ALBERT

Description: Surface air temperature measurements obtained from different sensors are used to construct a unique time series with one minute time-interval. Apart from differences in design and environmental exposition, periods of missing data also exist in the data series of each sensor. A primary data set was selected in terms of quality and temporal extension. A combination of two different techniques is applied to complete this data set: one is based on the autocorrelation of the series and the other on measurements taken from other sensors. The resulting values constitute a complete series of surface air temperature at AGGO.

Description: Presented are analytical data from lacustrine sediment cores, retrieved from Lake Nam Co (Tibetan Plateau). The sediment core is a composite of one gravity core, taken with a Rumohr-Meischner gravity corer (63 mm diameter) and a piston core, retrieved using an uwitec piston coring system (http://www.uwitec.at; 90 mm diameter). The composite core labelled 〈NC 08/01〉 comprises a total length of 10.378 m. The cores were obtained at N 30.737417, E 090.790333 at a water depth of 93 m on 2008-09-15. The purpose of obtaining this sediment core was to establish a high-resolution record of climate (monsoonal) and environmental change using multiple proxy data. The dataset comprises analytical data based on sedimentological, inorganic geochemical, mineralogical and isotope-geochemical methods. Specifically: sediment water content & density; magnetic susceptibility; particel size data; quantitative inorganic geochemical data (ICP-OES aqua regia and HCL digestions); semi-quantitative XRF elemental data; carbon, nitrogen, sulfur contents; qualitative mineralogical data; bulk sediment stable carbon and oxygen isotope data.

Description: This data set is part of a larger data harmonization effort to make lake sediment core data machine readable and comparable. Here we standardized X-ray fluorescence line scanning (XRF)-based element data of sediment core EN18208, retrieved in 2018 from Lake Ilirney (Chukotka, Russia) at 10.76 m water depth. The glacial lake Ilirney is situated in the forest tundra mountain area and has one outflow, one main inflow and several smaller inflows. It lies at an elevation of ca. 428 m a.s.l. with a surface area of ca. 30 km2 and a maximum lake water depth of estimated 44 m. The 10.76 m sediment core was retrieved by a UWITEC piston corer during the RU-Land_2018_Chukotka expedition of the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, Germany, Potsdam) in cooperation with the North Eastern Federal State University (NEFU, Russia, Yakutsk). The downcore elemental composition was measured using an AVAATECH x-ray fluorescence core scanner at Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in Berlin, Spandau.

Description: This data set is part of a larger data harmonization effort to make lake sediment core data machine readable and comparable. Here we standardized radiocarbon and OSL age data of sediment core EN18208, retrieved in 2018 from Lake Ilirney (Chukotka, Russia) at 10.76 m water depth. The glacial lake Ilirney is situated in the forest tundra mountain area and has one outflow, one main inflow and several smaller inflows. It lies at an elevation of ca. 428 m a.s.l. with a surface area of ca. 30 km2 and a maximum lake water depth of estimated 44 m. The 10.76 m sediment core was retrieved by a UWITEC piston corer during the RU-Land_2018_Chukotka expedition of the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, Germany, Potsdam) in cooperation with the North Eastern Federal State University (NEFU, Russia, Yakutsk). Radiocarbon data have been analysed from bulk sediment samples in Bremerhaven at the MICADAS laboratory. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was performed at the Royal Holloway Luminescence Laboratory using a Risø TL/OSL-DA-15 automated dating system.

Description: A 25-cm long predominantly aragonite stalagmite was collected November 2, 2005 from Dharamjali Cave (29.5°N, 80.2°E) in the central Himalayas. This dataset contains stable isotope, trace element, XRF, U/Th dating, and dripwater data. The age model spans 4.2 to 2.3 ka BP, and the dataset records seasonal shifts in hydroclimate from 4.2 to 3.1 ka BP. Using the DHAR-1A half of the speleothem, 750 samples were milled at 100–300 µm resolution for stable isotope analysis (δ18O and δ13C) and analyzed at GFZ Potsdam. Further high-resolution stable isotope analysis at the University of Cambridge included 876 samples from the bottom 4 cm of the mirroring slab DHAR-1B, covering c. 4.2–3.6 ka BP. The δ44/40Ca measurements were made on 60 aragonite samples of aragonite and 1 calcite sample milled between 4.2 and 2.8 ka BP. The elemental composition of DHAR-1B was determined first with an Avaatech XRF scanner at the University of Cambridge, and later using laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) at the University of Waikato. U-series dating was performed at Caltech on 22 samples. Twelve U-series ages (between 2.55 and 4.14 ka BP) were used to construct the age models, using ensembles of 2000 Monte Carlo simulations for each proxy using the MATLAB-based COPRA script (Breitenbach et al., 2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1765-2012).

Description: This data set is part of a larger data harmonization effort to make lake sediment core data machine readable and comparable. Here we standardized grain size element data of sediment core EN18208, retrieved in 2018 from Lake Ilirney (Chukotka, Russia) at 10.76 m water depth. The glacial lake Ilirney is situated in the forest tundra mountain area and has one outflow, one main inflow and several smaller inflows. It lies at an elevation of ca. 428 m a.s.l. with a surface area of ca. 30 km2 and a maximum lake water depth of estimated 44 m. The 10.76 m sediment core was retrieved by a UWITEC piston corer during the RU-Land_2018_Chukotka expedition of the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, Germany, Potsdam) in cooperation with the North Eastern Federal State University (NEFU, Russia, Yakutsk). Grain-size was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 laser diffraction particle analyser.

Description: This data set is part of a larger data harmonization effort to make lake sediment core data machine readable and comparable. Here we standardized mineral data of sediment core EN18208, retrieved in 2018 from Lake Ilirney (Chukotka, Russia) at 10.76 m water depth. The glacial lake Ilirney is situated in the forest tundra mountain area and has one outflow, one main inflow and several smaller inflows. It lies at an elevation of ca. 428 m a.s.l. with a surface area of ca. 30 km2 and a maximum lake water depth of estimated 44 m. The 10.76 m sediment core was retrieved by a UWITEC piston corer during the RU-Land_2018_Chukotka expedition of the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, Germany, Potsdam) in cooperation with the North Eastern Federal State University (NEFU, Russia, Yakutsk). Bulk mineralogy was analysed by (x-ray diffractometry (XRD) using a (PHILIPS, Netherlands) PW1820 goniometer.

Description: This data set is part of a larger data harmonization effort to make lake sediment core data machine readable and comparable. Here we standardized radiocarbon and OSL age data of sediment core EN18208, retrieved in 2018 from Lake Ilirney (Chukotka, Russia) at 10.76 m water depth. The glacial lake Ilirney is situated in the forest tundra mountain area and has one outflow, one main inflow and several smaller inflows. It lies at an elevation of ca. 428 m a.s.l. with a surface area of ca. 30 km2 and a maximum lake water depth of estimated 44 m. The 10.76 m sediment core was retrieved by a UWITEC piston corer during the RU-Land_2018_Chukotka expedition of the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI, Germany, Potsdam) in cooperation with the North Eastern Federal State University (NEFU, Russia, Yakutsk). Water content and organic matter was analysed at AWI Potsdam. Dried and milled samples were analysed using a Vario EL III carbon-nitrogen-sulphur analyser. Organic carbon content was determined using a Vario MAX C analyser.

Description: Surface air temperature measurements obtained from different sensors are used to construct a unique time series with one minute time-interval. Apart from differences in design and environmental exposition, periods of missing data also exist in the data series of each sensor. A primary data set was selected in terms of quality and temporal extension. A combination of two different techniques is applied to complete this data set: one is based on the autocorrelation of the series and the other on measurements taken from other sensors. The resulting values constitute a complete series of surface air temperature at AGGO.

Description: This dataset contain stable isotope values for water samples collected ~weekly from the Rio Bermejo at the Lavalle bridge (-25.6513, -60.1277) from March 2016 to February 2018. Water samples were filtered to 0.2 micron using a custom filtration device. We measured d2H and d18O on a Picarro L-2140i Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer at the GFZ Potsdam. Measurements were made in duplicate, normalized to the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), and analytical uncertainty is reported as one standard deviation from the mean. River discharge was measured at the El Colorado gauging station, which is ~100 km down slope from the sampling location.

Description: This dataset provides the geochemistry data for the Holocene sediment sequence retrieved from Lake Uddelermeer (The Netherlands) in 2012. Additionally, alkane concentrations for a set of modern leaf samples are provided. Concentrations of fossil alkanes, GDGTs as well as elemental (C, N, S, H) and compound-specific delta Deuterium measurements are presented against both depth (cm) and age (cal yr. BP). A total of 59 samples were analysed. Modern leaf alkane concentrations are presented as concentrations, 10 samples were analysed. The geochemical data provides information about regional vegetation change as well as changes in effective precipitation. It was produced to inform on the age and duration of major environmental transitions during the middle and late Holocene. Cores were retrieved from the lake using a 3-m long handheld piston corer deployed from a floating coring platform during field work in April and May 2012. Samples were obtained from splits of the core and processed in the laboratory of the University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) using standard protocols (CNHS, alkane concentrations), the laboratory of Utrecht University (the Netherlands; GDGT concentrations) and at GFZ Potsdam (Germany; delta Deuterium). Name of the Campaign: UDD Event Label: UDD-E Method: Uwitec piston corer Latitude: 52.24652778 Longitude: 5.76097222 Elevation: 24m asl Date/Time of event: 2012-05-01T14:00:00 Further information about event: Lake sediment sequence retrieved using a 60 mm piston corer deployed from a floating platform.

Description: Water samples were filtered to 0.2 micron prior to measurement. Samples for cation analysis were acidified in the field to pH 〈 2 using 6N HNO3. Cation concentrations were measured with a Varian 720 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) at the GFZ Helmholtz Laboratory for the Geochemistry of the Earth Surface (HELGES), using SLRS-5 (Saint-Laurent River Surface, National Research Council - Conseil National de Recherches Canada) and USGS M212 and USGS T187 as external standards. We corrected for instrument drift by measuring an internal standard (GFZ-RW1) every 10 samples and we determined measurement uncertainty using calibration curve uncertainty. Anion concentrations were measured with a Dionex ICS1100 Ion Chromatograph, using USGS standards M206 and M212 as external standards for quality control, with uncertainty determined from triplicate analysis. We corrected cation concentrations for cyclic salt inputs following Bickle et al. (2005, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.11.019).

Description: Barium (Ba) isotopes are a promising new tracer for riverine freshwater input to the ocean and marine biogeochemical cycling. However, many processes that affect Ba cycling at continental margins have not yet been investigated with respect to Ba isotope fractionation. We present a comprehensive data set of Ba concentration and isotope data for water column, pore water and sediment samples from Kiel Bight, a seasonally stratified and hypoxic fjord in the southwestern Baltic Sea.

Description: Barium (Ba) isotopes are a promising new tracer for riverine freshwater input to the ocean and marine biogeochemical cycling. However, many processes that affect Ba cycling at continental margins have not yet been investigated with respect to Ba isotope fractionation. We present a comprehensive data set of Ba concentration and isotope data for water column, pore water and sediment samples from Kiel Bight, a seasonally stratified and hypoxic fjord in the southwestern Baltic Sea.

Description: Barium (Ba) isotopes are a promising new tracer for riverine freshwater input to the ocean and marine biogeochemical cycling. However, many processes that affect Ba cycling at continental margins have not yet been investigated with respect to Ba isotope fractionation. We present a comprehensive data set of Ba concentration and isotope data for water column, pore water and sediment samples from Kiel Bight, a seasonally stratified and hypoxic fjord in the southwestern Baltic Sea.

Description: Barium (Ba) isotopes are a promising new tracer for riverine freshwater input to the ocean and marine biogeochemical cycling. However, many processes that affect Ba cycling at continental margins have not yet been investigated with respect to Ba isotope fractionation. We present a comprehensive data set of Ba concentration and isotope data for water column, pore water and sediment samples from Kiel Bight, a seasonally stratified and hypoxic fjord in the southwestern Baltic Sea.

Description: Barium (Ba) isotopes are a promising new tracer for riverine freshwater input to the ocean and marine biogeochemical cycling. However, many processes that affect Ba cycling at continental margins have not yet been investigated with respect to Ba isotope fractionation. We present a comprehensive data set of Ba concentration and isotope data for water column, pore water and sediment samples from Kiel Bight, a seasonally stratified and hypoxic fjord in the southwestern Baltic Sea.

Description: Transport, distribution and remobilization processes of sediments and suspended matter of the Wadden Sea or within the marine areas have a major influence on the pollution situation of the these areas. The combined analysis of element fingerprints and isotope ratios of selected elements is suitable to provide valuable insights into the origin, transport pathways and distribution of sediments and suspended sediments within the study area. Thus, sediment and freshwater samples were taken from the German part of the Elbe river and its tributaries in August and October 2015 to identify their elemental and isotopic fingerprint and to investigate potential inputs of this major river system into the German Bight. All sediment samples were taken using a box grab and were analyzed for their grain size distribution by laser diffraction.

Description: Impact of Local Iron Enrichment on the Small Benthic Biota in the deep Arctic Ocean The study assesses the impact of local iron enrichment on the small benthic biota (bacteria, meiofauna) together with environmental parameters indicating the input of food at the deep seafloor. To evaluate the hypothesis that abundance, distribution, and diversity of the small benthic biota varies in relation to a local input of structural steel at the seabed, we analyzed sediment samples and the associated infauna along a short transect with increasing distance to an iron source, i.e., corroding steel weights of a free-falling observational platform (bottom-lander), lying on the seafloor for approximately seven years. Iron-enriched surface sediments in the vicinity of the bottom-weight left in summer 2008 after a short-term deployment of a bottom-lander in 2433 m water depth at the LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) observation HAUSGARTEN in eastern parts of the Fram Strait were sampled on 28th July 2015 using push-corer (PC) handled by the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) QUEST 4000 (MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Germany) during Dive 369 from board RV Polarstern. The block-shaped steel bottom-weights (30 x 30 x 6 cm) were sitting about half of the height sunken into the seafloor and thus, almost not affecting near-bottom currents. During sampling in 2015, the plates were largely corroded. Surface sediments around the plates had an orange-red color with a gradient of decreasing color intensity with increasing distance from the source, i.e., the bottom weight. A total of eight push-corer samples (PC1-8) were taken at approx. regular distances (on average every 18 cm) along a short transect (about 1.5 m) crossing the iron gradient. Push-corers PC1-4 retrieved sediment from heavily impacted sediments, while samples taken from push-corers PC5-8 were visually indistinguishable from background sediments in the wider area. After recovery of the ROV, sediment cores (8 cm in diameter, and 20-25 cm in height) were sub-sampled using plastic syringes with cut-off anterior ends for meiofauna and nematode communities as well as for environmental parameters. The position specified in the data sets (longitude / latitude) refers to the position of the ROV.

Description: The data were collected for a joint detrital zircon and detrital rutile provenance study of the late Neogene aeolian Baode Red Clay, located on the northern part of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The data consist of detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the 4.04–2.64 Ma Baode Red Clay (four samples from the Pliocene Jingle Formation and one sample from the 2.64 Ma Transitional Unit), and detrital rutile trace element geochemistry of the 6.91–2.64 Ma Baode Red Clay (three samples from the Miocene Baode Formation, five samples from the Pliocene Jingle Formation, and one sample from the Transitional Unit) and 14 potential sedimentary source areas in Central-East Asia. The data were collected using Nu Plasma AttoM single collector ICP-MS (Nu Instruments Ltd., Wrexham, UK) connected to an Analyte Excite 193 ArF laser ablation system (Photon Machines, San Diego, USA) at the Geological Survey of Finland. The rutiles were analysed for Li, Mg, Al, Si, P, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Pb, Th, and U. The grain size fractions of the analysed grains were mostly 30–90 μm for the Red Clay zircons and rutiles, and 20–500 μm for the potential source area rutiles.

Description: The data consist of detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the 4.04–2.64 Ma Baode Red Clay (four samples from the Pliocene Jingle Formation and one sample from the 2.64 Ma Transitional Unit). The data were collected using Nu Plasma AttoM single collector ICP-MS (Nu Instruments Ltd., Wrexham, UK) connected to an Analyte Excite 193 ArF laser ablation system (Photon Machines, San Diego, USA) at the Geological Survey of Finland.

Description: Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) were immobilised during expedition NEU2022 (ANT-Land 2022/2023) for the purpose of deployments with infrared (IR) camera loggers (CAM). The IR-CAM deployments (n=17) were located in the Atka-Bay in the vicinity to the Neumayer Station III (DE), eastern Weddell Sea. The seals were searcher by Skidoo and captured along tidal within the bay and immobilised and instrumented on fast (bay) ice with infrared video camera loggers (IR-CAMs, Little Leonardo, JP) to investigate their foraging behaviour in the context of sea ice features inside the bay.

Description: Continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes are performed using the eddy covariance (EC) method in a mixed-beech forest ecosystem in central Germany (52° 5'12N, 11°13'20E, 193 m asl), accompanied by relevant abiotic measurements. The site was established in the Bode catchment as part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory, a mesoscale water catchment within the Elbe river basin covering an area of approximately 3300 km². The forest area Hohes Holz is the only larger forested area in the otherwise agriculturally intensively-farmed western part of the Magdeburger Börde with an area of about 1500 ha [Wollschläger et al., 2017]. The forest is a protected area with the centre (150 ha) being a nature reserve (Natura 2000) and is dominated by common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) of about 90 years in age, an average tree height of 23.5 m and a stand density of 260 trees/ha. The long term average of annual precipitation is 563 mm and mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C (1981 – 2010 DWD station Ummendorf, #5158). The eddy covariance system consists of a CSAT-3 anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and a LI-7500 gas analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), established in 2014 in 49 m on a scaffolding tower within the research area. Data presented here comprise energy, water (H and LE), and carbon fluxes (NEE) from the EC-system since 2015 as well as gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived from partitioning of NEE-data. Complimentary data from the turbulence data set and prioritized driver variables as a basis for ecosystem process analysis are added. High-frequency data (20Hz) were acquired with a Campbell data logger and the Eddymeas data acquisition software [Kolle and Rebmann, 2007]. Flux computation from high frequency raw data was performed with the Eddy-Pro® software (v. 7.0.6). After removing physically unrealistic flux values from the time series, subsequent post-processing steps such as estimating the u*-threshold, gap-filling and flux partitioning were performed according to Wutzler et al. [2018] with the REddyProc package. Full details of site instrumentation, metadata information and R-packages used for processing can be found in the supplementary material. Since January 2019 the site is approved as an ICOS ecosystem class 1 station (DE-HoH). ICOS standard procedures required an additional EC-setup consisting of a Gill HS-50 ultrasonic anemometer (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) and a LI-7200 gas analyser which runs in parallel to the above described system (see ICOS carbon portal: https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ecosystem-release).

Description: Continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes are performed using the eddy covariance (EC) method in a mixed-beech forest ecosystem in central Germany (52° 5'12N, 11°13'20E, 193 m asl), accompanied by relevant abiotic measurements. The site was established in the Bode catchment as part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory, a mesoscale water catchment within the Elbe river basin covering an area of approximately 3300 km². The forest area Hohes Holz is the only larger forested area in the otherwise agriculturally intensively-farmed western part of the Magdeburger Börde with an area of about 1500 ha [Wollschläger et al., 2017]. The forest is a protected area with the centre (150 ha) being a nature reserve (Natura 2000) and is dominated by common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) of about 90 years in age, an average tree height of 23.5 m and a stand density of 260 trees/ha. The long term average of annual precipitation is 563 mm and mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C (1981 – 2010 DWD station Ummendorf, #5158). The eddy covariance system consists of a CSAT-3 anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and a LI-7500 gas analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), established in 2014 in 49 m on a scaffolding tower within the research area. Data presented here comprise energy, water (H and LE), and carbon fluxes (NEE) from the EC-system since 2015 as well as gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived from partitioning of NEE-data. Complimentary data from the turbulence data set and prioritized driver variables as a basis for ecosystem process analysis are added. High-frequency data (20Hz) were acquired with a Campbell data logger and the Eddymeas data acquisition software [Kolle and Rebmann, 2007]. Flux computation from high frequency raw data was performed with the Eddy-Pro® software (v. 7.0.6). After removing physically unrealistic flux values from the time series, subsequent post-processing steps such as estimating the u*-threshold, gap-filling and flux partitioning were performed according to Wutzler et al. [2018] with the REddyProc package. Full details of site instrumentation, metadata information and R-packages used for processing can be found in the supplementary material. Since January 2019 the site is approved as an ICOS ecosystem class 1 station (DE-HoH). ICOS standard procedures required an additional EC-setup consisting of a Gill HS-50 ultrasonic anemometer (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) and a LI-7200 gas analyser which runs in parallel to the above described system (see ICOS carbon portal: https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ecosystem-release).

Description: Continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes are performed using the eddy covariance (EC) method in a mixed-beech forest ecosystem in central Germany (52° 5'12N, 11°13'20E, 193 m asl), accompanied by relevant abiotic measurements. The site was established in the Bode catchment as part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory, a mesoscale water catchment within the Elbe river basin covering an area of approximately 3300 km². The forest area Hohes Holz is the only larger forested area in the otherwise agriculturally intensively-farmed western part of the Magdeburger Börde with an area of about 1500 ha [Wollschläger et al., 2017]. The forest is a protected area with the centre (150 ha) being a nature reserve (Natura 2000) and is dominated by common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) of about 90 years in age, an average tree height of 23.5 m and a stand density of 260 trees/ha. The long term average of annual precipitation is 563 mm and mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C (1981 – 2010 DWD station Ummendorf, #5158). The eddy covariance system consists of a CSAT-3 anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and a LI-7500 gas analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), established in 2014 in 49 m on a scaffolding tower within the research area. Data presented here comprise energy, water (H and LE), and carbon fluxes (NEE) from the EC-system since 2015 as well as gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived from partitioning of NEE-data. Complimentary data from the turbulence data set and prioritized driver variables as a basis for ecosystem process analysis are added. High-frequency data (20Hz) were acquired with a Campbell data logger and the Eddymeas data acquisition software [Kolle and Rebmann, 2007]. Flux computation from high frequency raw data was performed with the Eddy-Pro® software (v. 7.0.6). After removing physically unrealistic flux values from the time series, subsequent post-processing steps such as estimating the u*-threshold, gap-filling and flux partitioning were performed according to Wutzler et al. [2018] with the REddyProc package. Full details of site instrumentation, metadata information and R-packages used for processing can be found in the supplementary material. Since January 2019 the site is approved as an ICOS ecosystem class 1 station (DE-HoH). ICOS standard procedures required an additional EC-setup consisting of a Gill HS-50 ultrasonic anemometer (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) and a LI-7200 gas analyser which runs in parallel to the above described system (see ICOS carbon portal: https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ecosystem-release).

Description: Continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes are performed using the eddy covariance (EC) method in a mixed-beech forest ecosystem in central Germany (52° 5'12N, 11°13'20E, 193 m asl), accompanied by relevant abiotic measurements. The site was established in the Bode catchment as part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory, a mesoscale water catchment within the Elbe river basin covering an area of approximately 3300 km². The forest area Hohes Holz is the only larger forested area in the otherwise agriculturally intensively-farmed western part of the Magdeburger Börde with an area of about 1500 ha [Wollschläger et al., 2017]. The forest is a protected area with the centre (150 ha) being a nature reserve (Natura 2000) and is dominated by common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) of about 90 years in age, an average tree height of 23.5 m and a stand density of 260 trees/ha. The long term average of annual precipitation is 563 mm and mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C (1981 – 2010 DWD station Ummendorf, #5158). The eddy covariance system consists of a CSAT-3 anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and a LI-7500 gas analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), established in 2014 in 49 m on a scaffolding tower within the research area. Data presented here comprise energy, water (H and LE), and carbon fluxes (NEE) from the EC-system since 2015 as well as gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived from partitioning of NEE-data. Complimentary data from the turbulence data set and prioritized driver variables as a basis for ecosystem process analysis are added. High-frequency data (20Hz) were acquired with a Campbell data logger and the Eddymeas data acquisition software [Kolle and Rebmann, 2007]. Flux computation from high frequency raw data was performed with the Eddy-Pro® software (v. 7.0.6). After removing physically unrealistic flux values from the time series, subsequent post-processing steps such as estimating the u*-threshold, gap-filling and flux partitioning were performed according to Wutzler et al. [2018] with the REddyProc package. Full details of site instrumentation, metadata information and R-packages used for processing can be found in the supplementary material. Since January 2019 the site is approved as an ICOS ecosystem class 1 station (DE-HoH). ICOS standard procedures required an additional EC-setup consisting of a Gill HS-50 ultrasonic anemometer (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) and a LI-7200 gas analyser which runs in parallel to the above described system (see ICOS carbon portal: https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ecosystem-release).

Description: Continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes are performed using the eddy covariance (EC) method in a mixed-beech forest ecosystem in central Germany (52° 5'12N, 11°13'20E, 193 m asl), accompanied by relevant abiotic measurements. The site was established in the Bode catchment as part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory, a mesoscale water catchment within the Elbe river basin covering an area of approximately 3300 km². The forest area Hohes Holz is the only larger forested area in the otherwise agriculturally intensively-farmed western part of the Magdeburger Börde with an area of about 1500 ha [Wollschläger et al., 2017]. The forest is a protected area with the centre (150 ha) being a nature reserve (Natura 2000) and is dominated by common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) of about 90 years in age, an average tree height of 23.5 m and a stand density of 260 trees/ha. The long term average of annual precipitation is 563 mm and mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C (1981 – 2010 DWD station Ummendorf, #5158). The eddy covariance system consists of a CSAT-3 anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and a LI-7500 gas analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), established in 2014 in 49 m on a scaffolding tower within the research area. Data presented here comprise energy, water (H and LE), and carbon fluxes (NEE) from the EC-system since 2015 as well as gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived from partitioning of NEE-data. Complimentary data from the turbulence data set and prioritized driver variables as a basis for ecosystem process analysis are added. High-frequency data (20Hz) were acquired with a Campbell data logger and the Eddymeas data acquisition software [Kolle and Rebmann, 2007]. Flux computation from high frequency raw data was performed with the Eddy-Pro® software (v. 7.0.6). After removing physically unrealistic flux values from the time series, subsequent post-processing steps such as estimating the u*-threshold, gap-filling and flux partitioning were performed according to Wutzler et al. [2018] with the REddyProc package. Full details of site instrumentation, metadata information and R-packages used for processing can be found in the supplementary material. Since January 2019 the site is approved as an ICOS ecosystem class 1 station (DE-HoH). ICOS standard procedures required an additional EC-setup consisting of a Gill HS-50 ultrasonic anemometer (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) and a LI-7200 gas analyser which runs in parallel to the above described system (see ICOS carbon portal: https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ecosystem-release).

Description: Continuous measurements of carbon, water and energy fluxes are performed using the eddy covariance (EC) method in a mixed-beech forest ecosystem in central Germany (52° 5'12N, 11°13'20E, 193 m asl), accompanied by relevant abiotic measurements. The site was established in the Bode catchment as part of the TERENO Harz/Central German Lowland Observatory, a mesoscale water catchment within the Elbe river basin covering an area of approximately 3300 km². The forest area Hohes Holz is the only larger forested area in the otherwise agriculturally intensively-farmed western part of the Magdeburger Börde with an area of about 1500 ha [Wollschläger et al., 2017]. The forest is a protected area with the centre (150 ha) being a nature reserve (Natura 2000) and is dominated by common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) of about 90 years in age, an average tree height of 23.5 m and a stand density of 260 trees/ha. The long term average of annual precipitation is 563 mm and mean annual temperature is 9.1 °C (1981 – 2010 DWD station Ummendorf, #5158). The eddy covariance system consists of a CSAT-3 anemometer (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) and a LI-7500 gas analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), established in 2014 in 49 m on a scaffolding tower within the research area. Data presented here comprise energy, water (H and LE), and carbon fluxes (NEE) from the EC-system since 2015 as well as gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) derived from partitioning of NEE-data. Complimentary data from the turbulence data set and prioritized driver variables as a basis for ecosystem process analysis are added. High-frequency data (20Hz) were acquired with a Campbell data logger and the Eddymeas data acquisition software [Kolle and Rebmann, 2007]. Flux computation from high frequency raw data was performed with the Eddy-Pro® software (v. 7.0.6). After removing physically unrealistic flux values from the time series, subsequent post-processing steps such as estimating the u*-threshold, gap-filling and flux partitioning were performed according to Wutzler et al. [2018] with the REddyProc package. Full details of site instrumentation, metadata information and R-packages used for processing can be found in the supplementary material. Since January 2019 the site is approved as an ICOS ecosystem class 1 station (DE-HoH). ICOS standard procedures required an additional EC-setup consisting of a Gill HS-50 ultrasonic anemometer (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) and a LI-7200 gas analyser which runs in parallel to the above described system (see ICOS carbon portal: https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/ecosystem-release).

Description: Herein, we present paleomagnetic, GR and Rb/Sr data over the past 3.5 Ma from the ZK01 core in the southern Junggar Basin, Northwestern China. We took 300 oriented samples along the core (ca. 1 sample every 1.5 m) for magnetostratigraphic dating. The corresponding boundaries of the Brunhes/Matuyama and Matuyama/Gauss transitions are at about 59 m and 315 m interval in the ZK01 borehole, respectively. To complete the lithological description of this core, we selected 17 samples between levels 100 and 425 m for grain size analysis. Our grain size shows an eolian deposit. Gamma ray (GR; ~5 cm sampling resolution) well log data and Rb/Sr ratios in the ZK01 core were used to carry out astronomical tuning. Our results show that GR data are dominated by 405 kyr cycles before ~2.8 Ma; ~100 kyr short eccentricity and obliquity cycles are significantly enhanced between 2.8 Ma and 1.4 Ma; the obliquity signal finally strengthens between 1.4 and ~0.55 Ma. By contrast, our Rb/Sr data show monotonic, dominant 405-kyr cycles with weak 100-kyr eccentricity, obliquity (41 kyr) and precession (20 kyr) cycles in the past 3.5 Ma. To complete the lithological description of the core, we selected 17 samples between levels 100 and 425 m for grain size analysis. We selected 2 samples for scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of quartz particles at 317 m and 415 m, in order to investigate potential marks for aeolian transport of the sediment. We took 300 oriented samples along the core (ca. 1 sample every 1.5 m) for magnetostratigraphic dating. A total of 1201 power samples were measured with an Innov-X Systems X-ray fluorescence spectrometer in geochemistry mode using beam 1 (50 kv) and beam 2 (10 kv) to acquire the abundance of rubidium (Rb) and strontium (Sr) at the Chinese University of Geosciences (Wuhan). The continuous GR data were measured using FD-3019 γ logging tool based on EJ/T 611-2005 gamma logging specification through pipes.

Description: We carry out our work on a total of 202 sediment samples spanning the past ~400 kyr from IODP Site 363-U1483 (13.09°S, 121.80°E; water depth: 1733 m), which is located close to the southern margin of the ITCZ's latitudinal displacement in the outflow area of the Indonesian Throughflow. In this study, we present Mg/Ca ratios and stable oxygen isotope from tests of planktonic foraminiferal Globigerinoides ruber, respectively.

Description: Zooplankton sampled approximately at monthly intervals between April 1988 and December 2016 at Station E2CO (A Coruña, NW Spain) with double-oblique tows of a 50-cm diameter Juday-Bogorov plankton net with 250 μm (until 1997) or 200 μm (from 1997 onwards) mesh size. The net was equipped with a General Oceanic Flowmeter for the calculation of water filtered and a depth recorder. All samples were collected between 10:00 and 14:00 o'clock (local time) and were preserved in 2−4% sodium borate-buffered formaldehyde. Sub-samples were taken to estimate total zooplankton abundances (in ind × m−3) by direct examination using a stereo microscope, and biomass (in μg DW × L−1) by weighting dried aliquots (50 ºC, 48 h). Species names referenced to the Word Register of Marine Species (last access: June 2019). Zooplankton identification and counts were made by M.T. Álvarez-Ossorio (until 2015), E. Rey and M.A. Louro (2016). These series are part of the long-term observational project RADIALES (Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO, Spain).

Description: The data set contains meteorological measurements from an automatic weather station installed on rock next to the glacier front (92 m a.s.l.) of Schiaparelli Glacier, Cordillera Darwin, Chile. The station has been installed by the Humboldt University Berlin in September 2015. It measures 2m air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), solar radiation (SWin), wind speed (WS), wind direction (Dir) and precipitation (RRR) in an hourly interval (averaged, precipitation is accumulated). The data provided here has been corrected for outliers, radiative heating of the temperature sensor and sensor freezing.

Description: Ingrowth cores were used according to Bhuiyan et al. (2017), and incubated for two years from November 2015 to November 2017. Roots were manually separated and identified to species group level with FTIR according to Straková et al. (2020). Drying temperature for roots was 40 °C.

Description: Measurements between November 2015 - November 2017.

Description: Measurements of stable water isotopes (δ Deuterium, δ18O, δ13C) from the water column in the Fram Strait from the POLARSTERN cruises PS92 (ARK-XXIX/1, TRANSSIZ) and PS93.1 (ARK-XXIX/2.1) in May to July 2015. δ Deuterium and δ18O were measured with a Picarro 2130i CRDS System, δ13C with a Finnigan MAT 252 gas isotope ratio mass spectrometer with Gasbench 2 at MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences. The measurements were conducted in 2020/2021.

Description: We provide here supplementary data of Levy et al. (2023). To investigate influencing factors of Planktic Foraminifera (PF) Mg uptake in hypersaline regions, we measured the Mg/Ca of two flux dominating PF species, Globigerinoides ruber albus and Turborotalita clarkei with its two phenotypes 'big' and 'encrusted', derived from a monthly resolved time series of sediment traps in the Gulf of Aqaba (GOA), northern Red Sea. Presented are a summary of average (mean) individual planktic Foraminifera specimen Mg/Ca as a function of depth and time. Sediment traps were deployed at depths of 120 m, 220 m, 350 m, 450 m and 570 m and a core top sample. The data provided is at a near-monthly resolution between June 2014 and June 2015. Mg/Ca was measured using single chamber Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to account for the differences between succeeding chambers. The 'min' Mg/Ca and 'max' Mg/Ca represent distance from mean to extremities (i.e., range) for LA-ICP-MS measurements.

Description: Daily streamflow runoff observations of the Rofenache at gauge Vent.

Description: The data set contains measurements of surface ablation recorded by an automatic ablation sensor at the frontal part of Schiaparelli Glacier, Cordillera Darwin, Chile. The sensor was installed by the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil, in September 2016 and uninstalled in November 2017. The sensor records the time passed for every 15 cm of surface lowering. Unrealistic records have been excluded. The data set gives the name, latitude (latitude), longitude (longitude), start of the period (Date1), end of the period (Date2) and total ablation during that period (ablation).

Description: Glacier surface velocities are measured on four neighbouring glaciers in the Ötztal Alps (Austria). Measurements of the annual horizontal flow velocity (Δs/a [m/a]) on Hintereisferner (HEF) were started in 1885 at stone lines (cross-profiles). Annual values for the stone lines are given as mean values from the stones at the cross-profiles. On Kesselwandferner, the annual horizontal (Δs/a [m/a]) and vertical velocities (Δv/a [m/a], positive upwards and negative downwards) are measured at ablation and accumulation stakes since 1965. On Taschachferner (TSF) and Gepatschferner (GPF), the records of annual and subseasonal horizontal flow velocities at ablation stakes were started in 2009. This data series is a continuation of: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.896741

Description: Glacier surface velocities are measured on four neighbouring glaciers in the Ötztal Alps (Austria). Measurements of the annual horizontal flow velocity (Δs/a [m/a]) on Hintereisferner (HEF) were started in 1885 at stone lines (cross-profiles). Annual values for the stone lines are given as mean values from the stones at the cross-profiles. On Kesselwandferner, the annual horizontal (Δs/a [m/a]) and vertical velocities (Δv/a [m/a], positive upwards and negative downwards) are measured at ablation and accumulation stakes since 1965. On Taschachferner (TSF) and Gepatschferner (GPF), the records of annual and subseasonal horizontal flow velocities at ablation stakes were started in 2009. This data series is a continuation of: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.896741

Description: Dataset of radiocarbon dates obtained on peat and lacustrine/palsutrine sediment from several wetlands of North Cantal (Massif Central, France). All these data were acquired during the collective research project (PCR) on the archaeology of the Sianne and Sumène Valleys during the Bronze Age and the 1st Iron Age (Haute-Auvergne) coordinated by F. Delrieu (DRAC ARA, Service Régional de l'Archéologie, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand).

Description: CTD data collected in coastal regions are often dynamically changing which is a major impediment to derive any process related information from those data. Only longer time series and comparison with nearby coastal stations can help to detect events or trends in data. In this case the data were collected with the idea to what extent mobile platforms can assist in this process, i.e. how data that are collected from vehicles sent out from the buoy station to locations nearby can contribute to a more comprehensive picture of on-going processes. The calm weather conditions that lasted for several days during the time the data had been collected allowed for a detection of a warm current, possibly an eddy, passing the OBSEA station in a distance of a few kilometers. A series of CTD profiles had been recorded during a filed test campaign at EMSO-ERIC observatory OBSEA (https://emso.eu/observatories-node/obsea/). The maximum water depth was at 30 m. Date: February 16, 2023, Time: Between 11:30 and 13.30 CET, Instrument RBR XR-420 deployed from board a RIB boat at 5 different position with two repeated profiles each

Description: Hair samples were collected throughout the United States, with particular focus on major metropolitan areas of the western United States. Hair samples were collected in 2004 as well as between 2013-2015. Here hydrogen (d2H) and oxygen (d18O) isotope values along with strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and element abundances were measured. d2H and d18O values, 87Sr/86Sr, and elemental compositions of 560, 385 and 306 hair samples were analyzed following Tipple et al., 2018 (Scientific Reports, 8, 2224), respectively. The purpose of these data was to assess geospatial variations in isotope and elemental geochemistry of human hair. We found that the isotope and elemental geochemistry of human hair largely corresponded to the geochemistry of drinking and bathing water, which in turn varied by water source and management practice. These data provide a foundation to reconstruct human movements using the geochemistry of modern or ancient human hair.

Description: Sortable silt data was obtained from core MD03-2679 located in the North Atlantic. The sediment was analysed with a laser diffractometer at GEOsciences Paris-Sud (GEOPS), in order to provide informations on past changes in intensity of the Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) over the Marine Isotopic Stages 7 and 9. The original sortable silt data (percent and mean) were used for comparison with the new method of correcting for ice-rafted debris (IRD) influence on sortable silt described in Stevenard et al. (submitted).

Description: This data set includes the concentration of surface water volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide, biomass concentrations and temperature from the ferry box system of RV POLARSTERN on the cruise track from Bremerhaven to the ice covered region north of Svalbard during RV POLARSTERN cruise PS92. Temperature and salinity were used to classify the sampled water masses based on the criteria applied in Tran et al., 2013.

Description: We operate a 7-wavelength aethalometer (Model AE33, Magee Scientific) which is in operation since 23 January 2019 ongoing. The Aethalometer model AE33 collects aerosol particles continuously by drawing the aerosol-laden air stream through a spot on the filter tape. It analyzes the aerosol by measuring the transmission of light through one portion of the filter tape containing the sample, versus the transmission through an unloaded portion of the filter tape acting as a reference area. This analysis is done at seven optical wavelengths spanning the range from the near-infrared to the near-ultraviolet. The Aethalometer calculates the instantaneous concentration of optically-absorbing aerosols from the rate of change of the attenuation of light transmitted through the particle-laden filter.

Description: Radiometric measurement with Trios Ramses system. All Trios measurements averaged over reliable common times. The viewing zenith angle was approx. 45°. The surface reflectance factors rho are only given for 40 or 50°. If rho is to high, there is an overcorrection of Lw and Rrs. For this three methods for correction are applied: constant factor rho, Mobley 1999 and Mobley 2015 (Mobley 1999 related to 50°, Mobley 2015 related to 40°).

Description: Radiometric measurement with Trios Ramses system. All Trios measurements averaged over reliable common times. The viewing zenith angle was approx. 45°. The surface reflectance factors rho are only given for 40 or 50°. If rho is to high, there is an overcorrection of Lw and Rrs. For this three methods for correction are applied: constant factor rho, Mobley 1999 and Mobley 2015 (Mobley 1999 related to 50°, Mobley 2015 related to 40°).

Description: Radiometric measurement with Trios Ramses system. All Trios measurements averaged over reliable common times. The viewing zenith angle was approx. 45°. The surface reflectance factors rho are only given for 40 or 50°. If rho is to high, there is an overcorrection of Lw and Rrs. For this three methods for correction are applied: constant factor rho, Mobley 1999 and Mobley 2015 (Mobley 1999 related to 50°, Mobley 2015 related to 40°).

Description: Sortable silt data was obtained from core MD03-2673 located in the North Atlantic. The sediment was analysed with a laser diffractometer at Bio-Indicateurs Actuels et Fossiles (BIAF) lab, in order to provide informations on past changes in intensity of the Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) over the Marine Isotopic Stages 7 and 9. The original sortable silt data (percent and mean) were used for comparison with the new method of correcting for ice-rafted debris (IRD) influence on sortable silt described in Stevenard et al. (submitted).

Description: 1 Study site and set-up The studied hemiboreal riparian forest is a 40-year old Filipendula type grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) forest stand grown on a former agricultural agricultural land. It is situated in the Agali Village (58o17' N; 27o17' E) in eastern Estonia within the Lake Peipsi Lowland (Varep 1964). The area is characterized by a flat relief with an average elevation of 32m a.s.l., formed from the bottom of former periglacial lake systems, it is slightly inclined (1%) towards a tributary of the Kalli River. The soil is Gleyic Luvisol. The thickness of the humus layer was 15-20 cm. The content of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate (NO3- -N), ammonia NH4+-N, Ca and Mg per dry matter in 10cm topsoil was 3.8 and 0.33 %, and 2.42, 2.89, 1487 and 283 mg kg-1, respectively, which was correspondingly 6.3, 8.3, 4.4, 3.6, 2.3, and 2.0 times more than those in 20cm deep zone. The long-term average annual precipitation of the region is 650 mm, and the average temperature is 17.0 °C in July and -6.7 °C in January. The duration of the growing season is typically 175-180 days from mid-April to October (Kupper et al. 2011). The mean height of the forest stand is 17.5 m, the mean stem diameter at breast height 15.6 cm and the growing stock 245 m3 ha−1 (based on Uri et al 2014 and Becker et al 2015). In the forest floor, the following herbs dominate: Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., Aegopodium podagraria L., Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop., Geum rivale L., Crepis paludosa (L.) Moench,), shrubs (Rubus idaeus L., Frangula alnus L., Daphne mezereum L.) and young trees (A. incana, Prunus padus (L.)) dominate. In moss-layer Climacium dendroides (Hedw.) F. Weber & D. Mohr, Plagiomnium spp and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst. 2 Soil flux measurements Soil fluxes were measured using 12 automatic dynamic chambers located close to each studied tree and installed in June 2017. The chambers were made from polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglas) covered with non-transparent plastic film. Each soil chamber (volume of 0.032 m³) covered a 0.16 m² soil surface. To avoid stratification of gas inside the chamber, air with a constant flow rate of 1.8 L min-1 was circulated within a closed loop between the chamber and gas analyzer unit during the measurements by a diaphragm pump. The air sample was taken from the top of the chamber headspace and pumped back by distributing it to each side of the chamber. For the measurements, the soil chambers were closed automatically for 9 minutes each. Flushing time of the whole system with ambient air between measurement periods was 1 minute. Thus, there were approximately 12 measurements per chamber per day. A Picarro G2508 (Picarro Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) gas analyzer using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) technology was used to monitor N2O gas concentrations in the frequency of approximately 1.17 measurements per second. The chambers were connected to the gas analyzer using a multiplexer. Since the 9 minutes of closing each soil chamber for measurements consisted of two minutes for stabilization the trend in the beginning and about two minutes unstable fluctuations at the end, for soil flux calculations, only 5 minutes of the linear trend of N2O concentration change has been used for soil flux calculations. After the quality checking 105,830 flux values (98.7% of total possible) of soil N2O fluxes could be used during the whole study period. 3 Stem flux measurements The tree stem fluxes were measured manually with frequency 1-2 times per week from September 2017 until December 2018. Twelve representative mature grey alder trees were selected for stem flux measurements and equipped with static closed tree stem chamber systems for stem flux measurements (Machacova et al 2016). Soil fluxes were investigated close to each selected tree. The tree chambers were installed in June 2017 in following order: at the bottom part of the tree stem (approximately 10 cm above the soil) and at 80 and 170 cm above the ground. The rectangular shape stem chambers were made of transparent plastic containers, including removable airtight lids (Lock & Lock Co Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea). For chamber preparation see Schindler et al. (2020). Two chambers per profile were set randomly across 180° and interconnected with tubes into one system (total volume of 0.00119 m³) covering 0.0108 m² of stem surface. A pump (model 1410VD, 12 V; Thomas GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany) was used to homogenize the gas concentration prior to sampling. Chamber systems remained open between each sampling campaign. During 60 measurement campaigns, four gas samples (each 25 ml) were collected from each chamber system via septum in a 60 min interval: 0/60/120/180 min sequence (sampling time between 12:00 and 16:00) and stored in pre-evacuated (0.3 bar) 12 ml coated gas-tight vials (LabCo International, Ceregidion, UK). The gas samples were analysed in the laboratory at University of Tartu within a week using gas chromatograph (GC-2014; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an electron capture detector for detection of N2O and a flame ionization detector for CH4. The gas samples were injected automatically using Loftfield autosampler (Loftfield Analytics, Göttingen, Germany). For gas-chromatographical settings see Soosaar et al. (2011). 4 Soil and stem flux calculation Fluxes were quantified on a linear approach according to change of CH4 and N2O concentrations in the chamber headspace over time, using the equation according to Livingston & Hutchison (1995). Stem fluxes were quantified on a linear approach according to change of N2O concentrations in the chamber headspace over time. A data quality control was applied based on R2 values of linear fit for CO2 measurements. When the R2 value for CO2 efflux was above 0.9, the conditions inside the chamber were applicable, and the calculations for N2O gases were also accepted in spite of their R2 values. To compare the contribution of soil and stems, the stem fluxes were upscaled to hectare of ground area based on average stem diameter, tree height, stem surface area, tree density, and stand basal area estimated for each period. A cylindric shape of tree stem was assumed. To estimate average stem emissions per tree, fitted regression curves for different periods were made between the stem emissions and height of the measurements as previously done by Schindler et al. (2020). 5 Eddy covariance instrumentation Eddy-covariance system was installed on a 21 m height scaffolding tower. Fast 3-D sonic anemometer Gill HS-50 (Gill Instruments Ltd., Lymington, Hampshire, UK) was used to obtain 3 wind components. CO2 fluxes were measured using the Li-Cor 7200 analyser (Li-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). Air was sampled synchronously with the 30 m teflon inlet tube and analyzed by a quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer (QCLAS) (Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA) for N2O concentrations. The Aerodyne QCLAS was installed in the heated and ventilated cottage near the tower base. A high-capacity free scroll vacuum pump (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) guaranteed air flow rate 15 L min-1 between the tower and gas analyzer during the measurements. Air was filtered for dust and condense water. All measurements were done at 10Hz and the gas-analyzer reported concentrations per dry air (mixing ratios). 6 Eddy-covariance flux calculation and data quality control The fluxes of N2O were calculated using the EddyPro software (v.6.0-7.0, Li-Cor) as a covariance of the gas mixing ratio with the vertical wind component over 30-minute periods. Despiking of the raw data was performed following Mauder (2013). Anemometer tilt was corrected with the double axis rotation. Linear detrending was chosen over block averaging to minimize the influence of a possible fluctuations of a gas analyser. Time lags were detected using covariance maximisation in a given time window (5±2s was chosen based on the tube length and flow rate). While WPL-correction is typically performed for the closed-path systems, we did not apply it as water correction was already performed by the Aerodyne and the software reported mixing ratios. Both low and high frequency spectral corrections were applied using fully analytic corrections (Moncrieff et al. 1997, 2004). Calculated fluxes were filtered out in case they were coming from the half-hour averaging periods with at least one of the following criteria: more than 1000 spikes, half-hourly averaged mixing ratio out of range (300-350 ppb), quality control (QC) flags higher than 7 (Foken et al, 2004). Footprint area was estimated using Kljun et al (2015) implemented in TOVI software (Li-Cor Inc.). Footprint allocation tool was implemented to flag the non-forested areas within the 90% cumulative footprint and fluxes appointed to these areas were removed from the further analysis. Storage fluxes were estimated using point concentration measurements from the eddy system, assuming the uniform change within the air column under the tower during every 30 min period (calculated in EddyPro software). In the absence of a better estimate or profile measurements, these estimates were used to correct for storage change. Total flux values that were higher than eight times the standard deviation were additionally filtered out (following Wang et al., 2013). Overall, the quality control procedures resulted in 61% data coverage. While friction velocity (u*) threshold is used to filter eddy fluxes of CO2 (Papale et al. 2006), visual inspection of the friction velocity influence on N2O fluxes demonstrated no effect. Thus, we decided not to apply it, taking into account that 1-9 QC flag system already marks the times when the turbulence is not sufficient. To obtain the continuous time-series and to enable the comparison to chamber estimates over hourly time scales, gap-filling of N2O fluxes was performed using marginal distribution sampling method implemented in ReddyProcWeb online tool (https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgi/index.php/Services/REddyProcWeb) (described in detail in Wutzler et al 2018). MATLAB (ver. 2018a-b, Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) was used for all the eddy fluxes data analysis. 7 Ancillary measurements Air temperature and relative humidity were measured within the canopy at 10m height using the HC2A-S3 - Standard Meteo Probe / RS24T (Rotronic AG, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) and Campbell CR100 data logger (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA). Based on these data, dew point depression was calculated to characterise chance of fog formation within the canopy. The incoming solar radiation data were obtained from the SMEAR Estonia station located at 2 km from the study site (Noe et al 201587) using the Delta-T-SPN-1 sunshine pyranometer (Delta-T Devices Ltd., Cambridge, UK). The cloudiness ratio was calculated based on radiation data. Near-ground air temperature, soil temperature (Campbell Scientific Inc.) and soil water content sensors (ML3 ThetaProbe, Delta-T Devices, Burwell, Cambridge, UK) were installed directly on the ground and 0-10 cm soil depth close to the studied tree spots. During six campaigns from August to November 2017 composite topsoil samples were taken with a soil corer from a depth of 0-10 cm for physical and chemical analysis using standard methods (APHA-AWWA-WEF, 2005).