanche (BL), one of the major mass movements that affected the Eastern Southern Alps in historical times. So far, a geomechanical characterization and a stability analysis of the niche area, where potential rockfall sources are present, are lacking. The Mt. Peron niche area is a rocky cliff almost inaccessible to field-based measurements. In order to overcome this issue, we performed a geo-structural characterization of a sector of the cliff by means of a UAV-based photogrammetric survey. From the virtual outcrop, we extracted the orientation of 159 fractures that were divided into sets based on a K-means clustering algorithm and field-checked with some measurements collected along a rappelling descent route down to the cliff. Finally, with the aim of evaluating the stability of the volume under investigation, we performed a stability analysis of three rock pillars included in our survey by means of a distinct element numerical simulation. Our results indicate that two out of the three pillars are characterized by a stable state, under the simulation assumptions, whereas the third is close to failure, and for this reason, its condition needs further investigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 863880
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
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    Fifteen years of Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) scale: Dataset compilation and insights from empirical regressions (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: The Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI-07), published 15 years ago under the umbrella of INQUA (In- ternational Union for Quaternary Research), is solely based on earthquake effects on the natural environment. ESI-07 provides complementary information with respect to other macroseismic scales, in particular those stemming from the original Mercalli scale, which are mainly based on effects on manmade structures. We collect information on 157 earthquakes, occurred between 300 AD and 2020, that have been studied using the ESI-07 scale. The ESI-07 epicentral intensity can be assigned based on linear or areal features (e.g., length of surface rupture, area affected by environmental effects); this value is generally in good agreement, or slightly larger, than estimates provided using other macroseismic scales. Higher discrepancies are found for earthquakes with ESI-07 epicentral intensity above X, where other scales tend to saturate, as expected based on the original definition of the Mercalli-family intensity scales. We develop scaling relations among ESI-07 epicentral intensity and moment magnitude, surface rupture length and affected area. After critically evaluating the scientific literature, we argue that the ESI-07 reached its original goals and proved to be particularly useful for the documentation of earthquake damage i) in remote regions, ii) in the case of strong events, where other scales saturate, and iii) in the region closer to the epicenter. Finally, we identify gaps where to focus future efforts, such as the integration of remote sensed datasets in ESI-07 assignment and the refinement of empirical regressions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107-119
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 45
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    Impact on air quality of carbon and sulfur volatile compounds emitted from hydrothermal discharges: The case study of Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, South Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: Volcanoes are currently to be regarded as natural sources of air pollutants. Climatic and environmental forcing of large volcanic eruptions are well known, although gases emitted through passive degassing during periods of quiescence or hydrothermal activity can also be highly dangerous for the environment and public health. Based on compositional and isotopic data, a survey on the spatial distribution in air of the main volatile compounds of carbon (CO2 and CH4) and sulfur (H2S and SO2) emitted from the fumarolic field of Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, Pozzuoli, Naples), a hydrothermal area where degassing activity has visibly increased since 2009, was carried out. The main goals of this study were (i) to evaluate the impact on air quality of these natural manifestations and (ii) inquire into the behavior of the selected chemical species once released in air, and their possible use as tracers to distinguish natural and anthropogenic sources. Keeling plot analysis of CO2 and CH4 isotopes revealed that the hydrothermal area acts as a net source of CO2 in air, whilst CH4 originated mainly from anthropogenic sources. Approaching the urban area, anthropogenic sources of CO2 increased and, at distances greater than 800 m from the Pisciarelli field, they prevailed over the hydrothermal signal. While hydrothermal CO2 simply mixed with that in the atmospheric background, H2S was possibly affected by oxidation processes. Therefore, SO2 measured in the air near the hydrothermal emissions had a secondary origin, i.e. generated by oxidation of hydrothermal H2S. Anthropogenic SO2 was recognized only in the furthest measurement site from Pisciarelli. Finally, in the proximity of a geothermal well, whose drilling was in progress during our field campaign, the H2S concentrations have reached values up to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the urban background, claiming the attention of the local authorities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Air quality; Carbon and sulfur volatile compounds; Carbon isotopes; Hydrothermal systems; Natural sources of pollutants. ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 01.01. Atmosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
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    Optimization of local scale seismic networks applied to geothermal fields. The case of the Acoculco caldera, Mexico (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: The exploitation of a geothermal field can be accompanied by both natural and induced seismicity. Hence the installation of a seismic network suitable for locating also low magnitude earthquakes is of great interest for geothermal development, especially for monitoring the activity related to the injection or production. Here we propose an improvement of the D-OPTIMAL algorithm (Tramelli et al., 2013) that tries and find optimal station positions minimizing the volume of the error ellipsoid of the event location using the D-criterion. In this version, we introduced the possibility to account for several prior information that is generally available when instrumenting a monitoring site permanently or temporarily. The a priori parameters introduced are: i) three-dimensional seismic velocity models, ii) seismic noise levels, iii) topographic gradient, and iv) H/V ratio values. The last three parameters are introduced in the station position 24 selection using aweighting system. We applied the methodology to the Acoculco geothermal field (Mexico) where an injection test was planned and executed in 2021. The comparison between the network defined usingthe standard approach and this updated version shows the importance of introducing a prioriinformation during the selection of the network. Installation sites resulted better distributed on the region, resulting in an overall increase of the sensitivity, and in a decreasing of the error location estimation in the target region. The methodology presented here is easy to apply to other study cases such as active volcanoes, anthropogenic activities, or whatever other study at local scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103995
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Network optimization ; Geothermal areas ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
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    Village relocation as solution of the landslide risk, is it always the right choice? The case study of Cavallerizzo ghost village (Calabria, southern Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: This study analyses the geological reasons that supported the relocation of the Cavallerizzo village (Calabria, southern Italy) to a new area after the landslide event in 2005 to examine whether the institutional ordinance of displacing the entire village was the right choice. This study is based on new geological and geomorphological field investigations, on a new reading of the existing borehole data and new data collected by multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry. The results obtained reveal that only the areas bordering the Cavallerizzo village are affected by active landslides, whereas, in the historical centre, geomorphological evidence for an active landslide capable of involving the entire settlement is not found. Nowadays, 17 years after the 2005 landslide event, more than 85% of the Cavallerizzo village is completely intact, lacking evidence of instability or important damage to ancient buildings. Furthermore, in the historical urban area, very low ground displacements by InSAR investigation are observed, highlighting that the instability conditions of Cavallerizzo are less severe than those recognised in nearby villages. This evidence along with the strong negative economic and socio-cultural impacts that the village settlement had on the community involved led to the reconsideration of the adequacy of the relocation ordinance issued by the National Civil Protection. These findings can contribute to useful advice and best practices to state-run organisations and stakeholders for disaster management planning in urban sites, such as Cavallerizzo, subject to hydrogeological hazards.
    Description: This work was supported by the MIUR. Italy-ex 60% Project (Responsibility of Fabio Ietto). Copernicus Sentinel-1 IW SAR data were provided via and processed in ESA’s Geohazards Exploitation Platform (GEP), in the framework of the GEP Early Adopters Programme 2015–2020 and the Geohazards Lab initiative, the latter developed under the CEOS Working Group on Disasters. Data processing was carried out with the Snapping (Surface motioN mAPPING) service developed and integrated by Aristotle University of Thessaloniky in the GEP.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103267
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geognostic survey ; Landslides ; MT-InSAR ; Village resettlement ; Calabria
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 48
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    Cyclochronology of the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-17
    Description: Spectral analyses of high-resolution records from the upper Eocene-lower Oligocene from the Massignano section, GSSP for the Eocene/Oligocene (E/O) boundary, and the nearby Massicore reveal orbitally controlled fluctuations in the percent concentration of calcium carbonate (wt% CaCO3) and magnetic susceptibility. Extraction of orbital components provides a consistent cyclochronology for the two sites that straddles the E/O boundary. Detection of longer-term modulation in the short eccentricity enabled tuning to the astronomical solution and development of a robust astrochronology for the E/O boundary transition in the GSSP section. Correlation with astrochronologically dated records allowed us to identify the local sedimentary response to the global paleoclimatic and palaeoceanographic events that characterize the greenhouse-icehouse transition during the late Eocene-early Oligocene.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110958
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
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    Fluid Accumulation Zone by Seismic Attributes and Amplitude Versus Offset Analysis at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
    Description: The imaging of volcanic systems is a challenging topic that attracts the scientific community’s attention. The characterization of structures and rock properties by means of seismic active methods is becoming fundamental for providing ultra-high-resolution images of the structures of interest. The Solfatara Volcano is a quiescent volcano in the Campi Flegrei resurgent nested caldera that is continuously under investigation and monitoring for its shallow activity, such as fumaroles. The purpose of this work is to characterize the fluid accumulation zone in the first 150 m depth in the middle of the crater, using several post-stack seismic attributes and Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) analysis to characterize the contact between the CO2 and condensed water in the shallower accumulation zone. The two 400 m-long profiles to which we refer in this work have been acquired during the active Repeated InduCed Earthquakes and Noise experiment. The profiles were deployed along with the NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE directions across the whole surface of the crater including the main surface anomalies of the fumaroles, in the eastern area, and the mud-pool of Fangaia, located in the western area. The seismic pre-processing, pre-stack processing, and post-stack analysis previously applied on the NNE-SSW profile are here performed for the first time on the WNW-ESE profile, while partial-stack AVO analysis is performed for both profiles. The post-stack attributes including time gain, envelope, energy, and root mean square have been computed and extracted for determining the maximum and minimum values of amplitude zones on the migrated post-stack seismic profiles. Such anomalies are provided by complex and geometrical attributes embedding information on faults and chaotic zones. The AVO technique has also been used as a direct gas indicator to enhance fluid discrimination and identification. Finally, the analysis of the profile, seismic attributes, and near-surface structural interpretation related to the Solfatara Volcano has been incorporated into the proposed analysis. The multi-2D image depicts fluids trapped in the Solfatara Volcano at depths ranging from 10 to 50 m below the crater’s surface, as well as their migration paths up to 150 m deep: this evidenced contact between the fluids has been probably due to the solfataric alteration of the minerals, caused by the arising plume and the abovecondensed water which decreases the permeability of the rocks and forms an argillic phase working as cap-rock and trapping the gases. The application of the AVO analysis, coupled with the seismic attribute’s investigation, provides a very detailed multi-2D image of the shallower Solfatara Volcano, which outperforms in terms of accuracy the ones obtained with different tools in previous works, and that evidences the presence and the position of the liquid and the gases in the north-east area of the Solfatara Volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 866534
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 50
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    Optical and microphysical characterization of atmospheric aerosol in the Central Mediterranean during simultaneous volcanic ash and desert dust transport events (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
    Description: Volcanic plume aerosol following the paroxysmal event of Mount Etna (Italy) in February 21st - 26th, 2021 was detected in Naples area (Italy), together with transport of Saharan dust aerosol, combining lidar, sunphotometer and satellite observations with back-trajectories and dispersion models simulations. Lidar data allowed to clearly distinguish the two main aerosol components, to investigate the spectral dependence of the aerosol optical properties and to retrieve their microphysical properties, essential for a detailed aerosol characterization. A new Monte Carlo algorithm, capable of retrieving the particle size distribution from lidar measurements, was applied. Lidar results are in good agreement with columnar integrated sunphotometer data. This combination of novel lidar observations of the vertically-resolved aerosol microphysics, column observations and modelling allows for a more complete description of multi-layered aerosol conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106099
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Ionospheric response modeling under eclipse conditions: Evaluation of 14 December 2020, total solar eclipse prediction over the South American sector (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
    Description: In this work, we evaluate the SUPIM-INPE model prediction of the 14 December 2020, total solar eclipse over the South American continent. We compare the predictions with data from multiple instruments for monitoring the ionosphere and with different obscuration percentages (i.e., Jicamarca, 12.0°S, 76.8°W, 17%; Tucumán 26.9°S, 65.4° W, 49%; Chillán 36.6°S, 72.0°W; and Bahía Blanca, 38.7°S, 62.3°W, reach 95% obscuration) due to the eclipse. The analysis is done under total eclipse conditions and non-total eclipse conditions. Results obtained suggest that the model was able to reproduce with high accuracy both the daily variation and the eclipse impacts of E and F1 layers in the majority of the stations evaluated (except in Jicamarca station). The comparison at the F2 layer indicates small differences (〈7.8%) between the predictions and observations at all stations during the eclipse periods. Additionally, statistical metrics reinforce the conclusion of a good performance of the model. Predicted and calibrated Total Electron Content (TEC, using 3 different techniques) are also compared. Results show that, although none of the selected TEC calibration methods have a good agreement with the SUPIM-INPE prediction, they exhibit similar trends in most of the cases. We also analyze data from the Jicamarca Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR), and Swarm-A and GOLD missions. The electron temperature changes observed in ISR and Swarm-A are underestimated by the prediction. Also, important changes in the O/N2 ratio due to the eclipse, have been observed with GOLD mission data. Thus, future versions of the SUPIM-INPE model for eclipse conditions should consider effects on thermospheric winds and changes in composition, specifically in the O/N2 ratio.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1021910
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    3D thermal model of Sicily (Southern Italy) and perspectives for new exploration campaigns for geothermal resources (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
    Description: Quantification of the subsurface geothermal potential primarily relies on the assessment of the thermal and mechanical configuration of the lithosphere. Such investigations require a detailed knowledge of the geological and tectonic forcing on the regional thermal, stress and hydraulic regimes and their counter feedback mechanisms. This approach becomes even more relevant in complex and active tectonic settings. In this regard, the Sicily region, which is located in the Central-Western Mediterranean, is an exceptional case study due to its almost unexplored geothermal potential hosted in a complex geodynamic setting. The present-day geological configuration resulted from the collision between the African and European plates, which led to the coexistence of compressional phases, beginning with the Oligocene-Miocene clockwise rotation of Corsica-Sardinia and alternated extensional phases in the Tyrrhenian basin due to the southward progression of the Sicilian- Maghrebian chain towards areas of the internal foreland (Hyblean domain). In this study, we attempt a reconstruction of the present-day lithospheric state of Sicily to quantify its thermal regime at shallow and intermediate depths. We have carried out a 3D lithospheric-scale gravity modelling in order to define the main geological units and their lithology-dependent rock properties, then integrated into a 3D geological model consistent with available borehole and seismic datasets. We have used the constructed geological model with its lithologydependent density, thermal conductivity, and radiogenic heat production to derive the present-day conductive thermal field as a whole and for individual tectonic or geological units, thereby considering different boundary conditions. We have finally validated results of the modelling against a shallow temperature dataset derived from hydrocarbon explorations. Our results indicate that the thermal field at depths shallower than 10 km is largely controlled by variability in sedimentary thickness in the foreland and the orogen, while deeper temperatures are primarily controlled by the distribution of the heat transferred from the mantle together with the radiogenic contribution of the shallow crystalline basement rocks and deeper crustal layers. The thermal modelling portrays a rather heterogenous Moho heat flow, locally higher than 80 mW/m2, revealing a particular geodynamic setting with specific areas characterized by high-to-medium enthalpy geothermal potential. As such, our modelling provides new perspectives for the exploration of geothermal resources in Sicily and helps to better constrain the thermal structure of the complex Sicilian collisional setting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103976
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 53
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    Deep learning for laboratory earthquake prediction and autoregressive forecasting of fault zone stress (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: Published in https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X22004617
    Description: Earthquake forecasting and prediction have long and in some cases sordid histories but recent work has rekindled interest based on advances in early warning, hazard assessment for induced seismicity and successful prediction of laboratory earthquakes. In the lab, frictional stick-slip events provide an analog for earthquakes and the seismic cycle. Labquakes are ideal targets for machine learning (ML) because they can be produced in long sequences under controlled conditions. Recent works show that ML can predict several aspects of labquakes using fault zone acoustic emissions. Here, we generalize these results and explore deep learning (DL) methods for labquake prediction and autoregressive (AR) forecasting. DL improves existing ML methods of labquake prediction. AR methods allow forecasting at future horizons via iterative predictions. We demonstrate that DL models based on Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolution Neural Networks predict labquakes under several conditions, and that fault zone stress can be predicted with fidelity, confirming that acoustic energy is a fingerprint of fault zone stress. We predict also time to start of failure (TTsF) and time to the end of Failure (TTeF) for labquakes. Interestingly, TTeF is successfully predicted in all seismic cycles, while the TTsF prediction varies with the amount of preseismic fault creep. We report AR methods to forecast the evolution of fault stress using three sequence modeling frameworks: LSTM, Temporal Convolution Network and Transformer Network. AR forecasting is distinct from existing predictive models, which predict only a target variable at a specific time. The results for forecasting beyond a single seismic cycle are limited but encouraging. Our ML/DL models outperform the state-of-the-art and our autoregressive model represents a novel framework that could enhance current methods of earthquake forecasting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117825
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Geophysics; Physics - Geophysics; Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
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  • 54
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    Estimating the long-term slip rate of active normal faults: The case of the Paganica Fault (Central Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: The footwall of the surface rupturing Paganica normal fault, the source of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Mw 6.1) in the Central Apennines (Italy), was investigated using integrated geological and geomorphological approaches. The aim was to constrain the active tectonics by studying the Raiale River that orthogonally crosscuts the fault trace, where it provides a useful geomorphological marker of long-term fluvial incision and footwall uplift. Using morphostratigraphy and paleomagnetic analysis, the Plio–Pleistocene morphotectonic evolution of the area was reconstructed, comprising an ancient continental basin and paleolandforms that predate the footwall incision. Starting from the Late Early Pleistocene–Middle Pleistocene, fluvial dissection was mainly due to marked river downcutting triggered by significant activity of the Paganica Fault, which caused progressive base-level lowering. The Raiale River downcutting formed five Middle–Late Pleistocene fluvial terraces, that, along with absolute Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating, allowed the identification of paleolongitudinal profiles with a diverging downstream configuration. Terrace dating yielded a minimum incision rate of 0.25 ± 0.02 mm/a, which only partially compensates the footwall uplift and can thus be considered as a minimum value for the Paganica Fault throw rate, which could reach up to ~0.45 mm/a. In parallel, using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides, a denudation rate of 0.02–0.04 mm/a was measured on the summit of the footwall block. This denudation is in keeping with the drainage incision, suggesting a non-steady state for the fault footwall topography and a dominance of relief growth. Last, the analysis of the modern Raiale River longitudinal profile denoted an ungraded status, with two main knickzones that we interpret as transient forms due to tectonic perturbations, likely triggered by activity of the Paganica Fault during the end Early Pleistocene and the Late Pleistocene. Considering the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake coseismic rupture, we observe that the younger transience on the Raiale River longitudinal profile, if it is of tectonic origin, could have only been produced by much larger seismic events (i.e., Mw 〉 6.5) than those documented in the area by paleoseismological investigations. The collective results confirmed that in the Central Apennines, conditions of dynamic equilibrium are often not met, and that the persistence of transient perturbations induced by tectonics should be accounted for.
    Description: The work was financially supported by the MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) project “FIRB Abruzzo - High-resolution analyses for assessing the seismic hazard and risk of the areas affected by the 6 April 2009 earthquake”, ref. RBAP10ZC8K_005 and RBAP10ZC8K_007, and by Agreement INGV-DPC 2012-2021. The airborne LiDAR survey performedby the Civil Protection of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) was kindly released by Italian Civil Protection Department Special thanks to Simone Atzori, who provided the InSAR data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108411
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake geology ; Active faults ; L'Aquila earthquake ; Morphotectonics ; active faulting
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Sensitivity of Tsunami Impact to Earthquake Source Parameters and Manning Friction in High-Resolution Inundation Simulations (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: In seismically active regions with variable dominant focal mechanisms, there is considerable tsunami inundation height uncertainty. Basic earthquake source parameters such as dip, strike, and rake affect significantly the tsunamigenic potential and the tsunami directivity. Tsunami inundation is also sensitive to other properties such as bottom friction. Despite their importance, sensitivity to these basic parameters is surprisingly sparsely studied in literature. We perform suites of systematic parameter searches to investigate the sensitivity of inundation at the towns of Catania and Siracusa on Sicily to changes both in the earthquake source parameters and the Manning friction. The inundation is modelled using the Tsunami-HySEA shallow water code on a system of nested topo-bathymetric grids with a finest spatial resolution of 10 m. This GPU-based model, with significant HPC resources, allows us to perform large numbers of high- resolution tsunami simulations. We analyze the variability of different hydrodynamic parameters due to large earthquakes with uniform slip at different locations, focal depth, and different source parameters. We consider sources both near the coastline, in which significant near-shore co-seismic deformation occurs, and offshore, where near- shore co-seismic deformation is negligible. For distant offshore earthquake sources, we see systematic and intuitive changes in the inundation with changes in strike, dip, rake, and depth. For near-shore sources, the dependency is far more complicated and co- determined by both the source mechanisms and the coastal morphology. The sensitivity studies provide directions on how to resolve the source discretization to optimize the number of sources in Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis, and they demonstrate a need for a far finer discretization of local sources than for more distant sources. For a small number of earthquake sources, we study systematically the inundation as a function of the Manning coefficient. The sensitivity of the inundation to this parameter varies greatly for different earthquake sources and topo-bathymetry at the coastline of interest. The friction greatly affects the velocities and momentum flux and to a lesser but still significant extent the inundation distance from the coastline. An understanding of all these dependencies is needed to better quantify the hazard when source complexity increases.
    Description: Published
    Description: 757618
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tsunami ; inundation ; HPC ; earthquakes ; numerical simulations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 56
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    Radon (222Rn) levels in thermal waters of the geothermally active Campi Flegrei volcanic caldera (Southern Italy): A framework study using a RAD7 radon detector (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: The present investigation provides measurements of radon (222Rn) concentration levels in 20 thermal waters at the Campi Flegrei volcanic caldera, an important geothermal system with hydrothermal manifestations in the Neapolitan area (Southern Italy). We used a RAD7® Radon-in-air detector equipped with Big Bottle RAD H2O and DRYSTIK accessories (Durridge Co. Inc.). Water samples with different chemical and/or physical conditions, not used as drink waters, are taken from continental thermal groundwaters, springs, lakes, pools and one sub merged thermal spring. The waters are mostly chlorine to bicarbonate, except of a few sulphate types sampled at the hydrothermal discharge areas of Solfatara and Pisciarelli, central in the caldera. Water temperature and pH values range from 18.1 to 91.3 ◦C and from 2 to 8, respectively. Sampling and measurement of radon in groundwater are complicated by the high volatility of the gas; a method is here proposed. In some of the 20 sites double or triple samples were collected by using different volume polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, diluting sample with blank water, and modifying flow of pumped wells. We suggest that dilution can be considered when water is i) not enough to fill in the PET, resulting in large head space in the sampler, ii) too hot determining damage of the PET or iii) too saline to clog the Big Bottle System. Dissolved radon concentrations vary from 0.1 ± 0.1 to 1146 ± 57 Bq/L with an average value of 152 Bq/L, using the CAPTURE program, the default RAD7 data acquisition program. Similar values in radon concentration are obtained using the method proposed in De Simone et al. (2015) ranging between 0.1 ± 5.8 and 1286 ± 98 Bq/L with an average value of 167 Bq/L. The hottest and most acidic sulphate waters refer to a small boiling pool at Pisciarelli hydrothermal discharge area and have nearly zero 222Rn content. 222Rn concentrations from this study are mostly below the reference level of 1000 Bq/L recommended for human health protection by the European Commission and the most adopted in the scientific community (Catao ˜et al., 2022). No correlation has been observed between temperature, pH, major anions and radon content values, nor between rock composition since it is almost homogeneous trachyte at the study sites. 222Rn levels therefore appear to reflect the local sedimentological, structural or hydrogeological conditions. The levels of 222Rn here presented are an important background for the scientific community that will intend to define the natural fluctuations of dissolved 222Rn in relation with seasons, environment, hydrogeology or volcanic dynamics at the geohazardous Campi Flegrei area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107641
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 222Rn ; Campi Flegrei ; RAD7 ; Big Bottle RAD H2O ; DRYSTIK ; Dissolved radon
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 57
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    Characterizing groundwater recharge sources using water stable isotopes in the North Basin of Lake Kivu, East Africa (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: The δ18O and δ2H of rivers and springs were investigated in order to characterize the groundwater recharge sources around Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira volcanoes, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. Water samples were collected monthly between November 2013 and October 2014 from 5 major rivers, 3 major cold springs, 3 tepid springs and 1 hot spring. The temperatures of each spring were nearly constant over the sampling period attesting for their groundwater character, while the temperatures of the rivers were much more variable. The rivers monthly δ2H and δ18O range from 􀀀 6.8‰ to 1.9‰ and 􀀀 3.1‰ to 1.6‰, respectively, while springs showed depleted values that span from 􀀀 10.2 to 􀀀 1.1‰ for δ2H and 􀀀 3.6 to 􀀀 1.9‰ for δ18O. Catchment morphology (formed of depression, upper footslope and medium to high gradient-mountains) and the local tectonic discontinuity (fissures and faults) regulate the surface runoff and subsurface flow, control the precipitation infiltration zones and hence the aquifers recharge areas. Chemical and isotopic (δ18O and δ2H) compositions of springs and rivers reveal the presence of shallow and deep aquifers, with some waters having intermediate isotope composition. Three different recharge zones characterized by different altitudes were identified: the first is found at low altitude ranging from ~1800 m to ~2150 m, the second and intermediate recharge zone in the altitude range from ~2180 m to ~2500 m at the upper footslope area, while the third and highest recharge area is located in the altitudes range from ~2620 to ~3220 m. The two upper recharge areas are the most fractured and fissured zones allowing rapid infiltration of depleted precipitations which recharge deep aquifers found in the tepid and hot springs. Based on their chemical and isotopic composition, waters from the shallow and deep aquifers have been considered representative of mixing end members. During their ascent to the surface, water from the deep aquifer mixes with that of shallow aquifer yielding the tepid springs of intermediate chemical and isotopic composition, while the other keep their original fingerprint corresponding to the isotopically depleted hot spring.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120778
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A numerically robust, parallel-friendly variant of BiCGSTAB for the semi-implicit integration of the viscous term in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: Implicit integration of the viscous term can significantly improve performance in computational fluid dynamics for highly viscous fluids such as lava. We show improvements over our previous proposal for semi-implicit viscous integration in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, extending it to support a wider range of boundary models. Due to the resulting loss of matrix symmetry, a key advancement is a more robust version of the biconjugate gradient stabilized method to solve the linear systems, that is also better suited for parallelization in both shared-memory and distributed-memory systems. The advantages of the new solver are demostrated in applications with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, covering both the numerical aspect (improved convergence thanks to the possibility to use more accurate boundary model) and the computing aspect (with excellent strong scaling and satisfactory weak scaling).
    Description: Published
    Description: 111413
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: SPH ; Low Reynods number ; Implicit integration ; BiCGSTAB ; GPU ; 05.01. Computational geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 59
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    Enabling Dynamic and Intelligent Workflows for HPC, Data Analytics, and AI Convergence (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: The evolution of High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms enables the design and execution of progressively larger and more complex workflow applications in these systems. The complexity comes not only from the number of elements that compose the workflows but also from the type of computations they perform. While traditional HPC workflows target simulations and modelling of physical phenomena, current needs require in addition data analytics (DA) and artificial intelligence (AI) tasks. However, the development of these workflows is hampered by the lack of proper programming models and environments that support the integration of HPC, DA, and AI, as well as the lack of tools to easily deploy and execute the workflows in HPC systems. To progress in this direction, this paper presents use cases where complex workflows are required and investigates the main issues to be addressed for the HPC/DA/AI convergence. Based on this study, the paper identifies the challenges of a new workflow platform to manage complex workflows. Finally, it proposes a development approach for such a workflow platform addressing these challenges in two directions: first, by defining a software stack that provides the functionalities to manage these complex workflows; and second, by proposing the HPC Workflow as a Service (HPCWaaS) paradigm, which leverages the software stack to facilitate the reusability of complex workflows in federated HPC infrastructures. Proposals presented in this work are subject to study and development as part of the EuroHPC eFlows4HPC project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 414-429
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High performance computing ; Distributed computing ; Parallel programming ; HPC-DA-AI convergence ; Workflow development ; Workflow orchestration
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 60
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    Geospatial analysis for fish farming across Tyrrhenian coast (Tuscany, central Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-23
    Description: Aquaculture represents an important source of food and it plays an important role in terms of contribution to economic development. Offshore farming offers considerable advantages, especially in terms of production costs (lower than those of onshore facilities) and of farmed product quality. Suitable areas for aquaculture activities are still available in Italy but are increasingly limited and the demand for new farms is high. The lack of coastal areas allocated to aquaculture and the complex regulatory and legal framework constitutes the major constraints for further development of the sector. Zoning is the process that can allow to sustainably identify and allocate suitable areas for aquaculture. Several aspects, such as effective legal framework and procedures, collection of bio-geochemical, physical and socio-economical information, are crucial for a correct aquaculture zoning process in order to identify the Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZAs). In the present work, a spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (SMCDA) was applied for the individuation of potentially suitable marine areas for fish farming across the southern Tyrrhenian coast of Tuscany (Italy). The spatial model was developed by collecting and processing Earth Observation (EO) data, oceanography in situ measurements, and infrastructural and environmental constraints. Excluding areas of constrains, obtained results highlight that 96% of the total investigated area is characterised by medium (62%) and high (34%) suitability. In particular, the highest suitability areas occur in the Talamone gulf and offhore the Argentario promontory at water depth between 15-30 m and 30 50m, respectively. Other high suitability areas occur northern of Piombino town between 30-100 m depth. Environmental data at higher spatial resolution are needed to improve aquaculture zoning and further process of site selection in order to ensure the sustainability of fish farming in the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106261
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 61
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    Near Real-Time Petrologic Monitoring on Volcanic Glass to Infer Magmatic Processes During the February–April 2021 Paroxysms of the South-East Crater, Etna (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: The South-East crater of Etna (SEC) is the most active summit crater over the last 20 years, producing lava fountains in 2000, 2007-08, and 2011-14. It has been monitored by the INGV Etna Observatory by instrumental networks, field surveys and petrologic monitoring. The syn-eruptive petrologic monitoring comprises sample collections, archiving, sample preparation, analyses of glass compositions using SEM-EDS and data interpretation. This procedure is generally carried out within 24 hours from the moment the sample was emplaced, to detect possible changes of magma composition episode by episode, as well as over a longer period. This paper presents the variation of volcanic glass compositions during the paroxysmal activity of the SEC, which began in December 2020 and climaxed with 17 episodes from 16 February to 1 April 2021. We infer pre-eruptive magmatic processes (e.g., fractional crystallization and mixing) based on temporal trends of some key compositional parameters (i.e. CaO/Al2O3; FeOtot/MgO). Correlation between magma dynamics and volcanological characteristics of the paroxysms requires future studies.
    Description: IMPACT PROJECT (INGV Department strategic Projects–2019) WP1, Task 3-Dynamics of magmatic processes. Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC)
    Description: Published
    Description: 828026
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna summit eruptions, lava fountains, petrologic monitoring, glass compositions, mixing, fractional crystallization ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Editorial: Basaltic volcanism: From magmatic processes to eruptive styles (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: None
    Description: Published
    Description: 982459
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: basaltic volcanism, magmatic processes, eruptive styles, real-time monitoring, volcanic hazards ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 63
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    Shallow magma dynamics at open-vent volcanoes tracked by coupled thermal and SO2 observations (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Open-vent volcanic activity is typically sustained by ascent and degassing of shallow magma, in which the rate of magma supply to the upper feeding system largely exceeds the rate of magma eruption. Such unbalance between supplied (input) and erupted (output) magma rates is thought to result from steady, degassing-driven, convective magma overturning in a shallow conduit/feeding dyke. Here, we characterize shallow magma circulation at Stromboli volcano by combining independent observations of heat (Volcanic Radiative Power; via satellite images) and gas (SO2 , via UV camera) output in a temporal interval (from August 1, 2018 to April 30, 2020) encompassing the summer 2019 effusive eruption and two paroxysmal explosions (on July 3 and August 28, 2019). We show that, during the phase of ordinary strombolian explosive activity that preceded the 2019 effusive eruption, the average magma input rate (0.1-0.2 m3 /s) exceeds the magma eruption rate (0.001-0.01 m3 /s) by ∼2 orders of magnitude. Conversely, magma input and output rates converge to an average of ∼0.4 m3 /s during the summer 2019 summit effusion, implying an overall suppression of magma recycling back into the feeding system, and hence of excess degassing. We find that, during the effusive eruption, the peak in SO2 emissions lags behind the thermal emission peak by ∼27 days, suggesting that magma output, feeding the lava flow field, initially dominates over magma input in the conduit. We propose that this conduit mass unloading, produced by this initial phase of the effusive eruption, leads to an overall decompression (of up to 30 Pa/s) of the shallow plumbing system, ultimately causing ascent of less-dense, volatile-rich magma batch(es) from depth, enhanced explosive activity, and elevated SO2 fluxes culminating into a paroxysmal explosion on August 28. Our results demonstrate that combined analysis of thermal and SO2 flux time-series paves the way to improved understanding of shallow magmatic system dynamics at open-vent volcanoes, and of the transition from explosive to effusive activity regimes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117726
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 64
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    Spatio-temporal changes in degassing behavior at Stromboli volcano derived from two co-exposed SO2 camera stations (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Improving volcanic gas monitoring techniques is central to better understanding open-vent, persistently degassing volcanoes. SO2 cameras are increasingly used in volcanic gas studies, but observations are commonly limited to one single camera alone viewing the volcanic plume from a specific viewing direction. Here, we report on high frequency (0.5 Hz) systematic measurements of the SO2 flux at Stromboli, covering a 1-year long observation period (June 2017-June 2018), obtained from two permanent SO2 cameras using the same automated algorithm, but imaging the plume from two different viewing directions. Our aim is to experimentally validate the robustness of automatic SO2 camera for volcano monitoring and to demonstrate the advantage of using two co-exposed SO2 camera stations to better capturing degassing dynamics at open-vent volcanoes. The SO2 flux time-series derived from the two SO2 camera stations exhibit good match, demonstrating the robustness of the automatic SO2 camera method. Our high-temporal resolution SO2 records resolve individual Strombolian explosions as transient, repetitive gas bursts produced by the sudden release of over pressurized gas pockets and scoriae. Calculations show that explosive degassing activity accounts for ∼10% of the total SO2 emission budget (dominated by passive degassing) during mild regular open-vent activity. We show that the temporal variations of the explosive SO2 flux go in tandem with changes in total SO2 flux and VLP seismicity, implicating some commonality in the source processes controlling passive degassing and explosive activity. We exploited the spatial resolution of SO2 camera to discriminate degassing at two distinct regions of the crater area, and to minimize biases due by the station position respect to the target plume. We find that the SO2 fluxes from southwest-central (SWCC) and northeast (NEC) crater areas oscillate coherently but those from the NEC are more sensitive to the changes in the volcanic intensity. We interpret this as due to preferential gas/magma channeling into the structurally weaker north-eastern portion of the crater terrace in response to increasing supply rate of buoyant, bubble-rich magma in the shallow plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 972071
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 65
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    Crustal permeability changes inferred from seismic attenuation: Impacts on multi-mainshock sequences (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: We use amplitude ratios from narrowband-filtered earthquake seismograms to measure variations of seismic attenuation over time, providing unique insights into the dynamic state of stress in the Earth’s crust at depth. Our dataset from earthquakes of the 2016–2017 Central Apennines sequence allows us to obtain high-resolution time histories of seismic attenuation (frequency band: 0.5–30 Hz) characterized by strong earthquake dilatation-induced fluctuations at seismogenic depths, caused by the cumulative elastic stress drop after the sequence, as well as damage-induced ones at shallow depths caused by energetic surface waves. Cumulative stress drop causes negative dilatation, reduced permeability, and seismic attenuation, whereas strongmotion surface waves produce an increase in crack density, and so in permeability and seismic attenuation. In the aftermath of the main shocks of the sequence, we show that the M ≥ 3.5 earthquake occurrence vs. time and distance is consistent with fluid diffusion: diffusion signatures are associated with changes in seismic attenuation during the first days of the Amatrice, Visso- Norcia, and Capitignano sub-sequences. We hypothesize that coseismic permeability changes create fluid diffusion pathways that are at least partly responsible for triggering multi-mainshock seismic sequences. Here we show that anelastic seismic attenuation fluctuates coherently with our hypothesis.
    Description: Progetti INGV di Ricerca Libera 2019 (LM), Progetto INGV “Pianeta Dinamico” (LM), Centro di Pericolosità Sismica, Triennio 2019–2021 Convenzione B1 Dipartimento della Protezione Civile—INGV (IM).
    Description: Published
    Description: 963689
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: attenuation parameter ; central apennines ; shaking-induced rock damage ; negative dilatation ; fluid diffusion ; rock permeability ; random vibration theory
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 66
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    Cross-validated multi-technique geodetic dataset of the Upper Adriatic Sea coastal area of Italy (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: The geodetic dataset used in the research article entitled "Multi-technique geodetic detection of onshore and offshore subsidence along the Upper Adriatic Sea coasts"[1] is presented here. It consists of the outcomes of three different techniques, i.e. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and topographic Levelling surveys. This dataset has been used for the estimation of onshore and offshore deformation in a mineral concession area located along the Upper Adriatic Sea coastal area (Italy), South-East of Ravenna city. InSAR data covers the period from 2002 to 2018, GNSS data from 1998 to 2018 and levelling data from 2002 to 2017.The different measurements have been cross-validated and referred to a common local reference system fixed in the urban area of Ravenna. This data collection will be very useful for deepening the analysis of any type of deformation in the Ravenna coastal area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108342
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GNSS; Geodetic data; Levelling; Ravenna coastal area; Remote sensing; SAR Interferometry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 67
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    First evidence of the Late Pleistocene—Holocene activity of the Roveto Valley Fault (Central Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: We investigated the Late Quaternary activity of a major, crustal fault affecting the southern sector of Central Apennines, i.e., the Roveto Valley Fault (also known as Liri Valley fault). This sector of the chain was hit by numerous M〉5 historical seismic events. For some of these, e.g., the 1654 one (Mw 6.33), the causative seismogenic source has never been conclusively defined. Within this seismotectonic framework, the recent activity of the Roveto Valley Fault is still a matter of debate. Some authors defined its activity as ended in the Middle Pleistocene; others considered it as currently active and seismogenic at least in its southern portion. We collected new geologic and geomorphologic data along the eastern (left) flank of the Roveto Valley, where the fault crops out, and we identified evidence of displacement of alluvial fans that we attributed to the Early, Middle, and Late Pleistocene. Moreover, the analysis of the relationship between colluvial/detrital deposits, chronologically constrained by means of radiocarbon dating, allowed us to define the activation of the Roveto Valley fault also during historical times, that is, over the past few centuries. Evidence of this has been collected along a large sector of the fault trace for a length of some tens of kilometres. The results of our studies contribute to improve the knowledge of the seismotectonic setting of a large sector of the Central Apennines. Indeed, proving the current activity of the Roveto Valley fault casts new light on possible seismogenic sources of major seismicity of central Italy, potentially responsible for severe damage over a wide area and to relevant cities, Rome being among them.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1018737
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: central Apennines ; Quaternary geology ; geomorphology ; Roveto Valley fault ; active tectonics ; paleoseismology ; seismotectonics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 68
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    New SKS splitting anisotropy measurements point to tearing beneath Central Italy (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: In the middle of the Mediterranean, the partly still active Apennines subduction system has been usually defined using tomographic images and available shear wave splitting measurements. In this paper we describe the new seismic anisotropy dataset for Central Italy, the region where the transition between Northern and Southern Apennines occurs. The new measurements show NW-SE fast polarisation directions beneath the belt, due to the retreat of the slab, NNE-SSW orientations from proper Adriatic mantle sources, and E-W directed anisotropy, attributed to mantle convection flow at the Thyrranian side. Additionally, the new data suggest the presence of a toroidal mantle flow through a tear in the Apenninic slab, from the Adria to the Tyrrhenian side. However, mantle circulation and flows, identified by the pattern of shear wave splitting results, seem different from what was proposed in previous geodynamic models. Indeed, our results support the presence of a vertical slab tear with limited dimension. In the geodynamic model we propose, the tear acts to accommodate a differential slab retreat. The slab partitioning results in a different pattern and strength of seismic anisotropy traced from the Central Apennines with respect to the adjacent Northern and Southern Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229549
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic anisotropy Mantle flows Geodynamic model Apennines Central Mediterranean ; seismic anisotropy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 69
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    Editorial: Multidisciplinary Investigations for Determining the Structure and Dynamics of Active Volcanic Systems (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Multidisciplinary investigations are widely considered by the scientific community to be the key strategy for understanding the interplay between magmatic processes and volcanic structures as a primary task for volcanological research. Integrating geophysical, geochemical and geological datasets has the potential to provide accurate constraints on the characteristics of volcanic structures and their impact on magma storage and eruption. This Research Topic aims to provide a coherent selection of recent achievements in different aspects of volcanology, geophysics, petrology and/or geochemistry to provide new information about the structure and dynamics of active volcanic and magmatic systems. The presented contributions include the application of laboratory to field-based experimental or modelling studies, geophysics methods and their development and integration post-inversion for the investigations of active volcanic areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 949029
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 70
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    The implications of revised Quaternary palaeoshoreline chronologies for the rates of active extension and uplift in the upper plate of subduction zones (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: We demonstrate a synchronous correlation technique to determine the chronology of Quaternary palaeoshorelines to test proposed relationships between tectonics, climate and sea-level change. The elevations of marine palaeoshorelines in Calabria around the active Vibo normal fault have been measured from TIN DEM 10 m data and fieldwork and correlated with global sea-level curves. A synchronous correlation method and new U/Th dates are used to ascertain how the slip-rate on the fault relates to uplift rates across the region. Regional uplift, possibly associated with subduction along the Calabrian trench or due to the cumulative effect of closely-spaced active normal faults, is rapid enough to uplift even the hangingwall of the Vibo normal fault; the actual value for the rate of background uplift can only be ascertained once the rate of slip on the Vibo fault is subtracted. Synchronous correlation of multiple palaeoshorelines sampled along 29 elevation profiles with global sea-levels shows that the resultant uplift rate (background uplift minus local hangingwall subsidence) is constant through time from 0 to 340 ka, and not fluctuating by a factor of 4 as previously suggested. The uplift rate increases from 0.4 mm/yr at the centre of the hangingwall of the fault to 1.75 mm/yr in the hangingwall in the vicinity of the fault tip. Palaeoshorelines can be traced from the hangingwall to the footwall around the fault tip and hence correlated across the fault. The throw-rate on the fault averaged over 340 ka decreases from a maximum at the centre of the fault (1 mm/yr) to zero at the tip. This gradient in throw-rate explains the spatial variation in resultant uplift rates along the fault. We interpret the 1.75 mm/yr resultant uplift rate at and beyond the fault tip as the signature of a regional uplift, presumably related to subduction, although we cannot exclude the possibility that other local faults influence this uplift; the lower uplift rates in the hangingwall of the fault are due to interaction between “regional” uplift and subsidence associated with the local active normal faulting. We discuss (a) how our synchronous correlation technique should trigger a re-appraisal of palaeoshoreline chronologies worldwide, and (b) the implications for the tectonics and seismic hazard of Calabria, suggesting that perturbations in the uplift-rate field are a key criterion to map the locations of active faults, their deformation rates, and hence seismic hazard above subduction zones.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169-187
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active faults; Palaeoshorelines; Quaternary sea-level; Tectonics
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  • 71
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    Neogene-Quaternary slow coastal uplift of Western Europe through the perspective of sequences of strandlines from the Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, France) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: The Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, France) displays sequences of marine terraces and rasas, the latter being wide Late Cenozoic coastal erosion surfaces, that are typical of Western European coasts in Portugal, Spain, France and southern England. Remote sensing imagery and field mapping enabled reappraisal of the Cotentin coastal sequences. From bottom to top, the N Cotentin sequence includes four previously recognized Pleistocene marine terraces (T1 to T4) at elevations 〈 40 m as well as four higher and older rasas (R1 to R4) reaching 200 ± 5 m in elevation. Low-standing marine terraces are not observed in the central part of the Peninsula and a limited number of terraces are described to the south. The high-standing rasas are widespread all over the peninsula. Such strandline distributions reveal major changes during the Late Cenozoic. Progressive uplift of an irregular sea-floor led to subaerial exposure of bathymetric highs that were carved into rocky platforms, rasas and marine terraces. Eventually, five main islands coalesced and connected to the mainland to the south to form the Cotentin Peninsula. On the basis of previous dating of the last interglacial maximum terrace (i.e. Marine Isotopic Stage, MIS 5e), sequential morphostratigraphy and modelling, we have reappraised uplift rates and derived: (i) mean Upper Pleistocene (i.e. since MIS 5e ~ 122 +/− 6 ka, i.e. kilo annum) apparent uplift rates of 0.04 ± 0.01 mm/yr, (ii) mean Middle Pleistocene eustasy-corrected uplift rates of 0.09 ± 0.03 mm/yr, and (iii) low mean Pleistocene uplift rates of 0.01 mm/yr. Extrapolations of these slow rates combined with geological evidence implies that the formation of the sequences from the Cotentin Peninsula occurred between 3 Ma (Pliocene) and 15 Ma (Miocene), which cannot be narrowed down further without additional research. Along the coasts of Western Europe, sequences of marine terraces and rasas are widespread (169 preserve the MIS 5e benchmark). In Spain, Portugal, S England and other parts of western France, the sequences morphostratigraphy is very similar to that of Cotentin. The onset of such Western European sequences occurred during the Miocene (e.g. Spain) or Pliocene (e.g. Portugal). We interpret this Neogene-Quaternary coastal uplift as a symptom of the increasing lithospheric compression that accompanies Cenozoic orogenies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 338-356
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cotentin and Western Europe; Marine terrace; Neogene and Quaternary coastal uplift; Rasa
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 72
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    NW-dipping versus SE-dipping causative faults of the 1783 M7.1 Southern Calabria (Italy) earthquake: The contribution from the analysis of the coseismic hydrological changes (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: The 1783 Mw7.1 Southern Calabria (Italy) earthquake originated a remarkable number of observations of hydrological changes (variations of flow in springs and streams, liquefaction, changes in water temperature) that occurred in different localities. To provide further constraints on the mechanism and the geometry of the causative fault of the event, I compared the distribution of the hydrological changes with the coseismic strain produced by eight seismogenic sources proposed for the earthquake. The most important outcomes of the study can be summarized as follows: a) the group of potential sources that display the best agreement between expected deformation and hydrological signature consists of NW-dipping systems of three to four surface-rupturing almost pure normal fault segments (Cittanova fault system), capable of generating earthquakes of magnitude Mw6.9–7.1; b) the distribution of the observed coseismic hydrological anomalies does not support the role of the SEdipping faults as potential sources of the 1783 earthquake; c) the pattern of deformation associated with the best fit source strengthens the hypothesis that the 20 km-long surface ruptures testified soon after the 1783 event reflect primary faulting; d) a minimum magnitude Mw6.9–7.0 is required to obtain the pattern and the extent of distribution of the coseismic hydrological changes observed in the field; e) the location of the hydrological variations that were observed only along the western side of southern Calabria suggests that the Cittanova fault system acts as a hydrological barrier that hampers the groundwater circulation toward the East
    Description: Published
    Description: 987731
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
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    InSEA Project: Initiatives in Supporting the Consolidation and Enhancement of the EMSO Infrastructure and Related Activities (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: 〈jats:p〉The InSEA project (“〈jats:underline〉In〈/jats:underline〉itiatives in 〈jats:underline〉S〈/jats:underline〉upporting the consolidation and enhancement of the 〈jats:underline〉E〈/jats:underline〉MSO research infrastructure consortium (ERIC) and related 〈jats:underline〉A〈/jats:underline〉ctivities”) has the objective, as the full name of the project indicates, to consolidate and strengthen the infrastructures concerning the EMSO (“European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory”) ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium) and all those technical-scientific activities related to it. In particular, the project is upgrading localized and distributed marine infrastructures, laboratories, observatories and spatial measurement activities in Southern Italian seas to support those activities of surveys in fixed time series points of observation of EMSO ERIC. The project is developing according to six implementation Objectives of Research (OR) that involve four National research Institutions: INGV, ISPRA, OGS and Anton Dohrn Zoological Station of Naples. The paper illustrates with more details the relevant objectives of the InSEA project and its most significant implementation phases.〈/jats:p〉
    Description: Published
    Description: 846701
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 74
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    The LAMA system: A “smart” magnetometer network for harbour protection (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: This work describes the development of an underwater anti-intrusion system based on a magnetometer self-informed network, whose purpose is to detect the presence of threats in the proximity of critical infrastructures (e.g, terrorist divers in harbours). In this context, the magnetic network fills the gaps of sonar systems at the critical boundaries of the water volume to be controlled (sea bed, docks, …), where acoustic performances deteriorate due to reflections and attenuations. The system operates in a port-protection scenario, characterized by a medium-high environmental magnetic noise that can hide the diver signal (a diver is a weak, quasi-point-like, moving source). The magnetometer network processes two inputs: the environmental magnetic noise and a signal including the target magnetic signal superimposed to the same noise; the frequencies of a diver signal lie within the noise band, hence frequency filtering proves inadequate for noise removal. The basic idea underlying the system is to measure and use the noise itself to filter the overall signal; measuring noise supports a background-subtraction process that allows to extract the target signal and therefore detect the threat presence. The effectiveness of the procedure depends on the positions of magnetometers: sensors must be close enough to one another to measure the common background noise, and, at the same time, should be distant enough from one another so that just one sensor can measure the target signal. To generate alarms when a threat is detected, a real-time software application processes data and activates a visual and acoustic alarm upon identification of a magnetic anomaly. Sea trials carried out in port areas provided extremely satisfactory results in the detection of intruders. The paper presents experimental results obtained during the method validation tests, when intruders were moving in the surrounding undersea environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104743
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 75
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    Fault systems in the offshore sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy): Implications for nested caldera structure, resurgent dome, and volcano-tectonic evolution (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: The structure of a caldera may influence its activity, making its understanding crucial for hazard assessment. Here, we analysed high-resolution seismic profiles in the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) offshore sector. We recognised two main fault systems, including those associated with the formation of the caldera and those affecting the resurgent dome. The former system comprises three broadly concentric fault zones (inner, medial and outer ring fault zones) depicting a nested caldera geometry. Considering the relations between faults and seismic units that represent the marine and volcaniclastic successions filling the caldera, all ring faults were formed during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (40 ka) and subsequently reactivated during the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption (15 ka). In this last caldera-forming event, the inner and medial fault zones accommodated most of the collapse and were episodically reactivated during the younger volcano-tectonic activity. The second fault system occurs in the apical zone of the resurgent dome and comprises dominantly high-angle normal faults that are mainly related to the volcanotectonic collapse that followed the Agnano-Monte Spina Plinian eruption (4.55 ka). Finally, we provide a volcano-tectonic evolutionary model of the last 40 kyr, considering the interplay among ring and dome faults activity, volcaniclastic sedimentation, ground deformation and sea-level changes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104723
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 76
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    The whole story: Rumors and science communication in the aftermath of 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: Controversies that stir the public debate on geological matters usually revolve around a few specific aspects, including the actual trigger of geological phenomena (i.e., natural vs. anthropogenic), their predictability, and the trustworthiness of the experts who provide information and advice on the phenomena. A typical example of such difficulties is the case of the 2012 Emilia, Italy, seismic sequence which struck an area of relatively moderate seismic hazard. In that period, geophysical prospecting was planned to assess the potential of a reservoir for gas storage, near the town of Rivara. The low frequency of important seismic events in the area, associated with the ongoing industrial planning prompted widespread rumors of an anthropogenic origin of the 2012 earthquakes. Controversy also arose about the actual size of the seismic events: earthquakes magnitude can be computed with different methods, and its value depends on the type, number, and geographical distribution of the available seismic stations. As a result, different institutions commonly release different estimates of the earthquake magnitude, casting doubts on the reliability of each estimate. Since 2012, public concern has also been caused by the repeated occurrence of unusual phenomena in the area, such as ground heating or bubbling well waters. Popular belief tends to establish a causal link between particular phenomena and seismic activity, reinforcing the false conviction that seismicity could be predicted. In this work we present and discuss some of the activities that INGV pursued through the years to contrast rumors and disseminate correct scientific information. In the aftermath of the 2012 seismic sequence, INGV worked in collaboration with the National Department of Civil Protection, the local administrations, the University Network of seismic engineering, the Regional Healthcare System and local volunteer organizations. The organization of public meetings, the collection and analysis of widespread rumors and the creation of ad hoc outreach materials all contributed to reinforce the mutual trust between our research institute and the local population. KEYWORDS
    Description: Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile within the DPC-INGV 2012-2021 Agreement
    Description: Published
    Description: 1002648
    Description: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake ; rumor ; 2012 emilia earthquakes (Italy) ; science communication ; risk perception ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
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  • 77
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    A comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer approach to study the preparation phase of large earthquakes from ground to space: The case study of the June 15 2019, M7.2 Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) earthquake (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: This work deals with a comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer approach to study earthquake-related processes that occur during the preparation phase of a large earthquake. As a case study, the paper investigates the M7.2 Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) large earthquake that occurred on June 15, 2019 as the result of shallow reverse faulting within the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone. The analyses focused on seismic (earthquake catalogs), atmospheric (climatological archives) and ionospheric data from ground to space (mainly satellite) in order to disclose the possible Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC). The ionospheric investigations analysed and compared the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver network with insitu observations from space thanks to both the European Space Agency (ESA) Swarm constellation and the China National Space Administration (CNSA in partnership with Italian Space Agency, ASI) satellite dedicated to search for possible ionospheric disturbances before medium-large earthquakes, i.e. the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01). An interesting comparison is made with another subsequent earthquake with comparable magnitude (M7.1) that occurred in Ridgecrest, California (USA) on 6 July of the same year but in a different tectonic context. Both earthquakes showed anomalies in several parameters (e.g. aerosol, skin temperature and some ionospheric quantities) that appeared at almost the same times before each earthquake occurrence, evidencing a chain of processes that collectively point to the moment of the corresponding mainshock. In both cases, it is demonstrated that a comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer analysis is fundamental to better understand the LAIC in the occasion of complex phenomena such as earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 113325
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 78
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    A Minoan and a Neolithic tsunami recorded in coastal sediments of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: In this work, we document two distinct tsunami deposits on the coasts of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. The younger tsunami deposit, dated 1831–1368 cal. BCE, includes both marine sediments and pumices from the ∼1600 BCE Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano. This is the first evidence of the Minoan tsunami in the Cycladic Islands North of Santorini. Tsunami waves inundated the Manganari coastal plain, southern coast of Ios, over a distance 〉200 m (〉2 m a.s.l.). The second tsunami deposit reworks pumice from the 22 ka Cape Riva eruption mixed with marine sediment. We assume a Neolithic age for this major tsunami, with a wave runup 〉13 m a.s.l. on the southern and eastern coasts of Ios. The source of this tsunami - volcanic eruption, landslide, or earthquake - remains unknown. Additionally, we provide the first on-land evidence of Cape Riva deposits outside Santorini, thus questioning previous estimates on the magnitude of this eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106908
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tsunami deposits ; Aegean Sea ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 79
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    Recent Seismic Sequences and Activation of Normal Fault Systems in the Mugello Basin and Surrounding Areas (Northern Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The Mugello Basin (North-Eastern Tuscany) is an intermontane basin of the Northern Apennines (Italy) with a well-documented record of seismicity; the two major historical earthquakes occurred in 1542 (Mw = 6.0) and in 1919 (Mw = 6.4). In this study, we integrate different seismic catalogs spanning the 2005–2019 time interval, and complement these data with phase arrival times from a temporary network that specifically operated in the area throughout the 2019–2021 time interval. The subsequent relocation of this data set with a double-difference algorithm allows for accurate analyses of the most relevant seismic sequences which affected the study area in 2008, 2009, 2015–2017, and 2019. These sequences are associated with the activation of adjacent segments of larger NW-striking fault systems, one of which bounds the NE margin of the Mugello Basin (Ronta Fault System). For each seismic sequence, best-fit fault surfaces are derived from orthonormal regression of relocated hypocenters, yielding consistent results with that derived from fault plane solutions. The four sequences mark a significant increase in the seismicity rate with respect to what was recorded in the previous decades. This suggests that, following the 2008 renewal of seismicity, static or dynamic stress changes, or both depending on the case, played a role in advancing the time of failure of the fault segments activated subsequently.
    Description: Published
    Description: 879160
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismic sequence ; fault segmentation ; northern apennines ; stress transfer ; earthquake triggering ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 80
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    Partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr between olivine and a tholeiitic basaltic melt: Insights on olivine zoning patterns and cation substitution reactions under variable cooling rate conditions (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The mechanism governing the kinetic growth of olivine in dynamic volcanic settings has been the subject of considerable attention in recent years. Under variable cooling rate (CR) and undercooling (􀀀 ΔT) regimes, the textual maturation of olivine proceeds from skeletal/dendritic crystals to polyhedral morphologies by infilling of the crystal framework. Owing to the establishment of a diffusion-controlled growth regime, a sharp diffusive boundary layer develops in the melt next to the advancing olivine surface. In this context, we have quantified the apparent partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr between olivine and a Hawaiian tholeiitic basaltic melt at P = 1 atm, fO2 = QFM-2 buffer, and CR = 4, 20, and 60 ◦C/h over a constant -ΔT = 85 ◦C. Differences in charge and/or size between the substituent minor cations and the major species in the olivine crystallographic site dominate the energetics of homovalent and heterovalent cation substitutions. While the entry of Ti in the olivine lattice site accounts for the simple exchange [TSi4+] ↔ [TTi4+], more complex charge-balancing coupled-substitution mechanisms have been determined for the incorporation of Al, P, and Cr, i.e., [MMg2+, TSi4+] ↔ [MAl3+, TAl3+], [2 TSi4+] ↔ [TP5+, TAl3+], and [MMg2+, TSi4+] ↔ [MCr3+, TAl3+], respectively. In order to maintain charge balance, the disequilibrium uptake of minor cations in rapidly growing crystals is controlled by the same substitution mechanisms observed under equilibrium crystallization. This finding is consistent with the achievement of a local interface equilibrium at the olivine-melt interface independently of the diffusive boundary in the melt. A statistical approach based on multivariate analysis of olivine/melt compositional parameters confirms that the control of melt structure on the partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr is almost entirely embodied in the olivine structure and chemistry via charge compensation reactions. Therefore, the magnitude of minor element partition coefficients is weakly dependent on diffusion kinetics in the melt but rather strongly governed by olivine zoning patterns resulting from fast crystal growth rates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120870
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 81
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    Syn-Eruptive Processes During the January–February 2019 Ash-Rich Emissions Cycle at Mt. Etna (Italy): Implications for Petrological Monitoring of Volcanic Ash (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: Low-intensity emission of volcanic ash represents the most frequent eruptive activity worldwide, spanning the whole range of magma compositions, from basalts to rhyolites. The associated ash component is typically characterized by heterogeneous texture and chemical composition, leading to misinterpretation of the role of syn-eruptive processes, such as cooling and degassing during magma ascent or even magma fragmentation. Despite their low intensity, the ash emission eruptions can be continuous for enough time to create problems to health and life networks of the communities all around the volcano. The lack of geophysical and/or geochemical precursor signals makes the petrological monitoring of the emitted ash the only instrument we have to understand the leading mechanisms and their evolution. Formation of low-level plumes related to ash-rich emissions has increasingly become a common eruptive scenario at Mt. Etna (Italy). In January–February 2019, an eruptive cycle of ash-rich emissions started. The onset of this activity was preceded on 24 December 2018 by a powerful Strombolian-like eruption from a fissure opened at the base of the New Southeast Crater. A lava flow from the same fissure and an ash-rich plume, 8–9 km high a.s.l., from the crater Bocca Nuova occurred concurrently. After about 4 weeks of intra-crater strombolian-like activity and strong vent degassing at summit craters, starting from 23 January 2019, at least four episodes of ash rich emissions were recorded, mainly issued from the Northeast Crater. The episodes were spaced in time every 4–13 days, each lasting about 3–4 days, with the most intense phases of few hours. They formed weak plumes, up to 1 km high above the crater, that were rapidly dispersed toward different directions by dominant winds and recorded up to a distance of 30 km from the vent. By combining observations on the deposits with data on textural and chemical features of the ash components, we were able to discriminate between clasts originated from different crater sources and suggest an interpretive model for syn-eruptive processes and their evolution. Data indicate the occurrence of scarce (〈10 vol.%) fresh juvenile material, including at least four groups of clasts with marked differences in microlite content and number density, and matrix glasses and minerals Moreover, a large amount of non-juvenile clasts has been recognized, particularly abundant at the beginning of each episode. We propose that the low amount of juvenile ash results from episodic fast ascent of small magma batches from shallow reservoirs, traveling within a slow rising magma column subjected to cooling, degassing, and crystallization. The large number of non-juvenile clasts deriving from the thick crater infill of variably sealed or thermally altered material at the top of the magma column is suggested to contribute to the ash generation. The presence of a massive, granular crater infilling accumulating in the vent area may contribute to buffer the different geophysical signals associated with the active magma fragmentation process during the low-energy ash eruptions, as already evidenced at other volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 824872
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 82
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    Editorial: The structure of the central Mediterranean: Insights from seismological and geophysical data (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The mountain chains of the Central Mediterranean (the Apennines, the Alps, the Dinarides, the Albanides, and the Hellenides) are shaped by complex tectonics arising from the motion and collision of several microplates. Intense onshore and offshore seismic activity puts the rich cultural heritage characterising the entire region at risk. A better understanding of the lithospheric structures and knowledge of the interaction between different tectonic units is key to unraveling the processes underlying seismic activity in this area. In recent years, top-quality seismological data from several groundbreaking experiments have yielded new insight into the orogenic systems of the region (e.g., IberArray, AlpArray, and its complementary seismic experiments, or the “THALES WAS RIGHT” EU project). Similar projects are planned to cover other parts of this critical region, for example, AdriaArray, which will cover the Adria microplate and the Balkans with a dense seismological array.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1003668
    Description: 5TM. Informazione ed editoria
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 83
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    Seismo-acoustic gliding: An experimental study (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The gradual temporal shift of the spectral lines of harmonic seismic and/or acoustic tremor, known as spectral gliding, has been largely documented at different volcanoes worldwide. Despite the clear advantage of the experimental approach in providing direct observation of degassing processes and related elastic radiation, experimental studies on gliding tremor are lacking. Therefore, we investigated different episodes of gliding of acoustic and seismic tremor observed during analogue degassing experiments performed under different conditions of magma viscosity (10-1,000 Pa s), gas flux (5-180×10−3 l/s) and conduit surface roughness (fractal dimension of 2-2.99). Gliding experimental harmonic seismic and acoustic tremor was observed at high gas flux rates and viscosities, mostly associated with an increasing trend and often preceding a major burst. Decreasing secondary sets of harmonic spectral lines were observed in a few cases. Results suggest that gliding episodes are mostly related to the progressive volume variation of shallow interconnected gas pockets. Spectral analyses performed on acoustic signals provided the theoretical length of the resonator that was compared against the temporal evolution of the gas pockets, quantified from video analyses. The similarities between the observed degassing regime and churn-annular flow in high viscous fluids encourage further studies on churn dynamics in volcanic environments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117344
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismo-acoustic tremor; experimental volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 84
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    Tephrostratigraphy of proximal pyroclastic sequences at Mount Melbourne (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica): Insights into the volcanic activity since the last glacial period (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: We report on the characterization of a thick sequence of pyroclastic deposits exposed on the summit area and flanks of Mount Melbourne volcano, in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica related to eruptions during the Late Glacial period. We provide a complete characterization of tephra deposits including mineralogy, single shard major- and trace-element glass compositions, and an 40Ar-39Ar age of feldspar crystals extracted from the deposit. The pyroclastic deposits are trachybasaltic to trachytic in composition and are interpreted to have resulted from four Strombolian/Vulcanian to sub-Plinian/Plinian eruptions. The younger and more intense sub-Plinian/Plinian eruption (our eruption 2) yielded an 40Ar-39Ar age of 13.5 ± 4.3 ka (±2σ). The study of Mount Melbourne proximal deposits provides significant new data for the reconstruction of the volcano eruptive history and a better assessment of the volcanic risk connected to a possible future eruption. We also explore geochemical correlations between Mount Melbourne proximal deposits and distal tephra layers recognized in ice cores and blue ice fields of East Antarctica. A good geochemical match exists between the composition of products from the trachytic sub-Plinian/Plinian eruption 2 and some tephra layers from Talos Dome and shards in Siple Dome which is also compatible in age (c. 9.3 ka) with our 40Ar-39Ar age determination. Our new insights into the volcanic history of Mount Melbourne and the new high-quality electron microprobe and trace element composition data on its proximal products will help improve future correlations and synchronization of tephra archives in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107457
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 85
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    Detection of hidden faults within the Fucino basin from single-station ambient noise measurements: The case study of the Trasacco fault system (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The presence of normal fault systems in central Italy, outcropping or hidden below Quaternary covers in intra-mountain basins, is the expression of the Neogene–Quaternary evolution of the area, characterized by an extensional tectonic regime following the fold and thrust structuring of the Apennine orogen. Italian urban settlements of central Italy are developed on hills or mountains but also in lowland areas, which are often set up in sedimentary basins. In this framework, urban centers found close to fault lines are common, with strong implications on the seismic risk of the area. In this work, we performed a dense seismological passive survey (88 single-station ambient noise measurements) and used the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVNSR) technique to investigate hidden faults in the Trasacco municipality located in the southern part of the Fucino Basin (central Italy), where microzonation studies pointed out hypothetical fault lines crossing the urban area with the Apennine orientation. These hidden structures were only suggested by previous studies based on commercial seismic lines and aerial photogrammetry; their presence in the basin area is confirmed by our measurements. This case study shows the potentiality of using the HVNSR technique in fault areas to have a preliminary indication of anomalous behaviors, to be investigated later with specific geophysical techniques. Our approach can support microzonation studies whenever fault zones are involved, especially in urban areas or in places designated for future developments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 937848
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: microzonation ; HVNSR ; hidden faults ; lateral heterogeneities ; subsoil reconstruction ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 86
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    Seismic swarms in the Pollino seismic gap: Positive fault inversion within a popup structure (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: Seismic swarms frequently occur along continental fault systems and their relation with large earthquakes is often contradictory. Such a case is documented in the Pollino mountain range of southern Italy, a decoupling zone where the belt-normal stretching drastically rotates accommodating the differential SE-retreat of the Ionian slab. The paucity of historical large earthquakes has led to hypothesize the presence of a seismic gap. A long- lasting seismic swarm that climaxed with a ML = 5.2 earthquake in October 2012 was therefore thought as a possible signal of an impending large earthquake filling the gap. Seismicity data collected during a 4-years long monitoring are a powerful microscope to look through the seismic swarm. In this study, we present accurate relocations for 2385 earthquakes and high- resolution Vp and Vp/Vs models of the fault system. Seismicity occurred on two separate normal faults that were formerly part of a thrusts and back-thrusts system, originally formed as a pop-up at restraining bends of the Pollino fault, a wrench fault system that inverted the original left lateral sense of slip accommodating a differential motion induced by the southward retreat of the Ionian slab.
    Description: Published
    Description: 968187
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 87
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    Fast Changes in Seismic Attenuation of the Upper Crust due to Fracturing and Fluid Migration: The 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The Amatrice–Visso–Norcia seismic sequence struck Central Italy across the Apenninic normal fault system in 2016. Fluids likely triggered the sequence and reduced the stability of the fault network following the first earthquake (Amatrice, Mw 6.0), with their migration nucleating the Visso (Mw 5.9) and Norcia (Mw 6.5) mainshocks. However, both spatial extent and mechanisms of fluid migration and diffusion through the network remain unclear. High fluid content, enhanced permeability, and pervasive microcracking increase seismic attenuation, but different processes contribute to different attenuation mechanisms. Here, we measured and mapped peak delay time and coda attenuation, using them as proxies of seismic scattering and absorption before and during the sequence. We observed that the structural discontinuities and lithology control the scattering losses at all frequencies, with the highest scattering delineating carbonate formations within the Gran Sasso massif. The Monti Sibillini thrust marks the strongest contrasts in scattering, indicating a barrier for northward fracture propagation. Absorption does not show any sensitivity to the presence of these main geological structures. Before the sequence, low-frequency high-absorption anomalies distribute around the NW-SE-oriented Apennine Mountain chain. During the sequence, a high-absorption anomaly develops from SSE to NNW across the seismogenic zone but remains bounded north by the Monti Sibillini thrust. We attribute this spatial expansion to the deep migration of CO2-bearing fluids across the strike of the fault network from a deep source of trapped CO2 close to the Amatrice earthquake. Fluids expand SSE-NNW primarily during the Visso sequence and then diffuse across the fault zones during the Norcia sequence.
    Description: Pianeta Dinamico/2020–2021- Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR).
    Description: Published
    Description: 909698
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Attenuation ; Central Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 88
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    MineralMate: a standalone MATLAB-based aide for the magnetic separation of minerals (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Samuel, B., & Danny, H. MineralMate: a standalone MATLAB-based aide for the magnetic separation of minerals. Heliyon, 8(9), (2022): e10411, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10411.
    Description: MineralMate is a standalone MATLAB-based program designed to optimize the workflow associated with the magnetic separation of minerals. For nearly every bulk geochemical analysis some amount of mineral separation must occur, and the use of an electromagnetic separator is ubiquitous and considered as standard practice in many fields. Despite the commonality in which magnetic separation is used, there are considerable shortcomings. Electromagnet overheating and composite mineral grains are frequently encountered, as well as poorly constrained mineral behavior. These complications ultimately reduce the quality of downstream geochemical data. MineralMate is designed to alleviate these shortcomings by quickly and efficiently producing a magnetic separation workflow allowing the user to: (1) identify and compare optimal recovery ranges for different minerals from a bulk mineral assemblage, (2) identify the parameters on a conventional magnetic separator required to magnetically separate composite grains, (3) create/update user-specific magnetic susceptibility databases through empirical data collection, and (4) utilize an alternative magnetic separation equation.
    Description: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
    Keywords: Frantz ; Geochemistry ; Geochronology ; MATLAB ; Magnetic separation ; Mineral separation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 89
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    Changes in deep Pacific circulation and carbon storage during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 605, pp. 118020-118020, ISSN: 0012-821X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: The global climate has been gradually cooling over the Cenozoic and is punctuated by the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG) from the latest Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene (∼3.1–2.5 millions of years ago, Ma). A decline of atmospheric CO2 is supposed as a prerequisite for the NHG, but the associated carbon-cycle processes remain elusive. Here we combine foraminiferal records of neodymium isotope and boron-calcium ratio, and simulations of an Earth system model, to investigate changes in the water-mass composition and carbonate-ion concentration of the deep Pacific Ocean during the NHG. Our proxy records have revealed a significant expansion of southern-sourced waters with increased respired carbon storage into the deep Pacific during the NHG. These changes may be explained by strengthened deep-water formation and biological-pump efficiency in the Southern Ocean due to Antarctic sea-ice growth, as suggested by our model experiments and evidence from the Sub-Antarctic region. These results provide key clues for quantifying the role of the dissolved inorganic carbon content of deep Pacific waters in modulating atmospheric CO2 during the NHG.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 90
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    Hydrogeochemical investigation of shallow aquifers before and after the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (northern Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-13
    Description: Soon after the MW = 6.0 main event of May 20, 2012 that struck the central part of the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy), several geochemical surveys were carried out on groundwater within the epicentral area. A total of 20 water samples were periodically collected, from May 2012 to July 2014, from shallow (up to 6 m depth) to deep (down to 175 m depth) wells within both unconfined and confined aquifers and analyzed for major ions, trace elements, dissolved gases and stable isotopes (δ2H–H2O, δ18O–H2O and δ13C-TDIC). Geochemical data were compared with previous data collected and analyzed in 2006 in a phase of absence of significant seismic activity. Monitored waters showed concentration variations in post-earthquake sampling on a large number of geochemical parameters. Many of these variations were recorded during the co-seismic phase and were transient as the geochemical parameters returned towards pre-earthquake values over time. The most significant transient variations involved trace elements, which generally show high sensitivity even to small variations in the surrounding environment due to their usually low concentrations in groundwater. Physical-chemical parameters (water temperature, pH, TDS) and major ions provided less unambiguous indications, whereas among dissolved gases CH4 and CO2 showed a general post-seismic increase within the unconfined aquifer. Increased contents of such gas species in both aquifers (this study) and soils (previous studies) suggest that the seismic-induced overpressure on the ground had enhancing effects on soil permeability and porosity and triggered their co-seismic migration upwards from deeper reservoirs. Water isotopes showed the systematic post-seismic change in δ2H toward heavier compositions with no significant changes in the δ18O, which was interpreted as due to isotopic exchange between water and a H2-bearing gas phase (e.g., H2S, CH4, H2) entering the system. Calculated δ13C data of CO2 suggested a relatively shallow production from both plant-root respiration and microbial-driven degradation of organic matter while the almost pure crustal origin of He (R/Ra values = 0.04–0.16 from the bubbling gas phase emitted by one of the monitored wells) reasonably excludes any evidence of both primary mantle 3He degassing and ascent of heavier CO2 from deep (mantle, decarbonation) inorganic sources. Monitored waters which showed the most significant transient variations are aligned in the same E-W direction along which the seismicity and soil gas anomalies were distributed, at about 5 km S from the epicenter of the May 20th seismic event and along the main direction of the May 29th (MW = 5.8) event. This confirms that the transient variations have been activated by the seismic sequence in a sector of the crust where the presence of a fault/fracture system favors the intensification of processes affecting sediments and groundwater (variations of porosity/permeability of soils, the groundwater level, redox state, etc.) and which are able to explain the observed geochemical variations. Only one sample monitored, the one closest to the epicenter of the May 20th event, showed clear geochemical evidence suggesting the hypothesis of mixing between superimposed water bodies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105624
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 91
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    S-Wave Attenuation Variation and its Impact on Ground Motion Amplitudes During 2016–2017 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-13
    Description: A very energetic seismic sequence struck the central Apennines, Italy, in 2016–2017, with a series of damaging earthquakes, three of them with moment magnitudes M ≥ 5.9, and five of them with M ≥ 5.0, occurred over a few months between 24 August 2016, and late 2017. Several studies explained the phenomenon of a cascading earthquake sequence with fluid movements that provoked the rupture of different parts of the fault segments at different times and locations (e.g., Miller, Nature, 2004, 427, 724–727; Gabrielli, Frontiers in Earth Science, section Structural Geology and Tectonics, 2022; Malagnini, Frontiers in Earth Science, section Solid Earth Geophysics, 2022). In this study, we investigated the variation of crustal S-wave attenuation in terms of the frequency-dependent quality factor Q(f) before and after the main events (including the Amatrice, Visso, and Norcia subsequences, hereafter, AVN, and periods before and after the AVN multi-mainshock sequence). The spectral characteristics of regional attenuation in the central Apennines, as well as of the earthquake sources of the AVN sequence, are derived through regression analysis using a large set of seismograms; Q(f) is modeled, together with the bilinear geometrical spreading, g(r), using a widely used tool, namely, random vibration theory, RVT (Cartwright and Longuet-Higgins, 1956). The primary objective of this effort was to examine how the variability of crustal anelastic attenuation would impact the earthquake-induced ground motions. The latter is quantified in terms of peak ground accelerations (PGAs), peak ground velocities (PGVs), and pseudo spectral accelerations (PSAs) at 0.3 and 2 s . Here, we showed that the main events of the AVN sequence strongly affect crustal S-wave attenuation, including its frequency dependence. However, the effects of 1/Q(f) fluctuations on earthquake-induced ground motions are small and have a negligible impact on the seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 903955
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 92
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    Variable seismic responsiveness to stress perturbations along the shallow section of subduction zones: The role of different slip modes and implications for the stability of fault segments (2023)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-14
    Description: Assessing the stability state of fault interfaces is a task of primary interest not only for seismic hazards, but also for understanding how the earthquake machine works. Nowadays it is well known that a relationship exists between slow and fast earthquakes; moreover, it is more and more evident that such a connection is quite diffuse all over the Earth. In this paper, we perform a spatial and temporal analysis of both geodetic and seismic—non-volcanic tremors, low-frequency events (LFEs), and regular earthquakes—time series. We focus on the relationship between the clustering of properties of the different kinds of seismicity and their response to stress perturbations. Earth tides and large earthquakes are used as a source of additional stress. Seismic activity hosted in the Cascadia subduction zone, Manawatu region in New Zealand, and Japan during the last two decades is considered. Our analysis suggests that tremors become more and more sensitive to Earth-tide perturbations as the fault interface is seismically locked. Therefore, tremors and regular events show a similar response to tidal stress perturbations. This feature is also accompanied by relatively lower spatial and temporal coefficients of variation. A series of recordings by several GNSS stations along the Hikurangi Trench, North Island, New Zealand, and along the Nankai coasts in Japan is taken into account for studying how large thrust-faulting earthquakes affect silent events and geodetic signals and vice versa. In the last section, a simple model for grasping a glimpse of the local stability condition of the Earth’s crust and for explaining previous observations is provided.
    Description: Published
    Description: 989697
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 93
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    Y-B-P-R or S-C-C′? Suggestion for the nomenclature of experimental brittle fault fabric in phyllosilicate-granular mixtures (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-14
    Description: Mineralogy, fabric, and frictional properties are fundamental aspects of faults. Despite the extensive effort spent in the characterization of such fault properties, the description of fabric elements is not always univocal and nomenclatures such as the Y-B-P-R and the S-C-C′ are at times used interchangeably. This work presents a sys- tematic mineralogical, microstructural, and frictional characterization of natural gouges designed to constrain a criterion for the distinction between the Y-B-P-R and S-C-C′ fabric. For this purpose, we tested four representative natural mixtures of granular minerals (quartz) with increasing amount of phyllosilicates (muscovite). 24 fric- tional experiments were performed at constant normal stresses of 25, 50, 75 and 100 MPa, at both room dry and water saturated condition. We document that Y-B-P-R fabric typically develops in frictionally strong, granular- rich experimental faults. This fabric is associated to strain localization in narrow shear zones characterized by intense grain size reduction and dominant cataclastic processes. Conversely, S-C-C′ fabric is observed in phyllosilicate-rich experimental faults, which are characterized by distributed deformation and pervasive foli- ation. Deformation is mainly accommodated by frictional sliding along the well-oriented phyllosilicate foliae. The transition from Y-B-P-R to S-C-C′ is observed for phyllosilicates content 〉30% and is facilitated by secondary mechanical processes as networking of phyllosilicates and grain mantling. The evolution from Y-B-P-R to S-C-C′ fabric is also associated with a marked reduction in friction, in healing rate and changes in the rate and state friction parameters. Despite their geometrical similarities, we show that Y-B-P-R and S-C-C′ represent distinct fabrics reflecting the dichotomy that exists between frictionally strong, granular-rich, and frictionally weak, phyllosilicate-rich faults.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104743
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 94
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    A heuristic features selection approach for scenario analysis in a regional seismic probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-14
    Description: Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (SPTHA) is aimed at estimating the annual rate of exceedance of an earthquake-induced tsunami wave of a certain location with reference to a predefined height threshold. The analysis relies on computationally demanding numerical sim ulations of seismic-induced tsunami wave generation and propagation. A large number of sce narios needs to be simulated to account for uncertainties. However, the exceedance of tsunami wave threshold height is a rare event so that most of the simulated scenarios bring little statistical contribution to the estimation of the annual rate yet increasing the computational burden. To efficiently address this issue, we propose a wrapper-based heuristic approach to select the set of most relevant features of the seismic model, for deciding a priori the seismic scenarios to be simulated. The proposed approach is based on a Multi-Objective Differential Evolution Algorithm (MODEA) and is developed with reference to a case study whose objective is calculating the annual rate of threshold exceedance of the height of tsunami waves caused by subduction earthquakes that might be generated on a section of the Hellenic Arc, and propagated to a set of target sites: Siracusa, on the eastern coast of Sicily, Crotone, on the southern coast of Calabria, and Santa Maria di Leuca, on the southern coast of Puglia. The results show that, in all cases, the proposed approach allows a reduction of 95% of the number of scenarios with half of the features to be considered, and with no appreciable loss of accuracy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103112
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 95
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    A Bootstrapped Modularised method of Global Sensitivity Analysis applied to Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-14
    Description: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) evaluates the probability of exceedance of a given earthquake intensity threshold like the Peak Ground Acceleration, at a target site for a given exposure time. The stochasticity of the occurrence of seismic events is modelled by stochastic processes and the propagation of the earthquake wave in the soil is typically evaluated by empirical relationships called Ground Motion Prediction Equations. The large uncertainty affecting PSHA is quantified by defining alternative model settings and/or model parametri zations. In this work, we propose a novel Bootstrapped Modularised Global Sensitivity Analysis (BMGSA) method for identifying the model parameters most important for the uncertainty in PSHA, that consists in generating alternative artificial datasets by bootstrapping an available input-output dataset and aggregating the individual rankings obtained with the modularized method from each of those. The proposed method is tested on a realistic PSHA case study in Italy. The results are compared with a standard variance-based Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) method of literature. The novelty and strength of the proposed BMGSA method are both in the fact that its application only requires input-output data and not the use of a PSHA code for repeated calculations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102312
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 96
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    Late Quaternary evolution of the Metaponto coastal plain, southern Italy, inferred from geomorphological and borehole data (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: A multidisciplinary study of a sector of the Ionian coastal belt, southern Italy, mainly based on two new bore holes approximately 25 m (MSA) and 20 m (MSB) deep, was carried out in the frame of a wider geo archaeological project. Stratigraphic and Paleoecological data, together with geomorphological observations, have been used in order to define the Late Quaternary morpho-sedimentary evolution and its relationships with tectonic and climate forcing. The analyses of core sediments and geomorphic interpretations allowed us to reconstruct the changes in depositional setting and physical landscape starting from the MIS 5.5. To this scope, new data about sedimentary facies, benthic foraminifera and ostracod assemblages, and a set of 14C ages spanning from about 33 to 15 kyr BP are here presented. All these data revealed a strong modification of the depositional setting within the coastal plain, as inferred by the presence of marine, transitional, and continental deposits, and suggest an anomalous position of sea-level reference points. Such anomalies are clustered in two homogenous arrays that can be explained only admitting a significant tectonic uplift in recent times (i.e. about 4 mm/yr over the last 15,000 years).
    Description: Published
    Description: 84-110
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Coastal evolution ; Paleoecology ; Chronostratigraphy ; Relative sea-level changes ; Tectonic uplift ; Southern Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 97
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    Surface deformation during the 1928 fissure eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy): Insights from field data and FEM numerical modelling (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-23
    Description: The 1928 CE volcanic activity on eastern Etna, Italy, produced wide surface deformation and high effusion rates along fissures, with excess volumes of about 50 million m3 of lavas. This, in conjunction with the low elevation of the main eruptive vents (1150 m a.s.l.), caused the destruction of the Mascali town. Our research focuses on a multidisciplinary study from field observations and Finite Element Method modelling through COMSOL Multiphysics ®, with the aim of reconstructing the geometry, kinematics and origin of the system of faults and fissures formed during the 1928 event. We collected quantitative measurements from 438 sites of azimuth values, opening direction and aperture amount of dry fissures, and attitude and vertical offsets of faults. From west to east, four volcanotectonic settings have been identified, related to dike propagation in the same direction: 1) a sequence of 8 eruptive vents, surrounded by a 385-m wide graben, 2) a 2.5-km long single eruptive fissure, 3) a half-graben as wide as 74 m and a symmetric, 39-m-wide graben without evidence of eruption, 4) alignment of lower vents along the pre-existing Ripe della Naca faults. Field data, along with historical aerial photos, became inputs to FEM numerical models. The latter allowed us to investigate the connection between diking and surface deformation during the 1928 event, subject to a range of overpressure values (1–20 MPa), host rock properties (1–30 GPa) and geometrical complexity (stratigraphic sequence, layer thickness). In addition, we studied the distribution of tensile and shear stresses above the dike tip and gained insights into dike-induced graben scenarios. Our multidisciplinary study reports that soft (e.g. tuff) layers can act as temporary stress barriers and control the surface deformation scenarios (dike-induced graben, single fracture or eruptive fissures) above a propagating dike by suppressing the distribution of shear stresses towards the surface.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229468
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 98
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    Age of the Valle del Bove formation and chronology of the post-collapse flank eruptions, Etna volcano (Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-23
    Description: The Valle del Bove is a profound and wide scar on the east Etna flank witnessing the Holocene main volcanotectonic event of the volcano, frequently invaded by lava flows during the last centuries. The Valle del Bove slope failure produced the Milo debris avalanche deposit on the lower east flank that is partially covered by the Mongibello lavas and a pyroclastic succession. In this paper, we constrain for the first time the age of the Milo debris avalanche deposit and the overlying lava succession exposed at three quarries recently caved at the valley mouth through a multidisciplinary approach integrating stratigraphic and petrographic analyses, 14C, and paleomagnetic dating. In particular, 14C age determinations of the Milo debris avalanche deposit indicate that the initial stage of the catastrophic flank collapse of the Valle del Bove occurred at 7478–7134 BCE during the Mesolithic age. Conversely, the main portion of the lava succession filling the valley floor emplaced after the sub- Plinian picritic eruption occurred at 2579–2278 BCE (FS tephra layer) consistently with the increasing occurrence frequency of flank eruptions documented in the geological record of Etna during the past 4000 yrs. Paleomagnetic dating highlighted that in the study area the sub-Plinian eruption was followed by two quasicontemporaneous flank eruptions during the Late Copper age (2600–2400 BCE), whereas other two flank eruptions occurred during Greek-Roman and Medieval ages. These results have relevant implications on the stratigraphy and evolution of Etna, particularly on the Valle del Bove initial collapse and the relative emplacement of the Chiancone detritic-alluvial sequence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107752
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 99
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    Data-driven zonations for modelling the regional source and propagation effects into a Ground Motion Models in Italy (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: The main objective of this work is to provide two zonations of Italy useful to incorporate regional source and path effects in empirical Ground Motion Models (GMMs). To this end, we revise existing zonations developed for seismic and tsunami hazard studies, based on the results of a residual analysis between the observations of the ITACAext dataset and the predictions of ITA18, a GMM recently developed for Italy. The analysis consists in the decomposition of the residuals into repeatable terms, according to the well-established approach used for the calibration of non-ergodic models. Based on the spatial trend of the interpolated residuals, and geological and seismological considerations, the zonations are proposed and discussed, in the perspective of supporting regionalization of a future generation of GMMs for Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107775
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 100
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    Temporal evolution of the Fogo Volcano magma storage system (Cape Verde Archipelago): a fluid inclusions perspective (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: The architecture of the magma storage system underneath Fogo Volcano (Cape Verde Archipelago) is characterised using novel fluid inclusion results from fifteen basanites, spanning the last 120 thousand years of volcanic activity, and encompassing a major flank collapse event at ~73 ka. Fluid inclusions, hosted in olivine and clinopyroxene, are made of pure CO2, and based on their textural characteristics, are distinguished in early (Type I) and late (Type II) stage. Inclusions homogenize to a liquid phase in the 2.8 to 30.8 ◦C temperature range. Densities values, recalculated assuming an original 10% H2O content at the time of trapping, range from 543 to 952 kg⋅m3, and correspond to entrapment or re-equilibration pressure ranges of 500–595 MPa, 700–740 MPa, and 245–610 MPa respectively for pre-collapse, early post-collapse, and Holocene/historical eruptions. These entrapment pressures are interpreted as reflecting the existence of two main magma accumulation zones at ~25 km and ~ 13–21 km depth, and a zone of fluid inclusion re-equilibration at 9–12 km depth. There is evidence of a complex temporal evolution of the magma system. Historical eruptions, and especially the three most recent ones (occurred in 1951, 1995 and 2014–25), bring fluid inclusion evidence for transient, pre-eruptive shallow (9–17 km depth) magma ponding. Early post-collapse (60 ka) volcanics, in contrast, document fast magma transport from ~25 km, and suggest a reconfiguration of the magma system after the Monte Amarelo collapse event.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107730
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Oceanic island volcanism ; Magma ascent path ; 04.08. Volcanology ; petrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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