ALBERT

Description: The deglaciation history and Holocene environmental evolution of northern Wijdefjorden, Svalbard, are reconstructed using sediment cores and acoustic data (multibeam swath bathymetry and sub-bottom profiler data). Results reveal that the fjord mouth was deglaciated prior to 14.5±0.3 cal. ka BP and deglaciation occurred stepwise. Biomarker analyses show rapid variations in water temperature and sea ice cover during the deglaciation, and cold conditions during the Younger Dryas, followed by minimum sea ice cover throughout the Early Holocene, until c. 7 cal. ka BP. Most of the glaciers in Wijdefjorden had retreated onto land by c. 7.6±0.2 cal. ka BP. Subsequently, the sea-ice extent increased and remained high throughout the last part of the Holocene. We interpret a high Late Holocene sediment accumulation rate in the northernmost core to reflect increased sediment flux to the site from the outlet of the adjacent lake Femmilsjøen, related to glacier growth in the Femmilsjøen catchment area. Furthermore, increased sea ice cover, lower water temperatures and the re-occurrence of ice-rafted debris indicate increased local glacier activity and overall cooler conditions in Wijdefjorden after c. 0.5 cal. ka BP. We summarize our findings in a conceptual model for the depositional environment in northern Wijdefjorden from the Late Weichselian until present.

Description: Due to the intensive ozone research in recent decades, the processes that influence stratospheric ozone are well understood. The chemistry and transport model ATLAS was developed to simulate the chemistry and transport of stratospheric ozone globally. The chemical rate of change of ozone is calculated at each model point and time step of the model by solving a system of differential equations that requires 55 input parameters (chemical species, temperatures, ...). But the computational e!ort to solve this complex system of differential equations is very high, and with respect to the overall limited computation time, this prevents the inclusion of ozone chemistry into ESMs. This project proposes a data-driven machine learning approach to predict the rate of change of stratospheric ozone. To derive a data set from modelled data, ATLAS was run for several short model runs. The rate of change of ozone and 55 parameters were stored at each model point and time step. By observing the co-variances of the high-dimensional feature-space, a large data set with reduced dimensionality has been created. A supervised learning algorithm used this data set of input and output pairs to train a deep feed- forward neural network (NN). This involved the identification and optimisation of several hyperparameters and to find a well- functioning combination of depth (number of layers) and width (number of neurons per layer). In this way, the NN model capacity is optimised with respect to the data itself. To evaluate this approach, the results were compared with another data-driven approach called SWIFT. The SWIFT model employs a repro-modelling approach that uses polynomials to approximate the rate of change of ozone. The resulting NN model is not only capable of learning the context of an eleven-dimensional hyperplane, but also improves the RMSE by about one order of magnitude compared to SWIFT’s previous polynomial approach. In addition, the deviations of the predictions at the boundaries (altitude and latitude) are significantly lower, which is a challenge for the polynomial approach. Only fully coupled ozone climate set ups are able to consider the complex interactions of the stratospheric ozone layer and climate. This is a step towards a computationally very fast but accurate application of an interactive ozone scheme in climate models.

Description: Abstract The novel 10Be (meteoric)/9Be system, where 10Be is delivered by precipitation and stable 9Be is released by weathering, provides denudation rates over weathering‐erosion timescales. The new tool is applicable to quartz‐poor lithologies, for example, mafic rock and claystone, which are not readily accessible by the commonly used in situ‐produced 10Be in quartz. We provide a first application of this proxy to a tectonically active mountainous river, the Zhuoshui River in Taiwan. Taiwan Rivers supply a disproportionately high suspended and dissolved flux to the oceans and are often underlain by fine‐grained shale/slate. 10Be (meteoric)/9Be‐derived denudation rates (Dmet) from the Zhuoshui Catchment are highest in the slate‐dominated headwaters (4–8 mm/year), and much lower (1–2 mm/year) along the midlower reaches with mixed lithologies. At the basin‐wide scale, we find a poor correlation between Dmet and basin‐averaged channel steepness despite a small climatic gradient. Because large lithological heterogeneities exist in this basin, we invoke a lithological effect to explain this poor correlation. Relying on a revised stream power incision model that incorporates rock erodibility, the resulting lithology‐ and runoff‐adjusted ksn (kLrsn) can be reconciled with denudation rates with the highest erodibility predicted to prevail in the Miocene slate of low metamorphic grade and high fracture density. This model suggests that the lithological heterogeneity can alter the coupling between surface denudation and channel morphology. On a broader perspective, the successful application of the 10Be (meteoric)/9Be proxy shows its applicability as a tracer for erosion and sediment transport processes in fast‐eroding mountain belts underlain by slate lithologies.

Description: Key Points 10Be (meteoric)/9Be ratios quantify fast denudation of slate regions in Taiwan Topographic metrics and denudation rates show different spatial patterns Lithologic variability alters coupling between denudation rates and ksn, based on a revised stream power model including rock erodibility

Description: Freie Universität Berlin‐China Scholarship Council PhD Program

Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809

Description: Major achievements The feedback provided by potential users on their needs was very much appreciated. They underlined the importance of having: ● an easy to deploy instrument (i.e.: from small fishing boats); ● multi-parameter sensors in ONE device; ● less maintenance effort and prioritized the variables to measure. Although, there are technical limitations and different solutions and there is no one tool that can do everything, which is low cost, has high resolution and low maintenance, the outcomes of the platforms/sensors/communications working group meet the main requirements that emerged. Priority was given to: ● a platform that will operate in drifter mode which is extremely easy to deploy and perfect for studies associated with search and rescue operations (another need that has emerged). It also constantly guarantees the knowledge of the instrument position. The platform can be easily converted into the moored mode. ● temperature and pressure sensors. The sensors will be low -cost with the idea to replace them rather than calibrate them; ● LoRaWAN communications preferably with Bluetooth integration for the in-situ download of the data.

Description: Cold-pool-driven convective initiation is investigated in high-resolution, convection-permitting simulations with a focus on the diurnal cycle and organization of convection and the sensitivity to grid size. Simulations of four different days over Germany were performed using the ICON-LEM model with grid sizes from 156 to 625 m. In these simulations, we identify cold pools, cold-pool boundaries and initiated convection. Convection is triggered much more efficiently in the vicinity of cold pools than in other regions and can provide as much as 50% of total convective initiation, in particular in the late afternoon. By comparing different model resolutions, we find that cold pools are more frequent, smaller and less intense in lower-resolution simulations. Furthermore, their gust fronts are weaker and less likely to trigger new convection. To identify how model resolution affects this triggering probability, we use a linear causal graph analysis. In doing so, we postulate a graph structure with potential causal pathways and then apply multi-linear regression accordingly. We find a dominant, systematic effect: reducing grid sizes directly reduces upward mass flux at the gust front, which causes weaker triggering probabilities. These findings are expected to be even more relevant for km-scale, numerical weather prediction models. We thus expect that a better representation of cold-pool-driven convective initiation will improve forecasts of convective precipitation.

Description: Reliable and accurate weather forecasts, particularly those of rainfall and its extremes, have the potential to improve living conditions in densely populated southern West Africa (SWA). The limited availability of observations has long impeded a rigorous evaluation of current state-of-the-art forecast models. The field campaign of the Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project in June–July 2016 has created an unprecedentedly dense set of measurements from surface stations and radiosondes. Here we present results from a comprehensive evaluation of both numerical model forecasts and satellite products using these data on a regional and local level. Results reveal a substantial observational uncertainty showing considerable underestimations in satellite estimates of rainfall and low-cloud cover with little correlation at the local scale. Models have a dry bias of 0.1–1.9 mm·day−1 in rainfall and too low column relative humidity. They tend to underestimate low clouds, leading to excess surface solar radiation of 43 W·m−2. Remarkably, most models show some skill in representing regional modulations of rainfall related to synoptic-scale disturbances, while local variations in rainfall and cloudiness are hardly captured. Slightly better results are found with respect to temperature and for the post-onset rather than for the pre-onset period. Delicate local features such as the Maritime Inflow phenomenon are also rather poorly represented, leading to too cool, dry and cloudy conditions at the coast. Differences between forecast days 1 and 2 are relatively small and hardly systematic, suggesting a relatively quick error saturation. Using explicit convection leads to more realistic spatial variability in rainfall, but otherwise no marked improvement. Future work should aim at improving the subtle balance between the diurnal cycles of low clouds, surface radiation, the boundary layer and convection. Further efforts are also needed to improve the observational system beyond field campaign periods.

Description: We revisit the linear boundary-layer approximation that expresses a generalized Ekman balance and use it to clarify a range of interpretations in the previous literature on the tropical cyclone boundary layer. Some of these interpretations relate to the reasons for inflow in the boundary layer and others relate to the presumed effects of inertial stability on boundary-layer dynamics. Inertial stability has been invoked, for example, to explain aspects of boundary-layer behaviour, including the frontogenetic nature of the boundary layer and its relationship to vortex spin-up. Our analysis exposes the fallacy of invoking inertial stability as a resistance to radial inflow in the boundary layer. The analysis shows also that the nonlinear acceleration terms become comparable to the linear Coriolis acceleration terms in relatively narrow vortices that are inertially stable above the boundary layer. Estimates of the nonlinear accelerations using the linear solutions are expected to underestimate the actual contribution in a nonlinear boundary-layer model, cautioning against neglecting the nonlinear terms in diagnostic or prognostic models.

Description: Phycotoxins (marine algal toxins) are toxic metabolites released by certain phytoplankton species. They can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks because filter-feeding mollusks, such as mussels, can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain and present a threat for consumers’ health. A wide range of symptoms, from digestive to nervous, are associated to human intoxication by biotoxins, characterizing different and specific syndromes, called shellfish poisoning. The aim of this study is to compare the seasonal and spatial phycotoxin profiles of mussels (wild and farmed) harvested from South Bulgarian coast in the period 2017-2018. Analyzed were 57 samples by different analytical techniques - liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection followed by postcolumn derivatization. Domoic acid (DA), yessotoxin (YTX), pectenotoxin-2, PTX-2sa/ epi-PTX-2sa and gonyautoxin-2 (GTX2) were detected in the studied samples. Results revealed huge seasonal variations in the phycotoxin profiles of the mussels investigated. Spring 2017 profile is dominated by domoic acid present in 67% of the samples and reaching highest level of 618.9 ng. g-1. In summer 2017 samples YTX is prevalent (60%) reaching a level of 8.3 ng.g-1. No phycotoxins were detected in samples from fall 2017. The epimer pair PTX-2sa/ epi-PTX-2sa was with highest seasonal abundance in winter-spring 2018 – 47%. Its maximum detected level was 7.1 ng.g-1. No statistically significant differences in mean phycotoxin levels of different sampling locations were determined. Generally, the herein reported marine toxins levels are comparable or even lower than in other European studies and much lower than legislative limits set in EU. Nevertheless, the huge seasonal variations in the phycotoxin profile show that for protection of consumers’ health a further surveillance on marine toxins content in edible mussels is required.

Description: Some diatoms and dinoflagellates can produce marine toxins, which can accumulate in, e.g. filter-feeding bivalves, posing a potent treat to seafood consumers. In this study, concentrated net plankton samples were collected from mussel cultivation regions (Kavarna bay) and zones for wild catch (Varna bay) in two periods - winter to fall 2018 and spring 2019. A method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to analyze domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, yessotoxin, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), gymnodimine A (GYM), 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX1), and goniodomin A (GDA). Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. Results indicated the presence of DA, PTX2, SPX1 and GDA reaching maximum levels of 1.4 ng.NH-1.m-1 DA, 115.5 ng.NH-1.m-1 PTX2, 0.2 ng.NH-1.m-1 SPX1 and 8.6 ng.NH-1.m-1 GDA. No PSTs were detected in the investigated samples. The maximum toxin load of the samples was due to the presence of PTX2. Detection of DA, PTX2, SPX1 and GDA in the samples points to the possible toxigenic nature of phytoplankton species along the Bulgarian coast. These data may be used to evaluate the probability of potential risks to local aquaculture and seafood from wild catch.

Description: The late Pleistocene Yedoma Ice Complex is an ice-rich and organic-bearing type of permafrost deposit widely distributed across Beringia and is assumed to be especially prone to deep degradation with warming temperature, which is a potential tipping point of the climate system. To better understand Yedoma formation, its local characteristics, and its regional sedimentological composition, we compiled the grain-size distributions (GSDs) of 771 samples from 23 Yedoma locations across the Arctic; samples from sites located close together were pooled to form 17 study sites. In addition, we studied 160 samples from three non-Yedoma ice-wedge polygon and floodplain sites for the comparison of Yedoma samples with Holocene depositional environments. The multimodal GSDs indicate that a variety of sediment production, transport, and depositional processes were involved in Yedoma formation. To disentangle these processes, a robust endmember modeling analysis (rEMMA) was performed. Nine robust grain-size endmembers (rEMs) characterize Yedoma deposits across Beringia. The study sites of Yedoma deposits were finally classified using cluster analysis. The resulting four clusters consisted of two to five sites that are distributed randomly across northeastern Siberia and Alaska, suggesting that the differences are associated with rather local conditions. In contrast to prior studies suggesting a largely aeolian contribution to Yedoma sedimentation, the wide range of rEMs indicates that aeolian sedimentation processes cannot explain the entire variability found in GSDs of Yedoma deposits. Instead, Yedoma sedimentation is controlled by local conditions such as source rocks and weathering processes, nearby paleotopography, and diverse sediment transport processes. Our findings support the hypothesis of a polygenetic Yedoma origin involving alluvial, fluvial, and niveo-aeolian transport; accumulation in ponding waters; and in situ frost weathering as well as postdepositional processes of solifluction, cryoturbation, and pedogenesis. The characteristic rEM composition of the Yedoma clusters will help to improve how grain-size-dependent parameters in permafrost models and soil carbon budgets are considered. Our results show the characteristic properties of ice-rich Yedoma deposits in the terrestrial Arctic. Characterizing and quantifying site-specific past depositional processes is crucial for elucidating and understanding the trajectories of this unique kind of ice-rich permafrost in a warmer future.

Description: Quantitative environmental assessments are crucial in working effectively towards sustainable production and consumption patterns. Over the last decades, life cycle assessments (LCA) have been established as a viable means of measuring the environmental impacts of products along the supply chain. In regard to user and consumption patterns, however, methodological weaknesses have been reported and, several attempts have been made to improve LCA accordingly, for example, by including higher order effects and behavioural science support. In a discussion of such approaches, we show that there has been no explicit attention to the concepts of consumption, often leading to product-centred assessments. We introduce social practice theories in order to make consumption patterns accessible to LCA. Social practices are routinised actions comprising interconnected elements (materials, competences, and meanings), which make them conceivable as one entity (e.g. cooking). Because most social practices include some sort of consumption (materials, energy, air), we were able to develop a framework which links social practices to the life cycle inventory of LCA. The proposed framework provides a new perspective of quantitative environmental assessments by switching the focus from products or users to social practices. Accordingly, we see the opportunity in overcoming the reductionist view that people are just users of products, and instead we see them as practitioners in social practises. This change could enable new methods of interdisciplinary research on consumption, integrating intend-oriented social sciences and impact-oriented assessments. However, the framework requires further revision and, especially, empirical validation.

Description: The paper provides an integrated assessment of environmental and socio-economic effects arising from final consumption of food products by European households. Direct and indirect effects accumulated along the global supply chain are assessed by applying environmentally extended input-output analysis (EE-IOA). EXIOBASE 3.4 database is used as a source of detailed information on environmental pressures and world input-output transactions of intermediate and final goods and services. An original methodology to produce detailed allocation matrices to link IO data with household expenditure data is presented and applied. The results show a relative decoupling between environmental pressures and consumption over time and shows that European food consumption generates relatively less environmental pressures outside Europe (due to imports) than average European consumption. A methodological framework is defined to analyze the main driving forces by means of a structural decomposition analysis (SDA). The results of the SDA highlight that while technological developments and changes in the mix of consumed food products result in reductions in environmental pressures, this is offset by growth in consumption. The results highlight the importance of directing specific research and policy efforts towards food consumption to support the transition to a more sustainable food system in line with the objectives of the EU Farm to Fork Strategy.

Description: As the Arctic coast erodes, it drains thermokarst lakes, transforming them into lagoons and, eventually, integrates them into subsea permafrost. Lagoons represent the first stage of a thermokarst lake transition to a marine setting and possibly more saline and colder upper boundary conditions. In this research, borehole data, electrical resistivity surveying, and modelling of heat and salt diffusion were carried out at Polar Fox Lagoon on the Bykovsky Peninsula, Siberia. Polar Fox Lagoon is a seasonally isolated water body connected to Tiksi Bay through a channel, leading to hypersaline waters under the ice cover. The boreholes in the centre of the lagoon revealed floating ice and a saline cryotic bed underlain by a saline cryotic talik, a thin ice‐bearing permafrost layer, and unfrozen ground. The bathymetry showed that most of the lagoon was ice‐grounded in spring. In bedfast ice areas, the electrical resistivity profiles suggest that an unfrozen saline layer was underlain by a thick layer of refrozen talik. The modelling suggests thermokarst lake taliks refreeze when submerged in saltwater with mean annual bottom water temperatures below or slightly above 0 °C. This occurs, because the top‐down chemical degradation of newly formed ice‐bearing permafrost is slower than the cooling of the talik. Hence, lagoons may pre‐condition taliks with a layer of ice‐bearing permafrost before encroachment by the sea and this frozen layer may act as a cap on gas migration out of the underlying talik.

Description: Subsea permafrost forms when sea level rise from deglaciation or coastal erosion results in inundation of terrestrial permafrost. The response of permafrost to flooding in these settings will be determined by both ice-rich Pleistocene deposits and the thermokarst basins that thawed out during the Holocene. Thermokarst processes lower ground ice content, create partially drained and refrozen depressions (Alases) and thaw bulbs (taliks) beneath them, warm the ground, and can thaw the ground below sea level. We hypothesize that inundated Alases offshore with relatively lower ice content and higher porewater salinities in their sediments (possibly resulting from lagoon interaction) thaw faster than Yedoma terrain. To test this hypothesis, we estimated permafrost thaw rates offshore of the Bykovsky Peninsula in Tiksi Bay, northeastern Siberia using geoelectric surveys with floating electrodes. The surveys traversed a former undrained lagoon, drained and refrozen Alas deposits, and undisturbed Yedoma terrain at varying distances from shore. A continuous Yedoma-Alas-beach-lagoon survey was also carried out to obtain an indication of pre-inundation subsurface electrical resistivity. While the estimated degradation rates of the submerged Yedoma lies in the range of similar sites, and slows with increasing distance offshore, the Alas rates were more diverse and at least twice as fast within 125 m of the coastline. The latter is possibly due to saline lagoon water that infiltrated the Alas while it was still unfrozen. The ice-bearing permafrost depths of the former lagoon were generally the deepest of the terrain units, but displayed poor correlation with distance offshore. We attribute this to heterogeneous talik thickness upon the lagoon to sea transition, as well as permafrost aggradation processes beneath the spit. Given the prevalence of thermokarst basins and lakes along parts of the Arctic coastline, their effect on subsea permafrost degradation must be similarly prevalent. Remote sensing analyses suggest that 40% of lagoons wider than 500 m originated in thermokarst basins along the pan-Arctic coast. The more rapid degradation rates shown here suggest that low-ice content conduits for fluid flow may be more common than currently thought based on thermal modelling of subsea permafrost distribution.

Description: Warming of the Arctic triggers deep permafrost thaw, which has a strong impact on permafrost organic carbon (OC) storage. To identify the sedimentation history and organic matter (OM) characteristics of thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes, we carried out an expedition in spring 2017 to the Bykovsky Peninsula. This is a remnant of a late Pleistocene accumulation plain on the Laptev Sea coast, northeastern Siberia. We retrieved a 31-m-long sediment core from underneath a thermokarst lake (water depth: 5.1 m) and analyzed the sediments for n-alkanes, total organic carbon content (TOC) and grain size. From the bottom upwards, the core contained 3 m of frozen sediments from underneath the thaw bulb (Unit I: 36.6-33 m), 25 m of unfrozen Yedoma (taberal) sediments (Unit II: 33-18 m, Unit III: 18-10 m) and 4 m of unfrozen lake sediments (Unit IV: 10-5.1 m). Unit I contained coarsest sediments and rounded pebbles, which point to a strong fluvial influence. Here, we found the highest TOC values (17.8 wt%) and drift wood (organic remains up to 4 cm in size). The dominant mid-chains n-alkanes n-C23 and n-C25 and a high aquatic plant n-alkane proxy Paq (median: 0.65) suggest the growth of submerged/floating macrophytes. With a value of 2.2, the odd-over-even predominance (OEP) is lowest in Unit I. Unit II has a lower relative distribution of the midchain n-alkanes, which suggests the vegetation was likely emergent rather than submerged (median Paq: 0.44). This indicates the onset of Yedoma formation and low-centered polygon development. In the finer sediments of Unit III, the Paq further decreases (median: 0.32) and n-C31 becomes more important, indicating the transition to a drier, grass dominated environment. The thermokarst lake (Unit IV) formed about 8 cal ka BP, indicated by a peat layer. The OM in Unit IV is fresh (median OEP: 8.4) and has the highest n-alkane concentration (20.8 µg g-1 sediment). In this study, we show that thermokarst formation has a potential of mobilizing a large OC pool to tens of meters deep: even though the OM in the sediments below the thaw bulb is furthest degraded, still a substantial amount of OC is stored here. The study of n-alkanes is very useful in identifying OM source and degradability and will help to improve OM mobilization estimates in thawing permafrost by investigating the molecular lipid structure.

Description: The late Pleistocene ice-rich Yedoma permafrost is extremely sensitive to Arctic warming. Warming air temperatures, decreasing sea ice extent lead to an increasing degradation of the Yedoma permafrost and thus to a greater sediment input from coastal shorelines and river floodplains to the Laptev Sea. Thus, so far freeze-locked sediments and any potentially hazardous contaminants contained in them are entering Arctic waters and the biological food chain. Shallow (down to 〈2m) Arctic permafrost soil layers were found to include high levels of mercury (Hg) due to natural enrichment processes of environmentally available Hg (Schuster et al. 2018). However, opposed to seasonal thaw processes of the active layer and long-term gradual thaw through active layer deepening, abrupt thaw processes such as thermokarst, thermo-erosion, and coastal erosion are capable of mobilising permafrost-soils and stored contaminants from tens of meters depth within years to decades. In this study, we determined Hg concentrations from various deposits in Siberia’s deep permafrost sediments. We studied links between sediment properties and Hg enrichment in order to assess a first deep Hg inventory in late Pleistocene permafrost down to 36 m below surface. To do this, we used sediment profiles from seven sites representing different permafrost degradation states on Bykovsky Peninsula (northern Yakutian coast) and in the Yukechi Alas region (Central Yakutia). We analysed 41 samples for Hg content, total carbon, total nitrogen and organic carbon as well as grain size distribution, bulk density and mass specific magnetic susceptibility. Figure 1: (a) geographical overview and detailed location of the study site at Bykovsky Peninsula (b) and Yukechi Alas in Yakutia (c); (d) stratigraphical transect of the study sites and different states of degrading permafrost in Siberia. The numbers indicate the areas of interest in this study. 1) Talik in Yedoma (unfrozen), 2) late Pleistocene Yedoma (frozen), 3) talik in thermokarst (unfrozen), 4) refrozen drained lake basin = Alas (frozen), 5) talik in thermokarst close to sea (unfrozen), 6) talik below seawater flooded thermokarst basins (= lagoons) (unfrozen). We show that the deep sediments (to 30 meter below surface) are characterized by an Hg concentration of 9.72 ± 9.28 μg kg-1 and an correlation of Hg to organic carbon, total nitrogen, grain-size distribution and mass specific magnetic susceptibility. Hg concentrations are higher in the generally sandier sediment of the Bykovsky Peninsula than in the siltier sediment of the Yukechi Alas. In conclusion, we found that the deep permafrost sediments, frozen since tens of millennia, contain sizeable amounts of Hg. Even though the average amount of Hg is with 9.72 μg/kg below levels immediately critical for life and our median is 85 % less (Schuster et al. 2018) than found in Arctic topsoil outside Siberia. Even if the Hg concentrations are not particularly high compared to other sites, the permafrost’s huge spatial coverage results in a significant amount of Hg that can be introduce into nearby aquatic environments and food webs. As the next step, the consequences of old Hg re-entering the active biogeochemical cycles and food webs with ongoing Arctic warming remain unclear and need to be studied in more detail. References 1.Schuster, P. et al. Geophysical Research Letters, 2018, 45, 1463– 1471, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075571

Description: Since 1994, permafrost deposits of the Siberian Yedoma region have been in the focus of the joint Russian-German scientific cooperation in terrestrial Polar research (Figure 1). These studies focused on cryostratigraphic, geochemical, geochronological, and paleontological characteristics at more than 25 individual study sites of the late Pleistocene Yedoma Ice Complex in Siberia and provided a detailed insight into the paleoenvironments and paleoclimate for the westernmost part of Beringia. The multidisciplinary investigations resulted in new ideas and discussions in the ongoing scientific debate on the origin of Yedoma Ice Complex and the main periglacial processes involved in its formation (1,2,3). The Yedoma Ice Complex is an ice-rich type of permafrost deposit widely distributed across Beringia. The Ice Complex aggradation is mainly controlled by the growth of syngenetic ice wedge polygons contributing up to 60 vol% of the entire formation. The clastic sedimentation of ice-oversaturated Yedoma deposits with considerable organic matter content is further controlled by local conditions such as source rocks and periglacial weathering processes, paleotopography, and temporary surface stabilization with autochthonous peat growth and soil formation. Key processes include alluvial, fluvial, and niveo-aeolian transport (4) as well as accumulation in ponding waters and continued in-situ frost weathering over millennial time-scales. Important post-depositional processes affecting Yedoma deposits are solifluction, cryoturbation, and pedogenesis. Major joint Russian-German field studies were conducted on Taymyr Peninsula (5,6,7,8,9,10,11), along the western and central Laptev Sea coasts (12,13,14,15,16,17,18), in the Lena Delta (19,20,21,22), on islands of the New Siberian Archipelago (23,24,25,26,27,28), and the adjacent mainland (29). Further study sites were conducted in the Kolyma Lowland (30), the Yana Highlands (31,32), in the foothills of the Verkhoyan Mountains (33,34,35,36), and in Central Yakutia (37). Comprehensive sampling and further analytical work included not only the Yedoma Ice Complex itself but also included its stratigraphic context of older underlying sequences and younger overlying deposits. The latter often are subaerial or subaquatic deposits associated with late-Glacial to Holocene thermokarst dynamics that led to Yedoma degradation during the deglacial and Holocene warming of these regions (38,39,40). Figure 1: Joint Russian-German fieldwork sites in NE Siberia labeled with the year of expedition. Besides geomorphological and cryolithological studies, extensive paleo-ecological investigations were carried out on zoological (41,42,43,44,45) and botanic fossils (46,47,48,49,50,51) to derive quantitative and qualitative reconstructions late Pleistocene Beringian environments and climate conditions. New methods in geochronology were also tested (52,53,54,55). In addition to the sedimentary components of the frozen deposits, segregated ground ice and in particular the large syngenetic ice wedges of Yedoma Ice Complex were also studied as geochemical and stable isotope archives of paleoclimate (56,57,58, 59,60,61,62). In addition, a range of remote sensing methods in combination with GIS analyses (63,64,65) and geophysical surveys (66) were used for large-scale analyses of landscape changes associated with Yedoma Ice Complex degradation (67,68,69). In the last few years, an additional important focus has been on using modern biogeochemical methods of organic matter analysis to characterize the frozen organic matter in Yedoma Ice Complex deposits and for permafrost carbon pool calculations (70, 71,72,73,74,75,76,77) as well as microbiological studies (78) and genetic studies on fossil DNA (79,80). The rich body of scientific data and literature produced in Russian-German co-authorship within the more than 25 years of joint research on Yedoma Ice Complex represents an important cornerstone for understanding the Late Quaternary evolution of Siberian Yedoma regions, its role in the Earth System, and its feedbacks with climate and ecosystems. References 1.Schirrmeister, L., Dietze, E., Matthes, H., Grosse, G., Strauss, J., Laboor, S., Ulrich, M., Kienast, F., and Wetterich, S. (2020) The genesis of Yedoma Ice Complex permafrost – grain-size endmember modeling analysis from Siberia and Alaska, E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 69, 33–53, doi: 10.5194/egqsj-69-33-2020. 2.Schirrmeister, L., Froese, D., Tumskoy, V., Grosse,G., Wetterich, S. (2013.) Yedoma: Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of Beringia. In: Elias S.A. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 2nd edition, vol. 3, pp. 542-552. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 3.Schirrmeister, L., Kunitsky, V.V., Grosse, G., Wetterich, S., Meyer, H., Schwamborn, G., Babiy, O., Derevyagin, A.Y., and Siegert, C.: Sedimentary characteristics and origin of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex on North-East Siberian Arctic coastal lowlands and islands - a review. Quaternary International 241, 3-25, doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.004, 2011. 4.Kunitsky, V., Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., Kienast, F. (2002). Snow patches in nival landscapes and their role for the Ice Complex formation in the Laptev Sea coastal lowlands, Polarforschung, 70, 53-67, doi:10.2312/polarforschung.70.53. 5.Andreev, A. , Siegert, C. , Klimanov, V. A. , Derevyagin, A. Y. , Shilova, G. N. and Melles, M. (2002) Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation and climate changes in the Taymyr lowland, Northern Siberia Quaternary research, 57, pp. 138-150 . 6.Andreev, A. , Tarasov, P. E. , Siegert, C. , Ebel, T. , Klimanov, V. A. , Melles, M. , Bobrov, A. A. , Derevyagin, A. Y. , Lubinski, D. J. and Hubberten, H. W. (2003) Vegetation and climate changes on the northern Taymyr, Russia during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene reconstructed from pollen records, Boreas, 32 (3), pp. 484-505 . 7.Chizhov, A. B. , Derevyagin, A. Y. , Simonov, E. F. , Hubberten, H. W. and Siegert, C. (1997) Isotopic composition of ground ice at the Labaz Lake region (Taymyr). Kriosfera Zemlii (Earth Cryoshere), 1, No 3, pp. 79-84 . (in Russian), 8.Derevyagin, A.Yu., Chizhov, A.B., Brezgunov, V.S., Siegert, C., Hubberten, H.-W., 1999.Isotopic composition of ice wedges of Cape Sabler (Lake Taymyr). Kriosfera Zemlii (Earth Cryosphere) 3/3, 41-49 (in Russian). 9.Kienast, F., Siegert, C., Dereviagin, A., Mai, H.D. Climatic implications of Late Quaternary plant macrofossil assemblages from the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia, Global and Planetary Change, Volume 31, Issues 1–4, 265-281, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00124-2. 10.Kienel, U. , Siegert, C. and Hahne, J. (1999) Late Quarternary paeloenvironmental reconstruction from a permafrost sequence (Northsiberian Lowland, SE Taymyr Peninsula) - a multidisciplinary case study, Boreas, 28 (1), pp. 181-193 . 11.Siegert C., Derevyagin A.Y., Shilova G.N., Hermichen WD., Hiller A. (1999) Paleoclimatic Indicators from Permafrost Sequences in the Eastern Taymyr Lowland. In: Kassens H. et al. (eds) Land-Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 12.Bobrov, A.A., Müller, S., Chizhikova, N.A., Schirrmeister, L., Andreev, A.A.(2009).Testate Amoebae in Late Quaternary Sediments of the Cape Mamontov Klyk (Yakutia), Biology Bulletin, 36(4), 363-372. 13.Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., Kunitsky, V., Magens, D., Meyer, H., Dereviagin, A., Kuznetsova, T., Andreev, A., Babiy, O., Kienast, F., Grigoriev, M., Overduin, P.P., and Preusser, F.: Periglacial landscape evolution and environmental changes of Arctic lowland areas for the last 60,000 years (Western Laptev Sea coast, Cape Mamontov Klyk), Polar Research, 27(2), 249-272, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00067.x, 2008. 14.Winterfeld, M., Schirrmeister, L., Grigoriev, M., Kunitsky, V.V., Andreev, A., and Overduin, P.P.: Permafrost and Landscape Dynamics during the Late Pleistocene, Western Laptev Sea Shelf, Siberia, Boreas 40(4), 697–713, doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2011.00203.x, 2011. 15.Siegert, C., Schirrmeister, L., and Babiy, O.: The sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical composition of late Pleistocene deposits from the ice complex on the Bykovsky peninsula, northern Siberia, Polarforschung, 70, 2000, 3-11, doi: 10.2312/polarforschung.70.3, 2002. 16.Schirrmeister, L., Siegert, C., Kuznetsova, T., Kuzmina, S., Andreev, A.A., Kienast, F., Meyer, H., and Bobrov, A.A.: Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic records from permafrost deposits in the Arctic region of Northern Siberia, Quaternary International, 89, 97-118, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00083-0, 2002. 17.Schirrmeister, L., Siegert, C., Kunitzky, V.V., Grootes, P.M., and Erlenkeuser, H.: Late Quaternary ice-rich permafrost sequences as a paleoenvironmental archive for the Laptev Sea Region in northern Siberia, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 91, 154-167, doi: 10.1007/s005310100205, 2002. 18.Schirrmeister, L., Schwamborn, G., Overduin, P.P., Strauss, J., Fuchs, M.C., Grigoriev, M., Yakshina, I., Rethemeyer, J., Dietze, E., and Wetterich, S.: Yedoma Ice Complex of the Buor Khaya Peninsula (southern Laptev Sea), Biogeosciences 14, 1261-1283, doi: 10.5194/bg-14-1261-2017, 2017. 19.Schirrmeister, L., Kunitsky, V.V., Grosse, G., Schwamborn, G., Andreev, A.A., Meyer, H., Kuznetsova, T., Bobrov, A., and Oezen, D.: Late Quaternary history of the accumulation plain north of the Chekanovsky Ridge (Lena Delta, Russia) - a multidisciplinary approach, Polar Geography, 27(4), 277-319, doi: 10.1080/789610225, 2003. 20.Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G. Schnelle, M., Fuchs, M., Krbetschek, M., Ulrich, M., Kunitsky, V., Grigoriev, M., Andreev, A. Kienast, F., Meyer, H., Klimova, I., Babiy, O., Bobrov, A., Wetterich, S., and Schwamborn, G.: Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental records from the western Lena Delta, Arctic Siberia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 299, 175–196, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.11.017, 2011. 21.Schwamborn, G., Rachold, V., and Grigoriev, M.N.: Late Quaternary sedimentation history of the Lena Delta, Quaternary International 89, 119–134, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(01)00084-2, 2002. 22.Wetterich, S., Kuzmina, S., Andreev, A.A., Kienast, F., Meyer, H., Schirrmeister, L., Kuznetsova, T., and Sierralta, M.: Palaeoenvironmental dynamics inferred from late Quaternary permafrost deposits on Kurungnakh Island, Lena Delta, Northeast Siberia, Russia, Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 1523-1540, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.04.007, 2008. 23.Andreev, A.A., Grosse, G., Schirrmeister, L., Kuzmina, S.A., Novenko, E.Yu., Bobrov, A.A., Tarasov, P. E., Kuznetsova, T.V., Krbetschek, M., Meyer, H., and Kunitsky, V.V.: Late Saalian and Eemian palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (Laptev Sea region, Arctic Siberia), Boreas 33(4), 319-348, doi:10.1080/03009480410001974, 2004. 24.Andreev, A., Grosse, G., Schirrmeister, L., Kuznetsova, T.V., Kuzmina, S.A., Bobrov, A.A., Tarasov, P.E., Novenko, E.Yu., Meyer, H., Derevyagin, A.Yu., Kienast, F., Bryantseva, A., and Kunitsky, V.V.: Weichselian and Holocene palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island, New Siberian Archipelago, Arctic Siberia, Boreas 38(1), 72–110, doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00039.x, 2009. 25.Wetterich, S., Rudaya, N., Meyer, H., Opel, T., and Schirrmeister, L.: Last Glacial Maximum records in permafrost of the East Siberian Arctic, Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 3139-3151, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.07.020, 2011. 26.Wetterich, S., Rudaya, N., Andreev, A.A., Opel, T., Schirrmeister, L., Meyer, H., and Tumskoy, V.: Ice Complex formation in arctic East Siberia during the MIS3 Interstadial, Quaternary Science Reviews 84: 39-55, doi:. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.11.009, 2014. 27.Wetterich, S.; Tumskoy:V.E., Rudaya, N., Kuznetsov, V., Maksimov, F., Opel T. , Meyer H., Andreev, A.A., Schirrmeister, L (2016) Ice Complex permafrost of MIS5 age in the Dmitry Laptev Strait coastal region (East Siberian Arctic). Quaternary Science Reviews, 147:298-31, doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.016. 28.Wetterich, S., Rudaya, N., Kuznetsov V., Maksimov, F., T. Opel, Meyer, H., Guenther, F., Bobrov, A., Raschke, E., Zimmermann, H., Strauss, J., Fuchs, M.C., Schirrmeister, L. (2019) Recurrent Ice Complex formation in arctic eastern Siberia since about 200 ka. Quaternary Research 92 (2); 530-548, doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.6. 29.Wetterich, S., Schirrmeister, L., Andreev A. A., Pudenz, M., Plessen, B, Meyer, H., Kunitsky, V. V. (2009). Eemian and Late Glacial/Holocene palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences at the Dmitry Laptev Strait (NE Siberia, Russia), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 279: 73-95 doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.002. 30.Strauss, J., Schirrmeister, L., Wetterich, S., Borchers, A, and Davydov S.P.: Grain-size properties and organic-carbon stock of Yedoma Ice Complex permafrost from the Kolyma lowland, northeastern Siberia. GBC. 26: GB3003, doi: 10.1029/2011GB004104, 2012. 31.Ashastina, K., Schirrmeister, L., Fuchs M., and Kienast F.: Palaeoclimate characteristics in interior Siberia of MIS 6–2: first insights from the Batagay permafrost mega-thaw slump in the Yana Highlands, Clim. Past, 13, 795–818, doi: 10.5194/cp-13-795-2017, 2017. 32.Kunitsky, V.V., Syromyatnikov, I.I., Schirrmeister, L., Skachkov, Yu.B., Grosse, G., Wetterich, S., and Grigoriev, M.N.: Ice-rich permafrost and thermal denudation in the Kirgillyakh area, Kriosfera Zemli. 17(1), 56-68, 2013 (in Russian). 33.Popp, S., Diekmann,B., Meyer, H., Siegert, C.,Syromyatnikov, I., Hubberten, H.-W. Palaeoclimate Signals as Inferred from Stable-isotope Composition of Ground Ice in the Verkhoyansk Foreland, Central Yakutia. Permafrost and Periglac. Process. 17: 119–132 (2006) DOI: 10.1002/ppp.556 34.Popp, S., Belolyubsky, I., Lehmkuhl, F., Prokopiev, A., Siegert, C., Spektor, V., Stauch, G., Diekmann,B. Sediment provenance of late Quaternary morainic, fluvialand loess-like deposits in the southwestern VerkhoyanskMountains (eastern Siberia) and implications for regionalpalaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Geol. J.42: 477–497 (2007), DOI: 10.1002/gj.1088 35.Siegert, C. , Sergeyenko, A. I. and Schirrmeister, L. (2017) Late Quaternary Deposits of the Northern Verkhoyansk Mountains: Geochronology and Questions of their Genesis (in Russian), Bulletin of the Commission for Study of the Quaternary = БЮЛЛЕТЕНЬ КОМИССИИ ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЧЕТВЕРТИЧНОГО ПЕРИОДА, 75 , pp. 100-112 . 36.Siegert, C. , Stauch, G. , Lehmkuhl, F. , Sergeyenko, A. I. , Diekmann, B. , Popp, S. and Belolyubsky, I. N. (2007) Development of glaciation in the Verkhoyansk Range and its foreland during the Pleistocene: Results of new investigations., Regionalnaya Geologiya i Metallogeniya (Regional Geology and Metallogeny), No. 30-31(in Russian)., 222 . 37.Ulrich, M., Morgenstern, A., Günther, F., Reiss, D. Bauch, K. E., Hauber, E., Rössler, S. and Schirrmeister, L. (2010) Thermokarst in Siberian ice-rich permafrost: Comparison to asymmetric scalloped depressions on Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, E10009 . doi:10.1029/2010JE003640 , 38.Morgenstern, A. , Grosse, G. , Günther, F. , Fedorova, I. and Schirrmeister, L. (2011): Spatial analyses of thermokarst lakes and basins in Yedoma landscapes of the Lena Delta. The Cryosphere, 5(4), 849–867, doi:10.5194/tc-5-849-2011. 39.Morgenstern, A. , Ulrich, M. , Günther, F. , Roessler, S. , Fedorova, I. V. , Rudaya, N. A. , Wetterich, S. , Boike, J. and Schirrmeister, L. (2013). Evolution of thermokarst in East Siberian ice-rich permafrost: A case study, Geomorphology, 201 , 363-379. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.07.011 40.Biskaborn, B. , Herzschuh, U. , Bolshiyanov, D. Y. , Schwamborn, G. and Diekmann, B. (2013) Thermokarst Processes and Depositional Events in a Tundra Lake, Northeastern Siberia, Permafrost and Periglac. Process.24: 160–174 doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1769, 41.Kuznetsova, T. V. , Sulerzhitsky, L. D. , Andreev, A. , Siegert, C. , Schirrmeister, L. and Hubberten, H. W. (2003) Influence of Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental conditions on the distribution of mammals fauna in the Laptev Sea region, Occasional Papers in Earth Sciences, 5 , pp. 58-60 . 42.Kuznetsova T.V., Tumskoy V.E., Schirrmeister L., Wetterich S., (2019.) Paleozoological characteristics of the Late Neo-Pleistocene - Holocene sediments of Bykovsky Peninsula, Northern Yakutia (Палеозоологическая характеристика поздненеоплейстоценовых – голоценовых отложений Быковского Полуострова (Северная Якутия). Zoological Journal 98(11), 1268-1290. Special issue in honor of Andrey Sher. (in Russian) doi: 10.1134/S0044513419110102. 43.Bobrov, A. A. , Andreev, A. , Schirrmeister, L. and Siegert, C. (2004) Testate amoebae (Protozoa: Testacea) as bioindicators in the Late Quaternary deposits of the Bykovsky Peninsula, Laptev Sea, Russia, Palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology, 209 , pp. 165-181 . doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PALAEO.2004.02.012 44.Wetterich, S., Schirrmeister, L., Pietrzeniuk, E. (2005). Freshwater ostracodes in Quaternary permafrost deposits from the Siberian Arctic, Journal of Paleolimnology, 34, 363-376. doi:10.1007/s10933-005-5801-y 45.Müller, S., Bobrov, A. A., Schirrmeister, L., Andreev, A. A., Tarasov, P. E. (2009). Testate amoebae record from the Laptev Sea coast and its implication for the reconstruction of Late Pleistocene and Holocene environments in the Arctic Siberia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 271(3-4), 301-315. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.11.003 46.Andreev, A.A., Schirrmeister, L., Siegert, C., Bobrov, A.A., Demske, D., Seiffert, M., Hubberten, H.-W. (2002). Paleoenvironmental changes in Northeastern Siberia during the Late Quaternary - evidence from pollen records of the Bykovsky Peninsula, Polarforschung, 70, 13-25, doi:10.2312/polarforschung.70.13. 47.Andreev, A.A.; Schirrmeister, L.; Tarasov , P.E.; Ganopolski , A.; Brovkin V.; Siegert, C.; Hubberten, H.-W. (2011). Vegetation and climate history in the Laptev Sea region (arctic Siberia) during Late Quaternary inferred from pollen records. Journal of Quaternary science reviews. 30, 2182-2199 doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.026. 48.Kienast, F. , Schirrmeister, L. , Siegert, C. and Tarasov, P. (2005) Palaeobotanical evidence for warm summers in the East Siberian Arctic during the last cold stage, Quaternary Research, 63 (3), pp. 283-300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.01.003 , 49.Kienast, F., Tarasov, P., Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., Andreev, A.A. (2008). Continental climate in the East Siberian Arctic during the last interglacial: implications from palaeobotanical records, Global and Planetary Change, 60(3/4), 535-562. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.07.004 50.Kienast, F., Wetterich, S., Kuzmina, S., Schirrmeister, L., Andrev, A., Tarasov, P., Nazarova, L., Kossler, A., Frolova, A., Kunitsky, V. V.(2011) Paleontological records indicate the occurrence of open woodlands in a dry inland climate at the present-day Arctic coast in western Beringia during the last interglacial. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 2134-2159, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.024. 51.Palagushkina, O.V., Wetterich, S., Schirrmeister, L., Nazarova, L.B. (2017) Modern and fossil diatom assemblages from Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago, Arctic Siberia). Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 10, (4), 380–394. doi: 10.1134/S1995425517040060. 52.Gilichinsky, D. A. , Nolte, E., Basilyan, A.E., Beer, J., Blinov, A., Lazarev, V., Kholodov, A., Meyer, H., Nikolsky, P.A., Schirrmeister, L., Tumskoy, V. (2007). Dating of syngenetic ice wedges in permafrost with 36Cl and 10Be, Quaternary science reviews. 26, 1547-1556. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.004 53.Blinov A.V., Beer J., Tikhomirov D.A., Schirrmeister L., Meyer H., Abramov A.A., Basylyan A.E., Nikolskiy P.A., Tumskoy V.E., Kholodov A.L., Gilichinsky D.A. (2009) Permafrost dating with the cosmogenic radionuclides ( Report 1) (= Датирование многолетнемерзлых пород с помощью космогенных радионуклидов (сообщение 1). Kriosfera Zemli 13,( 2), 3-15 (in Russian). 54.Blinov, A., Alfimov, V., Beer, J., Gilichinsky, D., Schirrmeister, L., Kholodov, A., Nikolskiy, P., Opel, T., Tikhomirov, D., Wetterich, S.(2009).36Cl/Cl ratio in ground ice of East Siberia and its application for chronometry, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3). 10(1), doi: 10.1029/2009GC002548. 55.Schirrmeister, L., Oezen, D., Geyh, M.A. (2002). 230Th/U dating of frozen peat, Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (North Siberia), Quaternary research, 57, 253-258. doi:10.1006/qres.2001.2306. 56.Meyer, H. , Derevyagin, A. Y. , Siegert, C. and Hubberten, H. W. (2002) Paleoclimate studies on Bykovsky Peninsula, North Siberia - hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ground ice, Polarforschung 70:, pp. 37-51 . 57.Derevyagin, A. Y., Chizhov, A. , Meyer, H. , Opel, T. , Schirrmeister, L. and Wetterich, S. (2013). Isotopic composition of texture ices, Laptev Sea coast , Kriosfera Zemlii (Earth Cryosphere), XVII (3), pp. 27-34 (in Russian). 58.Meyer, H. , Derevyagin, A. Y. , Siegert, C. , Schirrmeister, L. and Hubberten, H. W. (2002) Paleoclimate reconstruction on Big Lyakhovsky Island, North Siberia - Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ice wedges, Permafrost and periglacial processes, 13 , pp. 91-105 . 59.Opel, T., Dereviagin, A., Meyer, H., Schirrmeister, L., Wetterich, S. (2010).Paleoclimatic information from stable water isotopes of Holocene ice wedges at the Dmitrii Laptev Strait (Northeast Siberia), Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 22 (1), 84-100, doi:10.1002/ppp.667. 60.Opel, T., Wetterich, S., Meyer, H., Dereviagin, A.Yu., Fuchs, M.C., and Schirrmeister, L.: Ground-ice stable isotopes and cryostratigraphy reflect late Quaternary palaeoclimate in the Northeast Siberian Arctic (Oyogos Yar coast, Dmitry Laptev Strait). Clim. Past, 13, 587–611, 2017, doi: 10.5194/cp-13-587-2017, 2017. 61.Opel, T., Murton, J. B., Wetterich, S., Meyer, H., Ashastina, K., Günther, F., Grotheer, H., Mollenhauer, G., Danilov, P. P., Boeskorov, V., Savvinov, G. N., Schirrmeister, L. (2019) Past climate and continentality inferred from ice wedges at Batagay megaslump in the Northern Hemisphere's most continental region, Yana Highlands, interior Yakutia, Clim. Past, 15, 1443–1461, doi: 10.5194/cp-15-1443-2019. 62.Ulrich, M., Grosse, G., Strauss, J. and Schirrmeister, L. (2014): Quantifying wedge-ice volumes in yedoma and thermokarst basin deposits, Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 25, 151–161. doi:10.1002/ppp.1810. 63.Grosse, G., Schirrmeister, L., Siegert, C., Kunitsky, V.V., Slagoda, E.A., Andreev, A.A., and Dereviagyn, A.Y.: Geological and geomorphological evolution of a sedimentary periglacial landscape in Northeast Siberia during the Late Quaternary, Geomorphology, 86(1/2), 25-51, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.08.005, 2007. 64.Grosse, G., Schirrmeister, L., Kunitsky, V. V., Hubberten, H. -W. (2005). The Use of CORONA Images in Remote Sensing of Periglacial Geomorphology: An Illustration from the NE Siberian Coast, Permafrost and periglacial processes, 16, 163-172. doi:10.1002/ppp.509 65.Grosse, G., Robinson, J.E., Bryant, R., Taylor, M.D., Harper, W., DeMasi, A., Kyker-Snowman, E., Veremeeva, A., Schirrmeister, L., Harden, J. (2013). Distribution of late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of the Yedoma Suite in east and central Siberia, Russia. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2013-1078, 37p. 66.Schennen, S., Tronicke, J., Wetterich, S., Allroggen, N., Schwamborn, G., Schirrmeister, L. (2016) 3D GPR imaging of Ice Complex deposits in northern East Siberia, Geophysics 81(1), WA185-WA192, doi: 10.1190/GEO2015-0129.1. 67.Günther, F. , Overduin, P. P. , Yakshina, I. A. , Opel, T. , Baranskaya, A. V. and Grigoriev, M. N. (2015) Observing Muostakh disappear: permafrost thaw subsidence and erosion of a ground-ice-rich island in response to arctic summer warming and sea ice reduction, The Cryosphere, 9 (1), pp. 151-178 . doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-151-2015 68.Günther, F. , Overduin, P. P. , Sandakov, A. V. , Grosse, G. and Grigoriev, M. N. (2013) Short- and long-term thermo-erosion of ice-rich permafrost coasts in the Laptev Sea region, Biogeosciences, 10 , pp. 4297-4318 . doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4297-2013 69.Overduin, P. P. , Strzelecki, M. C. , Grigoriev, M. N. , Couture, N. , Lantuit, H. , St-Hilaire-Gravel, D. , Günther, F. and Wetterich, S. (2013) Coastal changes in the Arctic, Geological Society of London Special Publication, 388 . doi:https://doi.org/10.1144/SP388.13 70.Strauss J., Schirrmeister L., Grosse G., Wetterich S., Ulrich M., Herzschuh U., H.-W.Hubberten (2013). The Deep Permafrost Carbon Pool of the Yedoma Region in Siberia and Alaska. GRL 40, 6165-6170. doi 10.1002/2013GL058088. 71.Strauss, J., Schirrmeister, L., Mangelsdorf, K., Eichhorn, L., Wetterich S., and Herzschuh U.: Organic matter quality of deep permafrost carbon - a study from Arctic Siberia. Biogeosciences, 12, 2227–2245, doi: 10.5194/bg-12-2227-2015, 2015. 72.Strauss,J., Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., Fortier, D., Hugelius, G., Knoblauch, C., Romanovsky, V., Schädel, C., Schneider von Deimling, T., Schuur, E.A.G., Shmelev, D., Ulrich, M.,, Veremeeva, A. (2017). Deep Yedoma permafrost: A synthesis of depositional characteristics and carbon vulnerability. Earth-Science Reviews 172, 75-86, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.007. 73.Stapel, J. G., L. Schirrmeister, P. P. Overduin, S. Wetterich, J. Strauss, B. Horsfield, and K. Mangelsdorf (2016), Microbial lipid signatures and substrate potential of organic matter in permafrost deposits - implications for future greenhouse gas production, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 121, doi: 10.1002/2016JG003483. 74.Stapel, J.G, Schwamborn, G., Schirrmeister, L., Horsfield, B. and Mangelsdorf, K. (2018) Substrate potential of last interglacial to Holocene permafrost organic matter for future microbial greenhouse gas production. Biogeosciences, 15, 1969–1985, doi: 10.5194/bg-15-5423-2018. 75.Walz, J., Knoblauch, C., Tigges, R., Opel, T., Schirrmeister, L., and Pfeiffer, E.-M. (2018) Greenhouse gas production in degrading ice-rich permafrost deposits in northeast Siberia. Biogeosciences, 15, 5423–5436, doi: 10.5194/bg-2018-225. 76.Fuchs, M. , Grosse, G. , Strauss, J. , Günther, F. , Grigoriev, M. N. , Maximov, G. M. and Hugelius, G. (2018) Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia, Biogeosciences, 15 , pp. 953-971 . 77.Kusch, S., Winterfeld, M., Mollenhauer, G., Höfle, S.T., Schirrmeister, L., Schwamborn, G., and Rethemeyer, J. (2019) Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in high latitude Siberian permafrost: Diversity, environmental controls, and implications for proxy applications. Organic Geochemistry 136, 103888, doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2019.06.009. 78.Mitzscherling, J., Horn, F., Winterfeld, M., Mahler, L., Kallmeyer, J., Overduin, P.P., Schirrmeister, L., Winkel, M., Grigoriev, M.N., Wagner, D., Liebner, S. (2019) (6bial community composition and abundance after millennia of submarine permafrost warming. Biogeosciences, 16, 3941–3958, doi: 10.5194/bg-16-3941-2019. 79.Zimmermann, H.H., Raschke, E., Epp, L.S., Stoof-Leichsenring, K.R., Schirrmeister, L., Schwamborn, G., Herzschuh, U. (2017). The history of tree and shrub taxa on Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago) since the last interglacial uncovered by sedimentary ancient DNA and pollen data. Genes 8(10), E273; doi: 10.3390/genes8100273. 80.Zimmermann, H.H., Raschke, E., Epp, L.S., Stoof-Leichsenring, K., Schwamborn, G., Schirrmeister, L., Overduin, P.P., Herzschuh, U. (2017) Sedimentary ancient DNA and pollen reveal the composition of plant organic matter in Late Quaternary permafrost sediments of the Buor Khaya Peninsula (north-eastern Siberia). Biogeosciences 14, 575-596, doi:10.5194/bg-14-575-2017

Description: Rapid permafrost thaw by thermokarst mobilizes previously frozen organic matter (OM) down to tens of meters deep within decades to centuries, leading to microbial degradation and greenhouse gas release. Late Pleistocene ice-rich Yedoma deposits that thaw underneath thermokarst lakes and refreeze after lake drainage are called taberal sediments. Although widespread, these have not been the subject of many studies. To study OM characteristics and degradability in thawed Yedoma, we obtained a 31.5 m long core from beneath a thermokarst lake on the Bykovsky Peninsula, northeastern Siberia. We reported radiocarbon ages, biogeochemical parameters [organic carbon (OC) content and bulk carbon isotopes] and n-alkane distributions. We found the most degraded OM in frozen, fluvial sediments at the bottom of the core, as indicated by the lowest n-alkane odd-over-even predominance (OEP; 2.2). Above this, the thawed Yedoma sediments had an n-alkane distribution typical of emergent vegetation, suggesting a landscape dominated by low-centered polygons. These sediments were OC poor (OC content: 0.8 wt%, 60% of samples 〈 0.1 wt%), but the OM (OEP approx. 5.0) was better preserved than in the fluvial sediments. The upper part of the Yedoma reflected a transition to a drier, grass dominated environment. Furthermore, this unit’s OM was least degraded (OEP approx. 9.4). The thermokarst lake that formed about 8 cal ka BP thawed the Yedoma in the talik and deposited Holocene lake sediments containing well-preserved OM (OEP approx. 8.4) with the highest n-alkane concentrations (20.8 mg g-1 sediment). Old, allochthonous OM was found in the thawed Yedoma and frozen fluvial deposits. Using an n-alkane endmember model, we identified a mixed OM input in all units. In our study, the thawed Yedoma sediments contained less OC than reported in other studies for still frozen Yedoma. The Yedoma OM was more degraded compared to previous biomarker research on frozen Yedoma. However, this signal isoverprinted by the input signal. The fluvial deposits below the Yedoma contained more OM, but this OM was more degraded, which can be explained by the OM input signal. Continued talik deepening and expansion of this thermokarst lake and others similar to it will expose OM with heterogeneous properties to microbial degradation.

Description: Abstract Aim This study investigates taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in diatom genera to evaluate assembly rules for eukaryotic microbes across the Siberian tree line. We first analysed how phylogenetic distance relates to taxonomic richness and turnover. Second, we used relatedness indices to evaluate if environmental filtering or competition influences the assemblies in space and through time. Third, we used distance-based ordination to test which environmental variables shape diatom turnover. Location Yakutia and Taymyria, Russia: we sampled 78 surface sediments and a sediment core, extending to 7,000Â years before present, to capture the forest-tundra transition in space and time respectively. Taxon Arctic freshwater diatoms. Methods We applied metabarcoding to retrieve diatom diversity from surface and core sedimentary DNA. The taxonomic assignment binned sequence types (lineages) into genera and created taxonomic (abundance of lineages within different genera) and phylogenetic datasets (phylogenetic distances of lineages within different genera). Results Contrary to our expectations, we find a unimodal relationship between phylogenetic distance and richness in diatom genera. We discern a positive relationship between phylogenetic distance and taxonomic turnover in spatially and temporally distributed diatom genera. Furthermore, we reveal positive relatedness indices in diatom genera across the spatial environmental gradient and predominantly in time slices at a single location, with very few exceptions assuming effects of competition. Distance-based ordination of taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover indicates that lake environment variables, like HCO3 and water depth, largely explain diatom turnover. Main conclusion Phylogenetic and abiotic assembly rules are important in understanding the regional assembly of diatom genera across lakes in the Siberian tree line ecotone. Using a space-time approach we are able to exclude the influence of geography and elucidate that lake environmental variables primarily shape the assemblies. We conclude that some diatom genera have greater capabilities to adapt to environmental changes, whereas others will be putatively replaced or lost due to the displacement of the Arctic tundra biome under recent global warming.

Description: Industrial demand response can play an important part in balancing the intermittent production from a growing share of renewable energies in electricity markets. This paper analyses the role of aggregators - intermediaries between participants and power markets - in facilitating industrial demand response. Based on the results from semi-structured interviews with German demand response aggregators, as well as a wider stakeholder online survey, we examine the role of aggregators in overcoming barriers to industrial demand response. We find that a central role for aggregators is to raise awareness for the potentials of demand response, as well as to support implementation by engaging key actors in industrial companies. Moreover, we develop a taxonomy that helps analyse how the different functional roles of aggregators create economic value. We find that there is considerable heterogeneity in the kind of services that aggregators offer, many of which do create significant economic value. However, some of the functional roles that aggregators currently fill may become obsolete once market barriers to demand response are reduced or knowledge on demand response becomes more diffused.

Description: The Maltese Islands, located in the central Mediterranean Sea, are intersected by two normal fault systems associated with continental rifting to the south. Due to a lack of evidence for offshore displacement and insignificant historical seismicity, the systems are thought to be inactive and the rift-related deformation is believed to have ceased. In this study we integrate aerial, marine and onshore geological, geophysical and geochemical data from the Maltese Islands to demonstrate that the majority of faults offshore the archipelago underwent extensional to transtensional deformation during the last 20 ka. We also document an active fluid flow system responsible for degassing of CH4 and CO2. The gases migrate through carbonate bedrock and overlying sedimentary layers via focused pathways, such as faults and pipe structures, and possibly via diffuse pathways, such as fractures. Where the gases seep offshore, they form pockmarks and rise through the water column into the atmosphere. Gas migration and seepage implies that the onshore and offshore faults systems are permeable and that they were active recently and simultaneously. The latter can be explained by a transtensional system involving two right-stepping, right-lateral NW-SE trending faults, either binding a pull-apart basin between the islands of Malta and Gozo or associated with minor connecting antitethic structures. Such a configuration may be responsible for the generation or reactivation of faults onshore and offshore the Maltese Islands, and fits into the modern divergent strain-stress regime inferred from geodetic data.

Description: Published

Description: 361-374

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: On the border between Colombia and Venezuela, have occurred seismic events with important records of damage in both countries. In this paper, we study the historical earthquake that took place on May 18, 1875 between 11.15 and 11.30 in the morning (the time was the same for communities in both countries since there was no time zone difference), which is catalogued as a border earthquake due to the report of damages in the cities of both nations. The community of San José de Cúcuta, current capital of the Northern State of Santander, Colombia, registered the greatest number of deaths and damage to buildings. An inventory of the geological damage and co -seismic and postseismic effects was created based on information of previous studies and data obtained from archival primary sources from Colombia and Venezuela. The result is a bi-national database, which includes the summaries of historical descriptions with the effects in the persons and objects, the geological damages and effects observed during the seismic event. These data has led to the creation of a table of MM and EMS-98 intensities, which enables the identification and delimitation of the regions of greater damages. The maximum level intensity is I=10 in the cities of San José de Cúcuta, Villa del Rosario, Pueblo de Cúcuta (San Luis) in Colombia and San Antonio, San Juan de Ureña in Venezuela. Moreover, we formulated a table of intensities using the ESI-2007 INQUA scale, based on the information of geological observations described in historical documents. These data are related to the epicentral zone with an approximate radius of 30 km.

Description: Published

Description: 105-263

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: En este trabajo se muestra cómo un gran sismo originado en el Sistema de Fallas de la Falla Frontal de la Cordillera Oriental (SFFFCO) puede causar grandes daños y pérdidas de vidas, tanto en el área metropolitana de Bogotá, D. C., como en el resto de la Sabana de Bogotá. El grado de la amenaza sísmica de la ciudad ante un sismo cercano, originado en el Piedemonte Llanero, cuya distancia es inferior a 250 km y con una magnitud 〉 7.0, es muy alto, si se tiene presente que sus suelos, de origen lagunar, se ubican hacia el occidente y el noroccidente, zonas en las que, durante las dos últimas décadas, se ha ido extendiendo el área metropolitana.

Description: Published

Description: 73-91

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: Digital computing techniques have been used in special computing applications in underwater acoustics at WHOI for many years, but recently we have commenced intensive application of digital data handling and computing facilities to a variety of computing, data storage, and data handling problems. Progress in these applications is described under Acoustic Instrumentation below. Some bathymetric studies carried out recently under another contract have shown that even very narrow-beam, single-beam echo sounders simply cannot provide reliable depth sounding information where the topography is complex. In this work we have been experimenting with the inverted echo sounder, discussed below, originally developed to measure depth of the sound velocimeter. The inverted echo sounder is lowered to a position within a few feet of the bottom. The total acoustic travel time from surface to bottom may be read as the sum of the travel times from the instrument to the bottom and surface . True depth is then computed in the usual way with appropriate s cnmd velocity data. In its present form the inverted echo sounder is suitable for mapping ~mall areas~ a few square miles, provided there is a suitable means of positioning the instrument. We have experimented with radio-acoustic navigation, and intend to experiment with vertical triangulation from the suspending ship as well. Steady demands for new, modified, and improved instrumentation have been responded to in echo sounding, seismic profiling, and spectrum analysis, as detailed below.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104

Description: Offering meaningful library workshops that educate and promote academic success is an ongoing challenge. From basic library instruction for undergraduates to immersion seminars with an emphasis on skills for graduate students and early career scientists, three libraries work together to present informal educational opportunities that address specific needs at three very different campuses of The University of Southern Mississippi (USM). The Gunter Library at the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory campus focuses on skills needed by graduate students and early career scientists. Cook Library at the main campus in Hattiesburg emphasizes undergraduate instruction and faculty professional development. The Gulf Coast Library at Gulf Park in Long Beach partners with the Academic Success Center to serve a constituency of non-traditional students at a commuter campus. This presentation looks at how these different approaches work to provide instruction and support for academic success at each site.

Description: 2020-02-10

Description: Worldwide the push is for research data to become FAIR: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. So what about legacy data? Vicki Rowntree, a Research Professor at the University of Utah, has been collecting behavioral and biological data of the Patagonia southern right whale since 1971 on over 3,000 individual whales. The dataset consists of over 84,000 slides of these whales for identification purposes, hand-drawn maps and a room full of file cabinets containing hand-written data sheets. Yes, she went digital when the world did and now has an out-of-date Microsoft Access database to add to the analog data. Other researchers have also been collecting longitudinal data on the southern right whale, Eubalaena australis, in Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil and South Africa. Obviously, the data were not collected and described following any standard procedure. Here at the University of Utah we are working towards bringing all the research together by hosting and standardizing the datasets. We will, in part, use some of the standardization procedure of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to facilitate adding location data to their database. We are proposing to build a Web platform for accessing the data and tools to evaluate and analyze the data. This talk will be about our work and the Patagonia Right Whale.

Description: 2020-02-10

Description: Dataset: salmon_juv_diet

Description: Juvenile salmon diet from F/V Great Pacific, R/V Miller Freeman GP0108, GP0207-01, MF0310 in the Coastal Gulf of Alaska, Northeast Pacific from 2001-2003. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3030

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-0109078, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) unknown NEP NOAA

Description: Dataset: broadscale_grid

Description: Grid developed for Broad-scale gridding in the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine area (GB project) For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2296

Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) unknown GB NSF, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) unknown GB NOAA

Description: Dataset: Temperature from thermistor chain

Description: Temperature from a thermistor chain deployed along a 30m depth contour at Mission Beach, CA in June of 2016. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/742137

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1459393

Description: Also published as: Deep-Sea Research 12 (1965): 805-814

Description: Long-term current measurements at depths of 50 and 100m obtained with Richardson current meters at two deep-water moorings south of Bermuda are reported. The records are dominated by anticyclonic rotations which appear and degenerate, possibly in response to the passage of storms. Spectral analysis of the records indicates that this motion has a period of 24 hours at a depth of 50 m, and 25·3 hours at a depth of 100m. No explanation is given to account for this difference in period over a 50-m separation. Both records indicate the existence of semidiurnal tidal motion. The long-term motions at both depths indicate a systematic change in the net direction of flow over a three-month period.

Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-2196(00) NR 083-004.

Description: Dataset: all_species_seen

Description: All the species seen during broad-scale cruises from the US-GLOBEC Georges Bank Program, 1993-1999. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2292

Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) unknown GB NSF, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) unknown GB NOAA

Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS), located approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring instrumented for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the thirteenth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-13) and deployment of the fourteenth mooring (WHOTS-14). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos and Iridium satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with Dr. Roger Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system and ancillary sensors were installed on the buoys in cooperation with Adrienne J. Sutton at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was conducted on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai (R/V HA). Operations were a joint effort undertaken by the Upper Ocean Processes group (UOP) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the University of Hawaii’s (UH) Hawaii Ocean Time-series group (HOT), and the able-bodied crew of R/V HA. The cruise took place between 25 July and August 3 2017. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-14 mooring on 27 July. This was followed by a period of intercomparison, where meteorological measurements and CTDs were collected at both the W13 and W14 stations. Recovery of the WHOTS-13 mooring took place on 31 July. This report details the in-port operations, pre-cruise buoy preparations, cruise operations and data collected.

Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).

Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Malige, F., Patris, J., Buchan, S. J., Stafford, K. M., Shabangu, F., Findlay, K., Hucke-Gaete, R., Neira, S., Clark, C. W., & Glotin, H. Inter-annual decrease in pulse rate and peak frequency of Southeast Pacific blue whale song types. Scientific Reports, 10(1), (2020): 8121, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64613-0.

Description: A decrease in the frequency of two southeast Pacific blue whale song types was examined over decades, using acoustic data from several different sources in the eastern Pacific Ocean ranging between the Equator and Chilean Patagonia. The pulse rate of the song units as well as their peak frequency were measured using two different methods (summed auto-correlation and Fourier transform). The sources of error associated with each measurement were assessed. There was a linear decline in both parameters for the more common song type (southeast Pacific song type n.2) between 1997 to 2017. An abbreviated analysis, also showed a frequency decline in the scarcer southeast Pacific song type n.1 between 1970 to 2014, revealing that both song types are declining at similar rates. We discussed the use of measuring both pulse rate and peak frequency to examine the frequency decline. Finally, a comparison of the rates of frequency decline with other song types reported in the literature and a discussion on the reasons of the frequency shift are presented.

Description: The authors thank the help of Explorasub diving center (Chile), Agrupación turística Chañaral de Aceituno (Chile), ONG Eutropia (Chile), Valparaiso university (Chile), the international institutions and research programs CTBTO, IWC, BRILAM STIC AmSud 17-STIC-01. S.J.B. thanks support from the Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS Sur-Austral, CONICYT PIA PFB31, Biology Department of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Office of Naval Research Global (awards N62909-16-2214 and N00014-17-2606), and a grant to the Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Ãridas (CEAZA) “Programa Regional CONICYT R16A10003”. We thank SABIOD MI CNRS, EADM MaDICS CNRS and ANR-18-CE40-0014 SMILES supporting this research. We are grateful to colleagues at DCLDE 2018 and SOLAMAC 2018 conferences for useful comments on the preliminary version of this work. In this work we used only the free and open-source softwares Latex, Audacity and OCTAVE.

Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in McCoy, M. J., & Fire, A. Z. Intron and gene size expansion during nervous system evolution. BMC Genomics, 21(1), (2020): 360, doi:10.1186/s12864-020-6760-4.

Description: Background The evolutionary radiation of animals was accompanied by extensive expansion of gene and genome sizes, increased isoform diversity, and complexity of regulation. Results Here we show that the longest genes are enriched for expression in neuronal tissues of diverse vertebrates and of invertebrates. Additionally, we show that neuronal gene size expansion occurred predominantly through net gains in intron size, with a positional bias toward the 5′ end of each gene. Conclusions We find that intron and gene size expansion is a feature of many genes whose expression is enriched in nervous systems. We speculate that unique attributes of neurons may subject neuronal genes to evolutionary forces favoring net size expansion. This process could be associated with tissue-specific constraints on gene function and/or the evolution of increasingly complex gene regulation in nervous systems.

Description: This study was supported by the following programs, grants, and fellowships: 2018 Grass Fellowship in Neuroscience (Grass Foundation), 2019 Whitman Fellowship at the Marine Biological Laboratory, and the Stanford Genomics Training Program (5T32HG000044–22; PI: M. Snyder) to MJM, and R01GM37706/R35GM130366 to AZF. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Description: Dataset: lightProbe_WB

Description: S. Atlantic profiling radiometer system (SPMR/SMSR) from R/V Weatherbird II WB0409, WB0413, WB0506, WB0508 in the Sargasso Sea from 2004-2005. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3028

Description: Dataset: salmon_energy

Description: Juvenile pink salmon energy density, wet, dry, frozen weights from F/V Great Pacific, R/V Miller Freeman cruises in the Coastal Gulf of Alaska, NE Pacific, 2001-2003. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3108

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-0104622, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) unknown NEP NOAA

Description: Dataset: Environmental Sensory Data

Description: Environmental, sensory data (temperature, light intensity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, depth) sampled in August 2019 in Carrie Bow Caye, Belize For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/781862

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1929979

Description: Dataset: salmon_hauldata

Description: Haul data and salmon numbers caught and processed from F/V Great Pacific, R/V Miller Freeman cruises in the Coastal Gulf of Alaska, NE Pacific, 2001-2004. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3109

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-0109078, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) unknown NEP NOAA

Description: Dataset: viable cell counts

Description: Viable cell counts on the bacteria in the seawater collected in the Niskin bottles during Leggo drops 1 and 3. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/684233

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1536776

Description: Dataset: PRS bacteria identification

Description: Culture-independent identification of bacteria present in the pressure-retaining seawater (PRS) sampler deployed during Leggo drop 1. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/684362

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1536776

Description: Dataset: ice_optics

Description: Ice optical properties: transmittance and albedo from ARSV Laurence M. Gould LMG0106, LMG0205 in the Southern Ocean from 2001-2002 (SOGLOBEC project). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3124

Description: NSF Antarctic Sciences (NSF ANT) ANT-9910122, NSF Antarctic Sciences (NSF ANT) ANT-9910179

Description: Dataset: Oxygen concentration

Description: Dissolved oxygen from 4 field sites in Bogue Sound, North Carolina from 2014 to 2015. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/721344

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1233327

Description: Dataset: snow_pits

Description: Snow pit data: temperature, density, stratigraphy at various depths from ARSV Laurence M. Gould LMG0106, LMG0205 in the Southern Ocean from 2001-2002 (SOGLOBEC project). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3125

Description: NSF Antarctic Sciences (NSF ANT) ANT-9910122, NSF Antarctic Sciences (NSF ANT) ANT-9910179

Description: Also published as: 1967 NEREM record : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 9 (1967): 196-197

Description: THIS PAPER DESCRIBES the equipments used to establish the relative position of ALVIN from her mother ship, the R/V LULU. Operating procedures used at sea are also discussed. A recent review within the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle Program at WHOI established a set of conclusions and guidelines, for internal use, governing the ALVIN locating equipments and procedures.

Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr- 3484(00).

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution May 2020.

Description: Contemporary scientific exploration most often takes place in highly remote and dangerous environments, such as in the deep sea and on other planets. These environments are very hostile to humans, which makes robotic exploration the first and often the only option. However, they also impose restrictive limits on how much communication is possible, creating challenges in implementing remote command and control. We propose an approach to enable more efficient autonomous robot-based scientific exploration of remote environments despite these limits on human-robot communication. We find this requires the robot to have a spatial observation model that can predict where to find various phenomena, a reward model which can measure how relevant these phenomena are to the scientific mission objectives, and an adaptive path planner which can use this information to plan high scientific value paths. We identified and addressed two main gaps: the lack of a general-purpose means for spatial observation modelling, and the challenge in learning a reward model based on images online given the limited bandwidth constraints. Our first key contribution is enabling general-purpose spatial observation modelling through spatio-temporal topic models, which are well suited for unsupervised scientific exploration of novel environments. Our next key contribution is an active learning criterion which enables learning an image-based reward model during an exploration mission by communicating with the science team efficiently. We show that using these together can result in a robotic explorer collecting up to 230% more scientifically relevant observations in a single mission than when using lawnmower trajectories.

Description: This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Award #1734400, as well as by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The author would like to thank both organizations for their support.

Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sadai, S., Condron, A., DeConto, R., & Pollard, D. Future climate response to Antarctic Ice Sheet melt caused by anthropogenic warming. Science Advances, 6(39), (2020): eaaz1169, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1169.

Description: Meltwater and ice discharge from a retreating Antarctic Ice Sheet could have important impacts on future global climate. Here, we report on multi-century (present–2250) climate simulations performed using a coupled numerical model integrated under future greenhouse-gas emission scenarios IPCC RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, with meltwater and ice discharge provided by a dynamic-thermodynamic ice sheet model. Accounting for Antarctic discharge raises subsurface ocean temperatures by 〉1°C at the ice margin relative to simulations ignoring discharge. In contrast, expanded sea ice and 2° to 10°C cooler surface air and surface ocean temperatures in the Southern Ocean delay the increase of projected global mean anthropogenic warming through 2250. In addition, the projected loss of Arctic winter sea ice and weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation are delayed by several decades. Our results demonstrate a need to accurately account for meltwater input from ice sheets in order to make confident climate predictions.

Description: This research was supported by the NSF Office of Polar Programs through NSF grant 1443347, the Biological and Environmental Research (BER) division of the U.S. Department of Energy through grant DE-SC0019263, the NSF through ICER 1664013, and by a grant to the NASA Sea Level Science Team 80NSSC17K0698.

Description: Dataset: Fish abundance: canopy effect fish assemblage

Description: Fish abundance and foraging rates by family from point surveys within and outside of canopies at Lameshur Bay, St John, USVI in February and March 2016. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/826193

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1332915, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1756381

Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bundy, R. M., Tagliabue, A., Hawco, N. J., Morton, P. L., Twining, B. S., Hatta, M., Noble, A. E., Cape, M. R., John, S. G., Cullen, J. T., & Saito, M. A. Elevated sources of cobalt in the Arctic Ocean. Biogeosciences, 17(19), (2020): 4745-4767, doi:10.5194/bg-17-4745-2020.

Description: Cobalt (Co) is an important bioactive trace metal that is the metal cofactor in cobalamin (vitamin B12) which can limit or co-limit phytoplankton growth in many regions of the ocean. Total dissolved and labile Co measurements in the Canadian sector of the Arctic Ocean during the U.S. GEOTRACES Arctic expedition (GN01) and the Canadian International Polar Year GEOTRACES expedition (GIPY14) revealed a dynamic biogeochemical cycle for Co in this basin. The major sources of Co in the Arctic were from shelf regions and rivers, with only minimal contributions from other freshwater sources (sea ice, snow) and eolian deposition. The most striking feature was the extremely high concentrations of dissolved Co in the upper 100 m, with concentrations routinely exceeding 800 pmol L−1 over the shelf regions. This plume of high Co persisted throughout the Arctic basin and extended to the North Pole, where sources of Co shifted from primarily shelf-derived to riverine, as freshwater from Arctic rivers was entrained in the Transpolar Drift. Dissolved Co was also strongly organically complexed in the Arctic, ranging from 70 % to 100 % complexed in the surface and deep ocean, respectively. Deep-water concentrations of dissolved Co were remarkably consistent throughout the basin (∼55 pmol L−1), with concentrations reflecting those of deep Atlantic water and deep-ocean scavenging of dissolved Co. A biogeochemical model of Co cycling was used to support the hypothesis that the majority of the high surface Co in the Arctic was emanating from the shelf. The model showed that the high concentrations of Co observed were due to the large shelf area of the Arctic, as well as to dampened scavenging of Co by manganese-oxidizing (Mn-oxidizing) bacteria due to the lower temperatures. The majority of this scavenging appears to have occurred in the upper 200 m, with minimal additional scavenging below this depth. Evidence suggests that both dissolved Co (dCo) and labile Co (LCo) are increasing over time on the Arctic shelf, and these limited temporal results are consistent with other tracers in the Arctic. These elevated surface concentrations of Co likely lead to a net flux of Co out of the Arctic, with implications for downstream biological uptake of Co in the North Atlantic and elevated Co in North Atlantic Deep Water. Understanding the current distributions of Co in the Arctic will be important for constraining changes to Co inputs resulting from regional intensification of freshwater fluxes from ice and permafrost melt in response to ongoing climate change.

Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) grants (grant nos. 1435056, 1736599, and 1924554) to Mak A. Saito, as well as by a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Postdoctoral Scholar grant to Randelle M. Bundy and Mattias R. Cape. Mariko Hatta was supported by NSF OCE grant no. 1439253. Alessandro Tagliabue was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (BYONIC, grant no. 724289). Benjamin S. Twining was supported by NSF OCE grant no. 1435862. Peter L. Morton was supported by NSF OCE grant no. 1436019, and a portion of the work was completed at the NHMFL, which is supported by the National Science Foundation through DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida. Jay T. Cullen was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and an International Polar Year (IPY) Canada grant.

Description: Dataset: Mesocosm Growth Data Winter 2017

Description: This dataset includes sizes of B. neritina colonies with and without symbiont grown at different temperatures. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/748480

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1608709

Description: Workshop held November 21, 2019, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA

Description: Real-time autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring systems (real-time PAMS) have the ability to detect marine mammal species, including the North Atlantic Right Whale, and provide notification of their presence. This workshop, held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) on November 21st, 2019, sought to develop an initial framework for creating equipment and performance standards that could be used to benchmark all real-time PAMS as well as data standards that ensure system interoperability. Forty attendees were present, spanning industry, regulatory, scientific, and conservation stakeholder groups. Through presentations and breakout sessions, the group identified and discussed the potential abilities of real-time PAMS to improve situational awareness during wind energy development activities, the types of implementations that are possible in the coming years, and the roadblocks preventing near-term, widespread use of this technology as a risk mitigation solution. Participants agreed that real-time autonomous PAMS hold tremendous promise for reducing the potential risk associated with development activities while at the same time allowing more flexibility to developers. Successful implementation of real-time PAMS for offshore wind energy use was seen as possible now based on existing technology. Workshop attendees identified a number next steps that would further the effectiveness of real-time PAMS within the offshore wind energy industry. However, the lack of a regulatory process for defining the sensing requirements for a particular implementation, as well as the dynamic operational framework within which real-time PAMS would be used were seen as the biggest challenges to effective near-term use.

Description: Workshop Sponsors: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and POWER-US

Description: Dataset: Benthic and acidification data from Bermuda

Description: This dataset was collected using the Benthic Ecosystem and Acidification Measuring System (BEAMS) at Hog Reef and Bailey’s Bay, Bermuda in 2015. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/719743

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1316006, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1316047

Description: The second half of CHAIN Cruise #11, 22 February until 22 March, 1960, is detailed as to type of measurements made with their specific locations. The cruise areas were in the St. Croix region, the Puerto' Rico Trench and the tracks from the Bahamas to Bermuda to Woods Hole. Camera lowerings, lowerings of the thermal probe and accompanying cores, dredging, sound velocimeter lowerings, and acoustic studies of the scattering layer were the special events undertaken while precision bathymetry and towing of the Continuous Temperature Recording Chain were on a watch standing basis.

Description: Undersea Warfare Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr- 1367(00) (NR- 261-10 2)

Description: The intention of the project is to raise awareness among the children and youth of the city of La Paz about the environment. This was possible through the implementation of exploratory and simulated practices with respect to the habitat and the biological information on aquatic and coastal species of ecological importance that are distributed along the Gulf of California and the adjacent coastal zone. The target population was children and youth from the city of La Paz, Baja California Sur that attend municipality organized pro-science events. The selection of species with any status of protection was made according to existing wildlife, belonging to the vertebrate groups from the NOM 059-ECOL-2010. Information collected related to the bibliography of each and every one of the selected species and the elaboration of the registries, and the visual and tactile components can be found in special containers called “Learning Chests.” A total of 162 species and subspecies were selected: 24 fishes; 4 amphibians; 32 reptiles; 56 birds, and 46 mammals. At the moment, the first “Learning Chests” have been equipped for the Californian Least Tern (Sternula antillarum browni), a subspecies of the non-endemic coastal bird which is subject to special protection. The actions taken during the various stages of the project provided an opportunity for librarians to present skills for communication and information management within the educational context, and to promote knowledge of the participating groups through these important interactive activities.

Description: 2020-02-10

Description: Dataset: blue crab samples

Description: Dates and locations of Callinectes blue crab samples from the coastal Atlantic waters of north and south America, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean from Massachusetts to Uruguay from 2017 through 2019. Crab populations sampled using methods available to collaborating scientists, managers, and fishermen, as listed in the table. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/785930

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1658466, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1658396, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1658389

Description: Abstracts of presentations by scientists at the 45th IAMSLIC Conference in Corpus Christi Texas, USA, in October 2019

Description: Who judges the value of our libraries? Administrators look at costs and benefits, so librarians generate reports about the use of library spaces, resources, and services to demonstrate return on investment. But potential library users simply decide if we can satisfy their needs. Some people form a judgment based upon an initial perception or brief encounter, some hold fleeting opinions, and others become entrenched in a specific perspective – sometimes for years. A perception may be opposite to reality, but it is owned by the perceiver. Influencing perceptions is a strategy that can support the success of a library. If researchers do not perceive that the library can help them achieve their goals, they will not use it; if administrators perceive that the library is not supporting the institutional mission, they will not fund it. Managing a library in which perceived value is struggling is challenging, especially for a solo librarian who recognizes that “I am the library, the library is me, and as such we are both judged.” Strategies to create positive perceptions include demonstrating commitment and relevance, which are often necessary to establish recognition of value. Perceptions may be formed at orientation and they can be made or unmade in a passing conversation with an administrator. Here we explore some strategies used at the Marine Resources Library in Charleston, South Carolina to demonstrate relevance and commitment, and to create a positive perception of the library’s worth to graduate students, professional researchers, and administrators.

Description: 2020-02-10

Description: Dataset: WP2 net metadata - CGoA LTOP

Description: WP2 net meta data from F/V Great Pacific GP0108, GP0207-01, GP0207-02 in the Coastal Gulf of Alaska, Northeast Pacific from 2001-2002. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3011

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-0109078, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) unknown NEP NOAA

Description: This presentation gives an overview of current IODE projects that intersect with IAMSLIC interests. This includes an update on the Associated Data Units program for eligible Library and Information Centers.

Description: Aquatic Commons is a digital repository established by the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC) in 2007 to provide a solution for member institutions that didn’t have an institutional repository. It is directed by the Aquatic Commons Board, and submissions are reviewed by an editorial team. Originally hosted by the Florida Center for Library Automation (FCLA), the repository was moved to the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) in 2011 when FCLA faced major budgetary issues. Aquatic Commons has grown to more than 20,000 publications from over 90 institutions in all areas of the aquatic sciences, including freshwater, fisheries, and oceanography, yet support for the repository has not kept pace with developmental needs. To ensure a sustainable future, the Aquatic Commons Board determined it was necessary to conduct an evaluation and created the Aquatic Commons Evaluation (ACE) team. The team identified and compared four potential business models: 1a) maintain Aquatic Commons as a separate repository but upgrade the EPrints software; 1b) maintain Aquatic Commons as a separate repository but migrate to DSpace software; 2) migrate content to the existing IODE OceanDocs repository but retain Aquatic Commons identity by having a separate DSpace community; and 3) partner with IODE and possibly the Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) to create an entirely new repository with content merged from Aquatic Commons and OceanDocs. The team consulted with potential partners (e.g. ASFA and IODE) and ran a survey to elicit feedback from members, depositors, and other stakeholders about the models, addressing issues of thematic scope, branding, software, technical requirements, workflows, and training. At the 2019 conference, the team presented a recommendation based on the evaluation in order to initiate a roadmap for the Aquatic Commons.

Description: Dataset: nutrients_WB

Description: Nutrients; silicate, nitrate plus nitrite, and phosphate from R/V Weatherbird II WB0409, WB0413, WB0506, WB0508 in the Sargasso Sea from 2004-2005. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3021

Description: Dataset: event_log_2004-1

Description: Multi-cruise sampling event log from R/V Oceanus OC404-01 and R/V Weatherbird II WB0409 cruises in the Sargasso Sea in 2004. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3017

Description: A mathematical model, consistent with certain physical features of ocean waves may be constructed by superposition of long crested sinusoidal gravity waves. Such a model, as proposed by Pierson (1955) and Longuet-Higgins (1957), depends upon the random superposition of the component waves, so that the interpretation of ocean wave measurements must be regarded as a statistical problem. Barber (1958) has suggested that measurement of sea surface elevation as a function of time at several points along a line array may be used to deduce the distribution of energy with regard to frequency and direction of the component gravity waves. In fact, by preserving the time relationship among the signals from several detectors in a line array , the array need not be physically rotated to examine component gravity waves coming from various directions. After developing the physical basis and mathematical notation for a stochastic model of ocean waves the limitations and potential errors in the measurement and calculation of directional spectra from finite and discrete data are discussed. Finally, some directional spectra calculated from measurements of wind generated waves in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts are presented without attempting interpretation.

Description: This research was supported in part by the Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program, S-R009 01 01, administered by the David Taylor Model Basin and the Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083- 501 and Nonr 2734(00) NR 083-143.

Description: Dataset: buoy_temp_barom

Description: Air temperature and barometric pressure from autonomous buoys from ARSV Laurence M. Gould LMG0106 in the Southern Ocean, Aug-Nov, 2001 (SOGLOBEC project, Sea Ice Microbes project). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3118

Description: NSF Antarctic Sciences (NSF ANT) ANT-9910098

Description: Dataset: salp_chloro

Description: Chlorophyll data associated with salp swarm collections in the Slope Waters off northeastern USA from R/V Oceanus OC370, OC379, OC381 in the slope waters off NJ, DE, MD from 2001-2002. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/3150

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-0002540

Description: This i s a status report for the period 1 May 1966 to 31 October 1966 for Contract Nonr - 4029 with the Office of Naval Research. Subjects of this contract are in Oceanic Acoustics, Physical Oceanography, Sea Floor Properties and Advisory Activities. Preliminary results of a cruise by CHAIN to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea during the summer of 1966 are given. Sound-velocity and temperature structure south of Bermuda as observed from ATLANTIS II (June, July 1966) are described. Continuing analysis of acoustical and geophysical data is discussed. Papers, reports, and technical memoranda written during this period are listed.

Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch., Office of Naval Research., under Contract.Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101.

Description: Dataset: station_plans

Description: Broad-scale station numbers and locations from the US-GLOBEC Georges Bank project For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2329

Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) unknown GB NSF, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) unknown GB NOAA

Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2020.

Description: A detailed understanding of the intensity and three-dimensional spatial distribution of diabatic abyssal turbulence is germane to understanding the abyssal branch of the global overturning circulation. This thesis addresses the issue through 1) an investigation of the dynamics of an abyssal boundary layer and through 2) the construction of a probabilistic finescale parameterization using mixture density networks (MDNs). A boundary layer, formed by the interaction of heaving isopycnals by the tide and viscous/adiabatic boundary conditions, is investigated through direct numerical simulations (DNS) and Floquet analysis. Turbulence is sustained throughout the tidal period in the DNS on extra-critical slopes characterized by small slope Burger numbers, leading to the formation of turbulent stratified Stokes-Ekman layers. Floquet analysis suggests that the boundary layers are unstable to disturbances to the vorticity component aligned with the across-isobath tidal velocity on extra-critical slopes. MDNs, trained on microstructure observations, are used to construct probabilistic finescale parameterization dependent on the finescale vertical kinetic energy (VKE), N2f2, , and both variables. The MDN model predictions are as accurate as conventional parameterizations, but also predict the underlying probability density function of the dissipation rate as a function of the dependent parameters.

Description: My doctoral studies in the WHOI/MIT Joint Program were funded by the National Science Foundation (OCE-1657870) and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program.

Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biological Bulletin 237(2), (2019): 73-75, doi: 10.1086/706563.

Description: Dormancy is a widespread strategy used by diverse animal groups to persist through adverse environmental conditions, spread reproductive risk, and optimize seasonal phenology. Dormancy is an overarching term that refers to a reduction in metabolism, growth, and development; and different types of dormancy have been defined. Quiescence is directly initiated and terminated in response to environmental conditions, while diapause requires a preparatory phase that usually anticipates the onset of unfavorable conditions and also requires some minimum dormancy period (refractory phase) prior to termination. Dormancy is a fundamental feature of seasonal food web dynamics. Zooplankton populations can rapidly boom as individuals emerge from dormancy to feed on ephemeral algal blooms. Such productivity is critical to sustaining higher predators and supporting fisheries, particularly the growth of larval fish. Dormancy traits undergo selective pressure as zooplankton optimize developmental timing to maximize food availability and minimize predation pressure. As oceans warm and environments change, the relationship between dormancy cues, such as temperature and photoperiod, can shift, with as yet unknown effects on the timing of dormancy and resulting ecosystem dynamics. Future ecosystem dynamics are difficult to predict in part because we do not fully understand the cues that regulate the initiation or termination of dormancy, or how dormancy traits may change over time through acclimation and adaptation.

Description: 2020-10-14

Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marconi, A., Hancock-Ronemus, A., & Gillis, J. A. Adult chondrogenesis and spontaneous cartilage repair in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. Elife, 9, (2020): e53414, doi:10.7554/elife.53414.

Description: Mammalian articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with poor capacity for spontaneous repair. Here, we show that embryonic development of cartilage in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) mirrors that of mammals, with developing chondrocytes co-expressing genes encoding the transcription factors Sox5, Sox6 and Sox9. However, in skate, transcriptional features of developing cartilage persist into adulthood, both in peripheral chondrocytes and in cells of the fibrous perichondrium that ensheaths the skeleton. Using pulse-chase label retention experiments and multiplexed in situ hybridization, we identify a population of cycling Sox5/6/9+ perichondral progenitor cells that generate new cartilage during adult growth, and we show that persistence of chondrogenesis in adult skates correlates with ability to spontaneously repair cartilage injuries. Skates therefore offer a unique model for adult chondrogenesis and cartilage repair and may serve as inspiration for novel cell-based therapies for skeletal pathologies, such as osteoarthritis.

Description: The authors acknowledge Dr. Kate Rawlinson, Prof. Brian Hall, Dr. Kate Criswell, Dr. Victoria Sleight, Christine Hirschberger and Jenaid Rees for a collective many years of helpful discussion around the topic of cartilage development and repair, Janice Simmons, Dan Calzarette, Scott Bennett, David Remsen and the staff of the Marine Biological Laboratory Marine Resources Center for expert assistance with animal maintenance and care, and Helen Skelton (Dept. of Pathology, University of Cambridge) and Debbie Sabin (Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge) for assistance with adult skate tissue processing. This work was funded by the Wellcome Trust (PhD studentship 102175/Z/13/Z to AM), the Royal Society (University Research Fellowships UF130182 and URF/R/191007 and Research Fellows Enhancement Award RGF\EA\180087 to JAG), the Isaac Newton Trust (award 14.23z to JAG) and by a research grant from the Fisheries Society of the British Isles (to JAG).

Description: Dataset: GN01 Ultrapure Water Soluble Aerosol Concentrations

Description: This dataset contains concentrations of ultrapure water soluble aerosol trace elements collected from bulk aerosol samples on the 2015 US GEOTRACES Western Arctic Transect (USCG Healy GN01). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/728472

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1438047, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1435871, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1437266

Description: Dataset: Srednick et al. 2020 - L&O Methods - Flow

Description: Flume flow data from in-situ flume experiments to manipulate pCO2 on shallow tropical coral reef communities at UCB Gump Research Station Moorea, French Polynesia in May of 2018. These data are for a proof of trial experiment for the Shallow COral REef Free Ocean Carbon Enrichment (SCORE FOCE), outlined in Srednick et al. (2020). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/812918

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1415268, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1637396

Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Romagnoni, G., Kvile, K. o., Dagestad, K., Eikeset, A. M., Kristiansen, T., Stenseth, N. C., & Langangen, O. Influence of larval transport and temperature on recruitment dynamics of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) across spatial scales of observation. Fisheries Oceanography, (2020): 1-16, doi:10.1111/fog.12474.

Description: The survival of fish eggs and larvae, and therefore recruitment success, can be critically affected by transport in ocean currents. Combining a model of early‐life stage dispersal with statistical stock–recruitment models, we investigated the role of larval transport for recruitment variability across spatial scales for the population complex of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua ). By using a coupled physical–biological model, we estimated the egg and larval transport over a 44‐year period. The oceanographic component of the model, capable of capturing the interannual variability of temperature and ocean current patterns, was coupled to the biological component, an individual‐based model (IBM) that simulated the cod eggs and larvae development and mortality. This study proposes a novel method to account for larval transport and success in stock–recruitment models: weighting the spawning stock biomass by retention rate and, in the case of multiple populations, their connectivity. Our method provides an estimate of the stock biomass contributing to recruitment and the effect of larval transport on recruitment variability. Our results indicate an effect, albeit small, in some populations at the local level. Including transport anomaly as an environmental covariate in traditional stock–recruitment models in turn captures recruitment variability at larger scales. Our study aims to quantify the role of larval transport for recruitment across spatial scales, and disentangle the roles of temperature and larval transport on effective connectivity between populations, thus informing about the potential impacts of climate change on the cod population structure in the North Sea.

Description: G.R. was supported by the Norden Top‐level Research Initiative sub‐programme “Effect Studies and Adaptation to Climate Change” through the Nordic Centre for Research on Marine Ecosystems and Resources under Climate Change (NorMER). K.Ø.K. was supported by the WHOI John H. Steele Post‐doctoral Scholar award and VISTA – a basic research program in collaboration between The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and Equinor. We thank an anonymous referee for valuable comments that substantially improved the article.

Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ward, N. D., Megonigal, J. P., Bond-Lamberty, B., Bailey, V. L., Butman, D., Canuel, E. A., Diefenderfer, H., Ganju, N. K., Goni, M. A., Graham, E. B., Hopkinson, C. S., Khangaonkar, T., Langley, J. A., McDowell, N. G., Myers-Pigg, A. N., Neumann, R. B., Osburn, C. L., Price, R. M., Rowland, J., Sengupta, A., Simard, M., Thornton, P. E., Tzortziou, M., Vargas, R., Weisenhorn, P. B., & Windham-Myers, L. Representing the function and sensitivity of coastal interfaces in earth system models. Nature Communications, 11(1), (2020): 2458, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16236-2.

Description: Between the land and ocean, diverse coastal ecosystems transform, store, and transport material. Across these interfaces, the dynamic exchange of energy and matter is driven by hydrological and hydrodynamic processes such as river and groundwater discharge, tides, waves, and storms. These dynamics regulate ecosystem functions and Earth’s climate, yet global models lack representation of coastal processes and related feedbacks, impeding their predictions of coastal and global responses to change. Here, we assess existing coastal monitoring networks and regional models, existing challenges in these efforts, and recommend a path towards development of global models that more robustly reflect the coastal interface.

Description: Funding for this work was provided by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Laboratory Directed Research & Development (LDRD) as part of the Predicting Ecosystem Resilience through Multiscale Integrative Science (PREMIS) Initiative. PNNL is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. Additional support to J.P.M. was provided by the NSF-LTREB program (DEB-0950080, DEB-1457100, DEB-1557009), DOE-TES Program (DE-SC0008339), and the Smithsonian Institution. This manuscript was motivated by discussions held by co-authors during a three-day workshop at PNNL in Richland, WA: The System for Terrestrial Aquatic Research (STAR) Workshop: Terrestrial-Aquatic Research in Coastal Systems. The authors thank PNNL artist Nathan Johnson for preparing the figures in this manuscript and Terry Clark, Dr. Charlette Geffen, and Dr. Nancy Hess for their aid in organizing the STAR workshop. The authors thank all workshop participants not listed as authors for their valuable insight: Lihini Aluwihare (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions and development of concept for Fig. 3), Gautam Bisht (contributed to modeling discussion), Emmett Duffy (contributed to observational network discussions), Yilin Fang (contributed to modeling discussion), Jeremy Jones (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), Roser Matamala (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), James Morris (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), Robert Twilley (contributed to biogeochemistry discussions), and Jesse Vance (contributed to observational network discussions). A full report on the workshop discussions can be found at https://www.pnnl.gov/publications/star-workshop-terrestrial-aquatic-research-coastal-systems.

Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 125(6), (2020): e2019JB019239, doi:10.1029/2019JB019239.

Description: P‐to‐S‐converted waves observed in controlled‐source multicomponent ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) records were used to derive the Vp/Vs structure of Cascadia Basin sediments. We used P‐to‐S waves converted at the basement to derive an empirical function describing the average Vp/Vs of Cascadia sediments as a function of sediment thickness. We derived one‐dimensional interval Vp/Vs functions from semblance velocity analysis of S‐converted intrasediment and basement reflections, which we used to define an empirical Vp/Vs versus burial depth compaction trend. We find that seaward from the Cascadia deformation front, Vp/Vs structure offshore northern Oregon and Washington shows little variability along strike, while the structure of incoming sediments offshore central Oregon is more heterogeneous and includes intermediate‐to‐deep sediment layers of anomalously elevated Vp/Vs. These zones with elevated Vp/Vs are likely due to elevated pore fluid pressures, although layers of high sand content intercalated within a more clayey sedimentary sequence, and/or a higher content of coarser‐grained clay minerals relative to finer‐grained smectite could be contributing factors. We find that the proto‐décollement offshore central Oregon develops within the incoming sediments at a low‐permeability boundary that traps fluids in a stratigraphic level where fluid overpressure exceeds 50% of the differential pressure between the hydrostatic pressure and the lithostatic pressure. Incoming sediments with the highest estimated fluid overpressures occur offshore central Oregon where deformation of the accretionary prism is seaward vergent. Conversely, landward vergence offshore northern Oregon and Washington correlates with more moderate pore pressures and laterally homogeneous Vp/Vs functions of Cascadia Basin sediments.

Description: This research was funded by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE‐1657237 to J. P. C, OCE‐1657839 to A. F. A. and S. H., and OCE‐1657737 to S. M. C. Data used in this study were acquired with funding from NSF Grants OCE‐1029305 and OCE‐1249353. Data used in this research were provided by instruments from the Ocean Bottom Seismic Instrument Center (http://obsic.whoi.edu, formerly OBSIP), which is funded by the NSF. OBSIC/OBSIP data are archived at the IRIS Data Management Center (http://www.iris.edu) under network code X6 (https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/X6_2012). Data processing was conducted with Emerson‐Paradigm Software package Echos licensed to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution under Paradigm Academic Software Program and MATLAB package SeismicLab of the University of Alberta, Canada (http://seismic-lab.physics.ualberta.ca), under GNU General Public License (MATLAB® is a registered trademark of MathWorks).

Description: 2020-11-28

Description: Dataset: Survey Quadrats: organism sizes

Description: Organism sizes on oyster reef quadrats from surveys in Apalachicola Bay and Ocholckonee Bay, Florida, 2013-2019. Reported are counts, sizes (mm) and relative density. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/821081

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1917015

Description: Dataset: Oyster reef survey totals

Description: Surveys of inhabitants on the intertidal and subtidal oyster reef in Apalachicola Bay and Ocholckonee Bay, Florida, 2013-2019. This data includes the total numbers of adults, spat, live oysters, new and old gapers, and whether mussels, barnacles crabs, or gastropods were present. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/821071

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1917015

Description: Dataset: Coral surveys