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  • Springer  (37,682)
  • Taylor & Francis  (1,568)
  • 2020-2023  (34)
  • 2020-2022  (39,216)
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  • 2020-2023  (34)
  • 2020-2022  (39,216)
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  • 1
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    Optimization of low-cost monitoring systems for on-site earthquake early-warning of critical infrastructures (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-04
    Description: In the last years, monitoring systems based on low-cost and miniaturized sensors (MEMS) revealed as a very successful compromise between the availability of data and their quality. Also applications in the field of seismic and structural monitoring have been constantly increasing in term of number and variety of functions. Among these applications, the implementation of systems for earthquake early warning is a cuttingedge topic, mainly for its relevance for the society as millions of peoples in various regions of the world are exposed to high seismic hazard. This paper introduces the optimization of an already established seismic (and structural) monitoring system, that would make it suitable for the implementation of the earthquake early warning. In particular, the sampling code has been improved and a new triggering algorithm able to automatically detect the ground shaking due to the propagation of the seismic waves has been developed. The preliminary results indicate that the system is very flexible and easy to implement, and encourage to perform further developing steps.
    Description: Published
    Description: 963-975
    Description: Cagliari
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Keywords: Seismic monitoring · Structural monitoring · MEMS · Earthquake early warning · Trigger algorithm
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 2
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    Ground motion models for the new seismic hazard model of Italy (MPS19): selection for active shallow crustal regions and subduction zones (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-18
    Description: The aim of this paper is to identify the ground motion models (GMMs), applicable in active shallow crustal regions (ASCRs) and subduction zones (SZs), to be used for the new release of the seismic hazard model of Italy (MPS19) for peak ground acceleration and 12 ordinates of the acceleration response spectra (5% damping) in the period range 0.05–4 s. The steps to achieve such goal are: (1) a pre-selection of the GMMs that takes into account the suitability for the application to the Italian territory and the fulfillment of the new hazard model requirements; (2) the assessment of a proper scoring of the pre-selected GMMs using strong-motion data recorded in Italy; (3) the selection of the GMMs to be used in the hazard calculation. The final set of GMMs describes satisfactorily the epistemic uncertainty of the ground shaking process, privileging the simplicity and flexibility of the functional form. Finally, the weights of the selected GMMs are assigned combining the results of the scoring and the weights obtained through an experts’ elicitation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3487–3516
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Combined use of refraction seismic, MASW, and ambient noise array measurements to determine the near-surface velocity structure in the Selinunte Archaeological Park, SW Sicily (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Seismic refraction, multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and ambient noise array measurements using the wireless array analysis (WARAN) system were applied to acquire near-surface profiles of seismic velocities in the Selinunte Archaeological Park. This ancient city is famous for numerous temples, which according to the literature, were destroyed by at least two earthquakes in antiquity. The morphology of the archeological park is affected by two rivers which in combination with the temple remains suggests three study sites. We determined the subsurface velocity at these three locations as essential information for further studies of the response of the temple structures to earthquake ground motions. The stratigraphy of the site indicates that low-velocity layers might exist. Seismic refraction profiles with 69 m spread and 24 geophones were employed during the active seismic experiments. The measured P-wave velocities of the top two layers were used as a constraint during the inversion of dispersion relations from the MASW and WARAN data. The reliability of the velocity profiles was tested by forward calculation of synthetic seismograms. P-wave velocities which were not well constraint throughout the dispersion curve inversions were adjusted through suitable Poisson’s ratios based on the well constraint S-velocities. The combined use of the three different kinds of measurements and multi-mode interpretation of the dispersion curves revealed velocity profiles including lowvelocity layers which are supported by de-amplification observed in ratios of horizontal and vertical components of noise spectra.
    Description: Published
    Description: 753–776
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Gravity and crustal dynamics in Italy (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-02
    Description: Mapping the static gravity field in the Italian area is fundamental to identify the main lithospheric structures, to delineate the main geological elements at regional level and to infer the regional geodynamic setting. The ongoing tectonic processes highlight nevertheless the need to measure and model the time-variable gravity field, namely the dynamic gravity field, which requires increased accuracy and long time series of observations to separate the secular from the short-term variable components. The first, with a minor impact in Italy, are due to variations of ice mass balance (the viscoelastic response of the Earth to past changes in ice mass loading, and the elastic response of the Earth to present-day deglaciation), and the sealevel rise; the second are due to space/time variations of underground mass distributions, such as those related to seismic deformations, volcanic dynamics/eruptions and water transfer. Local-scale gravity studies along seismogenic faults may provide useful hints to study the seismic cycle and to unravel those areas more prone to seismic release by studying if the crustal volume is undergoing dilatancy (gravity decrease) or overpressure (gravity increase) before earthquake occurrence. This process, however, is accompanied by possible fluid migration, which can be revealed by other geophysical measurements, for example, by magnetotelluric and geoelectrical surveys. In this short paper, we briefly summarize the main sources of gravity variation providing on the same time orders of magnitude, spatial and temporal scales of their effects.
    Description: Published
    Description: 549-558
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Italian area ; Geodynamics ; Static gravity field ; Deformations ; Dynamic gravity field
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Volcanic CO2 seep geochemistry and use in understanding ocean acidification (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: Ocean acidification is one of the most dramatic effects of the massive atmospheric release of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) that has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, although its effects on marine ecosystems are not well understood. Submarine volcanic hydrothermal fields have geochemical conditions that provide opportunities to characterise the effects of elevated levels of seawater CO2 on marine life in the field. Here, we review the geochemical aspects of shallow marine CO2-rich seeps worldwide, focusing on both gas composition and water chemistry. We then describe the geochemical effects of volcanic CO2 seepage on the overlying seawater column. We also present new geochemical data and the first synthesis of marine biological community changes from one of the best-studied marine CO2 seep sites in the world (off Vulcano Island, Sicily). In areas of intense bubbling, extremely high levels of pCO2 ([10,000 latm) result in low seawater pH (\6) and undersaturation of aragonite and calcite in an area devoid of calcified organisms such as shelled molluscs and hard corals. Around 100–400 m away from the Vulcano seeps the geochemistry of the seawater becomes analogous to future ocean acidification conditions with dissolved carbon dioxide levels falling from 900 to 420 latm as seawater pH rises from 7.6 to 8.0. Calcified species such as coralline algae and sea urchins fare increasingly well as sessile communities shift from domination by a few resilient species (such as uncalcified algae and polychaetes) to a diverse and complex community (including abundant calcified algae and sea urchins) as the seawater returns to ambient levels of CO2. Laboratory advances in our understanding of species sensitivity to high CO2 and low pH seawater, reveal how marine organisms react to simulated ocean acidification conditions (e.g., using energetic tradeoffs for calcification, reproduction, growth and survival). Research at volcanic marine seeps, such as those off Vulcano, highlight consistent ecosystem responses to rising levels of seawater CO2, with the simplification of food webs, losses in functional diversity and reduced provisioning of goods and services for humans.
    Description: Published
    Description: 93–115
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Calcifying species , Ecosystem effects, Natural analogues, Submarine hydrothermalism ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 03.04. Chemical and biological ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Dynamic characterization of fine-grained soils in Central Italy by laboratory testing (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: The investigation of soil response to dynamic loads is necessary to predict site-specific seismic hazard. This paper presents the results of cyclic and dynamic laboratory tests carried out after the 2016–2017 Central Italy Earthquake sequence, within the framework of the seismic microzonation studies of the most damaged municipalities in the area. The database consists of 79 samples investigated by means of dynamic resonant column tests, cyclic torsional shear tests or cyclic direct simple shear tests. Results are firstly analysed in terms of field and laboratory values of small-strain shear wave velocity, highlighting the influence of the sample disturbance and of the mean effective consolidation pressure. The cyclic threshold shear strains as a function of plasticity index are then compared with findings from the published literature and the outliers are analysed. Subsequently, the dynamic soil behaviour is investigated with reference to the small-strain damping ratio. Differences between results from different tests are analysed in the light of the loading frequencies. Finally, the database is used to develop a predictive model for soil nonlinear curves according to plasticity index, mean effective confining stress, and loading frequency. The model represents a useful tool to predict the nonlinear stress–strain behaviour of Central Italy soils, necessary to perform site-specific ground response analyses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5503–5531
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Guest editorial: seismic microzonation of Central Italy following the 2016–2017 seismic sequence (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: No abstract
    Description: Published
    Description: 5415–5422
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Birth of a lava lake: Nyamulagira volcano 2011–2015 (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: Since 1938, Nyamulagira volcano (Democratic Republic of Congo) has operated as a classic pressurized basaltic closed system, characterized by frequent dike-fed flank eruptions. However, on June 24, 2014, an active lava lake was observed in its summit, after a period of 76 years. The small lava lake is now exposed at the bottom of a pit-crater and is rising and growing. Based on satellite-derived infrared (IR) data, SO2 fluxes and periodic field surveys, we provide evidence that the development of the lava lake was gradual and occurred more than 2 years before it was first observed in the field. Notably, this process followed the voluminous 2011–2012 distal flank eruption and was coeval with weakening of the central rock column below the summit. Hence, the opening and development of the pit-crater favoured the continuous rise of fresh magma through the central conduit and promoted the gradual “re-birth” of the Nyamulagira lava lake. Budgeted volumes of magma erupted, and magma degassed at depth indicate that the formation of the lava lake is due to the draining and refilling of a shallow plumbing system (1–2 km depth), probably in response to the rift-parallel 2011–2012 distal eruption. We thus suggest that the transition from lateral to central activity did not result from a substantial change in the magma supply rate but, more likely, from the perturbation of the plumbing system (and related stress field) associated with the distal eruption. The processes observed at Nyamulagira are not unique and suggest that rift-fissure eruptions, in addition to triggering caldera collapses or lava lake drainages, may also induce a progressive resumption of central vent activity. Current activity at Nyamulagira represents a tangible and major hazard for the population living at the base of its southern flank.
    Description: Published
    Description: 20
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Protection from natural and anthropogenic sources: a new rating methodology to delineate “Nitrate Vulnerable Zones” (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: In the last years, because of uncontrolled human activities, a significant increase of groundwater pollution occurred worldwide, with nitrate being among the most widespread pollutants. The assessment of groundwater vulnerability represents an important tool for developing groundwater quality plans and in the delimitation of “Nitrate Vulnerable Zones”. In this study, three rating methods (DRASTIC, SINTACS and GOD) were applied in an alluvial plain to check the reliability of the results comparing the obtained thematic maps with the observed nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Results show that without large modifications for specific vulnerability, these methodologies cannot describe the actual groundwater nitrate distribution in the study area. A new easy methodology called Protection from Natural and Anthropogenic sources (PNA) was then defined and tested. The PNA map divides the study area in five classes of vulnerability from very low to very high and shows a fair correlation with groundwater nitrate concentrations. The selection of the parameters and of the algorithm makes PNA strongly flexible and applicable in similar watersheds around the world, as a tool for the delineation of “Nitrate Vulnerable Zones”.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Algorithms for CO2 Storage Capacity Estimation: Review and Case Study (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: .The estimation of CO2 storage capacity in deep geologic formations is a pre-requisite for an efficient and safe application of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The evaluation of storage resources for CO2 geological sequestration is a challenging task and has been tackled using several static algorithms and dynamic methods, on a variety of scales ranging from country to site-specific. The purpose of this study is to present an up-to-date as well as an overall review of the storage capacity algorithms for oil and gas reservoirs, coal seams, and deep saline aquifers, including some worldwide estimation examples. Moreover, a practical application at local scale was also performed for an Italian deep reservoir located in the Po Plain (Northern Italy). The effective storage capacities were obtained applying the commonly established static methods, using both the theoretical and the geocellular volume of the reservoir. Although a conservative approach, this study demonstrates that the selected structure has favorable characteristics for CO2 geological storage and has the capacity to host the most part of the Po Plain CO2 emissions for several decades.
    Description: Published
    Description: 21-44
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Keywords: Saline Aquifer Capacity Estimation Deep Saline Aquifer Effective Storage Capacity
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 11
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    Upper Ocean Temperatures Hit Record High in 2020 (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The long-term warming of the ocean is a critical indicator of both the past and present state of the climate system. It also provides insights about the changes to come, owing to the persistence of both decadal variations and secular trends, which the ocean records extremely well (Hansen et al., 2011; IPCC, 2013; Rhein et al., 2013; Trenberth et al., 2016; Abram et al., 2019). It is well established that the emission of greenhouse gasses by human activities is mainly responsible for global warming since the industrial revolution (IPCC, 2013; Abram et al., 2019). The increased concentration of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has interfered with natural energy flows. Currently there is an energy imbalance in the Earth’s climate system of almost 1 W m−2 (Trenberth et al., 2014; von Schuckmann et al., 2016, 2020a; Wijffels et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2019a; von Schuckmann et al., 2020a). Over 90% of this excess heat is absorbed by the oceans, leading to an increase of ocean heat content (OHC) and sea level rise, mainly through thermal expansion and melting of ice over land. These processes provide a useful means to quantify climate change. The first global OHC time series by Levitus et al. (2000) identified a robust long-term 0−3000 m ocean warming from 1948−98. Since then, many other analyses of global and regional OHC data have been performed. Here, we provide the first analysis of recent ocean heating, incorporating 2020 measurements through 2020 into our analysis.
    Description: Published
    Description: 523–530
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: ocean temperature ; climate change ; climate change
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Clustering analysis of probabilistic seismic hazard for the selection of ground motion time histories in vast areas (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-04
    Description: We present a methodology for the selection of accelerometric time histories as input for dynamic response analyses over vast areas. The method is primarily intended for seismic microzonation studies and regional probabilistic seismic hazard assessments that account for site effects. It is also suitable for structural response analyses if one would like to use a fixed set of ground motion records for analyzing multiple structures with different (or unknown) periods. The proposed procedure takes advantage of unsupervised machine learning techniques to identify zones (i.e., groups of sites) with homogeneous seismic hazard, for which the same set of earthquake recordings can be reasonably used in the numerical simulations. The procedure consists of three steps: (1) data-driven cluster analysis to identify groups of sites with comparable seismic hazard levels for a specified mean return period (MRP); (2) for each zone, definition of a single, reference uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) corresponding to the MRP of interest; (3) selection of a set of accelerometric recordings that are consistent with the magnitude-distance scenarios contributing to the hazard of each zone, and meet the spectrum-compatibility requirement with respect to the reference UHS. An application of the procedure in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) is described in detail.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2985–3004
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Probabilistic seismic hazard ; Seismic hazard disaggregation ; Seismogram selection ; Cluster analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    The Onano eruption (Latera volcano, Central Italy): an example of magma mixing/mingling as dominant process in a caldera-forming eruption (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-25
    Description: The Onano eruption (~ 0.17 Ma) is the second to last caldera-forming eruption of the Latera volcano, in the northernmost sector of the Roman Comagmatic Province (Latium, Italy). The stratigraphic sequence, from base to top, includes ash and pumice-rich flow deposits, spatter-rich flow deposits and lag breccias associated with ash-rich flow deposits. By combin-ing major and trace element compositions of the bulk rocks, matrix glasses and minerals of juvenile components from the different depositional units, we reconstruct the pre-eruptive evolution of the magma chamber and the syn-eruptive magma dynamics. Juvenile clasts with heterogeneous glass composition and/or mineral assemblage are a ubiquitous feature of the Onano eruption. The products cover a large compositional range from phonotephrite to phonolite. They are crystal poor, with felsic paragenesis associated to Mg-rich olivine (Fo82–90) and diopside (Fs4–7), these last not in equilibrium with the erupted melts. The mafic mineral assemblage suggests that the pre-eruption magma reservoir was periodically perturbed by the arrival of a primitive magma carrying on Mg-rich minerals and/or remobilizing a mafic crystal mush at the bottom of the reservoir. According to the results obtained from both rhyolite-MELTS and Rayleigh crystal fractionation modeling, we infer that the system evolved from phonotephrite to phonolite both via crystal fractionation and magma mixing between the two end members. Crystallization mostly proceeded at the wall of the reservoir, while magma mixing in the middle zones of the chamber generated the intermediate tephriphonolitic melts. The pre-eruptive chemical zoning was disrupted during the course of the eruption due to the simultaneous withdrawal of magma from different portions of the reservoir. During the first phase of the eruption, high-silica tephriphonolitic to phonolitic melts, residing in the upper part of the reservoir, were emitted with less involvement of the deeper phonotephrite. Phonotephritic magmas, with only a minor contribution of evolved melts, were later erupted as spatter-rich pyroclastic flows that preceded the main caldera collapse. During the caldera collapse, the whole reservoir was involved, leading to extensive and intimate syn-eruption mingling of the different melts. A comparison between the Onano eruption and other eruptions of the Italian high potassic volcanism provides new insights into the evolution of the Roman Comagmatic Province magmas and their eruptive processes.
    Description: FISR 2016, Project “Centro di studio e monitoraggio dei rischi naturali dell’Italia Centrale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 84
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Latera volcano ; Mafic caldera-forming eruption ; Mineral chemistry ; Magma mixing/mingling ; The Onano eruption (Latera volcano, Central Italy) ; magma mixing/mingling ; caldera‑forming eruption
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Mineralogy and heavy metal assessment of the Pietra del Pertusillo reservoir sediments (Southern Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: The Pietra del Pertusillo freshwater reservoir is a major artificial lake of environmental, biological, and ecological importance located in the Basilicata region, southern Italy. The reservoir arch-gravity dam was completed in 1963 for producing hydroelectric energy and providing water for human use, and nearby there are potential sources of anthropogenic pollution such as urban and industrial activities. For the first time, the minero-chemistry of the lake and fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the reservoir have been evaluated to assess the environmental quality. Moreover, the composition of fluvial sediments derived from the peri-lacual zone of the reservoir and of local outcropping bedrock were also studied to understand the factors affecting the behavior of elements in the freshwater reservoir, with particular attention paid to heavy metals. In Italy, specific regulatory values concerning the element threshold concentration for lake and river sediments do not exist, and for this reason, soil threshold values are considered the standard for sediments of internal waters. The evaluation of the environmental quality of reservoir sediments has been performed using enrichment factors obtained with respect to the average composition of a reconstructed local upper continental crust. We suggest this method as an innovative standard in similar conditions worldwide. In the studied reservoir sediments, the trace elements that may be of some environmental concern are Cr, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb although, at this stage, the distribution of these elements appears to be mostly driven by geogenic processes. However, within the frame of the assessment and the preservation of the quality of aquatic environments, particular attention has to be paid to As (which shows median value of 10 ppm, reaching a maximum value of 26 ppm in Quaternary sediments), constantly enriched in the lacustrine samples and especially in the fine-grained fraction (median = 8.5 ppm).
    Description: Published
    Description: 4857–4878
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Enrichment factors; Environmental quality; Heavy metals; Lake sediments; Mineralogy; Risk assessment
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Monte Amiata volcano (Tuscany, Italy) in the history of volcanology: 2—its role in the definition of “ignimbrite” concepts and in the development of the “rheoignimbrite” model of Alfred Rittmann (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: The explosive eruptions that occurred between nineteenth and twentieth centuries produced a fundamental cultural impact on the development of Volcanology. Pyroclastic products and ignimbrites features start to be at the base of an international debate. Various descriptions of explosive eruptions, and a new terminology of their products, such as nuée ardente and ignimbrite, were presented and extensively discussed in the framework of the International Association of Volcanology conferences held in 1961 at Catania and in 1963 at Tokyo. Ignimbrite deposits are frst assimilated to welded tufs. That attention to explosive volcanism of the frst half of the twentieth century was the context in which has matured the Alfred Rittmann model of rheoignimbrite as welded ignimbrite showing secondary fowage structures. This term introduced by Rittmann in 1958, and shared by Giorgio Marinelli in 1961, was intended to describe the extensive sheet of acidic vitrophyric volcanic rocks of Monte Amiata volcano, interpreted as lava fows by all previous authors. Rheomorphic ignimbrites, in the Rittmann model, have features that strongly diferentiate them from normal ignimbrites and that are very similar to what shown by acidic lava fows, as fuidal structures and wrinkles. The concept of rheomorphic ignimbrite is still in use into the volcanological literature, even if not for the Monte Amiata volcanics, nowadays defnitively considered to be lava fows and domes. However, the Rittmann and Marinelli authoritative assumptions inhibited, up to present times, new volcanological interpretation of Monte Amiata acidic lavas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 539–561
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ignimbrite ; Rheoignimbrite ; Monte amiata ; Acidic lava fow ; Alfred Rittmann ; Giorgio Marinelli
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Evaluating the suitability of urban groundwater resources for drinking water and irrigation purposes: an integrated approach in the Agro-Aversano area of Southern Italy (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: Deterioration of groundwater quality due to the introduction of pollutants from natural and anthropic sources has become a major environmental issue. We tested three methodologies in assessing groundwater quality and intrinsic aquifer vulnerability in the Agro-Aversano area (Southern Italy). A geographic information system (GIS)-based groundwater quality index (GQI) was realized to assess groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation use and, in parallel, standard SINTACS was applied to evaluate the intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer. Nitrate concentrations and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in groundwater samples were used to verify the reliability of vulnerability data. GQI analysis pointed to a general poor quality of groundwater both for drinking and irrigation use, especially in sub-urban areas. The spatial pattern of water quality from GQI analysis was positively related to nitrate and fluoride concentrations for drinking use and to bicarbonate and sodium concentrations for irrigation use, whose levels exceeded the WHO and FAO recommended thresholds, respectively. Standard SINTACS was found to be inadequate for describing the aquifer state, its results showing no correlation with nitrate concentration or SAR. Because of this inconsistency, we tested a novel approach combining GQI with SINTACS analysis. Results showed positive correlation with nitrate (r = 0.63) and SAR (r = 0.64) contents, thus pointing to combined SINTACS-GQI as a more reliable approach than standard methodologies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 768
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Alluvial aquifer; Groundwater quality index; Nitrate pollution; Vulnerability assessment
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    New virus isolates from Italian hydrothermal environments underscore the biogeographic pattern in archaeal virus communities (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: Viruses of hyperthermophilic archaea represent one of the least understood parts of the virosphere, showing little genomic and morphological similarity to viruses of bacteria or eukaryotes. Here, we investigated virus diversity in the active sulfurous fields of the Campi Flegrei volcano in Pozzuoli, Italy. Virus-like particles displaying eight different morphotypes, including lemon-shaped, droplet-shaped and bottle-shaped virions, were observed and five new archaeal viruses proposed to belong to families Rudiviridae, Globuloviridae and Tristromaviridae were isolated and characterized. Two of these viruses infect neutrophilic hyperthermophiles of the genus Pyrobaculum, whereas the remaining three have rod-shaped virions typical of the family Rudiviridae and infect acidophilic hyperthermophiles belonging to three different genera of the order Sulfolobales, namely, Saccharolobus, Acidianus, and Metallosphaera. Notably, Metallosphaera rod-shaped virus 1 is the first rudivirus isolated on Metallosphaera species. Phylogenomic analysis of the newly isolated and previously sequenced rudiviruses revealed a clear biogeographic pattern, with all Italian rudiviruses forming a monophyletic clade, suggesting geographical structuring of virus communities in extreme geothermal environments. Analysis of the CRISPR spacers suggests that isolated rudiviruses have experienced recent host switching across the genus boundary, potentially to escape the targeting by CRISPR-Cas immunity systems. Finally, we propose a revised classification of the Rudiviridae family, with the establishment of six new genera. Collectively, our results further show that high-temperature continental hydrothermal systems harbor a highly diverse virome and shed light on the evolution of archaeal viruses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1821–1833
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Extreme environments ; volcanic hydrothermal system ; virus ; extremophiles ; Extreme environments in volcanic hydrothermal system
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Multidisciplinary Methodology Used to Detect and Evaluate the Occurrence of Methane During Tunnel Design and Excavation: An Example from Calabria (Southern Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The occurrence of high volumes of methane during tunneling operations is a critical safety factor that can influence the choice of different technical approaches for tunnel design and construction. Moreover, gas accumulation can be influenced by fluid migration along spatially focused preferential pathways (i.e. points along faults and fracture zones) that can result in highly variable gas concentrations along the tunnel trace. This paper proposes a methodological approach to minimize the risks, and costs, related to tunnel construction in rocks with potentially high methane concentrations. This approach combines soil gas geochemistry and structural geology surveys along and across the main faults and fracture systems that occur in the study area. The procedure is based on near-surface sampling and consists of a two-pronged approach: the measurement of fault zone gas emissions and their classification as barrier or conduit zones. Moreover, it is illustrated the importance of measuring a wide spectrum of different gas species, not just methane, for a more accurate interpretation of the geological, geochemical, and structural systems. This is due to the potential for multiple gas origins, different gas associations, and various alteration and oxidation processes (e.g., CH4 oxidation into CO2) that can modify the geochemical signal along the flow path as gas migrates towards the surface.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1035-1038
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Keywords: soil gas ; tunnel ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Highly radiogenic Sr-isotopic signature and trace element content of grape musts from northern Piedmont vineyards (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The analysis of trace metals and metalloids, and the Sr-isotopic systematics were applied to 16 must samples from vines growing in the Sesia Val Grande Supervolcano UNESCO Global Geopark in the northern Piedmont Region (Italy), a land worldwide famous for the production of quality Nebbiolo-based red wines. Twenty-four elements were measured in each sample with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results indicate a wide variability in trace element concentration in musts from the different vineyards. In particular, Rb and Sr reach their maximum at 5110 and 694 µg L−1, respectively, reflecting the geological nature of the magmatic bedrocks. Fe, Cu, Pb and Ba concentrations reach 3118, 1200, 130 and 720 µg L−1, respectively, suggesting a source from iron oxide, Pb–Zn and Ba ores associated to the volcanic activity. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio is in the range 0.711608–0.718160, showing a highly radiogenic signature which is uncommon in must/wine. This is consistent with the high 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio of the old rhyolitic bedrocks. Furthermore, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in musts linearly correlates with the corresponding 87Rb/86Sr ratio, reflecting the Rb and 87Sr release from primary minerals during pedogenesis and matching the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the parent bedrocks magmatic reservoir, thus assuming importance for authenticity assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1027–1035
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Wine traceability ; Trace elements ; · Sr-isotopes ; Nebbiolo wine ·
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    A deformation study of Anthemountas graben (northern Greece) based on in situ data and new InSAR results (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The focus of this study is Anthemountas basin in northern Greece, where land subsidence phenomena had been previously identified. The basin has a NNW-SSE orientation, which is optimal to the currently acting ~ N-S extension field in the back-arc Aegean area and is bordered to its north and south edge by two, well-pronounced faults. The region of study is located close to the greater metropolitan city of Thessaloniki and comprises a number of critical facilities including the city’s international airport. The research object is the monitoring of the evolution of the displacement at Anthemountas graben, using InSAR time-series and the investigation of the dominant driving mechanism. We show new surface displacement results from the ENVISAR satellite, and overall, an enhanced dataset of SAR time-series is presented, spanning the period 1992 to 2010, by using the satellites ERS1, ERS2 and ENVISAT. Results indicate a continuously deforming environment in both decades, with an increasing magnitude. The detailed study of the deformation pattern together with the analysis of in situ data defines aquifer overpumping as the main cause of the detected displacement of both decades. Critical regions are examined in detail, as for example: an area close to Thermi, the town of Perea and the Thessaloniki’s international airport, a major hub of the Balkans. The latter was subjected to an increasing deforming velocity during the monitoring period. Overall, we conclude that a water management plan should be of high priority for the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 518
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aquifer activity ; InSAR time-series ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    New Data on the Structure of the Megatransform System of the Doldrums (Central Atlantic) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: The geological and geophysical data acquired during cruise 45 of R/V Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov regarding the structure of the Doldrums megatransform system in the Central Atlantic are presented. Taking into account the data of the previous expeditions, the structure of this region is examined in detail. The bathymetric data confirm the complex morphology, consisting of five dextral transform faults, separated by four active intra-transform rift segments and indicates the variability of tectonic conditions in this region. The dredged rocks are represented by the entire spectrum from the mantle to the upper crustal varieties and, together with the detailed topographic data, make it possible to identify the origin of the key structures in the Doldrums megatransform system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 131–134
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Transform Fault Zones Doldrums and Vema during Cruise 45 of the R/V “Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov” (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: Herein we provide information on the integrated geological, geophysical, sedimentological, paleoceanographic, hydrophysical and biological investigations in the Central Atlantic during the cruise 45 of the R/V “Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov” in October-November 2019. The preliminary scientific results are discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 424–426
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
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    The Italian earthquake catalogue CPTI15 (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-11
    Description: The parametric catalogue of Italian earthquakes CPTI15 (Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani) represents the latest of a 45-years-long tradition of earthquake catalogues for Italy, and a significant innovation with respect to its predecessors. CPTI15 combines all known information on significant Italian earthquakes of the period 1000–2017, balancing instrumental and macroseismic data. Although the compilation criteria are the same as in the previous CPTI11 version, released in 2012, the catalogue has been revised as concerns: the time coverage, extended to 2017; the associated macroseismic data, improved in quantity and quality; the considered instrumental data, new and/or updated; the energy thresholds, lowered to maximum or epicentral intensity 5 or magnitude 4.0 (instead of 5–6 and 4.5, respectively); the determination of parameters from macroseismic data, based on a new calibration; the instrumental magnitudes, resulting from new sets of data and new conversion relationships to Mw. The catalogue considers and harmonizes data of different types and origins, both macroseismic and instrumental. For all earthquakes, the magnitude is given in terms of true or proxy moment magnitude (Mw), with the related uncertainty. The compilation procedure rigorously implements data and methods published in peerreviewed journals. All data and methods are clearly indicated in the catalogue, in order to guarantee the maximum transparency of the compilation procedures. As compared to previous CPTI releases, the final CPTI15 catalogue shows a frequency–magnitude distribution coherent with current Italian instrumental catalogues, making it suitable for statistical analysis of the time-space property of the Italian seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2953–2984
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Geomatics for Port Safety and Security (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: This work shows the results achieved using two prototypes of monitoring and processing systems that are being developed with the aim of increasing the safety and the security in harbours. The first one has been designed to help port communities (port authorities, pilots) to manage harbour waterside (optimization of ship’s navigation and cargo, dock performances, boat moorings, refloating of stranded ships, water quality control). Starting from monitoring the sea level and meteorological parameters in harbours, it can help port communities decide, e.g., when a ship with a certain draft can enter or leave the port, or which the best route to follow is (port safety). The second system, instead, deals with the monitoring of the Earth’s magnetic field in port areas for harbour protection purposes, in particular to detect the possible presence of underwater intruders, e.g. divers swimming in restricted areas (port security). The processing procedures of both systems are based not on commercial software, but on applications under development by the research team the author belongs to, by using C# and C++ languages and Matlab environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 91-102
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Keywords: Port navigation safety ; Harbour protection ; Underwater detection systems
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Quantification of earthquake diagnostic effects to assess low macroseismic intensities (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: A large amount of data about earthquake effects, supplied by citizens through a web-based questionnaire, enabled the analysis of the occurrence of many of the effects on humans and objects listed in macroseismic scales descriptions. Regarding the other diagnostic effects (rattling, moving, shifting, falling or overturning depending of the object type of doors, windows, china, glasses, small objects, pictures, vases, books, as well as frightened peo- ple and animal behaviour), data from more than 300,000 questionnaires about earthquakes felt in Italy from June 2007 to August 2017, were analysed by stacking them together as a function of hypocentral distance and magnitude. The comparison of the resulting percent- ages with the intensity prediction equation showed that almost all the chosen effects are good diagnostics for macroseismic intensity evaluation, as their percentages are well dif- ferentiated. We did not analyse the oscillations of hanging objects and liquids because the differences in effect attenuations, highlighted by the maps of the occurrence percentage, suggested to not consider them as diagnostic effect. This result allowed us to quantify the occurrence of each diagnostic effect for the intensity degrees from II to VI of the European macroseismic scale for the people who felt the earthquake. The application of the intensity assessment method to internet macroseismic data, based on the specifications herein pro- posed, should mitigate the problem of “not felt” undersampling in crowdsourced web data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1957–1973
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Use of CORS Time Series for Geodynamics Applications in Western Sicily (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: In the last few decades, the use of GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks allowed improving the accuracy of realtime positioning and post-processing positioning. In this way, several applications have been performed including remote sensing, agriculture, cultural heritage and geodynamics studies. The latter have been developed analysing CORS time-series and consistent data over long periods were needed to validate the results. In Italy, specifically in Sicily, two CORS networks were be used to monitor the geodynamics motions: the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) GNSS CORS network in the eastern part and the University of Palermo (UNIPA) GNSS CORS network in the western part. In this research, preliminary results of time series about geodynamics motions of the western part of Sicily have been presented. In particular, the time series of the UNIPA GNSS CORS network have been analyzed over time by using the static positioning, over a period of approximately 5 years. Results showed a linear trend for all CORS time series, according to literature. An innovative methodology, the static Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been also tested, to determine the time series of one CORS and compare the results with the static solution. The comparison between the two methodologies (static and PPP) demonstrated the capabilities of PPP technique with benefits in terms of costs and time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 61-76
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Keywords: GNSS time series analysis ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    A framework for validation and benchmarking of pyroclastic current models (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Numerical models of pyroclastic currents are widely used for fundamental research and for hazard and risk modeling that supports decision-making and crisis management. Because of their potential high impact, the credibility and adequacy of models and simulations needs to be assessed by means of an established, consensual validation process. To define a general validation framework for pyroclastic current models, we propose to follow a similar terminology and the same methodology that was put forward by Oberkampf and Trucano (Prog Aerosp Sci, 38, 2002) for the validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes designed to simulate complex engineering systems. In this framework, the term validation is distinguished from verification (i.e., the assessment of numerical solution quality), and it is used to indicate a continuous process, in which the credibility of a model with respect to its intended use(s) is progressively improved by comparisons with a suite of ad hoc experiments. The method- ology is based on a hierarchical process of comparing computational solutions with experimental datasets at different levels of complexity, from unit problems (well-known, simple CFD problems), through benchmark cases (complex setups having well constrained initial and boundary conditions) and subsystems (decoupled processes at the full scale), up to the fully coupled natural system. Among validation tests, we also further distinguish between confirmation (comparison of model results with a single, well-constrained dataset) and benchmarking (inter-comparison among different models of complex experimental cases). The latter is of particular interest in volcanology, where different modeling approaches and approximations can be adopted to deal with the large epistemic uncertainty of the natural system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 51
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: pyroclastic currents, benchmark, validation ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    Online detection of offsets in GPS time series (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: This paper deals with the online offset detection in GPS time series recorded in volcanic areas. The interest for this problem lies in the fact that an offset can indicate the opening of eruptive fissures. A Change Point Detection algorithm is applied to carry out, in an online framework, the offset detection. Experimental results show that the algorithm is able to recognize the offset generated by the Mount Etna eruption, occurred on December 24, 2018, with a delay of about 4 samples, corresponding to 40 min, compared to the best offline detection. Furthermore, analysis of the trade-off between success and false alarms is carried out and discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 267–276
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Velocity measurements of gas escaping a particle bed during shock-driven expansion (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-22
    Description: To understand the behavior of gas escaping a rapidly decompressed particle bed, an experimental study is performed in a cylindrical (D = 41 mm) glass vertical shock tube containing a densely packed particle bed. The bed is comprised of spherical glass beads. Two sets of beads are used, with median diameters of 67.5 and 254.5 m. The volume fraction of the glass beads is approximately 60%. High-speed pressure sensors capture the shock wave and expansion wave fronts. Optical measurements based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) are developed to examine the velocity of gas initially above the bed as well as gas initially within the interstices of the particle bed using both quantitative and qualitative visualization techniques. For above-bed gas flow analysis, passive tracer particles are seeded above the bed, whereas for interstitial gas measurements, lightweight but non-passive particles are mixed into the upper layers of the bed itself. Development of this technique to optically measure interstitial escape flow is utilized herein to measure the gas rise velocity in response to variation in bead diameter, with faster gas velocities observed as bead diameter increases. For the experiments performed herein, an initial acceleration of the gas velocity is observed at the earliest stages of particle bed decompression, whereas the gas velocity begins to decelerate between 1.25 and 2.25 ms of the estimated arrival of the expansion wave at the particle bed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 236
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Differentiating natural and anthropogenic impacts on water quality in a hydrothermal coastal aquifer (Mondragone Plain, Southern Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: Groundwater from the Mondragone Plain (Southern Italy) has been investigated by a monthly sampling regimen over the course of a hydrologic year in order to analyze geochemical signatures and has been experienced methods for detecting natural and anthropogenic contamination dynamics that affect resources for human water supply. The Mondragone Plain aquifer is characterized by (1) anthropogenic land uses, (2) varying degrees of hydrothermal interactions, and (3) the potential for seawater intrusion. Anomalies induced by anthropogenic pollution produce non-normally distributed time series and an alteration of the natural SO4 2− background of groundwater. Variables depending on natural processes are related to water–rock interactions along groundwater flow path, i.e., the hosting aquifer lithology of hydrothermal systems, the recharging massifs of Mt. Petrino and Mt. Massico, and more recent volcanic and alluvial formations. Solute transport in groundwater affects the urban aquifer, both by mixing of thermal waters and by ions deriving from agricultural activity (NO3 −, SO4 2−, NH4 +), compromising the quality of a resource largely used by locals. The two thermal systems in the studied area [Levagnole and Padule–San Rocco] are two different aquifers with an independent circulation and chemical composition. Seawater intrusion, both into thermal systems and into shallow aquifers, seems to be unlikely despite the detected increase of salinity in the LEV system close to the shoreline.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7115–7134
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Dynamics of natural contamination by aluminium and iron rich colloids in the volcanic aquifers of Central Italy (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: The dynamics of natural contamination by Al and Fe colloids in volcanic aquifers of central-southern Italy were investigated. Localized perched aquifers, and their relative discharges, are strongly affected by the presence of massive suspended solids, which confer a white-lacteous coloration to the water. This phenomenon occasionally caused the interruption of water distribution due to the exceeding of Al and Fe concentrations in aquifers exploited for human supply. The cause was ascribed to water seepage from perched aquifers. Water discharges affected by such contamination was investigated for the Rocca Ripesena area (north-eastern sector of Vulsini Volcanic District) and for the Rianale Stream Valley (Roccamonfina Volcanic Complex). Hydrogeological survey of both areas confirmed the presence of perched aquifers not previously considered due to their low productivity. Pluviometric data and chemical parameters were periodically monitored. Water mineralization decreased with increasing rainfall, conversely Al and Fe concentrations increased. Statistical analysis confirmed the dependence of all the chemical variables on rock leaching, with the sole exception of Al and Fe which were imputed to colloids mobilization from local, strongly pedogenized pyroclastic material. The similarities in hydrogeological settings and mobilization dynamics in both areas suggest that the Al and Fe colloidal contamination should be more abundant than currently known in quaternary volcanic areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 19958–19977
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Al and Fe natural contamination; Groundwater; Hydrogeological conceptual models; Mineral colloids; Perityrrhenic quaternary volcanoes; Volcanic aquifers
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Fluid geochemistry of the Mondragone hydrothermal systems (southern Italy): water and gas compositions vs. geostructural setting (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: The geochemistry of natural thermal fluids discharging in the Mondragone Plain has been investigated. Thermal spring emergences are located along the Tyrrhenian coast in two different areas: near Padule-S. Rocco (41°7.5′N 13°53.4′E) at the foot of Mt. Petrino, and near Levagnole (41°8.5′N 13°51.3′E) at the foot of Mt. Pizzuto. The water isotopic composition of both thermal discharges is lighter than the one of local shallow groundwater (δ18O ≅ −6.3‰ SMOW vs. ≅ −5.9‰; δD ≅ −40‰ SMOW vs. ≅ −36‰, respectively) as a consequence of inland higher altitude of recharge by rainfall, suggesting that thermal water undergoes a deep and long flow-path before emerging along the coast. The chemical composition of the highest temperature samples of two areas points that fluids in the hydrothermal reservoir(s) interact with similar lithologies, since they are both hosted in the lower sedimentary carbonate formations of the Campanian–Latial Apennine succession. However, the two spring systems are different in terms of temperature and salinity (Levagnole: ≅50 °C and 8.9 g/L vs. Padule: ≅32 °C and 7.4 g/L, respectively). The higher salinity of Levagnole springs is due to a longer interaction with evaporite material embedded in Miocene sedimentary formations and to the eventual mixing, during rising, with fresh seawater close to the seashore. The chemical and isotopic composition of the free gases associated with the springs, again suggests a different source of the two hydrothermal systems. Comparing the 3He/4He measured ratios with other gas emissions located NE and SE of Mt. Massico-Roccamonfina alignment, it is evident that the Levagnole thermal springs are related to the northern Latial mantle wedge where the 3He/4He is about 0.5 R/Ra, whereas the Padule-S. Rocco springs, although being only 3.5 km south of Levagnole, are related to the Campanian mantle wedge where R/Ra is always ≥2.0. Such a difference in 3He/4He ratio in a very short distance, clearly, suggests a different source of the Padule-S.Rocco gas phase rising to the surface through the deep transpressive regional fault(s) system related to the NE–SW Ortona–Roccamonfina tectonic alignment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2429–2444
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Aquifer vulnerability and potential risk assessment: application to an intensely cultivated and densely populated area in Southern Italy (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: The use of indices, describing aquifer vulnerability and the risk of groundwater pollution, is a basic tool for the implementation of a sound water management plan, especially in densely populated and intensely cultivated areas. In this study, the groundwater contamination risk of the Caserta Plain (Southern Italy) was assessed through the integration of hazards defined on the basis of the different land uses, of the intrinsic vulnerability calculated by applying the SINTACS model and of the groundwater value evaluated by considering water wells density. In order to evaluate the evolution of the risk of groundwater pollution, the proposed methods were applied in the study area for both 2001 and 2009. The resulting specific vulnerability (SINTACS-L) and the risk (GRA) maps, created in a GIS environment, were validated by the comparison with the nitrate concentration distribution. The application of the proposed approach to the study area highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of each method and, at the same time, showed that their combination can provide an overall view of the threats posed to groundwater resources by the human activities affecting the territory. Considering both the benefits and the issues of the proposed approach, overall, the groundwater risk map is thought to be a robust tool to support water managers in defining future plans for water resources exploitation and land use.
    Description: Published
    Description: 222
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Are Limnic Eruptions in the CO2–CH4-Rich Gas Reservoir of Lake Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda) Possible? Insights from Physico-Chemical and Isotopic Data (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: An overturn of Lake Kivu was seriously considered after the January 2002 Nyiragongo volcanic eruption, which erupted 20 × 106 m3 of lava from a NS-oriented fissure on the southern flank of the Congolese volcano. Part of this silica-undersaturated magma produced a lava flow that entered Lake Kivu down to a depth of 70–100 m. The possibility of a rollover comes from the fact that Lake Kivu is meromictic and below ≈250 m a CO2–CH4-rich gas reservoir is present. Thus, the riparian population (≈2,500,000 people) is endangered by a possible limnic eruption. During last 30 years several vertical profiles carried out by several researchers have evidenced a relatively pronounced vertical physico-chemical and isotopical variation. Nevertheless, saturation of CO2 and CH4 appears to be far from critical values, indicating that presently the hydrostatic pressure cannot presently be overcome. Recent studies have suggested an increase in dissolved gases (particular CH4) at depth and the uprising of the chemocline, a limnic eruption could possibly occur within 80–200 years from now. More studies are needed to follow up the lake evolution with time. Simulations will shed light on possible internal and external factors able to provoke the release a suffocating and, possibly, inflammable killer cloud. In this paper, we investigate using recent historical eruptive events of Nyiragongo volcano, we discuss the possibility that a limnic eruption may occur in a near future, although the stability of Lake Kivu is presently high: only exceptionally high magnitude events appear to be able to destabilize the 560 × 109 m3 water volume contained in its basin.
    Description: Published
    Description: 489-505
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Rainstorm-induced soil 222Rn concentration spikes observed in Southern Italy (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: Soil 222Rn concentrations have been monitored during the 2009 autumn and Spring 2010 rainy periods, in an alluvial soil, resting on a pyroclastic substrate (locally reworked), in the Pietramelara Plain, in Southern Italy. The dry soil diurnal oscillations detected at the site in August 2009 have been found to be present also during the rainy periods of the year, provided, however, that soil moisture conditions are not affected by rainfall infiltration or post storm gravity-driven percolation in the soil depth interval considered. With significant rainfall, the characteristic dry soil diurnal cycle is altered. This rainfall-induced perturbation produces a spike-like signal featuring a sharp rise, with commencement of precipitation, then followed, with persistent and significant rainfall, by an equally sharp drop to very low levels. Both the sharp rise, resulting from capping, and the sharp drop (wash-out), resulting from infiltration, have been found to follow not previously reported second-order trends tied to cumulative rainfall, with very high statistical significance (r2[0.97 for the sharp rise and r2[0.95 for the sharp drop). Furthermore, the sharp drop appears to be tied to wetting front migration of 222Rn-free, or 222Rn-poor, rainwater and to commence when it reaches the soil probe depth, effectively flushing and transferring radon to lower levels of the profile, thus validating previous studies. Low rainfall events (1–2 mm), however, do not appear to alter significantly the dry soil diurnal cycle. Post rainstorm recovery of soil 222Rn concentrations, in the immediate aftermath of significant rainfall, appears to be very slow and limited. The spike-like pattern induced by rainstorm events poses significant questions as to the interpretation of soil 222Rn concentration time series data in geophysical precursor studies. Likewise the extreme variations resulting from rainfall, and likely affected by rainfall duration, intensity, frequency and spatial variability, pose significant implications in environmental monitoring studies aimed at characterizing representative soil 222Rn concentration levels for the wet season.
    Description: Published
    Description: 8177–8187
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Hydrogeochemistry of Roccamonfina volcano (Southern Italy) (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-02
    Description: This is the first hydro-geochemical investigation carried out on the Roccamonfina Volcanic Complex groundwater. The chemistry of Roccamonfina waters is defined by water–rock and water–rock–gas interactions. In fact, interactions between rocks of the first eruptive high-K formations and circulating groundwater are recognized by high K concentrations. On the other hand, inverse concentration of calcium versus alkali metals is related to two different rock interactions occurring in different areas of the volcano: (a) within the caldera where groundwater flow within latite and pyroclastic formations releasing calcium, and (b) similarly at the base of the volcano where groundwater flowing from surrounding carbonates got strongly enriched in Ca. These geochemical processes are also associated with K (SE of caldera) and Mg/Ca (in sites located at the NE base of the volcano) decrease. Completely different dynamics occurs at Riardo groundwater (SE). Here waters are the result of a mix between the Roccamonfina deep aquifer and the carbonate aquifer of the Riardo plain. Rich-CO2 emissions make these waters strongly mineralized. Minor elements show a similar geochemical behavior of major ions and are crucial defining interactions processes. The evolution of Roccamonfina groundwater is also evident along the simultaneous enrichment of Ba, Sr, and Ca. Ba increase is the result of deep local carbonate alteration enhanced by CO2 emissions and, the lower Sr/Ca ratio, from 10 to 2 (ppb/ppm), is also due to the same process. In the light of our results the Roccamonfina aquifer can be schematically divided into two main reservoirs: (a) a superficial aquifer which basically follows the volcanic structure morphology and tectonics and (b) a deeper reservoir, originating within the oldest Roccamonfina volcano ultra potassic lavas and then flowing into the carbonate aquifers of the neighboring plain. Eventually, the chemistry of the Roccamonfina aquifer does not show any specific and visible pollution, contrary to what happens in the volcano surrounding plains. In fact, only 14% of the samples we collected (206) show a NO3 content[30 mg/l. These sites are all located at the base of the volcano, near the plain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 525–538
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 37
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    Inorganic contaminants from diffuse pollution in shallow groundwater of the Campanian Plain (Southern Italy). Implications for geochemical survey (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: The Campanian Plain (CP) shallow aquifer (Southern Italy) represents a natural laboratory to validate geochemical methods for differentiating diffuse anthropogenic pollution from natural water-rock interaction processes. The CP is an appropriate study area because of numerous potential anthropogenic pollution vectors including agriculture, animal husbandry, septic/drainage sewage systems, and industry. In order to evaluate the potential for geochemical methods to differentiate various contamination vectors, 538 groundwater wells from the shallow aquifer in Campanian Plain (CP) were sampled. The dataset includes both major and trace elements. Natural water-rock interactions, which primarily depend on local lithology, control the majority of geochemical parameters, including most of the major and trace elements. Using prospective statistical methods in combination with the traditional geochemical techniques, we determined the chemical variables that are enriched by anthropogenic contamination (i.e. NO3, SO4 and U) by using NO3 as the diagnostic variable for detecting polluted groundwater. Synthetic agricultural fertilizers are responsible for the majority of SO4 and U pollution throughout the CP area. Both SO4 and U are present in the groundmass of synthetic fertilizers; the uranium concentration is specifically applicable as a tracer for non-point source agricultural fertilizer contamination. The recognition of non-geological (anthropogenic) inputs of these elements has to be considered in the geochemical investigations of contaminated aquifers.
    Description: Published
    Description: 46
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Natural Hexavalent Chromium in the Pollino Massif Groundwater (Southern Apennines, Italy): Occurrence, Geochemistry and Preliminary Remediation Tests by Means of Innovative Adsorbent Nanomaterials (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-14
    Description: In this study Cr(tot), Cr(VI), major and trace elements were determined in groundwater of northern sector of the Pollino Massif (southern Italy). The investigated area is characterized by ophiolitic rocks consisting of metabasites, shales and calcschists and fractured serpentinites. Two main hydro-facies were observed, reflecting low temperature water-rock interaction. The Mg-HCO3 hydrofacies is due to the weathering of serpentinites, Ca-HCO3 groundwaters are linked to the interaction with calcschist and metabasites. High Cr(VI) concentrations were detected, exceeding the maximum admissible concentrations by Italian regulation, due to the release of Cr(III) from ophiolitic rocks into water and its oxidation to the hexavalent state. Remediation tests were carried out using two synthetized nanomaterials, Fe(0) and magnetite, characterized by a mean size lower than 50 nm. The experiments were conducted at fixed nanoparticles/Cr(VI) molar ratio and according to previous studies. In addition, the kinetic data were interpreted with a suitable mathematical model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 421–427
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Groundwater; hexavalent chromium; Pollino massif; Remediation text; Serpentinites
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  • 39
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    Redox state determination of eclogite xenoliths from Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Siberian craton), with some implications for the graphite/diamond formation (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The formation of diamonds within eclogitic rocks has been widely linked to the fate of carbon during subduction and, therefore, referred to conditions of pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity (fo2). Mantle-derived eclogite xenoliths from Udachnaya kimberlite pipes represent a unique window to investigate the formation of carbon-free, graphite–diamondbearing and diamond-bearing rocks from the Siberian craton. With this aim, we exploited oxy-thermobarometers to retrieve information on the P–T–fo2 at which mantle eclogites from the Siberian craton equilibrated along with elemental carbon. The chemical analyses of coupled garnet and omphacitic clinopyroxene were integrated with data on their iron oxidation state, determined both by conventional and synchrotron 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The calculated fo2s largely vary for each suite of eclogite samples from 0.10 to − 2.43 log units (ΔFMQ) for C-free eclogites, from − 0.01 to − 2.91 (ΔFMQ) for graphite–diamond-bearing eclogites, and from − 2.08 to − 3.58 log units (ΔFMQ) for diamond-bearing eclogites. All eclogite samples mostly fall in the fo2 range typical of diamond coexisting with CO2- rich water-bearing melts and gaseous fluids, with diamondiferous eclogites being more reduced at fo2 conditions where circulating fluids can include some methane. When uncertainties on the calculated fo2 are taken into account, all samples essentially fall within the stability field of diamonds coexisting with CO2- bearing melts. Therefore, our results provide evidence of the potential role of CO2- bearing melts as growth medium on the formation of coexisting diamond and graphite in mantle eclogites during subduction of the oceanic crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: redox, eclogite, diamond, magmas ; 04.01. Earth Interior
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  • 40
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    Living and dead benthic foraminiferal distribution in two areas of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We investigated the living (stained) and dead benthic foraminiferal assemblages collected in surface sediment samples (0–1 cm) from two different areas (JOIDES Basin and Mawson Bank) of the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Samples were collected during the BEDROSE oceanographic cruise from January to February 2017. Four living and dead benthic foraminiferal fauna assemblages have been distinguished based on cluster analysis. The differences observed in the living and dead foraminiferal content from the two investigated areas are the result of taphonomic processes induced by the different oceanographic settings and environmental conditions. In the JOIDES Basin, agglutinated taxa Rhabdamminella cylindrica, Lagenammina difflugiformis, Adercotryma glomeratum, Recurvoides contortus, Reophax subfusiformis with high percentages of Trochammina group and Reophax spiculifer associated with the calcareous species Nonionella bradii and Astrononion echolsi characterize the living assemblages. The comparison between living and dead benthic foraminifera reveals considerable similarities in terms of the presence/absence of agglutinated species and differences in relative abundance of calcareous taxa. However, the major influencing factor in foraminiferal preservation appears to be the carbonate dissolution. Results from Mawson Bank show an almost exclusive presence of calcareous taxa with high percentages of Globocassidulina group in both living and dead assemblages. The dead fauna assemblage differs from the corresponding living assemblage by being more diverse documenting high-energy current influence on marine sedimentation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1037-1053
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 41
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    Multi-risk Assessment as a Tool for Decision-Making (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-07
    Description: The multi-risk concept refers to a complex variety of combinations of risk (i.e. various combinations of hazards and various combinations of vulnerabilities). For this reason, it requires a review of existing concepts of risk, hazard, exposure and vulnerability, within a multi-risk perspective. The main purpose of the multi-risk assessment is to harmonise the methodologies employed and the results obtained for different risk sources, taking into account possible risk interactions. Given the complexity of processes that the multi-risk problem poses, the framework presented here entails three levels of analysis: the first-level analysis, in which the evaluation of the potential physical damages is performed; the second-level analysis, in which tangible indirect losses are assessed considering the socio-economic context; and the third-level analysis, where a set of specific social context conditions is considered in an indicator-based approach. One of the most challenging elements of the multi-risk assessment is the translation of the quantitative output into useful information for decision-making under uncertainty. This is a critical step to consolidate the importance of the multi-risk analyses and to define their ultimate importance and usefulness for the resolution of critical societal problems. To illustrate the general methodology presented, an example application has been developed in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), which is one of the case study cities in the CLUVA project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229-258
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 42
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    Draft genome of a novel methanotrophic Methylobacter sp. from the volcanic soils of Pantelleria Island (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: The genus Methylobacter is considered an important and often dominant group of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in many oxic ecosystems, where members of this genus contribute to the reduction of CH4 emissions. Metagenomic studies of the upper oxic layers of geothermal soils of the Favara Grande, Pantelleria, Italy, revealed the presence of various methane-oxidizing bacteria, and resulted in a near complete metagenome assembled genome (MAG) of an aerobic methanotroph, which was classified as a Methylobacter species. In this study, the Methylobacter sp. B2 MAG was used to investigate its metabolic potential and phylogenetic affiliation. The MAG has a size of 4,086,539 bp, consists of 134 contigs and 3955 genes were found, of which 3902 were protein coding genes. All genes for CH4 oxidation to CO2 were detected, including pmoCAB encoding particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) and xoxF encoding a methanol dehydrogenase. No gene encoding a formaldehyde dehydrogenase was present and the formaldehyde to formate conversion follows the tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) pathway. "Ca. Methylobacter favarea" B2 uses the Ribulose-Mono-Phosphate (RuMP) pathway for carbon fixation. Analysis of the MAG indicates that Na+/H+ antiporters and the urease system might be important in the maintenance of pH homeostasis of this strain to cope with acidic conditions. So far, thermoacidophilic Methylobacter species have not been isolated, however this study indicates that members of the genus Methylobacter can be found in distinct ecosystems and their presence is not restricted to freshwater or marine sediments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 313-324
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Methane ; Methanotroph ; Volcanic soil ; Metabolic potential ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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  • 43
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    Topographically Predicted Vertical Gravity Gradient Field and Its Applicability in 3D and 4D Microgravimetry: Etna (Italy) Case Study (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: Some geophysical or geodynamic applications require the use of true vertical gradient of gravity (VGG). This demand may be associated with reductions of or corrections to observed gravity or its spatiotemporal changes. In the absence of in situ measured VGG values, the constant value of the theoretical (normal) free air gradient (FAG) is commonly used. We propose an alternative to this practice which may significantly reduce systematic errors associated with the use of constant FAG. The true VGG appears to be better approximated, in areas with prominent and rugged topography, such as alpine or some volcanic regions, by a value based on the modelled contribution of the topographic masses to the gradient. Such prediction can be carried out with a digital elevation model (DEM) of sufficient resolution and accuracy. Here we present the VGG field computed for Mt. Etna (Italy), one of the most active and best monitored volcanoes worldwide, to illustrate how strongly the VGG deviates spatially from constant FAG. The predicted (modelled) VGG field is verified by in situ observations. We also take a look at the sensitivity of the VGG prediction to the resolution and quality of used DEMs. We conclude with discussing the applicability of the topo-predicted VGG field in near surface structural and volcanological micro-gravimetric studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3315–3333
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 44
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    Modelling pyroclastic density currents from a subplinian eruption at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (West Indies, France) (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We have used a three-dimensional, non-equilibrium multiphase flow numerical model to simulate subplinian eruption scenarios at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles, France). Initial and boundary conditions for computer simulations were set on the basis of independent estimates of eruption source parameters (i.e. mass eruption rate, volatile content, temperature, grain size distribution) from a field reconstruction of the 1530 CE subplinian eruption. This event is here taken as a reference scenario for hazard assessment at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe. A parametric study on eruption source parameters allowed us to quantify their influence on the simulated dynamics and, in particular, the increase of the percentage of column collapse and pyroclastic density current (PDC) intensity, at constant mass eruption rate, with variable vent diameter. Numerical results enabled us to quantify the effects of the proximal morphology on distributing the collapsing mass around the volcano and into deep and long valleys and to estimate the areas invaded by PDCs, their associated temperature and dynamic pressure. Significant impact (temperature 〉 300 °C and dynamic pressure 〉 1 kPa) in the inhabited region around the volcano is expected for fully collapsing conditions and mass eruption rates 〉 2 × 107 kg/s. We thus combine this spatial distribution of temperature and dynamic pressure with an objective consideration of model-related uncertainty to produce preliminary PDC hazard maps for the reference scenario. In such a representation, we identify three areas of varying degree of susceptibility to invasion by PDCs-very likely to be invaded (and highly impacted), susceptible to invasion (and moderately impacted), and unlikely to be invaded (or marginally impacted). The study also raises some key questions about the use of deterministic scenario simulations for hazard assessment, where probability distributions and uncertainties are difficult to estimate. Use of high-performance computing techniques will in part allow us to overcome such difficulties, but the problem remains open in a scientific context where validation of numerical models is still, necessarily, an incomplete and ongoing process. Nevertheless, our findings provide an important contribution to the quantitative assessment of volcanic hazard and risk at La Soufrière de Guadeloupe particularly in the context of the current unrest of the volcano and the need to prepare for a possible future reawakening of the volcano that could culminate in a magmatic explosive eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 76
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hazard assessment; La Soufrière de Guadeloupe; Numerical simulation; Pyroclastic density currents; Subplinian eruption ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.01. Computational geophysics
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  • 45
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    Revised Accelerated Moment Release Under Test: Fourteen Worldwide Real Case Studies in 2014–2018 and Simulations (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-01-29
    Description: eriods of accelerated seismicity have been observed during the preparation process of many large earthquakes. This accelerating seismicity can be detected by the Accelerated Moment Release (AMR) method and its recent Revised version (RAMR) when the two techniques are applied to earthquake catalogues. The main aim of this study is to investigate the seismicity preceding large mainshocks and possibly increase our comprehension of the underlying physics. In particular, we applied both the AMR and R-AMR to the seismicity preceding 14 large worldwide shallow earthquakes, i.e. with focal depth less than 40 km, with magnitude M[6 for Mediterranean area, and M C 6.4 in the rest of the world, occurred from 2014 to 2018. Twelve case studies were analysed in the framework of SwArm For Earthquake study project funded by ESA, comprising the period 2014–2016; two additional cases were also considered to confirm the goodness of the methodology outside the period of the project catalogues. In total, R-AMR shows better performances than AMR, in 11 cases out of 14. In particular, in four out of 14 cases (i.e. 28.6%), the R-AMR method shows that acceleration exists due to an evident clustering in time–space on the faults, thus guiding the convergence of the fit; in seven cases (i.e. 50%) the R-AMR discloses acceleration, although no clustering around the fault is present; the remaining three cases (i.e. 21.4%) show no emerging acceleration from background. Finally, when R-AMR is compared with simulations, we verify that in most of the cases the acceleration is real and not casual.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4057–4087
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori sismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake ; precursory acceleration ; accelerated moment release ; time to failure ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 46
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    Earthquakes in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2017 and 2018 (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-12
    Description: This report summarizes the seismicity in Switzerland and surrounding regions in the years 2017 and 2018. In 2017 and 2018, the Swiss Seismological Service detected and located 1227 and 955 earthquakes in the region under considera- tion, respectively. The strongest event in the analysed period was the ML 4.6 Urnerboden earthquake, which occurred in the border region of cantons Uri, Glarus and Schwyz on March 6, 2017. The event was the strongest earthquake within Switzerland since the ML 5.0 Vaz earthquake of 1991. Associated ground motions indicating intensity IV were reported in a radius up to about 50 km and locally approached intensity VI in the region close to the epicentre. Derived focal mechanisms and relative hypocentre relocations of the immediate aftershocks image a NNW–SSE striking sinistral strike-slip fault. Together with other past events in this region, the Urnerboden earthquake suggests the existence of a system of sub-parallel strike-slip faults, likely within in the uppermost crystalline basement of the eastern Aar Massif. A vigorous earthquake sequence occurred close to Château-d’Oex in the Préalpes-Romandes region in western Switzer- land. With a magnitude of ML 4.3, the strongest earthquake of the sequence occurred on July 1, 2017. Focal mechanism and relative relocations of fore- and aftershocks image a NNE dipping normal fault in about 4 km depth. Two similarly oriented shallow normal-fault events occurred between subalpine Molasse and Préalpes units close to Châtel-St-Denis and St. Silvester in 2017/18. Together, these events indicate a domain of NE–SW oriented extensional to transtensional deformation along the Alpine Front between Lake Geneva in the west and the Fribourg Fault in the east. The structural complexity of the Fribourg Fault is revealed by an ML 2.9 earthquake near Tafers in 2018. The event images a NW–SE striking fault segment within the crystalline basement, which might be related to the Fribourg Fault Zone. Finally, the ML 2.8 Grenchen earthquake of 2017 provides a rare example of shallow thrust faulting along the Jura fold-and-thrust belt, indicating contraction in the northwestern Alpine foreland of Switzerland.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 4
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Focal mechanisms ; Seismotectonics ; Urnerboden ; Aar Massif ; Château-d’oex ; Préalpes ; Fribourg ; Jura fold-and-thrust belt ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 47
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    Seismic Risk Assessment, Cascading Effects (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-07
    Description: Domino effects; Short-term hazard and risk assessment; Time-dependent risk; Triggering effects
    Description: Published
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 48
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    Source modelling from ground deformation and gravity changes at Campi Flegrei caldera (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-10
    Description: The deformation history of the Campi Flegrei caldera during the last decades consists of two large uplift events in 1970-72 and 1982-84, with ~ 3.5 m cumula-tive uplift, occurring at a rate of ~ 1 m/yr. Both events were accompanied by seismic activity, gravity changes and compositional variations of volcanic gasesbut no eruption took place. During the following decades,the area has been slowly subsiding but minor uplift episodes (~ a few cm), seismic swarms and changes in degassing activitytook place, showing that the area persistedin a near-critical state.Since 2004, ground deformation resumed, although at a slower rate, totaling a displacement of ~ 0.6 m at the time we write(2019). In this chapter,we present a retrospective analysis of ground deformationleading to acritical re-evaluationof the 1982-84 uplift and of the following deflation, employing the most updated modeling techniques. Deformation and gravity data provide important constraints on depth, volume, mass density and dislocation mechanisms accompanying mag-ma emplacement processes but the correct evaluation of these parameters is strongly conditioned by simplifying assumptions built in the different inversion procedures: in particular, the inferred depth ranges from 5.5 km to less than 3 km and the intrusion density ranges from values pertinent to aqueous fluids to typical magmatic values. This review depicts the salient phases of the deformationhistory of this densely populated and high risk volcanic area, helping to address debated issues, such as the role of the magmatic system, and theirinteraction with the shal-lower hydrothermal system.In spite of the mentioned difficulties, the following conclusion may be considered as firmly established: during 1982-84 a magmatic intrusion took place, and the subsequent complex deformation history (1985-2010) was mainly controlled by the exsolution of volatiles withmagmatic origin and their interaction with a shallow hydrothermal system. However, data collected af-ter 2011 were modelled in terms of a deeperinflating source of deformation, pos-sibly resulting froma resumed magmatic recharge at depth.
    Description: Submitted
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; volcanoes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Extensive surface geophysical prospecting for seismic microzonation (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-22
    Description: This paper presents an overview of the geophysical activities for the seismic microzonation of 138 municipalities belonging to four Italian regions (Abruzzo, Lazio, Marche and Umbria) that were severely damaged by the seismic sequence of Central Italy (August 2016–January 2017). This study is the result of a collaborative effort between research Institutions and professional geologists with the support of local Administrations and the Italian Civil Protection Department and sets an unprecedented large-scale example of geophysical investigations supporting detailed seismic microzonation studies. This manuscript presents the methodological approach adopted for the geophysical activities, including the technical protocols and procedures, the best practices, the final products and the results supporting a detailed microzonation study of III level. The first step of the study was the collection and critical review of all available geophysical and geological information for planning the new geophysical surveys (specifically their type and location), in order to assess the subsoil geometry and the seismic characterization of the areas under investigation. Integration with the newly acquired geophysical data allowed the identification of zones with homogeneous local seismic hazard as well as the reference seismo-stratigraphy for each area, defining for each geological unit the ranges of the relevant properties in seismic amplification studies: layering and thicknesses, density, P-wave and S-wave seismic velocity. We also present a few representative case studies illustrating the geophysical investigation for different geomorphological situations. These examples, together with the findings of the entire project, are discussed to point out the strength points and the criticalities, as well as the necessary requirements in the application of geophysical methods to detailed microzonation studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5475–5502
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Large-scale microzonation intervention ; Central Italy 2016 earthquake ; Extensive geophysical prospecting ; Site characterization ; Geophysical protocols of measurements ; Seismic Microzonation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Opening of the Fram Strait led to the establishment of a modern-like three-layer stratification in the Arctic Ocean during the Miocene (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3arktos, Springer, ISSN: 2364-9461
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-14
    Description: The tectonic opening of the Fram Strait (FS) was critical to the water exchange between the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, and caused the transition from a restricted to a ventilated Arctic Ocean during early Miocene. If and how the water exchange between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic influenced the global current system is still disputed. We apply a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice model to investigate stratification and ocean circulation in the Arctic Ocean in response to the opening of the FS during early-to-middle Miocene. Progressive widening of the FS gateway in our simulation causes a moderate warming, while salinity conditions in the Nordic Seas remain similar. On the contrary, with increasing FS width, Arctic temperatures remain unchanged and salinity changes appear to steadily become stronger. For a sill depth of ~ 1500 m, we achieve ventilation of the Arctic Ocean due to enhanced import of saline Atlantic water through an FS width of ~ 105 km. Moreover, at this width and depth, we detect a modern-like three-layer stratification in the Arctic Ocean. The exchange flow through FS is characterized by vertical separation of a low-salinity cold outflow from the Arctic Ocean confined to a thin upper layer, an intermediate saline inflow from the Atlantic Ocean below, and a cold bottom Arctic outflow. Using a significantly shallower and narrower FS during the early Miocene, our study suggests that the ventilation mechanisms and stratification in the Arctic Ocean are comparable to the present-day characteristics.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Impact of Bio-inspired Structural Irregularities on Plate Eigenfrequencies (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Vibration Problems. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 14th International Conference on Vibration Problems, Singapore, Springer, pp. 1117-1125, ISBN: 978-981-15-8049-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-18
    Description: Structures can be characterized by their natural vibration. If the associated eigenfrequencies correspond to external, exciting vibration frequencies, high vibration amplitudes can occur which might cause structural damage. Therefore, heavy and costly damping mechanisms are often employed to prevent high vibration amplitudes. Natural structures are often highly optimized. The silicate shells of marine plankton organisms, for example, serve already as inspiration for lightweight construction owing to their high stiffness and strength at low mass. Moreover, the irregularities of their honeycomb and lattice structures are expected to have a strong impact on the vibration characteristics. In this investigation, the eigenfrequencies of different plates with regular patterns were compared to irregular plates of Voronoi cells. The irregular Voronoi plates were designed using evolutionary strategic optimization. The results showed significantly higher first eigenfrequencies of the irregular structures compared to regular structures of the same mass.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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    Environmental screening for the assessment of potentially toxic elements content in PGI soils from the Mediterranean region (Italy and Turkey) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-02
    Description: To provide a contribution to the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, here we present the results of a study focused on the potentially toxic elements (PTE) content in agricultural soils’ representative for the Mediterranean region. To reach this aim, samples of 22 Italian (NE Peloritani Mountains, Sicily) and 18 Turkish (Amik Plain, Hatay) soils were collected and analyzed to evaluate their PTE content. The Italian and Turkish sites have been selected because they represent very important cultivation zones. In Amik Plain (Turkey), the dominant crops consist of cotton, wheat, corn and olives, whereas in NE Peloritani Mountains, Sicily (Italy), an appreciate citrus variety, known as the “Interdonato lemon”, guaranteed by Protected Geographical Indication label, is produced. The collected results include: (1) the assessment of PTE levels in soils; (2) the identifcation of the PTE sources; (3) the relationships between PTE contents and soil properties (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, CaCO3, and clay). Several multivariate statistical methods such as correlation matrix, cluster analysis and main component analysis were applied to individuate the anthropogenic vs natural origin of the PTE sources. The detected PTE levels are in decreasing order Mn〉Zn〉V〉Cr〉Cu〉Ni〉As〉Pb〉Co〉Sb〉Se〉Cd for the Italian soils, and Mn〉 Ni〉V〉Zn〉Cr〉Cu〉Pb〉Co〉As〉Se〉Sb〉Cd for the Turkish soils. The overall obtained results allowed to defne: (a) a main lithogenic source for PTE detected in the Italian soils, except for Zn which origin is also associated to anthropogenic input; (b) a lithogenic origin for all of the PTE detected for the Turkish soils, with an associate anthropogenic contribution for Cr, Ni, V, Cu and V. The results obtained in this work enhance the knowledge in the individuation of PTE pollution sources in agricultural soils of the European Mediterranean region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 499
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Geochemical and isotopic insights into the assembly, evolution and disruption of a magmatic plumbing system before and after a cataclysmic caldera-collapse eruption at Ischia volcano (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-22
    Description: New geochemical and isotopic data on volcanic rocks spanning the period ~75–50 ka BP on Ischia volcano, Italy, shed light on the evolution of the magmatic system before and after the catastrophic, caldera-forming Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT) eruption. Volcanic ac tivity during this period was influenced by a large, composite and differentiating magmatic system, replenished several times with isotopically distinct magmas of deepprovenance. Chemical and isotopic variations highlight that the pre-MEGT eruptions were fed by trachytic/phonolitic magmas from an isotopically zoned reservoir that were poorly enriched in radiogenic Sr and became progressively less radiogenic with time. Just prior to the MEGT eruption, the magmatic system was recharged by an isotopically distinct magma, relatively more enriched in radiogenic Sr with respect to the previously erupted magmas. This second magma initially fed several SubPlinian explosive eruptions and later supplied the climactic, phonolitic-to-trachytic MEGT eruption(s). Isotopic data, together with erupted volume estimations obtained for MEGT eruption(s), indicate that 〉5–10 km3of this relatively enriched magma had accumulated in the Ischia plumbing system. Geochemical modelling indicates that it accumulated at shallow depths (4–6 km), over a period of ca. 20 ka. After the MEGT eruption, volcanic activity was fed by a new batch of less differentiated (trachyte-latite) magma that was slightly less enriched in radiogenic Sr. The geochemical and Sr–Nd-isotopic variations through time reflect the upward flux of isotopically distinct magma batches, variably contaminated byHercynian crust at 8–12 km depth. The deep-sourced latitic to trachytic magmas stalled at shallow depths (4–6 km depth), differentiated to phonolite through crystal fractionation and assimilation of a feldspar-rich mush, or ascended directly to the surface and erupted.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1035
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ischia volcano ; Magmatic plumbing system ; Radiogenic isotopes ; Geothermometry ; Feldspar assimilation ; Caldera collapse
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    The contribution of palaeomagnetism, tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating to refine the last 1100 years of eruptive activity at Vulcano (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-22
    Description: During the past millennia, several eruptions have occurred within the La Fossa caldera on the island of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), some being also described in historical documents dating back to Republican Roman times (first to second century BC). The absolute and relative timing of such activity, however, has remained poorly defined and controversial, due to contrasting ages provided by radiometric and unconventional palaeomagnetic methods. Here, we present a detailed recon- struction of the eruptive history focused on the ninth to fifteenth century AD period that occurred at both La Fossa cone and Vulcanello. This integrated approach involves tephrostratigraphy, standard palaeomagnetic methodology and radiocarbon dating. The new dataset confirms that the lavas exposed above sea level at Vulcanello were erupted between the tenth and eleventh century AD, and not between the first and second century BC as previously suggested. In this same time interval, La Fossa cone was characterized by long-lasting, shoshonitic, explosive activity followed by a discrete, sustained, rhyolitic explosive eruption. Between AD 1050 and 1300, activity was focused only on La Fossa cone, with alternating explosive and effusive eruptions that emplaced four rhyolitic and trachytic lava flows, resulting in significant growth of the cone. After the violent, phreatic event of the Breccia di Commenda (thirteenth century), the eruption continued with a substantial, long- lasting emission of fine ash until activity ceased. Magmatic explosive activity resumed at La Fossa cone at the beginning of the fifteenth century marking the onset of the Gran Cratere cycle. This phase lasted until the mid-sixteenth century and produced at least seven explosive eruptions of intermediate magma composition and a couple of lateral explosions (Forgia Vecchia I and II). During this time interval, a third cinder cone was emplaced at Vulcanello, and the activity produced the lava flows of Punta del Roveto and Valle dei Mostri. From the seventeenth to twentieth centuries, volcanic activity was concentrated at La Fossa cone, where it ended in 1890. This work confirms that Vulcanello island formed in Medieval times between the tenth and eleventh centuries. Moreover, between the tenth and mid-sixteenth centuries, La Fossa caldera was the site of at least 19 eruptions with an average eruption rate of one event every 34 years. This rate makes volcanic hazard at Vulcano higher than that suggested to date.
    Description: Published
    Description: 12
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Deglacial patterns of South Pacific overturning inferred from 231Pa and 230Th (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Nature Scientific Reports, Springer, 11, pp. 20473
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-28
    Description: The millennial‐scale variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is well documented for the last glacial termination and beyond. Despite its importance for the climate system, the evolution of the South Pacific overturning circulation (SPOC) is by far less well understood. A recently published study highlights the potential applicability of the 231Pa/230Th‐proxy in the Pacific. Here, we present five sedimentary down‐core profiles of 231Pa/230Th‐ratios measured on a depth transect from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean to test this hypothesis using downcore records. Our data are consistent with an increase in SPOC as early as 20 ka that peaked during Heinrich Stadial 1. The timing indicates that the SPOC did not simply react to AMOC changes via the bipolar seesaw but were triggered via Southern Hemisphere processes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Growth Performance and Survival in the Crayfish (Astacus astacus) Fed Fish Faeces, Combined Plant Root/Fish Faeces and a Commercial Pelleted Fish Feed (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Waste and Biomass Valorization, Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-25
    Description: Three feeds; fish faeces recovered from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), fish faeces combined with watercress roots (Nasturtium officinale), and a commercial pelleted feed formulated for pike-perch, were fed to European Noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) (average initial body weight ± SD was10.7 g ± 3.5; average initial body length ± SD was 3.1 cm ± 0.4) for 84 days at excess daily rations. Crayfish fed with the pelleted fish feed exhibited significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher mean final body weight ± SD (FBW, 13.84 g ± 1.24) compared to animals fed fish faeces (11.14 g ± 0.47) and those fed the combination of fish faeces/watercress roots (12.91 g ± 1.99). Mean final body length (FBL) and survival were also significantly higher in animals fed pelleted fish feed than all other treatments (P 〈 0.05). Faecal macronutrient contents (28.5% crude protein and 2% lipid) are within required dietary range of A. astacus, indicating poor growth performance was not related to quantitative faecal macronutrient composition. The lysine and methionine content of faecal waste was 13.1 g kg⁻¹ and 3.8 g kg⁻¹ respectively. The methionine content of the faecal waste was therefore considerably below (60% below requirement) the requirement for crayfish. Amino acids known to stimulate feed intake in crayfish were about 50% lower in concentration in faeces compared to concentrations in pelleted fish feed. The concentration of taurine was below detection limit in faeces. It is hypothesized that unsuitable amino acid composition and/or limited ability to handle faeces explain low growth and survival rates in A. astacus fed fish faeces and the combination of fish faeces/watercress roots.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Response of a hydrothermal system to escalating phreatic unrest: the case of Turrialba and Irazú in Costa Rica (2007–2012) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-30
    Description: This study presents the first hydrogeochemical model of the hydrothermal systems of Turrialba and Irazú volcanoes in central Costa Rica, manifested as thermal springs, summit crater lakes, and fumarolic degassing at both volcanoes. Our period of observations (2007-2012) coincides with the pre- and early syn-phreatic eruption stages of Turrialba volcano that resumed volcanic unrest since 2004, after almost 140 years of quiescence. Peculiarly, the generally stable Irazú crater lake dropped its level during this reawakening of Turrialba. The isotopic composition of discharged fluids reveals their Caribbean meteoric origin. Four groups of thermal springs drain the northern flanks of Turrialba and Irazú volcanoes into two main rivers. Río Sucio (i.e. “dirty river”) is a major rock remover on the North flank of Irazú, mainly fed by the San Cayetano spring group. Instead, one group of thermal springs discharges towards the south of Irazú. All thermal spring waters are of SO4-type (i.e. steam heated waters), none of the springs has, however, a common hydrothermal end-member. A water mass budget for thermal springs results in an estimated total output flux of 187 ± 37 L/s, with 100 ± 20 L/s accounted for by the San Cayetano springs. Thermal energy release is estimated at 110 ± 22 MW (83.9 ± 16.8 MW by San Cayetano), whereas the total rock mass removal rate by chemical leaching is ~3,000 m3/y (~2,400 m3/y by San Cayetano-Río Sucio). Despite Irazú being the currently less active volcano, it is a highly efficient rock remover, which, on the long term can have effects on the stability of the volcanic edifice with potentially hazardous consequences (e.g. flank collapse, landslides, phreatic eruptions). Moreover, the vapor output flux from the Turrialba fumaroles after the onset of phreatic eruptions on 5 January 2010 showed an increase of at least ~260 L/s above pre-eruptive background fumarolic vapor fluxes. This extra vapor loss implies that the drying of the summit hydrothermal system of Turrialba could tap deeper than previously thought, and could explain the coincidental disappearance of Irazú’s crater lake in April 2010.
    Description: Published
    Description: 142
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Quality assessment for site characterization at seismic stations (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-22
    Description: Many applications related to ground-motion studies and engineering seismology benefit from the opportunity to easily download large dataset of earthquake recordings with different magnitudes. In such applications, it is important to have a reliable seismic characterization of the stations to introduce appropriate correction factors for including site amplification. Generally, seismic networks in Europe describe the site properties of a station through geophysical or geological reports, but often ad-hoc field surveys are missing and the characterization is done using indirect proxy. It is then necessary to evaluate the quality of a seismic characterization, accounting for the available site information, the measurements procedure and the reliability of the applied methods to obtain the site parameters.In this paper, we propose a strategy to evaluate the quality of site characterization, to be included in the station metadata. The idea is that a station with a good site characterization should have a larger ranking with respect to one with poor or incomplete information. The proposed quality metric includes the computation of three indices, which take into account the reliability of the available site indicators, their number and importance, together with their consistency defined through scatter plots for each single pair of indicators. For this purpose, we consider the seven indicators identified as most relevant in a companion paper (Cultrera et al. 2021): fundamental resonance frequency, shear-wave velocity profile, time-averaged shear-wave velocity over the first 30 m, depth of both seismological and engineering bedrock, surface geology and soil class.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4643–4691
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Indicators for site characterization at seismic station: recommendation from a dedicated survey (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-22
    Description: In recent years, the permanent seismic networks worldwide have largely increased, raising the amount of earthquake signals and the applications using seismic records. Although characterization of the soil properties at recording stations has a large impact on hazard estimates, it has not been implemented so far in a standardized way for reaching high-level metadata. To address this issue, we built an online questionnaire for the identification of the indicators useful for a reliable site characterization at a seismic station. We analysed the answers of a large number of experts in different fields, which allowed us to rank 24 different indicators and to identify the most relevant ones: fundamental frequency (f0), shear-wave velocity profile (VS), time-averaged Vs over 30 m (VS30), depth of seismological and engineering bedrock (Hseis_bed and Heng_bed), surface geology and soil class. Moreover, the questionnaire proposed two additional indices in terms of cost and difficulty to obtain a reliable value of each indicator, showing that the selection of the most relevant indicators results from a complex balance between physical relevancy, average cost and reliability. For each indicator we propose a summary report, provided as editable pdf, containing the background information of data acquisition and processing details, with the aim to homogenize site metadata information at European level and to define the quality of the site characterization (see companion paper Di Giulio et al. 2021). The selected indicators and the summary reports have been shared within European and worldwide scientific community and discussed in a dedicated international workshop. They represent a first attempt to reach a homogeneous set of high-level metadata for site characterization.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4171–4195
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Site effects ; Station metadata ; Seismic network ; Strong ground motion ; Site proxies ; Seismic network database
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    Stress level effect on mobility of dry granular flows of angular rock fragments (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-06
    Description: Granular flows of angular rock fragments such as rock avalanches and dense pyroclastic flows are simulated numerically by means of the discrete element method. Since large-scale flows generate stresses that are larger than those generated by small-scale flows, the purpose of these simulations is to understand the effect that the stress level has on flow mobility. The results show that granular flows that slide en mass have a flow mobility that is not influenced by the stress level. On the contrary, the stress level governs flow mobility when granular flow dynamics is affected by clast agitation and collisions. This second case occurs on a relatively rougher subsurface where an increase of the stress level causes an increase of flow mobility. The results show also that as the stress level increases, the effect that an increase of flow volume has on flow mobility switches sign from causing a decrease of mobility at low stress level to causing an increase of mobility at high stress level. This latter volume effect corresponds to the famous Heim’s mobility increase with the increase of the volume of large rock avalanches detected so far only in the field and for this reason considered inexplicable without resorting to extraordinary mechanisms. Granular flow dynamics is described in terms of dimensionless scaling parameters in three different granular flow regimes. This paper illustrates for each regime the functional relationship of flow mobility with stress level, flow volume, grain size, channel width, and basal friction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3085-3099
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pyroclastic Flows ; Rock Avalanches ; Stress Level ; Flow Volume ; Mobility ; mobility of pyroclastic flows and rock avalanches
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    Southern Ocean contribution to both steps in deglacier atmospheric CO2 rise (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Nature Scientific Reports, Springer, 11, pp. 22117
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-18
    Description: The transfer of vast amounts of carbon from a deep oceanic reservoir to the atmosphere is considered to be a dominant driver of the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2. Paleoceanographic reconstructions reveal evidence for the existence of CO2-rich waters in the mid to deep Southern Ocean. These water masses ventilate to the atmosphere south of the Polar Front, releasing CO2 prior to the formation and subduction of intermediate-waters. Changes in the amount of CO2 in the sea water directly affect the oceanic carbon chemistry system. Here we present B/Ca ratios, a proxy for delta carbonate ion concentrations Δ[CO32−], and stable isotopes (δ13C) from benthic foraminifera from a sediment core bathed in Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), offshore New Zealand in the Southwest Pacific. We find two transient intervals of rising [CO32−] and δ13C that that are consistent with the release of CO2 via the Southern Ocean. These intervals coincide with the two pulses in rising atmospheric CO2at ~ 17.5–14.3 ka and 12.9–11.1 ka. Our results lend support for the release of sequestered CO2 from the deep ocean to surface and atmospheric reservoirs during the last deglaciation, although further work is required to pin down the detailed carbon transfer pathways.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    3D physics-based seismic shaking scenarios for city of Zagreb, Capital of Croatia (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: In this work, we assess ground shaking in the wider Zagreb area by computing simulated seismograms at regional distances. For the purposes of the simulations, we assemble the 3D velocity and density model and test its performance. First, we compare the low-frequency simulations obtained using deterministic method for both new 3D model and a simple 1D model. We then continue the performance test by computing the full broadband seismo- grams. To do that, we apply the hybrid technique in which the low frequency (f〈1 Hz) and high frequency (f=1–10 Hz) seismograms are obtained separately using deterministic and stochastic method, respectively, and then reconciled into a single time series. We apply this method to the MW=5.3 event and four smaller (3.0〈MW〈5.0) events that occurred in the studied region. We compare simulated data with the recorded seismograms and vali- date our results by calculating the goodness of fit score for peak ground velocity and shak- ing duration. Next, to improve the understanding of the strong ground motion in this area, we simulate seismic shaking scenarios for the 1880, MW = 6.2 earthquake. From computed low-frequency waveforms, we generate shakemaps and compare the ground-motion fea- tures of the two possible sources of this event, Kašina fault and North Medvednica fault. We conduct a preliminary study to determine which fault is a more probable source of the 1880 historic event by comparing the peak ground velocities and Arias intensity with the observed intensities.
    Description: Croatian Science Foundation under the Project No. IP-2020-02-3960 European Commission, H2020 Excel- lence Science [ChEESE (Grant No. 823844)]
    Description: Published
    Description: 167–192
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Numerical simulation ; 3D ground motion ; Earthquake ; Central Croatia ; Zagreb ; Seismic wave propagation ; 3D crustal model ; 04.06. Seismology
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    Tectonics and fluvial dynamism affecting the Tiber River in Prehistoric Rome (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Geomorphological investigations in Rome’s river valley are revealing the dynamism of the prehistoric landscape. It is becoming increasingly apparent that paleogeographic conditions that defined Rome in the historical era are the product of changes since the Bronze Age, which may be the result of local fault activity in addition to fluvial dynamism. Through a dedicated borehole chronostratigraphic study, integrated by 14C and archaeological dates, and paleomagnetic investigations, we offer here new evidence for fault displacement since ca. 4500 years/BP. We present the failure of the sedimentary fabric of a clay horizon caused by liquefaction processes commonly linked with seismic shaking, interpreting an (ca. 4 m) offset to signify the existence of a fault line located at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. In addition, we show evidence for another (ca. 1 m) offset affecting a stratigraphic horizon in the river channel, occurring along another hypothesized fault line crossing through the Tiber Valley. Movement along this fault may have contributed to a documented phase of fast overflooding dated to the sixth century BCE which eventually led to the birth of the Tiber Island. The most plausible scenario implies progressive deformation, with an average tectonic rate of 2 mm/year, along these inferred fault lines. This process was likely punctuated with moderate earthquakes, but no large event necessarily occurred. Together, the available evidence suggests that during the early centuries of sedentary habitation at the site of Rome, active fault lines contributed to significant changes to the Tiber River valley, capable of challenging lowland activities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 359–378
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Guidelines for volcano-observatory operations during crises: recommendations from the 2019 volcano observatory best practices meeting (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: In November 2019, the fourth meeting on Volcano Observatory Best Practices workshop was held in Mexico City as a series of talks, discussions, and panels. Volcanologists from around the world offered suggestions for ways to optimize volcano-observatory crisis operations. By crisis, we mean unrest that may or may not lead to eruption, the eruption itself, or its aftermath, all of which require analysis and communications by the observatory. During a crisis, the priority of the observatory should be to acquire, process, analyze, and interpret data in a timely manner. A primary goal is to communicate effectively with the authorities in charge of civil protection. Crisis operations should rely upon exhaustive planning in the years prior to any actual unrest or eruptions. Ideally, nearly everything that observatories do during a crisis should be envisioned, prepared, and practiced prior to the actual event. Pre-existing agreements and exercises with academic and government collaborators will minimize confusion about roles and responsibilities. In the situation where planning is unfinished, observatories should prioritize close ties and communications with the land and civil-defense authorities near the most threatening volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Shine a light: Under-ice light and its ecological implications in a changing Arctic Ocean (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Ambio, Springer, ISSN: 0044-7447
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-21
    Description: The Arctic marine ecosystem is shaped by the seasonality of the solar cycle, spanning from 24-h light at the sea surface in summer to 24-h darkness in winter. The amount of light available for under-ice ecosystems is the result of different physical and biological processes that affect its path through atmosphere, snow, sea ice and water. In this article, we review the present state of knowledge of the abiotic (clouds, sea ice, snow, suspended matter) and biotic (sea ice algae and phytoplankton) controls on the underwater light field. We focus on how the available light affects the seasonal cycle of primary production (sympagic and pelagic) and discuss the sensitivity of ecosystems to changes in the light field based on model simulations. Lastly, we discuss predicted future changes in under-ice light as a consequence of climate change and their potential ecological implications, with the aim of providing a guide for future research.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Integrating hazard, exposure, vulnerability and resilience for risk and emergency management in a volcanic context: the ADVISE model (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Description: Risk assessments in volcanic contexts are complicated by the multi-hazard nature of both unrest and eruption phases, which frequently occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. As an attempt to capture the multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of volcanic risk, we developed an integrAteD VolcanIc risk asSEssment (ADVISE) model that focuses on two temporal dimensions that authorities have to address in a volcanic context: short-term emergency management and long-term risk management. The output of risk assessment in the ADVISE model is expressed in terms of potential physical, functional, and systemic damage, determined by combining the available information on hazard, exposed systems and vulnerability. The ADVISE model permits qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative risk assessment depending on the final objective and on the available information. The proposed approach has evolved over a decade of study on the volcanic island of Vulcano (Italy), where recent signs of unrest combined with uncontrolled urban development and significant seasonal variations of exposed population result in highly dynamic volcanic risk. For the sake of illustration of all the steps of the ADVISE model, we focus here on the risk assessment of the transport system in relation to the tephra fallout associated with a long-lasting Vulcanian cycle.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Emergency management; Functional vulnerability; Hazard; Physical vulnerability; Risk assessment; Risk management; Systemic vulnerability; Vulcano island
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The long and intertwined record of humans and the Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: The Campi Flegrei volcano (or Phlegraean Fields), Campania, Italy, generated the largest eruption in Europe in at least 200 ka. Here we summarise the volcanic and human history of Campi Flegrei and discuss the interactions between humans and the environment within the “burning felds” from around 10,000 years until the 1538 CE Monte Nuovo eruption and more recent times. The region’s incredibly rich written history documents how the landscape changed both naturally and anthropogenically, with the volcanic system fuelling these considerable natural changes. Humans have exploited the beautiful landscape, accessible resources (e.g. volcanic ash for pulvis puteolana mortar) and natural thermal springs associated with the volcano for millennia, but they have also endured the downsides of living in a volcanically active region—earthquakes, signifcant ground deformation and landscape altering eruptions. The pre-historic record is detailed, and various archaeological sites indicate that the region was certainly occupied in the last 10,000 years. This history has been reconstructed by identifying archaeological fnds in sequences that often contain ash (tephra) layers from some of the numerous volcanic eruptions from Campi Flegrei and the other volcanoes in the region that were active at the time (Vesuvius and Ischia). These tephra layers provide both a relative and absolute chronology and allow the archaeology to be placed on a relatively precise timescale. The records testify that people have inhabited the area even when Campi Flegrei was particularly active.The archaeological sequences and outcrops of pyroclastic material preserve details about the eruption dynamics, buildings from Roman times, impressive craters that now host volcanic lakes and nature reserves, all of which make this region particularly mystic and fascinating, especially when we observe how society continues to live within the active caldera system. The volcanic activity and long record of occupation and use of volcanic resources in the region make it unique and here we outline key aspects of its geoheritage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Archaeology ; Campania ; Campi Flegrei volcano ; History ; Human
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    The Volsci Volcanic Field (central Italy): eruptive history, magma system and implications on continental subduction processes (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Here, we report on the Quaternary Volsci Volcanic Field (VVF, central Italy). In light of new 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data and compositional characterization of juvenile eruptive products, we refine the history of VVF activity, and outline the implications on the pre-eruptive magma system and the continental subduction processes involved. Different from the nearby volcanic districts of the Roman and Campanian Provinces, the VVF was characterized by small-volume (0.01–0.1 km3) eruptions from a network of monogenetic centers (mostly tuff rings and scoria cones, with subordinate lava occurrences), clustered along high-angle faults of lithospheric depth. Leucite-bearing, high-K (HKS) magmas (for which we report for the first time the phlogopite phenocryst compositions) mostly fed the early phase of activity (∼761–539 ka), then primitive, plagioclase-bearing (KS) magmas appeared during the climactic phase (∼424–349 ka), partially overlapping with HKS ones, and then prevailed during the late phase of activity (∼300–231 ka). The fast ascent of primitive magma batches is typical of a tectonically controlled volcanic field, where the very low magma flux is a passive byproduct of regional tectonic strain. We suggest that the dominant compressive stress field acting at depth was accompanied by an extensional regime in the upper crust, associated with the gravity spreading of the Apennine chain, allowing the fast ascent of magma from the mantle source with limited stationing in shallow reservoirs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 689–718
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Quaternary volcanism ; 40Ar/39Ar geochronology ; Tyrrhenian Sea margin ; Central Italy
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    Validation of a two-layer depth-averaged model by comparison with an experimental dilute stratified pyroclastic density current (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Numerical results of a two-layer depth-averaged model of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) were compared with an experimental PDC generated at the international eruption simulator facility (the Pyroclastic flow Eruption Large-scale Experiment (PELE)) to establish a minimal dynamical model of PDCs with stratification of particle concentrations. In the present two-layer model, the stratification in PDCs is modeled as a voluminous suspended-load layer with low particle volume fractions ( ≲ 10−3) and a thin basal bed-load layer with higher particle volume fractions ( ∼ 10−2 ) on the basis of the source condition in the experiment. Numerical results for the suspended load quantitatively reproduce the time evolutions of the front position and flow thickness in the experimental PDC. The numerical results of the bed-load and deposit thicknesses depend on an assumed value of settling speed at the bottom of the bed load ( WsH ). We show that the thicknesses of bed load and deposit in the simulations agree well with the experimental data, when WsH is set to about 1.25 × 10−2 m/s. This value of the settling speed is two orders of magnitude smaller than that predicted by a hindered-settling model. The small value of WsH is considered to result from decreasing in the effective deposition speed due to the erosion process accompanied by saltating/rolling of particles at the bottom of the bed load.
    Description: Published
    Description: 73
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pyroclastic density current ; Two-layer model ; Experimental validation ; Pyroclastic surge ; Bed load ; Sedimentation process Introduction ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    Active fault segments along the North Anatolian Fault system in the Sea of Marmara: implication for seismic hazard (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
    Description: A new analysis of high-resolution multibeam and seismic reflection data, collected during several oceanographic expeditions starting from 1999, allowed us to compile an updated morphotectonic map of the North Anatolian Fault below the Sea of Marmara. We reconstructed kinematics and geometries of individual fault segments, active at the time scale of 10 ka, an interval which includes several earthquake cycles, taking as stratigraphic marker the base of the latest marine transgression. Given the high deformation rates relative to sediment supply, most active tectonic structures have a morphological expression at the seafloor, even in presence of composite fault geometries and/or overprinting due to mass-wasting or turbidite deposits. In the frame of the right-lateral strike-slip domain characterizing the North Anatolian fault system, three types of deformation are observed: almost pure strike-slip faults, oriented mainly E–W; NE/SW-aligned axes of transpressive structures; NW/SE-oriented trans-tensional depressions. Fault segmentation occurs at different scales, but main segments develop alongthree major right-lateral oversteps, which delimit main fault branches, from east to west: (i) the transtensive Cinarcik segment; (ii) the Central (East and West) segments; and (iii) the westernmost Tekirdag segment. A quantitative morphometric analysis of the shallow deformation patterns observed by seafloor morphology maps and high-resolution seismic reflection profiles along the entire basin allowed to determine nature and cumulative lengths of individual fault segments. These data were used as inputs for empirical relationships, to estimate maximum expected Moment Magnitudes, obtaining values in the range of 6.8–7.4 for the Central, and 6.9–7.1 for the Cinarcik and Tekirdag segments, respectively. We discuss these findings considering analyses of historical catalogues and available paleoseismological studies for the Sea of Marmara regionto formulate reliable seismic hazard scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 29–44
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: North Anatolian fault · ; Sea of Marmara ; Earthquakes ; Active fault segments ; Marine geophysics ; Seismic hazard ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Eruption type probability and eruption source parameters at Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes (Ecuador) with uncertainty quantification (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Future occurrence of explosive eruptive activity at Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes, Ecuador, is assessed probabilistically, utilizing expert elicitation. Eight eruption types were considered for each volcano. Type event probabilities were evaluated for the next eruption at each volcano and for at least one of each type within the next 100 years. For each type, we elicited relevant eruption source parameters (duration, average plume height, and total tephra mass). We investigated the robustness of these elicited evaluations by deriving probability uncertainties using three expert scoring methods. For Cotopaxi, we considered both rhyolitic and andesitic magmas. Elicitation findings indicate that the most probable next eruption type is an andesitic hydrovolcanic/ash-emission (~ 26–44% median probability), which has also the highest median probability of recurring over the next 100 years. However, for the next eruption at Cotopaxi, the average joint probabilities for sub-Plinian or Plinian type eruption is of order 30–40%—a significant chance of a violent explosive event. It is inferred that any Cotopaxi rhyolitic eruption could involve a longer duration and greater erupted mass than an andesitic event, likely producing a prolonged emergency. For Guagua Pichincha, future eruption types are expected to be andesitic/dacitic, and a vulcanian event is judged most probable for the next eruption (median probability ~40–55%); this type is expected to be most frequent over the next 100 years, too. However, there is a substantial probability (possibly 〉40% in average) that the next eruption could be sub-Plinian or Plinian, with all that implies for hazard levels.
    Description: Published
    Description: 35
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Assessing the biological reactivity of organic compounds on volcanic ash: implications for human health hazard (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Exposure to volcanic ash is a long-standing health concern for people living near active volcanoes and in distal urban areas. During transport and deposition, ash is subjected to various physicochemical processes that may change its surface composition and, consequently, bioreactivity. One such process is the interaction with anthropogenic pollutants; however, the potential for adsorbed, deleterious organic compounds to directly impact human health is unknown. We use an in vitro bioanalytical approach to screen for the presence of organic compounds of toxicological concern on ash surfaces and assess their biological potency. These compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs). Analysis of ash collected in or near urbanised areas at five active volcanoes across the world (Etna, Italy; Fuego, Guatemala; Kelud, Indonesia; Sakurajima, Japan; Tungurahua, Ecuador) using the bioassay inferred the presence of such compounds on all samples. A relatively low response to PCDD/Fs and the absence of a dlPCBs response in the bioassay suggest that the measured activity is dominated by PAHs and PAH-like compounds. This study is the first to demonstrate a biological potency of organic pollutants associated with volcanic ash particles. According to our estimations, they are present in quantities below recommended exposure limits and likely pose a low direct concern for human health.
    Description: Published
    Description: 30
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Beyond one-way determinism: San Frediano's miracle and climate change in Central and Northern Italy in late antiquity (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: Integrating palaeoclimatological proxies and historical records, which is necessary to achieve a more complete understanding of climate impacts on past societies, is a challenging task, often leading to unsatisfactory and even contradictory conclusions. This has until recently been the case for Italy, the heart of the Roman Empire, during the transition between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In this paper, we present new high-resolution speleothem data from the Apuan Alps (Central Italy). The data document a period of very wet conditions in the sixth c. AD, probably related to synoptic atmospheric conditions similar to a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. For this century, there also exist a significant number of historical records of extreme hydroclimatic events, previously discarded as anecdotal. We show that this varied evidence reflects the increased frequency of floods and extreme rainfall events in Central and Northern Italy at the time. Moreover, we also show that these unusual hydroclimatic conditions overlapped with the increased presence of "water miracles" in Italian hagiographical accounts and social imagination. The miracles, performed by local Church leaders, strengthened the already growing authority of holy bishops and monks in Italian society during the crucial centuries that followed the "Fall of the Roman Empire". Thus, the combination of natural and historical data allows us to show the degree to which the impact of climate variability on historical societies is determined not by the nature of the climatic phenomena per se, but by the culture and the structure of the society that experienced it.
    Description: Published
    Description: 25
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Precipitation ; Roman Empire ; miracles ; Social feedbacks ; Cultural change ; climate change
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Influence of permeability on the hydrothermal system at Vulcano Island (Italy): inferences from numerical simulations (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Description: Volcano-hydrothermal systems are governed by complex interactions between fluid transport, and geochemical and mechanical processes. Evidence of this close interplay has been testified by distinct spatial and temporal correlations in geochemical and geophysical observations at Vulcano Island (Italy). To understand the interaction between fluid circulation and the geochemical and geophysical manifestations, we perform a parametric study to explore different scenarios by implementing a hydro-geophysical model based on the equations for heat and mass transfer in a porous medium and thermo-poroelastic theory. Numerical simulations allow us to define the controlling role of permeability distribution on the different modeled parameters as well as on the geophysical observables. Changes in the permeability within the highly fractured crater area could be responsible for the fluctuations in gas emission and temperature recorded during the crisis periods, which are accompanied by shallow volcano-seismicity in the absence of significant deformation and gravity variations. Despite the general medium permeability of the volcanic edifice, the presence of more highly permeable pathways, which allow the gas to rapidly escape, as testified by the presence of a well-developed fumarolic field, prevents the pressure buildup at shallow depths.
    Description: Published
    Description: 179
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrothermal system ; Parametric simulation ; Vulcano Island ; Hydro-geophysical model
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    Lahar risk assessment from source identification to potential impact analysis: the case of Vulcano Island, Italy (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Description: Lahars are rapid flows composed of water and volcaniclastic sediments, which have the potential to impact residential buildings and critical infrastructure as well as to disrupt critical services, especially in the absence of hazard-based land-use planning. Their destructive power is mostly associated with their velocity (related to internal flow properties and topographic interactions) and to their ability to bury buildings and structures (due to deposit thickness). The distance reached by lahars depends on their volume, on sediments/water ratio, as well as on the geometrical properties of the topography where they propagate. Here we present the assessment of risk associated with lahar using Vulcano island (Italy) as a case study. First, we estimated an initial lahar source volume considering the remobilisation by intense rain events of the tephra fallout on the slopes of the La Fossa cone (the active system on the island), where the tephra fallout is associated with the most likely scenario (e.g. long-lasting Vulcanian cycle). Second, we modelled and identified the potential syn-eruptive lahar impact areas on the northern sector of Vulcano, where residential and touristic facilities are located. We tested a range of parameters (e.g., entrainment capability, consolidation of tephra fallout deposit, friction angle) that can influence lahar propagation output both in terms of intensity of the event and extent of the inundation area. Finally, exposure and vulnerability surveys were carried out in order to compile exposure and risk maps for lahar-flow front velocity (semi-quantitative indicator-based risk assessment) and final lahar-deposit thickness (qualitative exposure-based risk assessment). Main outcomes show that the syn-eruptive lahar scenario with medium entrainment capability produces the highest impact associated with building burial by the final lahar deposit. Nonetheless, the syn-eruptive lahar scenario with low entrainment capacity is associated with higher runout and results in the highest impact associated with lahar-flow velocities. Based on our simulations, two critical infrastructures (telecommunication and power plant), as well as the main road crossing the island are exposed to potential lahar impacts (either due to lahar-flow velocity or lahar-deposit thickness or both). These results show that a risk-based spatial planning of the island could represent a valuable strategy to reduce the volcanic risk in the long term.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: Gender equality is a fundamental human right, embedded into the United Nations Charter (1945). Women still face multiple forms of discrimination, harassment and abuse. Gender equality is foundational to ensuring inclusive sustainable socio-economic development, peace and justice.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105-126
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Keywords: gender equality ; sustainable development goals ; geosciences ; geoethics ; women ; girls ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Hydrogeoethics in sustainable water resources management facing water scarcity in Mediterranean and surrounding regions (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Hydrogeoethics is an emergent transdisciplinary field in geosciences focused on ethical research and best practices related to responsible groundwater science and engineering, creating conditions for sustainable water resources management while respecting human needs and environmental dynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 289–292
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Hydrogeoethics ; Geoethics ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Sustainability ; Mediterranea region ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Groundwater of Sicily (Italy) Close to Landfill Sites: Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-10
    Description: Groundwater close to three municipal solid waste landfll sites in Sicily (southern Italy) was sampled to determine the presence of contaminants and the risk associated with its possible use as drinking and sanitary water. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and metals were investigated. These target compounds are the most common pollutants present in leachates. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS, US EPA) was used to assess human health risk. Ingestion, dermal, and total exposure to these xenobiotic contaminants in groundwater were evaluated, and the cancer and non-cancer risk indexes were calculated. The results revealed that, while the groundwater complied with Italian Drinking Water Directive 30/2001, it did not comply with the "good environmental state" criteria of Directive 30/2009 at two of the three sites investigated. Worrying results were revealed by the risk assessment at the investigated sites. Cancer and non-cancer risk indexes indicated a probable risk, mainly due to dermal exposure to groundwater. These results underline the importance of assessing the risk for all possible routes, evaluating not only ingestion but also dermal exposure, especially when organic pollutants are present. The results of this study show that human health risk has probably been underestimated in the past, as dermal exposure to organic pollutants has only rarely been evaluated in the literature.
    Description: Published
    Description: 535–550
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Human health risk ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Dioxin PCDD/Fs ; Toxic elements ; Environmental quality standard
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    A common source for the destructive earthquakes in the volcanic island of Ischia (Southern Italy): insights from historical and recent seismicity (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: The island of Ischia, located in the Gulf of Naples, represents an unusual case of resur- gent caldera where small-to-moderate magnitude volcano-tectonic earthquakes generate large damage and catastrophic e ects, as in the case of 4 March 1881 (Imax-VIII-IXMCS) and 28 July 1883 (Imax X-XI MCS) historical earthquakes, and of the recent 21 August 2017 MW=3.9, event. All these earthquakes struck the northern area of the island. With about 65,000 inhabitants, Ischia is a popular touristic destination for thermals baths, host- ing more than 3,000,000 visitors per year, thus representing a high seismic risk area. Assessing its seismic potential appears a fundamental goal and, to this end, the estimate of the magnitude of signi cant historical events and the characterization of their source are crucial. We report here a reassessment of historical data of damage of 1881 and 1883 earth- quakes to evaluate the main source parameters of these events (obtained with the BOXER and EXISM software) and quantitatively compare, for the rst time, the results with the source characteristics, obtained from instrumental data, of the recent 2017 earthquake. The results allowed us to assess the location, as well as the possible dimension and the related maximum magnitude, of the seismogenic structure responsible for such damaging earth- quakes. Our results also provide an additional framework to de ne the mechanisms leading to earthquakes associated with the dynamics of calderas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 177–201
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Stress-induced comenditic trachyte effusion triggered by trachybasalt intrusion: multidisciplinary study of the AD 1761 eruption at Terceira Island (Azores) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: The AD 1761 eruption on Terceira was the onlyhistorical subaerial event on the island and one of the lastrecorded in the Azores. The eruption occurred along the fis-sure zone that crosses the island and produced a trachybasaltlava flow and scoria cones. Small comenditic trachyte lava domes (known as Mistérios Negros) were also thought by some to have formed simultaneously on the eastern flank of Santa Bárbara Volcano. Following a multidisciplinary approach, we combined geological mapping, paleomagnetic, petrographic, mineral and whole-rock geochemical and structural analyses to study this eruption. The paleomagnetic dating method compared geomagnetic vectors (directions and intensities) recorded by both the AD 1761 lava flow and Mistérios Negros domes and revealed that the two events were indeed coeval. Based on new data and interpretation of historical records, we have accordingly reconstructed the AD 1761eruptive dynamics and distinguished three phases: (1) a pre-cursory phase characterized by decreased degassing in the fumarolic field of Pico Alto Volcano and a gradual increase of seismic activity, which marked the intrusion of trachybasalt magma; (2) a first eruptive phase that started with phreatic explosions on the eastern flank of Santa Bárbara Volcano, followed by the inconspicuous effusion of comenditic trachyte (66 wt% SiO2), forming a WNW-ESE-oriented chain of lava domes; and (3) a second eruptive phase on the central part ofthe fissure zone, where a Hawaiian to Strombolian-style erup-tion formed small scoria cones (E-W to ENE-WSW-oriented)and a trachybasalt lava flow (50 wt% SiO2) which buried 27houses in Biscoitos village. Petrological analyses show thatthe two batches of magma were emitted independently without evidence of interaction. We envisage that the dome-forming event was triggered by local stress changes induced by intrusion of the trachybasalt dyke along the fissure zone, which created tensile stress conditions that promoted ascent of comenditic trachyte magma stored beneath Santa Bárbara Volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 22
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Tracing groundwater circulation in a valuable mineral water basin with geochemical and isotopic tools: the case of FERRARELLE, Riardo basin, Southern Italy (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: The Riardo basin hosts groundwater exploited for the production of high quality, naturally sparkling, bottled water (e.g., Ferrarelle water), and circulating in a system constituted by highly fractured Mesozoic carbonates, overlain by more impervious volcanic rocks of the Roccamonfina complex. The two formations are locally in hydraulic connection and dislocated by deep-rooted faults. The study aimed at elucidating groundwater origin and circulation, using isotopic tracers (δ18O, δ2H, δ11B and 87Sr/86Sr) coupled to groundwater dating (Tritium, CFCs and SF6). Besides recharge by local precipitation over the Riardo hydrogeological basin, stable isotope ratios in water indicated an extra-basin recharge, likely from the elevated surrounding carbonate reliefs (e.g., Maggiore and Matese Mts.). The mineralization process, promoted by the deep CO2 flux, controls the B and Sr contents. However, their isotopic ratios did not allow discriminating between circulation in the volcanic and in the carbonate aquifers, as in the latter the isotopic composition differed from the original marine signature. Groundwater model ages ranged from ~ 30 years for the volcanic endmember to 〉 70 years for the deep, mineralized end-member, with longer circuits recharged at higher elevations. Overall, the results of this study were particularly relevant for mineral water exploitation. A recharge from outside the hydrogeological basin could be evidenced, especially for the more mineralized and valuable groundwater, and an active recent recharge was detected for the whole Riardo system. Both findings will contribute to the refinement of the hydrogeological model and water budget, and to a sustainable development of the resource.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1–28
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aquifer recharge; Fractured aquifers; Groundwater dating; Hydrogeological circuits; Stable isotopes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Multi-model assessment of the late-winter extra-tropical response to El Niño and La Niña (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to affect the Northern Hemisphere tropospheric circulation in late-winter (January–March), but whether El Niño and La Niña lead to symmetric impacts and with the same underlying dynamics remains unclear, particularly in the North Atlantic. Three state-of-the-art atmospheric models forced by symmetric anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) patterns, mimicking strong ENSO events, are used to robustly diagnose symmetries and asymmetries in the extra-tropical ENSO response. Asymmetries arise in the sea-level pressure (SLP) response over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, as the response to La Niña tends to be weaker and shifted westward with respect to that of El Niño. The difference in amplitude can be traced back to the distinct energy available for the two ENSO phases associated with the non-linear diabatic heating response to the total SST field. The longitudinal shift is embedded into the large-scale Rossby wave train triggered from the tropical Pacific, as its anomalies in the upper troposphere show a similar westward displacement in La Niña compared to El Niño. To fully explain this shift, the response in tropical convection and the related anomalous upper-level divergence have to be considered together with the climatological vorticity gradient of the subtropical jet, i.e. diagnosing the tropical Rossby wave source. In the North Atlantic, the ENSO-forced SLP signal is a well-known dipole between middle and high latitudes, different from the North Atlantic Oscillation, whose asymmetry is not indicative of distinct mechanisms driving the teleconnection for El Niño and La Niña.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1965–1986
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Fe and As geochemical self-removal dynamics in mineral waters: evidence from the Ferrarelle groundwater system (Riardo Plain, Southern Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: A theoretical pattern for Fe and As co-precipitation was tested directly in a groundwater natural system. Several monitoring wells were sampled to identify the different endmembers that govern the hydrodynamics of the Ferrarelle Groundwater System in the Riardo Plain (Southern Italy). In agreement with recent investigations, we found a mix of a deep and a shallow component in different proportions, resulting in a specific chemical composition of groundwater in each well depending on the percentages of each component. The shallow component was characterized by EC ~ 430 µS/cm, Eh ~ 300 mV, Fe ~ 0.06 µmol/L and As ~ 0.01-0.12 µmol/L, while the deep component was characterized by EC ~ 3400 µS/cm, Eh ~ 170 mV, Fe ~ 140 µmol/L and As ~ 0.59 µmol/L. A general attenuation of As and Fe concentration that was not due to a simple dilution effect was observed in the mixing process. The oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) produces solid precipitates which adsorb As from solution and then co-precipitate. The reactions pattern of Fe(II) oxidation and As adsorption gave a linear function between [As] and [Fe], where the angular coefficient depends on the [O2]/[H+] ratio. Chemical data obtained from our samples showed a very good agreement with this theoretical relationship. The investigated geochemical dynamics represented a natural process of attenuation of Fe and As, two undesirable elements that usually affect groundwater quality in volcanic aquifers in central-southern Italy, which are exploited to supply drinking water.
    Description: Published
    Description: pages 2065–2082
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fe and As hydrogeochemistry; Natural mineral water; Natural self-removal dynamics; Oxohydroxides adsorption; Water treatment
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    Geochemical characterisation of the thermo-mineral waters of Greece (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Geothermal areas of Greece are located in regions affected by recent volcanism and in continental basins characterised by elevated heat flow. Many of them are found along the coast and thus, water is often saline due to marine intrusion. In the current study, we present about 300 unpublished and literature data from thermal and cold mineral waters collected along Greece. Samples were analysed for major ions, Li, SiO2 and isotopes in water. Measured temperatures range from 6.5 to 98°C, pH from 1.96 to 11.98, whilst Total Dissolved Solutes (TDS) from 0.22 to 51 g/L. Waters were subdivided into four main groups: i) thermal; ii) cold; iii) acidic (pH 〈5) and iv) hyperalkaline (pH 〉11). On statistical basis, the thermal waters were subdivided into subgroups according to both their temperature [warm (〈29 °C), hypothermal (29-48 °C), thermal (48-75 °C) and hyperthermal (〉75 °C)] and TDS [low salinity (〈4 g/L), brackish (4-30 g/L) and saline (〉30 g/L)]. Cold waters were subdivided basing on their pCO2 [low (〈0.05 atm), medium (0.05-0.85 atm) and high (〉0.85 atm)]. δ18O-H2O ranges from -12.7 to +2.7 ‰ vs. SMOW, while δ2H-H2O from -91 to +12 ‰ vs. SMOW being generally comprised between the Global Meteoric Water Line and the East Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line. Positive δ18O shifts with respect to the former are mostly related to mixing with seawater, while only for a few samples they point to high-temperature water-rock interaction processes. Only a few thermal waters gave reliable geothermometric estimates, suggesting reservoir temperatures between 80 and 260 °C.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2111–2133
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrogeochemistry ; Stable isotopes ; Carbon dioxide ; Geothermometry ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 03.04. Chemical and biological
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    Toward a global reference database of COI barcodes for marine zooplankton (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bucklin, A., Peijnenburg, K. T. C. A., Kosobokova, K. N., O'Brien, T. D., Blanco-Bercial, L., Cornils, A., Falkenhaug, T., Hopcroft, R. R., Hosia, A., Laakmann, S., Li, C., Martell, L., Questel, J. M., Wall-Palmer, D., Wang, M., Wiebe, P. H., & Weydmann-Zwolicka, A. Toward a global reference database of COI barcodes for marine zooplankton. Marine Biology, 168(6), (2021): 78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03887-y.
    Description: Characterization of species diversity of zooplankton is key to understanding, assessing, and predicting the function and future of pelagic ecosystems throughout the global ocean. The marine zooplankton assemblage, including only metazoans, is highly diverse and taxonomically complex, with an estimated ~28,000 species of 41 major taxonomic groups. This review provides a comprehensive summary of DNA sequences for the barcode region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) for identified specimens. The foundation of this summary is the MetaZooGene Barcode Atlas and Database (MZGdb), a new open-access data and metadata portal that is linked to NCBI GenBank and BOLD data repositories. The MZGdb provides enhanced quality control and tools for assembling COI reference sequence databases that are specific to selected taxonomic groups and/or ocean regions, with associated metadata (e.g., collection georeferencing, verification of species identification, molecular protocols), and tools for statistical analysis, mapping, and visualization. To date, over 150,000 COI sequences for ~ 5600 described species of marine metazoan plankton (including holo- and meroplankton) are available via the MZGdb portal. This review uses the MZGdb as a resource for summaries of COI barcode data and metadata for important taxonomic groups of marine zooplankton and selected regions, including the North Atlantic, Arctic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. The MZGdb is designed to provide a foundation for analysis of species diversity of marine zooplankton based on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding for assessment of marine ecosystems and rapid detection of the impacts of climate change.
    Description: Funding sources for authors of the review paper are described here: Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and a grant to SCOR from the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE-1840868). Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi Grant/Award Number: 016.161.351 to K.T.C.A.P. European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 746186 (POSEIDoN) to D.W.P. The work of K.N.K. was performed in the framework of the state assignment of IO RAS (Theme No. 0128-2021-0007) and partially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research grants No. 18-05-60158 and No. 19-04-00955. The work of A.W.Z. was supported by a grant from HIDEA—Hidden diversity of the Arctic Ocean (No. 2017/27/B/NZ8/01056) from the National Science Centre, Poland, and a Fulbright Senior Award. The Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative of the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre provided funding for A.H. and L.M. (Project Nos. 70184233/HYPNO and 70184240/NORHYDRO), and for T.F. (Project Nos. 70184233/COPCLAD and 70184241/HYPCOP). The work of R.R.H. and J.M.Q. was supported by Census of Marine Life and NOAA Ocean Exploration and Research (NA05OAR4601079 and NA15OAR0110209). The work of S.L. was conducted at the Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB). HIFMB is a collaboration between the Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, and the Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, initially funded by the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony and the Volkswagen Foundation through the Niedersächsisches Vorab’ grant program (Grant No. ZN3285).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Effects of climate change and industrialization on Lake Bolshoe Toko, eastern Siberia (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Paleolimnology, Springer, 65(3), pp. 335-352, ISSN: 0921-2728
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-14
    Description: Industrialization in the Northern Hemisphere has led to warming and pollution of natural ecosystems. We used paleolimnological methods to explore whether recent climate change and/or pollution had affected a very remote lake ecosystem, i.e. one without nearby direct human influence. We compared sediment samples that date from before and after the onset of industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century, from four short cores taken at water depths between 12.1 and 68.3 m in Lake Bolshoe Toko, eastern Siberia. We analyzed diatom assemblage changes, including diversity estimates, in all four cores and geochemical changes (mercury, nitrogen, organic carbon) from one core taken at an intermediate water depth. Chronologies for two cores were established using 210Pb and 137Cs. Sedimentation rates were 0.018 and 0.033 cm year−1 at the shallow- and deep-water sites, respectively. We discovered an increase in light planktonic diatoms (Cyclotella) and a decrease in heavily silicified euplanktonic Aulacoseira through time at deep-water sites, related to more recent warmer air temperatures and shorter periods of lake-ice cover, which led to pronounced thermal stratification. Diatom beta diversity in shallow-water communities changed significantly because of the development of new habitats associated with macrophyte growth. Mercury concentrations increased by a factor of 1.6 since the mid-nineteenth century as a result of atmospheric fallout. Recent increases in the chrysophyte Mallomonas in all cores suggested an acidification trend. We conclude that even remote boreal lakes are susceptible to the effects of climate change and human-induced pollution.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Role of external inputs of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems in determining prevalence of nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Howarth, R. W., Chan, F., Swaney, D. P., Marino, R. M., & Hayn, M. Role of external inputs of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems in determining prevalence of nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity. Biogeochemistry, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00765-z.
    Description: Whether net primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem is limited by nitrogen (N), limited by phosphorus (P), or co-limited by N & P is determined by the relative supply of N and P to phytoplankton compared to their elemental requirements for primary production, often characterized by the “Redfield” ratio. The supply of these essential nutrients is affected by both external inputs and biogeochemical processes within the ecosystem. In this paper, we examine external sources of nutrients to aquatic systems and how the balance of N to P inputs influences nutrient limitation. For ocean subtropical gyres, a relatively balanced input of N and P relative to the Redfield ratio from deep ocean sources often leads to near co-limitation by N and P. For lakes, the external nutrient inputs come largely from watershed sources, and we demonstrate that on average the N:P ratio for these inputs across the United States is well above that needed by phytoplankton, which may contribute to P limitation in those lake that experience this average nutrient loading. Watershed inputs are also important for estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems, but ocean sources of nutrients are also significant contributors to overall nutrient loads. The ocean-nutrient sources of N and P are very often at or below the Redfield ratio of 16:1 molar, and can be substantially so, particularly in areas where the continental shelf is wide. This large input of coastal ocean nutrients with a low N:P ratio is one factor that may make N limitation more likely in many coastal marine ecosystems than in lakes.
    Description: Preparation of this manuscript was supported by a National Science Foundation Grant # 1654845 from the Long Term Research in Environmental Biology program, a grant from the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future at Cornell University, and by an endowment given to Cornell by David R. Atkinson to support a professorship held by RWH.
    Keywords: Nutrient limitation ; Nitrogen limitation ; Phosphorus limitation ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Estuaries ; Coastal marine ecosystems ; Redfield ratio ; NANI ; NAPI ; Nutrient stoichiometry
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    Review of the analysis of Th-234 in small volume (2-4 L) seawater samples: improvements and recommendations (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Clevenger, S. J., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Drysdale, J., Pike, S., Puigcorbe, V., & Buesseler, K. O. Review of the analysis of Th-234 in small volume (2-4 L) seawater samples: improvements and recommendations. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 329(1), (2021): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07772-2.
    Description: The short-lived radionuclide 234Th is widely used to study particle scavenging and transport from the upper ocean to deeper waters. This manuscript optimizes, reviews and validates the collection, processing and analyses of total 234Th in seawater and suggests areas of further improvements. The standard 234Th protocol method consists of scavenging 234Th from seawater via a MnO2 precipitate, beta counting, and using chemical recoveries determined by adding 230Th. The revised protocol decreases sample volumes to 2 L, shortens wait times between steps, and simplifies the chemical recovery process, expanding the ability to more rapidly and safely apply the 234Th method.
    Description: The authors would like to acknowledge support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) program awards 80NSSC17K0555; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Twilight Zone study for KOB and SJC.
    Keywords: Thorium-234 analysis ; 234Th particle flux ; Biological carbon pump ; Particle scavenging
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    Watershed suspended sediment supply and potential impacts of dam removals for an estuary (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ralston, D. K., Yellen, B., & Woodruff, J. D. Watershed suspended sediment supply and potential impacts of dam removals for an estuary. Estuaries and Coasts, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-020-00873-3.
    Description: Observations and modeling are used to assess potential impacts of sediment releases due to dam removals on the Hudson River estuary. Watershed sediment loads are calculated based on sediment-discharge rating curves for gauges covering 80% of the watershed area. The annual average sediment load to the estuary is 1.2 Mt, of which about 0.6 Mt comes from side tributaries. Sediment yield varies inversely with watershed area, with regional trends that are consistent with substrate erodibility. Geophysical and sedimentological surveys in seven subwatersheds of the Lower Hudson were conducted to estimate the mass and composition of sediment trapped behind dams. Impoundments were classified as (1) active sediment traps, (2) run-of-river sites not actively trapping sediment, and (3) dammed natural lakes and spring-fed ponds. Based on this categorization and impoundment attributes from a dam inventory database, the total mass of impounded sediment in the Lower Hudson watershed is estimated as 4.9 ± 1.9 Mt. This represents about 4 years of annual watershed supply, which is small compared with some individual dam removals and is not practically available given current dam removal rates. More than half of dams impound drainage areas less than 1 km2, and play little role in downstream sediment supply. In modeling of a simulated dam removal, suspended sediment in the estuary increases modestly near the source during discharge events, but otherwise effects on suspended sediment are minimal. Fine-grained sediment deposits broadly along the estuary and coarser sediment deposits near the source, with transport distance inversely related to settling velocity.
    Description: This work was sponsored by the National Estuarine Research Reserve System Science Collaborative, which is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and managed by the University of Michigan Water Center (NAI4NOS4190145). Additional support for participating graduate and undergraduates was provided by the Northeast Climate and Adaptation Center and the Hudson River Fund. Additional support for DKR was provided by the Hudson River Foundation (Grant No. 003/19A). Data from sediment cores that were collected in association with this manuscript are archived here: https://doi.org/10.7275/dh3v-0x33.
    Keywords: Dam removal ; Suspended sediment ; Watershed sediment yield ; Sediment supply ; Sediment trapping
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    Gashydrate – Eine Einführung in Grundlagenforschung und Anwendung (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-18
    Description: Gashydrate, auch „brennendes Eis“ genannt, sind faszinierende, eisähnliche Feststoffe, die aus Wasser- und Gasmolekülen aufgebaut sind und weltweit an allen aktiven und passiven Kontinentalhängen und in Permafrostgebieten vorkommen. Doch ihr unauffälliges Erscheinungsbild täuscht: Die Einschlussverbindungen können beachtliche Mengen Methangas enthalten. Daher besteht einerseits die Hoffnung auf einen möglichen neuen Energieträger und andererseits die Sorge um eine nicht zu unterschätzende Quelle an klimaschädlichem Methangas. Gashydrate, hat die neueste Forschung gezeigt, bieten zudem in vielen Bereichen industrieller Anwendung eine durchaus vielversprechende Alternative zu konventionellen Verfahren. Das vorliegende Buch gibt eine Einführung in die physikalisch-chemischen Grundlagen der Hydratbildung und die Strukturen der Gashydratphasen. Basierend auf diesem grundlegenden Verständnis erklärt es die natürlichen Gashydratvorkommen und zeichnet mögliche Methoden des Abbaus und der Gewinnung von Methangas auf. Es beleuchtet Risiken, die von den Gashydratvorkommen in der Natur ausgehen könnten, und führt in die Möglichkeiten der Nutzung dieser Einschlussverbindungen in verschiedenen industriellen Anwendungsbereichen wie z.B. der Aufbereitung von Abwässern oder der Speicherung von Gasen ein. Zielgruppe dieser kompakten Einführung in die verschiedenen Aspekte der Gashydratforschung sind Studierende der Chemie und Geowissenschaften, Ingenieure, Techniker oder auch Wissenschaftler.
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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    Effect of in situ tempering on the mechanical, microstructural and corrosion properties of 316L stainless steel laser-cladded coating on mild steel (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0268-3768
    Electronic ISSN: 1433-3015
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    A spectral condition for spectral gap: fast mixing in high-temperature Ising models (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0178-8051
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-2064
    Topics: Mathematics
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    Evaluation and analysis of metal mine filling based on numerical simulation and actual measurement (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1866-6280
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-6299
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Inhibition of the MepA efflux pump by limonene demonstrated by in vitro and in silico methods (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0015-5632
    Electronic ISSN: 1874-9356
    Topics: Biology
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    Evaluating stability of perilous slide zones occurring in Lesser Himalayan schuppen belt between Tiuni and Taluka route, Uttarakhand, India (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1866-6280
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-6299
    Topics: Geosciences
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    The spatial distribution and height of associated crops influence cocoa tree productivity in complex agroforestry systems (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 1774-0746
    Electronic ISSN: 1773-0155
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Design of a novel PEBA/CDs polymeric fibrous composite nanostructure in order to remove navicula algal and improve the quality of drinking water (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0170-0839
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-2449
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    The change of rainfall and atmosphere characteristics based on target tracking algorithm and real-time monitoring of college students’ physical training (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 1866-7511
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-7538
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Insight into palynological characteristics of Vinca species in Turkey and their taxonomic relationship (2021)
    Taylor & Francis
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Print ISSN: 0191-6122
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-9188
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists.
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    An Extension Strain Type Mohr–Coulomb Criterion (2021)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
    Description: Extension fractures are typical for the deformation under low or no confining pressure. They can be explained by a phenomenological extension strain failure criterion. In the past, a simple empirical criterion for fracture initiation in brittle rock has been developed. In this article, it is shown that the simple extension strain criterion makes unrealistic strength predictions in biaxial compression and tension. To overcome this major limitation, a new extension strain criterion is proposed by adding a weighted principal shear component to the simple criterion. The shear weight is chosen, such that the enriched extension strain criterion represents the same failure surface as the Mohr–Coulomb (MC) criterion. Thus, the MC criterion has been derived as an extension strain criterion predicting extension failure modes, which are unexpected in the classical understanding of the failure of cohesive-frictional materials. In progressive damage of rock, the most likely fracture direction is orthogonal to the maximum extension strain leading to dilatancy. The enriched extension strain criterion is proposed as a threshold surface for crack initiation CI and crack damage CD and as a failure surface at peak stress CP. Different from compressive loading, tensile loading requires only a limited number of critical cracks to cause failure. Therefore, for tensile stresses, the failure criteria must be modified somehow, possibly by a cut-off corresponding to the CI stress. Examples show that the enriched extension strain criterion predicts much lower volumes of damaged rock mass compared to the simple extension strain criterion.
    Print ISSN: 0723-2632
    Electronic ISSN: 1434-453X
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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