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  • American Chemical Society  (101,690)
  • Wiley  (40,034)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2020-2024  (2,462)
  • 2020-2022  (139,271)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1975-1979
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  • 2020-2024  (2,462)
  • 2020-2022  (139,271)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1975-1979
  • 2020-2023  (89)
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  • 1
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    Advances in understanding large-scale responses of the water cycle to climate change (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-22
    Description: Globally, thermodynamics explains an increase in atmospheric water vapor with warming of around 7%/°C near to the surface. In contrast, global precipitation and evaporation are constrained by the Earth's energy balance to increase at ∼2-3%/°C. However, this rate of increase is suppressed by rapid atmospheric adjustments in response to greenhouse gases and absorbing aerosols that directly alter the atmospheric energy budget. Rapid adjustments to forcings, cooling effects from scattering aerosol, and observational uncertainty can explain why observed global precipitation responses are currently difficult to detect but are expected to emerge and accelerate as warming increases and aerosol forcing diminishes. Precipitation increases with warming are expected to be smaller over land than ocean due to limitations on moisture convergence, exacerbated by feedbacks and affected by rapid adjustments. Thermodynamic increases in atmospheric moisture fluxes amplify wet and dry events, driving an intensification of precipitation extremes. The rate of intensification can deviate from a simple thermodynamic response due to in-storm and larger-scale feedback processes, while changes in large-scale dynamics and catchment characteristics further modulate the frequency of flooding in response to precipitation increases. Changes in atmospheric circulation in response to radiative forcing and evolving surface temperature patterns are capable of dominating water cycle changes in some regions. Moreover, the direct impact of human activities on the water cycle through water abstraction, irrigation, and land use change is already a significant component of regional water cycle change and is expected to further increase in importance as water demand grows with global population.
    Description: Published
    Description: 49-75
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: climate change; land surface; precipitation; radiative forcing; water cycle
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Physical and geochemical record of an early Eocene carbon‐cycle perturbation on a turbiditic continental margin (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-20
    Description: Multivariate analysis of the elemental composition of hemipelagic sedimentary successions has provided invaluable information about palaeoenvironmental evolution, including records of short-lived Eocene hyperthermal events. However, few studies have analyzed the sedimentary record of these climatic events in turbidite-rich continental margin successions. In order to test the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques (factor and cluster analysis) in palaeonvironmental and palaeoclimatic research on turbiditic successions, the lowermost Eocene Solondota section, which accumulated on the North Iberian continental margin, was studied. A prominent negative carbon isotope excursion from Solondota was correlated with the Ypresian (early Eocene) hyperthermal event J, also known as C24n.2rH1. High-resolution sedimentological, geochemical (stable isotopes, major and trace elements) and mineralogical (bulk and clay mineralogy) data show that multivariate statistical analysis helps to manage large-sized quantitative datasets objectively, avoiding arbitrary choice of representative elements and identifying environmental factors (virtual variables) that may not be evident otherwise. Variations in major and minor elements from hemipelagic carbonates across the Solondota carbon isotope excursion suggest a temporarily more humid continental climate, which caused increased terrigenous material input into the marine environment. The finer grained fraction boosted hemipelagic carbonate dilution, whereas the coarser grained sediment was transported by temporarily more frequent and voluminous turbidity currents. Thus, the results from the Solondota carbon isotope excursion revealed similarities with deep marine records of other early Eocene minor hyperthermal events. This demonstrates the validity of deep-marine turbiditic successions for providing reliable sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical records of global palaeoclimatic significance, complementing the information obtained from other sedimentary environments. Furthermore, the generally expanded nature of turbiditic successions can potentially provide palaeoclimatic information at very high resolution, enriching, and perhaps improving, the commonly condensed and sometimes discontinuous record of hemipelagic- only successions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 881-904
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    A minimum time control problem for aerobic degradation processes in biocell composting plants (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We introduce a mathematical model for the composting process in biocells. The model includes several phenomena, like the aerobic biodegradation of the soluble substrate by means of a bacterial population, the hydrolysis of insoluble substrate, and the biomass decay. We investigate the best strategies to reduce substrate components in minimal time by controlling the effects of cell oxygen concentration on the degradation phenomenon. It is shown that singular controls are not optimal for this model and the optimal control time profiles are of bang or bang-bang type. The occurrence of switching curves is discussed. In the case of a bang-bang control we prove that optimal control profiles have a unique switching time and the corresponding switching curve is determined.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1251-1266
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Integrated use of unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning to support archaeological analysis: The Acropolis of Selinunte case (Sicily, Italy) (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: Southwestern Sicily is an area of infrequent seismic activity; however, some studies carried out in the archaeological Selinunte site suggest that, between the fourth century BC and the early Middle Ages, probably at least two earthquakes strucked this area with enough energy to damage and cause the collapse and kinematics of much of the architecture of Selinunte. Take into account that, in 2008, a noninvasive archaeological prospection and traditional data gathering methods along the Acropolis north fortifications were carried out. Following these first studies, after about 10 years, a new geophysical campaign was carried out. This second campaign benefited from the application of modern technologies for the acquisition and processing of the point cloud data on the northern part of the Acropolis, like terrestrial laser scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry. In this paper, we present the application of these techniques and a strategy for their integration for the 3D modelling of buildings and cultural heritages. We show how the integration of data acquired independently by these two techniques is an added value able to overcome the intrinsic limits of the individual techniques. The application to Selinunte's Acropolis allowed it to highlight and measure with high accuracy fractures, dislocation, inclinations of walls, depressions of some areas and other interesting observations, which may be important starting points for future investigations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 153-165
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 3D reconstruction ; archaeological survey ; digital elevation model ; Selinunte Archaeological Park ; terrestrial laser scanning ; unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 05.02. Data dissemination ; 05.06. Methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Empirical nonergodic shaking scenarios based on spatial correlation models: An application to central Italy (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-18
    Description: This paper provides a new methodological framework to generate empirical ground shaking scenarios, designed for engineering applications and civil protection planning. The methodology is useful both to reconstruct the ground motion pattern of past events and to generate future shaking scenarios, in regions where strong-motion datasets from multiple events and multiple stations are available. The proposed methodology combines (1) an ad-hoc nonergodic ground motion model (GMM) with (2) a spatial correlation model for the source region-, site-, and path-systematic residual terms, and (3) a model of the remaining aleatory error to take into account for directivity effects. The associated variability is a function of the type of scenario generated (bedrock or site, past or future event) and it is minimal for source areas where several events have occurred and for sites where recordings are available. In order to develop the region-specific fully nonergodic GMM and to compute robust estimation of the residual terms, the approach is calibrated on a highly dense dataset compiled for the area of central Italy. Example tests demonstrate the validity of the approach, which allows to simulate acceleration response spectra at unsampled sites, as well as to capture peculiar physical features of ground motion patterns in the region. The proposed approach could be usefully adopted for data-driven simulations of ground shaking maps, as alternative or complementary tool to physic-based and stochastic-based approaches.
    Description: Published
    Description: 60-80
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Geolithological and anthropogenic controls on the hydrochemistry of the Volturno river (Southern Italy) (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-03
    Description: The present work aims to study the main chemical and physical water parameters in the upper and middle Volturno river catchment (southern Italy), between the Capo Volturno springs and the confluence with the Calore river. This study makes use of morphology, geolithology, tectonic, land use, and physico‐chemical (pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, temperature, major ions, and 222Rn) data for the identification of the main sources of surface and groundwaters in the Volturno catchment and of their evolution and mixing both in base flow and peak flow conditions. The study was also performed to assess whether the alteration due to potential anthropogenic contamination may hamper the identification of natural “primitive” sources of surface waters, especially in the populated and farmed plains far from the river headwaters. Our data suggest that water chemistry of this stretch of the Volturno river is dominated mainly by lithology and, only marginally, by the intense exogenous activities and that this trend is appreciable in both base flow and peak flow conditions. The proposed simple geochemical approach based on easy‐to‐sample matrices and on cost‐effective standard methods is a valuable tool to address catchment functionality especially in upland areas, where complex geologic and structural settings, heterogeneous groundwater flow, and logistical issues are the rule rather than the exception. Because the upper and middle Volturno catchment is comparable with numerous valleys of the Mediterranean area, this study could be a reference for analogous applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 627–638
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 7
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    Hydrogeochemical dynamics affecting steam-heated pools at El Chichón Crater (Chiapas - Mexico) (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-02
    Description: El Chichon is an active volcano located in the north-western Chiapas, southern Mexico. The crater hosts a lake, a spring, named Soap Pool, emerging from the underlying volcanic aquifer and several mud pools/hot springs on the internal flanks of the crater which strongly interact with the current fumarolic system (steam-heated pools). Some of these pools, the crater lake and a cold spring emerging from the 1982 pumice deposits, have been sampled and analysed. Water–volcanic gas interactions determine the heating (43–99°C) and acidification (pH 2–4) of the springs, mainly by H2S oxidation. Significantly, in the study area, a significant NH3 partial pressure has been also detected. Such a geochemically aggressive environment enhances alteration of the rock in situ and strongly increases the mineralization of the waters (and therefore their electrical conductivity). Two different mineralization systems were detected for the crater waters: the soap pool-lake (Na+/Cl = 0.4, Na/Mg〉10) and the crater mud pools (Na+/Cl 〉 10, Na/Mg 〈 4). A deep boiling, Na+-K+-Cl -rich water reservoir generally influences the Soap Pool-lake, while the mud pool is mainly dominated by water-gas–rock interactions. In the latter case, conductivity of sampled water is directly proportional to the presence of reactive gases in solution. Therefore, chemical evolution proceeds through neutralization due to both rock alteration and bacterial oxidation of ammonium to nitrate. The chemical compositions show that El Chichon aqueous fluids, within the crater, interact with gases fed by a geothermal reservoir, without clear additions of deep magmatic fluids. This new geochemical dataset, together with previously published data, can be used as a base line with which to follow-up the activity of this deadly volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 331–343
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 8
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    New Applications in Gas Geochemistry (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: Gases present in the Earth crust are important in various branches of human activities. Hydrocarbons are a significant energy resource, helium is applied in many high-tech instruments, and studies of crustal gas dynamics provide insight in the geodynamic processes and help monitor seismic and volcanic hazards. Quantitative analysis of methane and CO2 migration is important for climate change studies. Some of them are toxic (H2S, CO2, CO); radon is responsible for the major part of human radiation dose. The development of analytical techniques in gas geochemistry creates opportunities of applying this science in numerous fields. Noble gases, hydrocarbons, CO2, N2, H2, CO, and Hg vapor are measured by advanced methods in various environments and matrices including fluid inclusions. Following the “Geochemical Applications of Noble Gases”(2009), “Frontiers in Gas Geochemistry” (2013), and “Progress in the Application of Gas Geochemistry to Geothermal, Tectonic and Magmatic Studies” (2017) published as special issues of Chemical Geology and “Gas geochemistry: From conventional to unconventional domains” (2018) published as a special issue of Marine and Petroleum Geology, this volume continues the tradition of publishing papers reflecting the diversity in scope and application of gas geochemistry.
    Description: Published
    Description: 976190
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geochemistry ; Atmosphere ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 04. Solid Earth
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  • 9
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    Arctic Sea Ice in CMIP6 (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-04
    Description: We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic sea‐ice area and volume. We find that CMIP6 models produce a wide spread of mean Arctic sea‐ice area, capturing the observational estimate within the multi‐model ensemble spread. The CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble mean provides a more realistic estimate of the sensitivity of September Arctic sea‐ice area to a given amount of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and to a given amount of global warming, compared with earlier CMIP experiments. Still, most CMIP6 models fail to simulate at the same time a plausible evolution of sea‐ice area and of global mean surface temperature. In the vast majority of the available CMIP6 simulations, the Arctic Ocean becomes practically sea‐ice free (sea‐ice area 〈 1 million km2) in September for the first time before the year 2050 in each of the four emission scenarios SSP1‐1.9, SSP1‐2.6, SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 examined here.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
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    Circulation and Thermohaline Variability of the Hanna Shoal Region on the Northeastern Chukchi Sea Shelf (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-07
    Description: We analyzed velocity and hydrographic data from 23 moorings in the northeast Chukchi Sea from 2011 to 2014. In most years the eastern side of Hanna Shoal was strongly stratified year-round, while weakly stratified regions prevailed on the shelf south and west of the Shoal. Stratification differences cause differential vertical mixing rates, which in conjunction with advection of different bottom water properties resulted in seasonally-varying along-isobath density gradients. In agreement with numerical models, we find that bottom waters flow anticyclonically around the Shoal. Whereas most of the shelf responded barotropically to wind-forcing, there was a strong baroclinic component to the flow field northeast of Hanna Shoal, resulting in no net vertically-integrated transport on average. In contrast there is a net eastward transport from west of the Shoal, which implies convergence north of the Shoal. Convergence and along-isobath density gradients may foster cross-shelf exchange north of Hanna Shoal. Modal analyses indicate that the shelf south of the Shoal and Barrow Canyon responded coherently to local and remote winds, whereas the wind-current response around Hanna Shoal was less coherent. Barotropic topographic waves, of ~3-day period, were generated episodically northeast of the Shoal and propagate clockwise around Hanna Shoal, but are blocked from entering Barrow Canyon and are possibly scattered by the horizontally sheared flow and converging isobaths on the western side of the Shoal. Analysis of water properties on the western side of Hanna Shoal suggests that these include contributions from the western and southern portions of the Chukchi Sea.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    Limited Retreat of the Wilkes Basin Ice Sheet during the Last Interglacial (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(13), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-20
    Description: The response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to global warming represents a major source of uncertainty in sea level projections. Thinning of the East Antarctic George V and Sabrina Coast ice‐cover is currently taking place, and regional ice‐sheet instability episodes might have been triggered in past warm climates. However, the magnitude of ice retreat in the past can not yet be quantitatively derived from paleo‐proxy records alone. We propose that a runaway retreat of the George V coast grounding line and subsequent instability of the Wilkes Basin ice‐sheet would either leave a clear imprint on the water isotope composition in the Talos Dome region or prohibit a Talos Dome ice‐core record from the Last Interglacial altogether. Testing this hypothesis our ice sheet model simulations suggest, that Wilkes Basin ice‐sheet retreat remained relatively limited during the Last Interglacial and provide a constraint on Last Interglacial East Antarctic grounding line stability.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Extent and cessation of the mid-Cretaceous Hikurangi Plateau underthrusting: Impact on global plate tectonics and the submarine Chatham Rise (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, Wiley, 125, ISSN: 0148-0227
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-21
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Evolution of the Upper Ocean Stratification in the Japan Sea Since the Last Glacial (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(16), pp. e2020GL088255, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-05
    Description: Paleoceanographic evidence commonly indicates that Last Glacial Maximum surface temperatures in the Japan Sea were comparable to modern conditions, in striking difference to colder neighboring regions. Here, based on a core from the central Japan Sea, our results show similar UK′37‐ and TEXL86‐derived temperatures between 24.7 and 16.3 ka BP, followed by an abrupt divergence at ~16.3 ka BP and a weakening of divergence after ~8.7 ka BP. We attribute this process to a highly stratified glacial upper ocean controlled by the East Asian Summer Monsoon, increasing thermal gradient between surface and subsurface layers during the deglaciation and the intrusion of Tsushima Warm Current since the mid‐Holocene, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that threshold‐like changes in upper‐ocean temperatures linked to sea level rise and monsoon dynamics, rather than just sea surface temperatures, play a critical role in shaping the thermal and ventilation history of this NW Pacific marginal sea.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    AMOC recovery in a multi-centennial scenario using a coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice sheet model (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(16), pp. e2019GL086810, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-14
    Description: We simulate the two Coupled Model Intercomparison Project scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, to assess the effects of melt‐induced fresh water on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). We use a newly developed climate model with high resolution at the coasts, resolving the complex ocean dynamics. Our results show an AMOC recovery in simulations run with and without an included ice sheet model. We find that the ice sheet adds a strong decadal variability on the freshwater release, resulting in intervals in which it reduces the surface runoff by high accumulation rates. This compensating effect is missing in climate models without dynamic ice sheets. Therefore, we argue to assess those freshwater hosing experiments critically, which aim to parameterize Greenland's freshwater release. We assume the increasing net evaporation over the Atlantic and the resulting increase in ocean salinity, to be the main driver of the AMOC recovery.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 15
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    Ocean Circulation and Variability Beneath Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (79 North Glacier) Ice Tongue (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Wiley, 125(8), ISSN: 0148-0227
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    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    Spatial and Temporal variability of iodine in aerosol (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Wiley, 126, pp. e2020JD034410, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-10
    Description: In this work we describe the compilation and homogenization of an extensive dataset of aerosol iodine field observations in the period between 1963 and 2018 and we discuss the spatial and temporal dependences of total iodine in bulk aerosol by comparing the observations with CAM-Chem model imulations. Total iodine in aerosol shows a distinct latitudinal dependence, with an enhancement towards the northern hemisphere (NH) tropics and lower values towards the poles. This behavior, which has been predicted by atmospheric models to depend on the global distribution of the main ceanic iodine source (which in turn depends on the reaction of surface ozone with aqueous iodide on he sea water-air interface, generating gas-phase I2 and HOI), is confirmed here by field observations for the first time. Longitudinally, there is some indication of a wave-one profile in the Tropics, which peaks in the Atlantic and shows a minimum in the Pacific, following the wave-one longitudinal variation of tropical tropospheric ozone. New data from Antarctica show that the south polar seasonal variation of iodine in aerosol mirrors that observed previously in the Arctic, with two equinoctial maxima and the dominant maximum occurring in spring. While no clear seasonal variability is observed in NH middle latitudes, there is an indication of different seasonal cycles in the NH tropical Atlantic and Pacific. A weak positive long-term trend is observed in the tropical annual averages, which is consistent with an enhancement of the anthropogenic ozone-driven global oceanic source of iodine over the last 50 years.
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  • 17
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    Nonmonotonic Change of the Arctic Ocean Freshwater Storage Capability in a Warming Climate (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48(10), pp. e2020GL090951, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: Freshwater in the Arctic Ocean is one of the key climate components. It is not well understood how the capability of the Arctic Ocean to store freshwater will develop when freshwater supplies increase in a warming climate. By using numerical experiments, we find that this capability varies with the Arctic sea ice decline nonmonotonically, with the largest capability at intermediate strength of sea ice decline. Through enhancing the ocean surface stress, sea ice decline not only accumulates freshwater toward the Amerasian Basin but also tends to reduce the amount of freshwater in both the Eurasian and Amerasian basins by increasing the occupation of Atlantic-origin water in the upper ocean. An increase in river runoff modulates the counterbalance of the two competing effects, leading to the nonmonotonic changes of the Arctic freshwater storage capability in a warming climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    On the Cause of the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Reviews of Geophysics, Wiley, 59(2), pp. e2020RG000727, ISSN: 8755-1209
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-17
    Description: The Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), where the Pleistocene glacial cycles changed from 41 to ∼100 kyr periodicity, is one of the most intriguing unsolved issues in the field of paleoclimatology. Over the course of over four decades of research, several different physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain the MPT, involving non-linear feedbacks between ice sheets and the global climate, the solid Earth, ocean circulation, and the carbon cycle. Here, we review these different mechanisms, comparing how each of them relates to the others, and to the currently available observational evidence. Based on this discussion, we identify the most important gaps in our current understanding of the MPT. We discuss how new model experiments, which focus on the quantitative differences between the different physical mechanisms, could help fill these gaps. The results of those experiments could help interpret available proxy evidence, as well as new evidence that is expected to become available.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Dynamics of the African Plate 75 Ma: From Plate Kinematic Reconstructions to Intraplate Paleo-Stresses (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Tectonics, Wiley, 40(7), ISSN: 0278-7407
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-26
    Description: Plate reconstruction studies show that the Neotethys Ocean was closing due to the convergence of Africa and Eurasia toward the end of the Cretaceous. The period around 75 Ma reflects the onset of continental collision between the two plates as convergence continued to be taken up mostly by subduction of the Neotethys slab beneath Eurasia. The Owen transform plate boundary in the northeast accommodated the fast northward motion of the Indian plate relative to the African plate. The rest of the plate was surrounded by mid-ocean ridges. Africa was experiencing continent-wide rifting related to northeast-southwest extension. We aim to quantify the forces and paleostresses that may have driven this continental extension. We use the latest plate kinematic reconstructions in a grid search to estimate horizontal gravitational stresses (HGSs), plate boundary forces, and the plate's interaction with the asthenosphere. The contribution of dynamic topography to HGSs is based on recent mantle convection studies. We model intraplate stresses and compare them with the strain observations. The fit to observations favors models where dynamic topography amplitudes are smaller than 300 m. The results also indicate that the net pull transmitted from slab to the surface African plate was low. To put this into context, we notice that available tectonic reconstructions show fragmented subduction zones and various colliding micro-continents along the northern margin of the African plate around this time. We therefore interpret a low net pull as resulting from either a small average slab length or from the micro-continents' resistance to subduction.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    Global River Discharge and Floods in the Warmer Climate of the Last Interglacial (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(e2020G), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-18
    Description: We investigate hydrology during a past climate slightly warmer than the present: the Last Interglacial (LIG). With daily output of pre‐industrial and LIG simulations from eight new climate models we force hydrological model PCR‐GLOBWB, and in turn hydrodynamic model CaMa‐Flood. Compared to pre‐industrial, annual mean LIG runoff, discharge, and 100‐year flood volume are considerably larger in the Northern Hemisphere, by 14%, 25% and 82%, respectively. Anomalies are negative in the Southern Hemisphere. In some boreal regions, LIG runoff and discharge are lower despite higher precipitation, due the higher temperatures and evaporation. LIG discharge is much higher for the Niger, Congo, Nile, Ganges, Irrawaddy, Pearl, and lower for the Mississippi, Saint Lawrence, Amazon, Paraná, Orange, Zambesi, Danube, Ob. Discharge is seasonally postponed in tropical rivers affected by monsoon changes. Results agree with published proxies on the sign of discharge anomaly in 15 of 23 sites where comparison is possible.
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    Necessary Conditions for Warm Inflow Toward the Filchner Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(22), pp. 1-11, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: Understanding changes in Antarctic ice shelf basal melting is a major challenge for predicting future sea level. Currently, warm Circumpolar Deep Water surrounding Antarctica has limited access to the Weddell Sea continental shelf; consequently, melt rates at Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf are low. However, large‐scale model projections suggest that changes to the Antarctic Slope Front and the coastal circulation may enhance warm inflows within this century. We use a regional high‐resolution ice shelf cavity and ocean circulation model to explore forcing changes that may trigger this regime shift. Our results suggest two necessary conditions for supporting a sustained warm inflow into the Filchner Ice Shelf cavity: (i) an extreme relaxation of the Antarctic Slope Front density gradient and (ii) substantial freshening of the dense shelf water. We also find that the on‐shelf transport over the western Weddell Sea shelf is sensitive to the Filchner Trough overflow characteristics.
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  • 22
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    A changing Arctic Ocean: How measured and modeled 129129I distributions indicate fundamental shifts in circulation between 1994 and 2015 (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Wiley, 126(3), ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-11
    Description: 129I measurements on samples collected during GEOTRACES oceanographic missions in the Arctic Ocean in 2015 have provided the first detailed, synoptic 129I sections across the Eurasian, Canada and Makarov Basins. During the 1990s, increased discharges of 129I from European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants produced a large, tracer spike whose passage through the Arctic Ocean has been followed by 129I time series measurements over the past 25 years. Elevated 129I levels measured over the Lomonosov and Alpha-Mendeleyev Ridges in 2015 were associated with tracer labeled, Atlantic-origin water bathymetrically steered by the ridge systems through the central Arctic while lower 129I levels were evident in the more poorly ventilated basin interiors. 129I levels of 200-400 x 107 at/l measured in intermediate waters in 2015 had increased by a factor of 10 compared to results from the same locations in 1994-1996 owing to the circulation of the 1990s, 129I input spike mainly associated with enhanced discharges from the La Hague nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Comparisons of the patterns of 129I distributions between the mid-1990s and 2015 delineate large scale circulation changes that occurred during the shift from a positive Arctic Oscillation and a cyclonic circulation regime in the mid-1990s to anticyclonic circulation in 2015. The latter is characterized by a broadened Beaufort Gyre in the upper ocean, a weakened boundary current and partial mid-depth, AW flow reversal in the southern Canada Basin. Tracer 129I simulations using the applied circulation model, NAOSIM agree with both historical 129I results and recent GEOTRACES data sets, thereby lending context and credibility to the interpretation of large scale changes in arctic circulation and their relationship to shifts in climate indices revealed by tracer 129I distributions. This paper reports measurements and simulation results for 129I for the 1990s and 2015, and interprets them in the context of ocean circulation responses to changing atmospheric forcing regimes.
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  • 23
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    New Magnetostratigraphic Insights From Iceberg Alley on the Rhythms of Antarctic Climate During the Plio-Pleistocene (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Wiley, 36(2), pp. 1-27, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 382 in the Scotia Sea’s Iceberg Alley recovered among the most continuous and highest resolution stratigraphic records in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica spanning the last 3.3 Myr. Sites drilled in Dove Basin (U1536/U1537) have well‐resolved magnetostratigraphy and a strong imprint of orbital forcing in their lithostratigraphy. All magnetic reversals of the last 3.3 Myr are identified, providing a robust age model independent of orbital tuning. During the Pleistocene, alternation of terrigenous versus diatomaceous facies shows power in the eccentricity and obliquity frequencies comparable to the amplitude modulation of benthic δ18O records. This suggests that variations in Dove Basin lithostratigraphy during the Pleistocene reflect a similar history as globally integrated ice volume at these frequencies. However, power in the precession frequencies over the entire ∼3.3 Myr record does not match the amplitude modulation of benthic δ18O records, suggesting Dove Basin contains a unique record at these frequencies. Comparing the position of magnetic reversals relative to local facies changes in Dove Basin and the same magnetic reversals relative to benthic δ18O at North Atlantic IODP Site U1308, we demonstrate Dove Basin facies change at different times than benthic δ18O during intervals between ∼3 and 1 Ma. These differences are consistent with precession phase shifts and suggest climate signals with a Southern Hemisphere summer insolation phase were recorded around Antarctica. If Dove Basin lithology reflects local Antarctic ice volume changes, these signals could represent ice sheet precession‐paced variations not captured in benthic δ18O during the 41‐kyr world.
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    Rapid Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in the Environment by Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Hyperspectral Infrared Chemical Imaging (2020)
    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society, 54(24), pp. 15893-15903, ISSN: 0013-936X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-08
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  • 25
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    Climatically modulated dust inputs from New Zealand to the Southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean over the last 410 kyr (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Wiley, pp. e2020PA003949
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-01
    Description: Eolian mineral dust is an active agent in the global climate system. It affects planetary albedo and can influence marine biological productivity and ocean‐atmosphere carbon dynamics. This makes understanding of the global dust cycle crucial for constraining the dust/climate relationship, which requires long‐term dust emission records for all major dust sources. Despite their importance, the sources of atmospheric dust deposited in the Southern Ocean remain poorly constrained. Eolian dust in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean is generally assumed to originate from Australia, with minor contributions from New Zealand. Here we present a high‐resolution elemental record of terrestrial inputs for the past ∼410 kyr from marine sediment core PS75/100‐4 recovered from east of South Island, New Zealand. Sediment grain size is slightly finer than that of loess deposits from South Island, New Zealand, and is coarser than that of marine sediments in the Tasman Sea to the west of New Zealand, which indicates that the dust originated mainly from New Zealand and not only from Australia. Core PS75/100‐4 records lithogenic mass accumulation rates ranging from ∼0.01 to 0.69 g/cm2/kyr (∼0.20 g/cm2/kyr average), with variations over a factor of ∼3‐4 over glacial versus interglacial timescales for the past 410 kyr. Our geochemical data correlate well with Southern Ocean and Antarctic eolian dust records and suggest a westerly wind‐supplied dust signal from New Zealand. Our findings, therefore, suggest that New Zealand should be considered an important long‐term regional dust source in global dust cycle models.
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  • 26
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    Evidence for a highly dynamic West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Pliocene (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 27
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    Detailed Seismic Bathymetry Beneath Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Implications for Glacial History and Ice‐Ocean Interaction (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47, pp. e2019G, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-03
    Description: The shape of ice shelf cavities are a major source of uncertainty in understanding ice‐ocean interactions. This limits assessments of the response of the Antarctic ice sheets to climate change. Here we use vibroseis seismic reflection surveys to map the bathymetry beneath the Ekström Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land. The new bathymetry reveals an inland‐sloping trough, reaching depths of 1,100 m below sea level, near the current grounding line, which we attribute to erosion by palaeo‐ice streams. The trough does not cross‐cut the outer parts of the continental shelf. Conductivity‐temperature‐depth profiles within the ice shelf cavity reveal the presence of cold water at shallower depths and tidal mixing at the ice shelf margins. It is unknown if warm water can access the trough. The new bathymetry is thought to be representative of many ice shelves in Dronning Maud Land, which together regulate the ice loss from a substantial area of East Antarctica.
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  • 28
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    Wintertime Airborne Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles in the High Arctic: A Hint to a Marine, Biogenic Source for Ice Nucleating Particles (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47, pp. 1-11, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-14
    Description: Ice nucleating particles (INPs) affect the radiative properties of cold clouds. Knowledge concerning their concentration above ground level and their potential sources is scarce. Here we present the first highly temperature resolved ice nucleation spectra of airborne samples from an aircraft campaign during late winter in 2018. Most INP spectra featured low concentration levels (〈3 · 10−4 L−1 at −15°C). −2 −1 However, we also found INP concentrations of up to 1.8·10 L at −15°C and freezing onsets as high as −7.5°C for samples mainly from the marine boundary layer. Shape and onset temperature of the ice nucleation spectra of those samples as well as heat sensitivity hint at biogenic INP. Colocated measurements additionally indicate a local marine influence rather than long‐range transport. Our results suggest that even in late winter above 80°N a local marine source for biogenic INP, which can efficiently nucleate ice at high temperatures, is present. Clouds are a key factor in the energy budget of the Arctic atmosphere. Ice nucleating particles (INPs) can modify the radiation properties and lifetime of clouds by affecting the relative abundance of liquid and frozen droplets in a cloud. Despite this important ability, knowledge about the INP concentration above ground level is limited as airborne INP measurements are very scarce in the Arctic. Here we present results from an aircraft campaign, which took place during the late winter of 2018 in latitudes above 80°N. We found INP concentrations at above −15°C, which are similar to those found in midlatitudes. These INPs also initiate freezing already at high temperatures. We found indications that the INPs are biogenic and originate from a local, marine source, rather than being transported from midlatitudes into the Arctic. Due to the presence of numerous cracks, open leads and polynyas in the sea ice in the investigation area, the ocean may provide a source for these biogenic INP in an environment, where sources on land are still shrouded in snow and ice. However, in a warming Arctic contributions from different sources might change, making the characterization of the current state important.
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    Deposition history and paleo-current activity on the southeastern Lomonosov Ridge and its Eurasian flank based on seismic data (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Wiley, 21, pp. #e2020GC009133
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-01
    Description: A regional seismic survey on the southeastern Lomonosov Ridge and adjacent basins provides constraints on the coupled evolution of ocean circulations, depositional regime and tectonic processes. First, Mesozoic strata on the Lomonosov Ridge, its faulted flanks and the initial Amundsen Basin were covered with syn-rift sediments of Paleocene to early Eocene age. Numerous vertical faults indicate differential compaction of possibly anoxic sediments deposited in the young, still isolated Eurasian Basin. The second stage, as indicated by a prominent high-amplitude-reflector sequence (HARS) covering the ridge, was a time of widespread changes in deposition conditions, likely controlled by the ongoing subsidence of the Lomonosov Ridge and gradual opening of the Fram Strait. Episodic incursions of water masses from the North Atlantic probably were the consequences, and led to the deposition of thin sedimentary layers of different lithology. The third stage is marked by continuous deposition since the early Miocene (20 Ma). At that time, the ridge no longer posed an obstacle between the Amerasia and Eurasia Basins and pelagic sedimentation was established. Drift bodies, sediment waves, and erosional structures indicate the onset of circulation. Faulting on the ridge slope has led to a series of terraces where sediment drifts have accumulated since the early Miocene. It is suggested that ongoing sagging of the ridge and currents may have shaped the steep sediment free flanks of the terraces. Lastly, a sequence of high-amplitude reflectors marks the transition to the early Pliocene large-scale Northern Hemisphere glaciations.
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    Amplified Arctic Surface Warming and Sea Ice Loss Due to Phytoplankton and Colored Dissolved Material (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47, pp. e2020GL088795, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Optically active water constituents attenuate solar radiation and hence affect the vertical distribution of energy in the upper ocean. To understand their implications, we operate an ocean biogeochemical model coupled to a general circulation model with sea ice. Incorporating the effect of phytoplankton and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) on light attenuation in the model increases the sea surface temperature in summer and decreases sea ice concentration in the Arctic Ocean. Locally, the sea ice season is reduced by up to one month. CDOM drives a significant part of these changes, suggesting that an increase of this material will amplify the observed Arctic surface warming through its direct thermal effect. Indirectly, changing advective processes in the Nordic Seas may further intensify this effect. Our results emphasize the phytoplankton and CDOM feedbacks on the Arctic ocean and sea ice system and underline the need to consider these effects in future modeling studies to enhance their plausibility.
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    COVID-19 crisis reduces free tropospheric ozone across the northern hemisphere (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48(5), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-04
    Description: Throughout spring and summer 2020, ozone stations in the northern extratropics recorded unusually low ozone in the free troposphere. From April to August, and from 1 to 8 kilometers altitude, ozone was on average 7% (≈4 nmol/mol) below the 2000 to 2020 climatological mean. Such low ozone, over several months, and at so many stations, has not been observed in any previous year since at least 2000. Atmospheric composition analyses from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service and simulations from the NASA GMI model indicate that the large 2020 springtime ozone depletion in the Arctic stratosphere contributed less than one quarter of the observed tropospheric anomaly. The observed anomaly is consistent with recent chemistry-climate model simulations, which assume emissions reductions similar to those caused by the COVID-19 crisis. COVID-19 related emissions reductions appear to be the major cause for the observed reduced free tropospheric ozone in 2020.
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    Evolution of (Bio-)geochemical Processes and Diagenetic Alteration of Sediments Along the Tectonic Migration of Ocean Floor in the Shikoku Basin off Japan (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Biogeochemical processes in subseafloor sediments are closely coupled to global element cycles. To improve the understanding of changes in biogeochemical conditions on geological timescales, we investigate sediment cores from a 1180 m deep hole in the Nankai Trough offshore Japan (Site C0023) drilled during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 370. During its tectonic migration from the Shikoku Basin to the Nankai Trough over the past 15 Ma, Site C0023 has experienced significant changes in depositional, thermal, and geochemical conditions. By combining pore-water, solid-phase, and rock magnetic data, we demonstrate that a transition from organic carbon-starved conditions with predominantly aerobic respiration to an elevated carbon burial environment with increased sedimentation occurred at ∼2.5 Ma. Higher rates of organic carbon burial in consequence of increased nutrient supply and productivity likely stimulated the onset of anaerobic electron-accepting processes during organic carbon degradation. A significant temperature increase by ∼50°C across the sediment column associated with trench-style sedimentation since ∼0.5 Ma could increase the bioavailability of organic matter and enhance biogenic methanogenesis. The resulting shifts in reaction fronts led to diagenetic transformation of iron (oxyhydr)oxides into pyrite in the organic carbon-starved sediments several millions of years after burial. We also show that high amounts of reducible iron(III) which can serve as electron acceptor for microbial iron(III) reduction are preserved and still available as phyllosilicate-bound Fe. This is the first study that shows the evolution of long-term variations of (bio-)geochemical processes along tectonic migration of ocean floor, thereby altering the primary sediment composition long after deposition.
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    Bathymetry beneath ice shelves of western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, and implications on ice shelf stability (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(12), pp. e2019GL086724, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-06
    Description: Antarctica's ice shelves play a key role in stabilizing the ice streams that feed them. Since basal melting largely depends on ice‐ocean interactions, it is vital to attain consistent bathymetry models to estimate water and heat exchange beneath ice shelves. We have constructed bathymetry models beneath the ice shelves of western Dronning Maud Land by inverting airborne gravity data, and incorporating seismic, multibeam and radar depth references. Our models reveal deep glacial troughs beneath the ice shelves and terminal moraines close to the continental shelf breaks, which currently limit the entry of Warm Deep Water from the Southern Ocean. The ice shelves buttress a catchment that comprises an ice volume equivalent to nearly 1 meter of eustatic sea level rise, partly susceptible to ocean forcing. Changes in water temperature and thermocline depth may accelerate marine based ice sheet drainage and constitute an underestimated contribution to future global sea level rise.
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    Antarctic Sea Ice Area in CMIP6 (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(9), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-02
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    Regionally coupled atmosphere - ocean - marine biogeochemistry model ROM: 2. Studying the climate change signal in the North Atlantic and Europe (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Wiley, n/a(n/a), pp. e2019MS001646, ISSN: 1942-2466
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-06
    Description: Climate simulations for the North Atlantic and Europe for recent and future conditions simulated with the regionally coupled ROM model are analyzed and compared to the results from the MPI‐ESM. The ROM simulations also include a biogeochemistry and ocean tides. For recent climate conditions, ROM generally improves the simulations compared to the driving model MPI‐ESM. Reduced oceanic biases in the Northern Atlantic are found, as well as a better simulation of the atmospheric circulation, notably storm tracks and blocking. Regarding future climate projections for the 21st century following the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, MPI‐ESM and ROM largely agree qualitatively on the climate change signal over Europe. However, many important differences are identified. For example, ROM shows an SST cooling in the Subpolar Gyre which is not present in MPI‐ESM. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, ROM Arctic sea ice cover is thinner and reaches the seasonally ice‐free state by 2055, well before MPI‐ESM. This shows the decisive importance of higher ocean resolution and regional coupling for determining the regional responses to global warming trends. Regarding biogeochemistry, both ROM and MPI‐ESM simulate a widespread decline in winter nutrient concentration in the North Atlantic of up to ~35%. On the other hand, the phytoplankton spring bloom in the Arctic and in the North‐Western Atlantic starts earlier and the yearly primary production is enhanced in the Arctic in the late 21st century. These results clearly demonstrate the added value of ROM to determine more detailed and more reliable climate projections at the regional scale.
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    Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Arctic Ocean From a Global Simulation With a 1‐km Arctic (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(14), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-28
    Description: Simulating Arctic Ocean mesoscale eddies in ocean circulation models presents a great challenge because of their small size. This study employs an unstructured‐mesh ocean‐sea ice model to conduct a decadal‐scale global simulation with a 1‐km Arctic. It provides a basinwide overview of Arctic eddy energetics. Increasing model resolution from 4 to 1 km increases Arctic eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and total kinetic energy (TKE) by about 40% and 15%, respectively. EKE is the highest along main currents over topography slopes, where strong conversion from available potential energy to EKE takes place. It is high in halocline with a maximum typically centered in the depth range of 70–110 m, and in the Atlantic Water layer of the Eurasian Basin as well. The seasonal variability of EKE along the continental slopes of southern Canada and eastern Eurasian basins is similar, stronger in fall and weaker in spring.
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    Meta-analysis of multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role of pCO2 (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, 26(12), pp. 6787-6804
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-23
    Description: Responses of marine primary production to a changing climate are determined by a concert of multiple environmental changes, for example in temperature, light, pCO2, nutrients, and grazing. To make robust projections of future global marine primary production, it is crucial to understand multiple driver effects on phytoplankton. This meta-analysis quantifies individual and interactive effects of dual driver combinations on marine phytoplankton growth rates. Almost 50% of the single-species laboratory studies were excluded because central data and metadata (growth rates, carbonate system, experimental treatments) were insufficiently reported. The remaining data (42 studies) allowed for the analysis of interactions of pCO2 with temperature, light, and nutrients, respectively. Growth rates mostly respond non-additively, whereby the interaction with increased pCO2 profusely dampens growth-enhancing effects of high temperature and high light. Multiple and single driver effects on coccolithophores differ from other phytoplankton groups, especially in their high sensitivity to increasing pCO2. Polar species decrease their growth rate in response to high pCO2, while temperate and tropical species benefit under these conditions. Based on the observed interactions and projected changes, we anticipate primary productivity to: (a) first increase but eventually decrease in the Arctic Ocean once nutrient limitation outweighs the benefits of higher light availability; (b) decrease in the tropics and mid-latitudes due to intensifying nutrient limitation, possibly amplified by elevated pCO2; and (c) increase in the Southern Ocean in view of higher nutrient availability and synergistic interaction with increasing pCO2. Growth-enhancing effect of high light and warming to coccolithophores, mainly Emiliania huxleyi, might increase their relative abundance as long as not offset by acidification. Dinoflagellates are expected to increase their relative abundance due to their positive growth response to increasing pCO2 and light levels. Our analysis reveals gaps in the knowledge on multiple driver responses and provides recommendations for future work on phytoplankton.
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    Dropstones in the Mar del Plata Canyon Area (SW Atlantic): Evidence for Provenance, Transport, Distribution, and Oceanographic Implications (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, Wiley, 22, ISSN: 1525-2027
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-28
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  • 39
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    Ammonium in Antarctic aerosol: Marine biological activity versus long-range transport of biomass burning (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48, pp. e2021GL092826, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: Year-round records of the ionic composition of Antarctic aerosol were obtained at the inland Dome C (DC) and coastal Neumayer (NM) sites, with additional observations of black carbon at NM. Discussions focus on the origin of ammonium in Antarctica. This first Antarctic atmospheric study of several species emitted by biomass burning indicates that black carbon, oxalate, and fine potassium reach a maximum in October in relation to biomass burning activity in the southern hemisphere. Ammonium reaches a maximum two months later, suggesting that biomass burning remains a minor ammonium source there. The ammonium maximum in December coincides with the occurrence of diatom blooms in the austral ocean, suggesting that oceanic ammonia emissions are the main source of ammonium in Antarctica. The ammonium to sulfur-derived biogenic species molar ratio of 0.15 in summer suggests far lower ammonia emissions from the Antarctic oceans than mid-latitude southern oceans.
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  • 40
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    Seasonality in Saharan Dust Across the Atlantic Ocean: From Atmospheric Transport to Seafloor Deposition (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Wiley, 126, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Saharan dust is transported in great quantities from the North African continent every year, most of which is deposited across the North Atlantic Ocean. This dust impacts regional and global climate by affecting the atmospheric radiation balance and altering ocean carbon budgets. However, little research has been carried out on time series of Saharan dust collected in situ across the open Atlantic. Here, we present a unique three-year time series of Saharan dust along a trans-Atlantic transect, sampled by moored surface buoys and subsurface sediment traps. Results show a good correlation between the particle-size distributions of atmospheric dust and the lithogenic particles settling to the deep ocean floor, confirming the aeolian origin of the lithogenic particles intercepted by the subsurface sediment traps, even in the distal western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Dust from both dry and wet deposition as collected by the sediment traps, shows increased deposition fluxes and coarser grain size in summer and/or autumn that coincides with increased precipitation at the sampling sites as derived from satellite data. In contrast, both buoys that sampled dust during transport at sea level show little seasonal variation in both concentration and particle size, as the large amounts of dust transported in summer and early autumn at high altitudes are far above their sampling range. This implies that wet deposition in summer and autumn defines the typical seasonal trends of both the dust deposition flux and its particle-size distribution observed in the sediment traps.
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  • 41
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    New Developments in the PuffinPlot Paleomagnetic Data Analysis Program (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-06
    Description: PuffinPlot is a program for paleomagnetic data analysis and plotting, first released in 2012 and under continuous development since then. It is free, cross‐platform software and provides both a graphical desktop interface for interactive use and an application‐programmer interface for scripting. We present a major new release of the program, describe significant new features added since the first release, and demonstrate their application to real‐world data. New features include automatic magnetic declination realignment, relative paleointensity calculation, virtual geomagnetic pole determination, calculation of inclination‐only statistics, support for reproducible research via the export of self‐contained data bundles, and support for reading a number of popular paleomagnetic file formats. We also discuss the application of unit tests in ensuring PuffinPlot's long‐term reliability and outline directions for future development of the software.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5578-5587
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Fine‐Scale Structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence From Data Recorded at the Italian National Network (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-25
    Description: We explore the three‐dimensional structure of the 2016–2017 Central Italy sequence using ~34,000 ML ≥ 1.5 earthquakes that occurred between August 2016 and January 2018. We applied cross‐correlation and double‐difference location methods to waveform and parametric data routinely produced at the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. The sequence activated an 80 km long system of normal faults and near‐horizontal detachment faults through the MW 6.0 Amatrice, the MW 5.9 Visso, and the MW 6.5 Norcia mainshocks and aftershocks. The system has an average strike of N155°E and dips 38°–55° southwestward and is segmented into 15–30 km long faults individually activated by the cascade of MW ≥ 5.0 shocks. The two main normal fault segments, Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove to the North and Mt. della Laga to the South, are separated by an NNE‐SSW‐trending lateral ramp of the Sibillini thrust, a regional structure inherited from the previous compressional tectonic phase putting into contact diverse lithologies with different seismicity patterns. Space‐time reconstruction of the fault system supports a composite rupture scenario previously proposed for the MW 6.5 Norcia earthquake, where the rupture possibly propagated also along an oblique portion of the Sibillini thrust. This dissected set of normal fault segments is bounded at 8–10 km depth by a continuous 2 km thick seismicity layer of extensional nature slightly dipping eastward and interpreted as a shear zone. All three mainshocks in the sequence nucleated along the high‐angle planes at significant distance from the shear zone, thus complicating the interpretation of the mechanisms driving strain partitioning between these structures.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2019JB018440
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: normal fault ; shear zone ; fault segmentation ; apennines ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 43
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    Active Extension in a Foreland Trapped Between Two Contractional Chains: The South Apulia Fault System (SAFS) (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Description: The response of continental forelands to subduction and collision is a widely investigated topic in geodynamics. The deformation occurring within a foreland shared by two opposite‐verging chains, however, is uncommon and poorly understood. The Apulia Swell in the southern end of the Adria microplate (Africa‐Europe plate boundary, central Mediterranean Sea) represents one of these cases, as it is the common foreland of the SW verging Albanides‐Hellenides and the NE verging Southern Apennines merging into the SSE verging Calabrian Arc. We investigated the internal deformation of the Apulia Swell using multiscale geophysical data: multichannel seismic profiles recording up to 12‐s two‐way time (TWT) for a consistent image of the upper crust; high‐resolution multichannel seismic profiles, high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry, and CHIRP profiles acquired by R/V OGS Explora to constrain the Quaternary geological record. The results of our analyses characterize the geometry of the South Apulia Fault System (SAFS), a 100‐km‐long and 12‐km‐wide structure attesting an extensional (and possibly transtensional) response of the foreland to the two contractional fronts. The SAFS consists of two NW‐SE right‐stepping master faults and several secondary structures. The SAFS activity spans from the Early Pleistocene through the Holocene, as testified by the bathymetric and high‐resolution seismic data, with long‐term slip rates in the range of 0.2–0.4 mm/yr. Considering the position within an area with few or none other active faults in the surroundings, the dimension, and the activity rates, the SAFS can be a candidate causative fault of the 20 February 1743, M 6.7, earthquake.
    Description: Italian Ministry for Education, University, and Research (MIUR), Premiale 2014 D. M. 291 03/05/2016.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2020TC006116
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active tectonics ; apulia ; south apulia fault system ; 1743 earthquake ; marine geology ; stable continental region ; ionian sea ; active faults ; subsurface geology ; seismic interpretation ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
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    Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Efforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MWK Baden‐Württemberg
    Keywords: 333.91 ; brokerage ; collaborative water governance ; comanagement ; comparative analysis ; social networks
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  • 45
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    Synthetic resampling strategies and machine learning for digital soil mapping in Iran (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Most common machine learning (ML) algorithms usually work well on balanced training sets, that is, datasets in which all classes are approximately represented equally. Otherwise, the accuracy estimates may be unreliable and classes with only a few values are often misclassified or neglected. This is known as a class imbalance problem in machine learning and datasets that do not meet this criterion are referred to as imbalanced data. Most datasets of soil classes are, therefore, imbalanced data. One of our main objectives is to compare eight resampling strategies that have been developed to counteract the imbalanced data problem. We compared the performance of five of the most common ML algorithms with the resampling approaches. The highest increase in prediction accuracy was achieved with SMOTE (the synthetic minority oversampling technique). In comparison to the baseline prediction on the original dataset, we achieved an increase of about 10, 20 and 10% in the overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score, respectively. Regarding the ML approaches, random forest (RF) showed the best performance with an overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score of 66, 60 and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of RF and SMOTE improved the accuracy of the individual soil classes, compared to RF trained on the original dataset and allowed better prediction of soil classes with a low number of samples in the corresponding soil profile database, in our case for Chernozems. Our results show that balancing existing soil legacy data using synthetic sampling strategies can significantly improve the prediction accuracy in digital soil mapping (DSM). Highlights Spatial distribution of soil classes in Iran can be predicted using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The synthetic minority oversampling technique overcomes the drawback of imbalanced and highly biased soil legacy data. When combining a random forest model with synthetic sampling strategies the prediction accuracy of the soil model improves significantly. The resulting new soil map of Iran has a much higher spatial resolution compared to existing maps and displays new soil classes that have not yet been mapped in Iran.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
    Keywords: 631.4 ; covariates ; imbalanced data ; machine learning ; random forest ; soil legacy data
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  • 46
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    Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under‐represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha−1) and intermediate (17.1 t ha−1) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Institute Strategic Programme grants, “Soils to Nutrition”
    Keywords: 631.4 ; black carbon ; carbon sequestration ; corn ; digestate ; heterotrophic respiration ; marginal soils ; microbial biomass
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  • 47
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    Self‐stated recovery from flooding: Empirical results from a survey in Central Vietnam (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.
    Keywords: 333.7 ; flood recovery ; resilience ; societal equity ; vulnerability
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  • 48
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    The potential of ryegrass as cover crop to reduce soil N2O emissions and increase the population size of denitrifying bacteria (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Nitrogen (N) fertilization is the major contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil, especially in post‐harvest seasons. This study was carried out to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size. A microcosm experiment was conducted with soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bare soil, each with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 5, 10 and 20 g N m−2; applied as calcium ammonium nitrate). The closed‐chamber approach was used to measure soil N2O fluxes. Real‐time PCR was used to estimate the biomass of bacteria and fungi and the abundance of genes involved in denitrification in soil. The results showed that the presence of ryegrass decreased the nitrate content in soil. Cumulative N2O emissions of soil with grass were lower than in bare soil at 5 and 10 g N m−2. Fertilization levels did not affect the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Soil with grass showed greater abundances of bacteria and fungi, as well as microorganisms carrying narG, napA, nirK, nirS and nosZ clade I genes. It is concluded that ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions in soils with moderate or high NO3− concentrations. This highlights the importance of cover crops for the reduction of N2O emissions from soil, particularly following N fertilization. Future research should explore the full potential of ryegrass to reduce soil N2O emissions under field conditions as well as in different soils. Highlights This study was to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size; Plant reduced soil N substrates on one side, but their root exudates stimulated denitrification on the other side; N2O emissions were lower in soil with grass than bare soil at medium fertilizer levels, and growing grass stimulated the proliferation of almost all the denitrifying bacteria except nosZ clade II; Ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: The National Science Project for University of Anhui Province
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 631.4 ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ; soil bacteria ; soil CO2 emissions ; soil N2O emissions
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  • 49
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    Reservoir Structure and Hydraulic Properties of the Campi Flegrei Geothermal System Inferred by Audiomagnetotelluric, Geochemical, and Seismicity Study (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: The Campi Flegrei caldera is a large volcanic complex lying in the Campanian Plain, Southern Italy. During its history the caldera experienced episodes of bradyseism and intense swarm seismicity. The mechanism leading to unrest episodes is still debated, and great efforts are ongoing to improve the knowledge of this structure and its evolution due to the high volcanic risk in such a densely populated area. Here we present a resistivity model from a two‐dimensional inversion of audiomagnetotelluric data acquired along an approximately 5.6‐km long profile crosscutting the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli district and the Agnano plain. The resistivity model shows (1) very low resistivity values confined in the first 500 m of depth both in correspondence of the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli districts and the Agnano depression; (2) a resistive plume that extends underneath the Solfatara crater down to 2,000‐ to 3,000‐m depth, and (3) an adjoining relative conductive unit eastward. We discuss the resistivity structures in a multidisciplinary framework integrating inedited geochemical and seismological observations with existing surface geology and subsurface information. The Solfatara‐Pisciarelli district and the Agnano plain, both being expression of intense hydrothermal activity, show different characteristics. Below the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli area, the shallow conductive zone is interpreted as a faulted clay cap that overlies a highly active vapor‐dominated reservoir characterized by a convective mechanism. Conversely, below the Agnano plain, a liquid phase seems to prevail in the reservoir. The spatiotemporal variations of seismicity imply a combined action of preexisting tectonic lineaments and fluid interaction between the gas/steam reservoir and the outflow zone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5336-5356
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Insight Into Campi Flegrei Caldera Unrest Through Seismic Tremor Measurements at Pisciarelli Fumarolic Field (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: Within a general volcanic unrest in the densely urbanized area of Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) an increase in the activity of Pisciarelli hydrothermal area is occurring. The seismic amplitude of Pisciarelli fumarolic tremor is a proxy for the fluid emission rate of the entire Solfatara‐Pisciarelli hydrothermal system. The long‐term analysis indicates a significant increase, by a factor of ~3 of the fumarolic tremor amplitude since May 2017. This increment matches with the trend of geochemical and seismic parameters observed in Campi Flegrei, therefore highlighting that Pisciarelli is a key site to monitor the volcanic unrest underway in this high‐risk caldera. The analysis of data from three closely spaced seismic stations provided new clues about the source mechanism of the tremor. Analyzing the fumarolic tremor amplitude we could also identify an episode of enlargement of the emission area close to the main fumarole of Pisciarelli. We propose a monitoring system based on the fumarolic tremor analysis, which provides real‐time information on the Pisciarelli hydrothermal activity and therefore on the current unrest in Campi Flegrei caldera.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5544-5555
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Water Availability and Deformation Processes in Smectite‐Rich Gouges During Seismic Slip (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-10
    Description: Smectite clays occur in subduction zone fault cores at shallow depth (approximately 1 km; e.g., Japan Trench) and landslide décollements (e.g., Vajont, Italy, 1963). The availability of pore fluids affects the likelihood that seismic slip propagates from deeper to shallow fault depths or that a landslide accelerates to its final collapse. To investigate the deformation processes active during seismic faulting we performed friction experiments with a rotary machine on 2‐mm‐thick smectite‐rich gouge layers (70/30 wt % Ca‐montmorillonite/opal) sheared at 5‐MPa normal stress, at slip rates of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.3 m/s, and total displacement of 3 m. Experiments were performed on predried gouges under vacuum, under room humidity and under partly saturated conditions. The fault shear strength measured in the experiments was included in a one‐dimensional numerical model incorporating frictional heating, thermal, and thermochemical pressurization. Quantitative X‐ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy investigations were performed on pristine and deformed smectite‐rich gouges. Under dry conditions, cataclasis and amorphization dominated at slip rates of 0.001–0.1 m/s, whereas grain size sensitive flow and, under vacuum, frictional melting occurred at fast slip rates (1.3 m/s). Under partly saturated conditions, frictional slip in a smectite foliation occurred in combination with pressurization of water by shear‐enhanced compaction and, for V = 0.01–1.3 m/s, with thermal pressurization. Pseudotachylytes, the only reliable microstructural markers for seismic slip, formed only with large frictional power (〉2 MW/m2), which could be achieved at shallow depth with high slip rates, or, at depth, with high shear stress in dehydrated smectites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 10855-10876
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    ogs5py: A Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 Scientific Modeling Package (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: High‐performance numerical codes are an indispensable tool for hydrogeologists when modeling subsurface flow and transport systems. But as they are written in compiled languages, like C/C++ or Fortran, established software packages are rarely user‐friendly, limiting a wider adoption of such tools. OpenGeoSys (OGS), an open‐source, finite‐element solver for thermo‐hydro‐mechanical–chemical processes in porous and fractured media, is no exception. Graphical user interfaces may increase usability, but do so at a dramatic reduction of flexibility and are difficult or impossible to integrate into a larger workflow. Python offers an optimal trade‐off between these goals by providing a highly flexible, yet comparatively user‐friendly environment for software applications. Hence, we introduce ogs5py, a Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 scientific modeling package. It provides a fully Python‐based representation of an OGS project, a large array of convenience functions for users to interact with OGS and connects OGS to the scientific and computational environment of Python.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.49 ; hydrogeology ; subsurface flow ; modeling ; software
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    High‐Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water–Groundwater Interaction (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment–water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in‐ and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high‐resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
    Description: Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.4 ; aquatic systems ; sediment-water interface ; transport model
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  • 54
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    Iron isotope fractionation in soil and graminaceous crops after 100 years of liming in the long‐term agricultural experimental site at Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Sustainable arable cropping relies on repeated liming. Yet, the associated increase in soil pH can reduce the availability of iron (Fe) to plants. We hypothesized that repeated liming, but not pedogenic processes such as lessivage (i.e., translocation of clay particles), alters the Fe cycle in Luvisol soil, thereby affecting Fe isotope composition in soils and crops. Hence, we analysed Fe concentrations and isotope compositions in soil profiles and winter rye from the long‐term agricultural experimental site in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany, where a controlled liming trial with three field replicates per treatment has been conducted on Albic Luvisols since 1923. Heterogeneity in subsoil was observed at this site for Fe concentration but not for Fe isotope composition. Lessivage had not affected Fe isotope composition in the soil profiles. The results also showed that almost 100 years of liming lowered the concentration of the HCl‐extractable Fe that was potentially available for plant uptake in the surface soil (0–15 cm) from 1.03 (standard error (SE) 0.03) to 0.94 (SE 0.01) g kg−1. This HCl‐extractable Fe pool contained isotopically lighter Fe (δ56Fe = −0.05 to −0.29‰) than the bulk soil (δ56Fe = −0.08 to 0.08‰). However, its Fe isotope composition was not altered by the long‐term lime application. Liming resulted in relatively lower Fe concentrations in the roots of winter rye. In addition, liming led to a heavier Fe isotope composition of the whole plants compared with those grown in the non‐limed plots (δ56FeWholePlant_ + Lime = −0.12‰, SE 0.03 vs. δ56FeWholePlant_‐Lime = −0.21‰, SE 0.01). This suggests that the elevated soil pH (increased by one unit due to liming) promoted the Fe uptake strategy through complexation of Fe(III) from the rhizosphere, which favoured heavier Fe isotopes. Overall, the present study showed that liming and a related increase in pH did not affect the Fe isotope compositions of the soil, but may influence the Fe isotope composition of plants grown in the soil if they alter their Fe uptake strategy upon the change of Fe availability. Highlights Fe concentrations and stocks, but not Fe isotope compositions, were more heterogeneous in subsoil than in topsoil. Translocation of clay minerals did not result in Fe isotope fractionation in the soil profile of a Luvisol. Liming decreased Fe availability in topsoil, but did not affect its δ56Fe values. Uptake of heavier Fe isotopes by graminaceous crops was more pronounced at elevated pH.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: 551.9 ; liming ; plant‐available Fe pool in soil ; winter rye ; δ56Fe
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  • 55
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    The evolving paleobathymetry of the circum-Antarctic Southern Ocean since 34 Ma – A key to understanding past cryosphere-ocean developments (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, Wiley, 21, ISSN: 1525-2027
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-19
    Description: The Southern Ocean is a key player in the climate, ocean and atmospheric system. As the only direct connection between all three major oceans since the opening of the Southern Ocean gateways, the development of the Southern Ocean and its relationship with the Antarctic cryosphere has influenced the climate of the entire planet. Although the depths of the ocean floor have been recognized as an important factor in climate and paleoclimate models, appropriate paleobathymetric models including a detailed analysis of the sediment cover are not available. Here, we utilize more than 40 years of seismic reflection data acquisition along the margins of Antarctica and its conjugate margins, along with multiple drilling campaigns by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and its predecessor programs. We combine and update the seismic stratigraphy across the regions of the Southern Ocean and calculate ocean-wide paleobathymetry grids via a backstripping method. We present a suite of high-resolution paleobathymetric grids from the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary to modern times. The grids reveal the development of the Southern Ocean from isolated basins to an interconnected ocean affected by the onset and vigor of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current, as well as the glacial sedimentation and erosion of the Antarctic continent. The ocean-wide comparison through time exposes patterns of ice sheet development such as switching of glacial outlets and the change from wet-based to dry-based ice sheets. Ocean currents and bottom-water production interact with the sedimentation along the continental shelf and slope and profit from the opening of the ocean gateways.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Plio‐Pleistocene variability of the East Pacific thermocline and atmospheric systems (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography, Wiley, 35, pp. 1-7, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-13
    Description: The transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene was accompanied by major tectonic reorganizations of key oceanic gateways. In particular, the gradual closure of the Panama Gateway and the constriction of the Indonesian Gateway significantly affected the structure of the Pacific thermocline. In the East Pacific, the thermocline shoaled from an early Pliocene El Niño‐like depth to its modern state, which had significant implications for global climate. Here we use Mg/Ca temperature estimates from subsurface and thermocline dwelling foraminifera to reconstruct the meridional Plio‐Pleistocene evolution of the Southeast Pacific thermocline, in relation to atmospheric circulation changes. In combination with similar reconstructions from the north‐equatorial Pacific, our data indicate a change in the thermocline, responding to the northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High system between ~3.8 and 3.5 Ma. After 3.5 Ma, we record a second major phase of thermocline shoaling, which points to the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High‐system movement toward its modern position along with the gradual cooling of the Northern Hemisphere and its associated glaciation. These findings highlight that a warming globe may affect equatorial regions more intensively due to the potential temperature‐driven movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High and their associated oceanic systems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Radiocarbon evidence for the contribution of the Southern Indian Ocean to the evolution of atmospheric CO2 over the last 32,000 years (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography, Wiley, 35, pp. PA003733, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-13
    Description: It is widely assumed that the ventilation of the Southern Ocean played a crucial role in driving glacial‐interglacial atmospheric CO2 levels. So far, however, ventilation records from the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean are widely missing. Here we present reconstructions of water residence times (depicted as ΔΔ14C and Δδ13C) for the last 32,000 years on sediment records from the Kerguelen Plateau and the Conrad Rise (~570‐ to 2,500‐m water depth), along with simulated changes in ocean stratification from a transient climate model experiment. Our data indicate that Circumpolar Deep Waters in the Indian Ocean were part of the glacial carbon pool. At our sites, close to or bathed by upwelling deep waters, we find two pulses of decreasing ΔΔ14C and δ13C values (~21–17 ka; ~15–12 ka). Both transient pulses precede a similar pattern in downstream intermediate waters in the tropical Indian Ocean as well as rising atmospheric CO2 values. These findings suggest that 14C‐depleted, CO2‐rich Circumpolar Deep Water from the Indian Ocean contributed to the rise in atmospheric CO2 during Heinrich Stadial 1 and also the Younger Dryas and that the southern Indian Ocean acted as a gateway for sequestered carbon to the atmosphere and tropical intermediate waters.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Intensification of the Atlantic Water Supply to the Arctic Ocean Through Fram Strait Induced by Arctic Sea Ice Decline (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(3), pp. e2019GL086682, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-23
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Assessment of sea ice extent in CMIP6 with comparison to observations and CMIP5 (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(9), pp. e2020GL087965, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-04
    Description: Both the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extents (SIE) from 44 coupled models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) are evaluated by comparing them with observations and CMIP5 results. The CMIP6 multi‐model mean can adequately reproduce the seasonal cycles of both the Arctic and Antarctic SIE. The observed Arctic September SIE declining trend (−0.82±0.18 million km2/decade) between 1979 and 2014 is slightly underestimated in CMIP6 models (−0.70±0.06 million km2/decade). The observed weak but significant upward trend of the Antarctic SIE is not captured, which was an issue already in the CMIP5 phase. Compared with CMIP5 models, CMIP6 models have lower inter‐model spreads in SIE mean values and trends, although their SIE biases are relatively larger. The CMIP6 models did not reproduce the new summer tendencies after 2000, including the faster decline of Arctic SIE and the larger interannual variability in Antarctic SIE.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    SoilTemp: a global database of near‐surface temperature (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-22
    Description: Current analyses and predictions of spatially‐explicit patterns and processes in ecology most often rely on climate data interpolated from standardized weather stations. This interpolated climate data represents long‐term average thermal conditions at coarse spatial resolutions only. Hence, many climate‐forcing factors that operate at fine spatiotemporal resolutions are overlooked. This is particularly important in relation to effects of observation height (e.g. vegetation, snow and soil characteristics) and in habitats varying in their exposure to radiation, moisture and wind (e.g. topography, radiative forcing, or cold‐air pooling). Since organisms living close to the ground relate more strongly to these microclimatic conditions than to free‐air temperatures, microclimatic ground and near‐surface data are needed to provide realistic forecasts of the fate of such organisms under anthropogenic climate change, as well as of the functioning of the ecosystems they live in. To fill this critical gap, we highlight a call for temperature time series submissions to SoilTemp, a geospatial database initiative compiling soil and near‐surface temperature data from all over the world. Currently this database contains time series from 7538 temperature sensors from 51 countries across all key biomes. The database will pave the way towards an improved global understanding of microclimate and bridge the gap between the available climate data and the climate at fine spatiotemporal resolutions relevant to most organisms and ecosystem processes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Constraining the age and evolution of the Tuaheni Landslide Complex, Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand, using pore-water geochemistry and numerical modeling (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-05
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Back-Arc Extension of the Central Bransfield Basin Induced by Ridge–Trench Collision: Implications From Ambient Noise Tomography and Stress Field Inversion (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48(21), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-02
    Description: The Bransfield Basin is a young (∼4 Ma) back-arc basin related to the remnant subduction of the Phoenix Plate that once existed along the entire Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. Based on a recently deployed amphibious seismic network, we use ambient noise tomography to obtain the S-wave velocity structure in the Central Bransfield Basin (CBB). Combining with the stress field inverted from focal mechanisms, our images reveal that the CBB suffers a significant extension in the northwest-southeast direction. The extension is strongest in the northeastern CBB with associated mantle exhumation and weakens to the southwest with decoupled deformations between the upper crust and lithospheric mantle. Such an along-strike variation of extension can be explained by slab window formation and forearc rotation, which are associated with the Phoenix Plate detachment during the ridge–trench collisions at the southwest of the Hero Fracture Zone.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Restoring shellfish reefs: Global guidelines for practitioners and scientists (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Conservation Science and Practice, Wiley, e198, pp. 1-11
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-27
    Description: Widespread global declines in shellfish reefs (ecosystem-forming bivalves such as oysters and mussels) have led to growing interest in their restoration and protection. With restoration projects now occurring on four continents and in at least seven countries, global restoration guidelines for these ecosystems have been developed based on experience over the past two decades. The following key elements of the guidelines are outlined: (a) the case for shellfish reef resto- ration and securing financial resources; (b) planning, feasibility, and goal set- ting; (c) biosecurity and permitting; (d) restoration in practice; (e) scaling up from pilot to larger scale restoration, (f) monitoring, (g) restoration beyond oyster reefs (specifically mussels), and (h) successful communication for shell- fish reef restoration projects.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Poleward shift of the major ocean gyres detected in a warming climate (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 47(5), pp. e2019GL085868, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-17
    Description: Recent evidence shows that wind‐driven ocean currents, like the western boundary currents, are strongly affected by global warming. However, due to insufficient observations both on temporal and spatial scales, the impact of climate change on large‐scale ocean gyres is still not clear. Here, based on satellite observations of sea surface height and sea surface temperature, we find a consistent poleward shift of the major ocean gyres. Due to strong natural variability, most of the observed ocean gyre shifts are not statistically significant, implying that natural variations may contribute to the observed trends. However, climate model simulations forced with increasing greenhouse gases suggest that the observed shift is most likely to be a response of global warming. The displacement of ocean gyres, which is coupled with the poleward shift of extratropical atmospheric circulation, has broad impacts on ocean heat transport, regional sea level rise, and coastal ocean circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Statistical Uncertainty in Paleoclimate Proxy Reconstructions (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48, pp. e2021GL092773, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-23
    Description: A quantitative analysis of any environment older than the instrumental record relies on proxies. Uncertainties associated with proxy reconstructions are often underestimated, which can lead to artificial conflict between different proxies, and between data and models. In this paper, using ordinary least squares linear regression as a common example, we describe a simple, robust and generalizable method for quantifying uncertainty in proxy reconstructions. We highlight the primary controls on the magnitude of uncertainty, and compare this simple estimate to equivalent estimates from Bayesian, nonparametric and fiducial statistical frameworks. We discuss when it may be possible to reduce uncertainties, and conclude that the unexplained variance in the calibration must always feature in the uncertainty in the reconstruction. This directs future research toward explaining as much of the variance in the calibration data as possible. We also advocate for a “data-forward” approach, that clearly decouples the presentation of proxy data from plausible environmental inferences.
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    Stable nitrogen isotope analysis of amino acids as a new tool to clarify complex parasite–host interactions within food webs (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-26
    Description: Traditional bulk isotopic analysis is a pivotal tool for mapping consumer–resource interactions in food webs but has largely failed to adequately describe parasite–host relationships. Thus, parasite–host interactions remain undescribed in food web frameworks despite these relationships increasing linkage density, connectance and ecosystem biomass. Compound-specific stable isotopes from amino acids provides a promising novel approach that may aid in mapping parasite–host relationships in food webs. Here we apply a combination of traditional bulk stable isotope analyses and compound-specific isotopic analysis of nitrogen in amino acids to examine resource use and trophic interactions of five parasites from three hosts from a marine coastal food web (Wadden Sea, European Atlantic). By comparing isotopic compositions of bulk and amino acid nitrogen, we aimed to characterize isotopic fractionation occurring between parasites and their hosts and to clarify parasite trophic positions. Our results indicate that parasitic trophic interactions were more accurately identified using compound-specific stable isotope analysis due to removal of underlying source isotopic variation for both parasites and hosts. The compound-specific method provided clearer trophic discrimination factors in comparison to bulk isotope methods. Amino acid compound specific isotope analysis has widely been applied to examine trophic position within food webs, but our analyses suggest that the method is particularly useful for clarifying the feeding strategies for parasitic species. Baseline isotopic information provided by source amino acids allows clear identification of the fractionation from parasite metabolism by integrating underlying isotopic variations from the host tissues. However, like for bulk isotope analysis, the application of a universal trophic discrimination factor to parasite–host relationships remains inappropriate for compound-specific stable isotope analysis. Despite this limitation, compound-specific stable isotope analysis is and will continue to be a valuable tool to increase our understanding of parasitic interactions in marine food webs.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
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    Seasonality of Mesoscale Phytoplankton Control in Eastern Fram Strait (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Wiley, 126(10), ISSN: 2169-9275
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-08
    Description: Globally, mesoscale processes create a rich and filamented pattern in biological productivity. Despite of remoteness and a harsh environment, observations likewise show an impact of mesoscale processes on phytoplankton growth in the Arctic. Observations of sufficiently high resolution are, however, difficult to carry out. Large-scale models are another way to gain knowledge about the system. In the current study, we use a global sea ice-ocean biogeochemical model, which is eddy resolving in Fram Strait, to show that the mesoscale dynamics has a strong effect on shaping phytoplankton growth. For the year 2009, we demonstrate that the growth season in the West Spitzbergen Current can be divided into two regimes; during Regime I, which takes place in May and June before and during the spring bloom, high chlorophyll concentrations are associated with areas of positive vorticity and a shallow mixed layer, pointing toward light limitation controlling growth. During Regime II, which occurs after the bloom from mid-July to late August, the highest chlorophyll concentration is found in areas of negative vorticity. Here, upwelling of nutrient-rich water occurs, through doming isopycnals, acting to raise the nutricline, may also play a role in alleviating nutrient limitation in the surface water. The study suggests that the mesoscale eddy environment locally modulates the seasonal cycle of light and nutrient limitation. Knowledge of the eddy field should be taken into consideration for making conclusions from point-wise measurements in Fram Strait.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Sensitivity to changes in the surface-layer turbulence parameterization for stable conditions in winter: A case study with a regional climate model over the Arctic (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Atmospheric Science Letters, Wiley, e1066, pp. 1-10
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
    Description: The modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer over sea ice is still challenging because of the complex interaction between clouds, radiation and turbulence over the often inhomogeneous sea ice cover. There is still much uncertainty concerning sea ice roughness, near-surface thermal stability and related processes, and their accurate parameterization. Here, a regional Arctic climate model forced by ERA-interim data was used to test the sensitivity of climate simulations to a modified surface flux parameterization for wintertime conditions over the Arctic. The reference parameterization as well as the modified one is based on Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, but different roughness lengths were prescribed and the stability dependence of the transfer coefficients for momentum, heat and moisture differed from each other. The modified parameterization accounts for the most compre- hensive observations that are presently available over sea ice in the inner Arctic. Independent of the parameterization used, the model was able to reproduce the two observed dominant winter states with respect to cloud cover and longwave radiation. A stepwise use of the different parameterization assumptions showed that modifications of both surface roughness and stability dependence had a considerable impact on quantities such as air pressure, wind and near-surface turbulent fluxes. However, the reduction of surface roughness to values agreeing with those observed during t he Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean campaign led to an improvement in the western Arctic, while the modified stability parameteri- zation had only a minor impact. The latter could be traced back to the model's underestimation of the strength of stability over sea ice. Future work should concentrate on possible reasons for this underestimation and on the question of generality of the results for other climate models
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Bathymetric Control on Borchgrevink and Roi Baudouin Ice Shelves in East Antarctica (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, Wiley, 126(10), ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-18
    Description: The stability of ice shelves and drainage of ice sheets they buttress is largely determined by melting at their atmospheric and oceanic interfaces. Subglacial bathymetry can impact ice shelf stability because it influences the onset and the pattern of warm ocean water incursions into the cavities between them and the seafloor. Bathymetry is further important at pinning points, which significantly retard the flow of ice shelves. This effect can be lost instantaneously if basal and surface melting cause an ice sheet to thin and lift off its pinning points. With all this in mind, we have developed a model of bathymetry beneath the western Roi Baudouin and central and eastern Borchgrevink ice shelves in Dronning Maud Land based on inversion from gravity data and tied to available depth references offshore and subglacial topography inland of the grounding line. The model shows deep glacial troughs beneath the ice shelves and bathymetric sills close to the continental shelf. The central Borchgrevink Ice Shelf overhangs the continental slope by around 50km, exposing its northern parts to the open ocean and higher ocean temperatures. Continuous troughs traverse the central Borchgrevink and western Roi Baudouin ice shelves at depths greater than the offshore thermocline and thus present a risk of Warm Deep Water intrusions into their cavities under the current and future oceanographic regimes. Differing bathymetric characteristics might explain the ice shelves' contrasting dominant mass loss processes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Evidence of Cascading Subglacial Water Flow at Jutulstraumen Glacier (Antarctica) Derived From Sentinel-1 and ICESat-2 Measurements (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48(20), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-22
    Description: Migration of subglacial water underneath thick Antarctic ice is difficult to observe directly but is known to influence ice flow dynamics. Here, we analyze a 6-year time series of displacement maps from differential Sentinel-1 SAR interferometry (DInSAR) in the upstream region of Jutulstraumen Glacier. Our results reveal short-term (between 12 days and 1 year) interconnected subsidence- and uplift events of the ice surface, which we interpret as a pressure response to the drainage and filling of subglacial lakes. This indicates an episodic cascade-like water transport with longer quiescent phases in a dynamically stable glacial setting. Abrupt events appear in the DInSAR time series and are confirmed by ICESat-2 altimetry. The events can be traced for a 1-year period along a urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl63164:grl63164-math-0001175 km flow path. We are able to observe the migration of subglacial water with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution, providing a new observational baseline to further develop subglacial hydrological models.
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    Influence of Early Low-Temperature and Later High-Temperature Diagenesis on Magnetic Mineral Assemblages in Marine Sediments from the Nankai Trough (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, Wiley, ISSN: 1525-2027
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-21
    Description: Diagenesis can have a major impact on sedimentary mineralogy. Primary magnetic mineral assemblages can be modified significantly by dissolution or by formation of new magnetic minerals during early or late diagenesis. At International Ocean Discovery Program Site C0023, which was drilled in the protothrust zone of the Nankai Trough during Expedition 370, offshore of Shikoku Island, Japan, non-steady state conditions have produced a complex sequence of magnetic overprints. Detailed rock magnetic measurements, which characterize magnetic mineral assemblages in terms of abundance, grain size, and composition, were conducted to assess magnetic mineral alteration and diagenetic overprinting. Four magnetic zones (MZs) are identified down-core from ∼200 to 1100 meters below sea floor based on rock magnetic variations. MZ 1 is a high magnetic intensity zone that contains ferrimagnetic greigite, which formed at shallow depths and is preserved because of rapid sedimentation. MZs 2 and 4 are low magnetic intensity zones with fewer magnetic minerals, mainly coarse-grained (titano-)magnetite and hematite. This magnetic mineral assemblage is a remnant of a more complex assemblage that was altered diagenetically a few million years after deposition when the site entered the Nankai Trough. MZ 3 is a high magnetic intensity zone between MZs 2 and 4. It contains authigenic single-domain magnetic particles that probably formed from fluids that circulated through faults in the accretionary prism. Varying sediment supply and organic matter input through time, burial temperature, and tectonic fluid circulation are the primary drivers of magnetic mineral assemblage variations.
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    Antarctic ecosystem responses following ice‐shelf collapse and iceberg calving: Science review and future research (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3WIREs Climate Change, Wiley, 12(1), ISSN: 1757-7780
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The calving of A-68, the 5,800-km2, 1-trillion-ton iceberg shed from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in July 2017, is one of over 10 significant ice-shelf loss events in the past few decades resulting from rapid warming around the Antarctic Peninsula. The rapid thinning, retreat, and collapse of ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula are harbingers of warming effects around the entire continent. Ice shelves cover more than 1.5 million km2 and fringe 75% of Antarctica's coastline, delineating the primary connections between the Antarctic continent, the continental ice, and the Southern Ocean. Changes in Antarctic ice shelves bring dramatic and large-scale modifications to Southern Ocean ecosystems and continental ice movements, with global-scale implications. The thinning and rate of future ice-shelf demise is notoriously unpredictable, but models suggest increased shelf-melt and calving will become more common. To date, little is known about sub-ice-shelf ecosystems, and our understanding of ecosystem change following collapse and calving is predominantly based on responsive science once collapses have occurred. In this review, we outline what is known about (a) ice-shelf melt, volume loss, retreat, and calving, (b) ice-shelf-associated ecosystems through sub-ice, sediment-core, and pre-collapse and post-collapse studies, and (c) ecological responses in pelagic, sympagic, and benthic ecosystems. We then discuss major knowledge gaps and how science might address these gaps. This article is categorized under: Climate, Ecology, and Conservation 〉 Modeling Species and Community Interactions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Improving the ocean and atmosphere in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model by assimilating satellite sea‐surface temperature and subsurface profile data (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Wiley, 146(733), pp. 4014-4029, ISSN: 0035-9009
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: An ensemble-based data assimilation framework for a coupled ocean–atmosphere model is applied to investigate the influence of assimilating different types of ocean observations on the ocean and atmosphere simulation. The data assimilation is performed with the parallel data assimilation framework (PDAF) for the climate model AWI-CM. Observations of the ocean, namely satellite sea-surface temperature (SST) and temperature and salinity profiles, are assimilated into the ocean component. The atmospheric state is only influenced by the model dynamics. Different assimilation scenarios were carried out with different combinations of observations to investigate to what extent the assimilation into the coupled model leads to a better estimation of the state of the ocean as well as the atmosphere. The influence of the data assimilation is assessed by comparing the ocean prediction with dependent and independent ocean observations. For the atmosphere, the assimilation result is compared with the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data. The ocean temperature and salinity are improved by all the assimilation scenarios in the coupled system. The assimilation leads to a response of the atmosphere throughout the troposphere and impacts the global atmospheric circulation. Globally the temperature and wind speed are improved in the atmosphere on average.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Biomarker Distributions in (Sub)‐Arctic Surface Sediments and Their Potential for Sea Ice Reconstructions (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, Wiley, 21(10), pp. e2019GC008629, ISSN: 1525-2027
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: To evaluate the present sea-ice changes in a longer-term perspective the knowledge of sea-ice variability on pre-industrial and geological time scales is essential. For the interpretation of proxy reconstructions it is necessary to understand the recent signals of different sea-ice proxies from various regions. We present 260 new sediment surface samples collected in the (sub-) Arctic Oceans that were analysed for specific sea-ice (IP25) and open-water phytoplankton biomarkers (brassicasterol, dinosterol, HBI III). This new biomarker dataset was combined with 615 previously published biomarker surface samples into a pan-Arctic database. The resulting pan-Arctic biomarker and sea-ice index (PIP25) database shows a spatial distribution correlating well with the diverse modern sea-ice concentrations. We find correlations of PBIP25, PDIP25 and PIIIIP25 with spring and autumn concentrations. Similar correlations with modern sea-ice concentrations are observed in Baffin Bay. However, the correlations of the PIP25 indices with modern sea-ice concentrations differ in Fram Strait from those of the (sub-) Arctic dataset, which is likely caused by region-specific differences in sea-ice variability, nutrient availability and other environmental conditions. The extended (sea-ice) biomarker database strengthens the validity of biomarker sea-ice reconstructions in different Arctic regions and shows how different sea-ice proxies combined may resolve specific seasonal sea-ice signals.
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    Red and green loops help uncover missing feedbacks in a coral reef social–ecological system (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3People and Nature, Wiley, 2(3), pp. 608-618, ISSN: 2575-8314
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-04
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉 〈jats:list〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Social–ecological systems (SES) exhibit complex cause‐and‐effect relationships. Capturing, interpreting, and responding to signals that indicate changes in ecosystems is key for sustainable management in SES. Breaks in this signal–response chain, when feedbacks are missing, will allow change to continue until a point when abrupt ecological surprises may occur.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉In these situations, societies and local ecosystems can often become uncoupled. In this paper, we demonstrate how the red loop–green loop (RL–GL) concept can be used to uncover missing feedbacks and to better understand past social–ecological dynamics. Reinstating these feedbacks in order to recouple the SES may ultimately create more sustainable systems on local scales.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉The RL–GL concept can uncover missing feedbacks through the characterization of SES dynamics along a spectrum of human resource dependence. Drawing on diverse qualitative and quantitative data sources, we classify SES dynamics throughout the history of Jamaican coral reefs along the RL–GL spectrum. We uncover missing feedbacks in red‐loop and red‐trap scenarios from around the year 600 until now. The Jamaican coral reef SES dynamics have moved between all four dynamic states described in the RL–GL concept: green loop, green trap, red loop and red trap.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉We then propose mechanisms to guide the current unsustainable red traps back to more sustainable green loops, involving mechanisms of seafood trade and ecological monitoring. By gradually moving away from seafood exports, Jamaica may be able to return to green‐loop dynamics between the local society and their locally sourced seafood. We discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of this proposed intervention and give indications of why an export ban may insure against future missing feedbacks and could prolong the sustainability of the Jamaican coral reef ecosystem.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Our approach demonstrates how the RL–GL approach can uncover missing feedbacks in a coral reef SES, a way the concept has not been used before. We advocate for how the RL–GL concept in a feedback setting can be used to synthesize various types of data and to gain an understanding of past, present and future sustainability that can be applied in diverse social–ecological settings.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈/jats:list〉 〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉A free 〈jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.10092/suppinfo"〉Plain Language Summary〈/jats:ext-link〉 can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.〈/jats:p〉
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  • 77
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    Habitat and fishing control grazing potential on coral reefs (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Functional Ecology, Wiley, 34(1), pp. 240-251, ISSN: 0269-8463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-04
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉 〈jats:list〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Herbivory is a key process on coral reefs, which, through grazing of algae, can help sustain coral‐dominated states on frequently disturbed reefs and reverse macroalgal regime shifts on degraded ones.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Our understanding of herbivory on reefs is largely founded on feeding observations at small spatial scales, yet the biomass and structure of herbivore populations is more closely linked to processes which can be highly variable across large areas, such as benthic habitat turnover and fishing pressure. Though our understanding of spatiotemporal variation in grazer biomass is well developed, equivalent macroscale approaches to understanding bottom‐up and top‐down controls on herbivory are lacking.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Here, we integrate underwater survey data of fish abundances from four Indo‐Pacific island regions with herbivore feeding observations to estimate grazing rates for two herbivore functions, cropping (which controls turf algae) and scraping (which promotes coral settlement by clearing benthic substrate), for 72 coral reefs. By including a range of reef states, from coral to algal dominance and heavily fished to remote wilderness areas, we evaluate the influences of benthic habitat and fishing on the grazing rates of fish assemblages.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Cropping rates were primarily influenced by benthic condition, with cropping maximized on structurally complex reefs with high substratum availability and low macroalgal cover. Fishing was the primary driver of scraping function, with scraping rates depleted at most reefs relative to remote, unfished reefs, though scraping did increase with substratum availability and structural complexity.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Ultimately, benthic and fishing conditions influenced herbivore functioning through their effect on grazer biomass, which was tightly correlated to grazing rates. For a given level of biomass, we show that grazing rates are higher on reefs dominated by small‐bodied fishes, suggesting that grazing pressure is greatest when grazer size structure is truncated.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Stressors which cause coral declines and clear substrate for turf algae will likely stimulate increases in cropping rates, in both fished and protected areas. In contrast, scraping functions are already impaired at reefs inhabited by people, particularly where structural complexity has collapsed, indicating that restoration of these key processes will require scraper biomass to be rebuilt towards wilderness levels.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈/jats:list〉 〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉A free 〈jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13457/suppinfo"〉Plain Language Summary〈/jats:ext-link〉 can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.〈/jats:p〉
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  • 78
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    Alkali Metal- and Acid-Catalyzed Interconversion of Goniodomin A with Congeners B and C (2021)
    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Natural Products, American Chemical Society, 84(9), pp. 2554-2567, ISSN: 0163-3864
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-13
    Description: Goniodomin A (GDA, 1) is a phycotoxin produced by at least four species of Alexandrium dinoflagellates that are found globally in brackish estuaries and lagoons. It is a linear polyketide with six oxygen heterocyclic rings that is cyclized into a macrocyclic structure via lactone formation. Two of the oxygen heterocycles in 1 comprise a spiro-bis-pyran, whereas goniodomin B (GDB) contains a 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring system fused to a pyran. When H2O is present, 1 undergoes facile conversion to isomer GDB and to an α,β-unsaturated ketone, goniodomin C (GDC, 7). GDB and GDC can be formed from GDA by cleavage of the spiro-bis-pyran ring system. GDA, but not GDB or GDC, forms a crown ether-type complex with K+. Equilibration of GDA with GDB and GDC is observed in the presence of H+ and of Na+, but the equilibrated mixtures revert to GDA upon addition of K+. Structural differences have been found between the K+ and Na+ complexes. The association of GDA with K+ is strong, while that with Na+ is weak. The K+ complex has a compact, well-defined structure, whereas Na+ complexes are an ill-defined mixture of species. Analyses of in vitro A. monilatum and A. hiranoi cultures indicate that only GDA is present in the cells; GDB and GDC appear to be postharvest transformation products.
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  • 79
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    The First Stage of Firn Densification ‐ An Evaluation of Grain Boundary Sliding (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3PAMM, Wiley, 21(1), ISSN: 1617-7061
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Firn describes the interstage product between snow and ice in cold regions of the earth, where annual snow fall exceeds the amount of snow melting. The continuing accumulation of snow leads to its densificiation due to overburden stress until it becomes ice. In the field of glaciology various attempts on simulating firn densification have been made and new models are still developed, as the knowledge of the firn column's density structure allows important derivations.〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉The presented study reassesses a model description for low density firn based on the process of grain boundary sliding presented by Alley in 1987 [1] using an optimisation approach. By comparing simulation results to 159 measured firn density profiles from Greenland and Antarctica it finds a possible additional dependency of the constitutive relation on the mean surface mass balance. This result is interpreted as an insufficient description of the stress regime.〈/jats:p〉
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  • 80
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    Modelling the Transformation from Snow to Ice Based on the Underlying Sintering Process (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3PAMM, Wiley, 20(1), ISSN: 1617-7061
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉In cold regions of the earth, like Antarctica, Greenland or mountains at high altitude, the annual amount of deposited snow exceeds the amount of snow melting. Snow, which is more than one year old, is called firn. Over time firn transforms into ice by a sintering process, mainly driven by overburden pressure and temperature. This ultimately leads to the formation of glaciers and ice sheets.〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉We simulate firn densification based on the processes of sintering. The constitutive law represents grain boundary sliding, dislocation creep and diffusion. These mechanisms sum up to the overall densification which leads to the transformation of snow to ice. The model aims at obtaining a physics driven simulation tool for firn densification which provides data for a wider range of areas. It will contribute to develop better models and better understanding of the cryosphere.〈/jats:p〉
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  • 81
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    Hydrological changes during the Roman Climatic Optimum in northern Tuscany (Central Italy) as evidenced by speleothem records and archaeological data (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: Study of the climate in the Mediterranean basin during different historical periods has taken on a particular importance, particularly regarding its role (together with other factors) in the evolution of human settlement patterns. Although the Roman age is traditionally considered a period with a favourable climate, recent studies have revealed considerable complexity in terms of regional climate variations. In this paper, we compare the hydrological change from speleothem proxy records with flood reconstructions from archaeological sites for Northern Tuscany (central Italy). We identify a period of oscillating climatic conditions culminating in a multidecadal dry event during the 1st century BC, followed by a century of increased precipitation at the beginning of the Roman Empire and subsequently a return to drier conditions in the 2nd century AD. The period of rainfall increase documented by the speleothems agrees with both the archaeological flood record as well as historical flood data available for the Tiber River, ca. 300 km to the south. These data also suggest a return to wetter conditions following the 3nd and 4rd centuries AD.
    Description: Published
    Description: 791-802
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: climate changes ; geoarchaeology ; palaeoflooding ; Roman Age ; Hydrological changes during the Roman Climatic Optimum
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  • 82
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    Recommendations and Protocols for the Use of the Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectrometer (Delta Ray) to Measure Stable Isotopes from CO2: An Application to Volcanic Emissions at Mount Etna and Stromboli (Sicily, Italy) (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: Among major volatiles released from the Earth’s interior, CO2 is an important target for the international community. The interest is keenly motivated by the contribution of CO2 in the Earth’s carbon budget and its role on past, current, and future climate dynamics. In particular, the isotopic signature of CO2 is fundamental to characterize the source of this gas and its evolution up to the atmosphere. The recent development of new laser-based techniques has marked an important milestone for the scientific community by favoring both high-frequency and in situ stable isotope measurements. Among them, the Delta Ray IRIS (Thermo Scientific Inc., Waltham, USA) is one of the most promising instruments thanks to its high precision, its limited interferences with other gaseous species (such as H2S and/or SO2), and its internal calibration procedure. These characteristics and the relative easiness to transport the Delta Ray IRIS have encouraged its use on the field to analyze volcanic CO2 emissions in recent years but often with distinct customized protocols of measurements. In this study, various tests in the laboratory and on the field have been performed to study the dependence of CO2 isotope measurements on analytical, instrumental, and environmental conditions. We emphasize the exceptional ability of the Delta Ray IRIS to perform isotope measurements for a large range of CO2 concentration (200 ppm–100%) thanks to a dilution system and to get a reliable estimation of the real CO2 content from the diluted one. These tests lead to point out major recommendations on the use of Delta Ray IRIS and allow the development of adapted protocols to analyze CO2 emissions like in volcanic environments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4598190
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 83
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    Contribution of soil compositions, harvested times and varieties on chemical fingerprint of Italian and Turkish citrus cultivars (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: This paper aims to define the stability over the time of chemical elemental patterns in some citrus varieties of PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) and not PGI Interdonato and Lunario cultivars coming from Italy and Turkey and to set up a range of markers useful to trace their geographical origin. During the 2015–2017 growing seasons, all fruits were collected and subjected to Inductively Coupled Mass spectrom etry (ICP-MS) analysis, in order to determine the multielemental chemical profiles. The chemical variabil ity was calculated for each element by Multi-way analysis of variance. The results highlighted how the measured Cr, Ni, Al, K, Fe and Zn levels mainly depend on the soil composition and the fingerprint allow to trace the geographical origins. Moreover, the stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) has allowed to correctly classify the 100% of lemon pulps provenances, based on Ni, Al, K, Ca and Na con tents. Finally, our study demonstrates the role played by harvest years, variety and soils composition whose interaction contributed to define the chemical fingerprints.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2628-2639
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 84
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    SITES AquaNet: An open infrastructure for mesocosm experiments with high frequency sensor monitoring across lakes (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography Methods, Wiley, 19(6), pp. 385-400, ISSN: 1541-5856
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: For aquatic scientists mesocosm experiments are important tools for hypothesis testing as they offer a compromise between experimental control and realism. Here we present a new mesocosm infrastructure—SITES AquaNET—located in five lakes connected to field stations in Sweden that cover a ~760 km latitudinal gradient. SITES AquaNet overcomes major hindrances in aquatic experimental research through: (i) openness to the scientific community, (ii) the potential to implement coordinated experiments across sites and time, and (iii) high-frequency measurements (temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density, turbidity and dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations) with an autonomous sensor system. Moreover, the infrastructure provides operational guidance and sensor expertise from technical staff, and connections to a multi-layered monitoring programme (“SITES Water”) for each lake. This enables ecological observations from whole lake ecosystems to be compared with experimental studies aiming at disentangling major drivers and mechanisms underlying observed changes. Here we describe the technical properties of the infrastructure along with possibilities for experimental manipulations to tackle pressing issues in aquatic ecology and global change science. As a proof of concept, we also present a first mesocosm experiment across all five field sites with a cross-factorial design to evaluate responses of the sensor measurements to press/bottom-up (constant light reduction) and pulse/top-down (temporary fish predation) disturbances. This demonstrates the suitability of the infrastructure and autonomous sensor system to host modularized experiments and exemplifies the power and advantages of the approach to integrate a network of mecsocosm facilities with manageable costs across large geographic areas.
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  • 85
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    SITES AquaNet: An open infrastructure for mesocosm experiments with high frequency sensor monitoring across lakes (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography Methods, Wiley, 19(6), pp. 385-400, ISSN: 1541-5856
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: For aquatic scientists mesocosm experiments are important tools for hypothesis testing as they offer a compromise between experimental control and realism. Here we present a new mesocosm infrastructure—SITES AquaNET—located in five lakes connected to field stations in Sweden that cover a ~760 km latitudinal gradient. SITES AquaNet overcomes major hindrances in aquatic experimental research through: (i) openness to the scientific community, (ii) the potential to implement coordinated experiments across sites and time, and (iii) high-frequency measurements (temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density, turbidity and dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations) with an autonomous sensor system. Moreover, the infrastructure provides operational guidance and sensor expertise from technical staff, and connections to a multi-layered monitoring programme (“SITES Water”) for each lake. This enables ecological observations from whole lake ecosystems to be compared with experimental studies aiming at disentangling major drivers and mechanisms underlying observed changes. Here we describe the technical properties of the infrastructure along with possibilities for experimental manipulations to tackle pressing issues in aquatic ecology and global change science. As a proof of concept, we also present a first mesocosm experiment across all five field sites with a cross-factorial design to evaluate responses of the sensor measurements to press/bottom-up (constant light reduction) and pulse/top-down (temporary fish predation) disturbances. This demonstrates the suitability of the infrastructure and autonomous sensor system to host modularized experiments and exemplifies the power and advantages of the approach to integrate a network of mecsocosm facilities with manageable costs across large geographic areas.
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  • 86
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    Data‐driven bioregionalization: A seascape‐scale study of macrobenthic communities in the Eurasian Arctic (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Biogeography, Wiley, 48(11), pp. 2877-2890, ISSN: 0305-0270
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: We conduct the first model-based assessment of the biogeographical subdivision of Eurasian Arctic seas to (1) delineate spatial distribution and boundaries of macrobenthic communities on a seascape level; (2) assess the significance of environmental drivers of macrobenthic community structures; (3) compare our modelling results to historical biogeographical classifications; and (4) couple the model to climate scenarios of environmental changes to project potential shifts in the distribution and composition of macrobenthic communities by 2100. Location Eurasian Arctic seas, in particular Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas. Taxon 169 species of macrobenthic fauna; most common taxa are Polychaeta (85 species), Malacostraca (30 species), Bivalvia (26 species) and Gastropoda (10 species). Methods We employed the Region of Common Profile (RCP) approach to assess the bioregionalization patterns of Eurasian Arctic seafloor communities. The RCP approach allows the identification of seascape-scale distribution patterns by simultaneously considering biotic and environmental data within one modelling step. Results Four RCPs were identified within the Eurasian Arctic. The results showed that water depth, sea-ice cover, bottom-water temperature and salinity, proportion of fine sediments, particulate organic carbon (POC) and depth of the euphotic zone were among the most important driving variables of macrobenthos communities. The projections, driven by the climate-change scenarios, suggested a general north-eastward shift of the RCPs over the 21st century, mainly correlated with retreating sea-ice and increasing sea-bottom temperature. Main conclusions The identified RCPs largely match the previously reported large-scale distribution patterns of macrobenthic communities in Eurasian Arctic seas. The spatio-temporal dynamics of RCPs are in agreement with local long-term observation data on macrobenthic resilience/vulnerability in the studied region. The representation of the ecoregions and biotas in a probabilistic form, together with quantitative assessment of potential climate-driven changes, will help to adequately consider macrobenthic biodiversity dynamics in the development of science-based conservation measures.
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  • 87
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    Ethical considerations for research on small‐scale fisheries and blue crimes (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Fish and Fisheries, Wiley, 22(6), pp. 1160-1166, ISSN: 1467-2960
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Crimes at sea—blue crimes—can have devastating impacts on small-scale fishing communities. Increasing calls to address “blue crimes” demand more research to address the drivers, patterns, actors and impacts of criminal activities in society and the oceans. This research and policy agenda, however, is not without risks as it might impact individual small-scale fishers and their communities, exacerbate existing inequalities and contribute to the criminalization of small-scale fishing practices. This paper discusses the risks and ethical challenges faced by a blue crimes research agenda to improve rather than worsen the plight of small-scale fishers. We identify eight inter-related ethical considerations: (i) pay attention to context and forms of involvement, (ii) cultivate reciprocal relationships and collaborations, (iii) evaluate and minimize risks, (iv) integrate storytelling and careful listening, (v) challenge reductionism, (vi) represent people, places, and practices carefully, (vii) follow communication ethics and (viii) consider the legal and policy implications. In light of a review of the literature on blue crimes and small-scale fisheries, we point to the need for ethically grounded research that is committed to reducing the associated burdens on small-scale fishers and their communities.
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  • 88
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    High‐P (P = 1.5–1.8 GPa) blueschist from Elba: Implications for underthrusting and exhumation of continental units in the Northern Apennines (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-31
    Description: The Acquadolce Subunit on the Island of Elba, Italy, records blueschist facies metamorphism related to the Oligocene-early Miocene stages of continental collision in the Northern Apennines. The blueschist facies metamorphism is represented by glaucophane- and lawsonite-bearing metabasite associated with marble and calcschist. These rock types occur as lenses in a schistose complex representing foredeep deposits of early Oligocene age. Detailed petrological analyses on metabasic and metapelitic protoliths, involving mineral and bulk-rock chemistry coupled with P-T and P-T-X(Fe2O3) pseudosection modelling using PERPLE_X, show that the Acquadolce Subunit recorded nearly isothermal exhumation from peak pressure-temperature conditions of 1.5-1.8 GPa and 320-370 degrees C. During exhumation, peak lawsonite- and possibly carpholite- or stilpnomelane-bearing assemblages were overprinted and partially obliterated by epidote-blueschist and, subsequently, albite-greenschist facies metamorphic assemblages. This study sheds new light on the tectonic evolution of Adria-derived metamorphic units in the Northern Apennines, by showing (a) the deep underthrusting of continental crust during continental collision and (b) rapid exhumation along 'cold' and nearly isothermal paths, compatible with syn-orogenic extrusion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 495-525
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: blueschist; continental underthrusting; glaucophane; lawsonite; syn-orogenic extrusion
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  • 89
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    General statistical scaling laws for stability in ecological systems (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecology Letters, Wiley, 24(7), pp. 1474-1486, ISSN: 1461-023X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Ecological stability refers to a family of concepts used to describe how systems of interacting species vary through time and respond to disturbances. Because observed ecological stability depends on sampling scales and environmental context, it is notoriously difficult to compare measurements across sites and systems. Here, we apply stochastic dynamical systems theory to derive general statistical scaling relationships across time, space, and ecological level of organisation for three fundamental stability aspects: resilience, resistance, and invariance. These relationships can be calibrated using random or representative samples measured at individual scales, and projected to predict average stability at other scales across a wide range of contexts. Moreover deviations between observed vs. extrapolated scaling relationships can reveal information about unobserved heterogeneity across time, space, or species. We anticipate that these methods will be useful for cross‐study synthesis of stability data, extrapolating measurements to unobserved scales, and identifying underlying causes and consequences of heterogeneity.〈/jats:p〉
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  • 90
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    Incorporating facilitative interactions into small‐scale eelgrass restoration—challenges and opportunities (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Restoration Ecology, Wiley, 29(5), ISSN: 1061-2971
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-18
    Description: Marine ecosystem engineers such as seagrasses and bivalves create important coastal habitats sustaining high biodiversity and ecosystem services. Restoring these habitats is difficult due to the importance of feedback mechanisms that can require large-scale efforts to ensure success. Incorporating facilitative interactions could increase the feasibility and success of small-scale restoration efforts, which would limit pressure on donor sites and reduce costs and time associated with restoration. Here, we tested two methods for providing facilitation in small-scale eelgrass (Zostera marina) restoration plots across northern Europe: (1) co-restoration with blue mussels (Mytilus edulis, M. trossulus); and (2) the use of biodegradable establishment structures (BESEs). Eelgrass-mussel co-restoration showed promise in aquaria, where eelgrass growth was nearly twice as high in treatments with medium and high mussel densities than in treatments without mussels. However, this did not translate to higher shoot length or shoot densities in subsequent field experiments. Rather, hydrodynamic exposure limited both eelgrass and mussel survival, especially in the most exposed sites. The use of BESEs showed more potential in enabling small-scale restoration success: they effectively enhanced eelgrass survival and reduced mussel loss, and showed potential for enabling mussel recruitment in one site. However, eelgrass planted in BESE plots along with mussels had a lower survival rate than eelgrass planted in BESE plots without mussels. Overall, we show that though co-restoration did not work at small scales, facilitation by using artificial structures (BESEs) can increase early eelgrass survival and success of small-scale eelgrass and bivalve restoration.
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  • 91
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    Seismological constraints on the Mt. Etna (Italy) 2018 flank eruption and implications in the volcano flanks dynamics. (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: 3D earthquake locations, focal mechanisms and stress tensor distribution in a 16- month interval covering the 2018 Mt. Etna flank eruption, enabled us to investigate the relationship between magma intrusion and structural response of the volcano and shed light on the dynamic processes affecting the instability of Mt. Etna. The magma intrusion likely caused tension in the flanks of the volcano, leading to significant ground deformation and redistribution of stress on the neighbouring faults at the edge of Mt. Etna's unstable sector, encouraging the ESE sliding of the eastern flank of the volcano. Accordingly, FPSs of the post-eruptive events show strike slip faulting mechanisms, under a stress regime characterized by a maximum compressive σ1, NE-SW oriented. In this perspective, any flank eruption could temporarily enhance the sliding process of both the southern and eastern flanks of the volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 334-344
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; volcano
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 92
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    Northeast Siberian Permafrost Ice-Wedge Stable Isotopes Depict Pronounced Last Glacial Maximum Winter Cooling (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48(7), pp. e2020GL092087-e2020GL092087, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-20
    Description: Stable isotopes (δ18O, δD) of wedge ice hold potential to reconstruct past winter climate conditions. Here, we present records of the marine isotope stages (MIS) 3 and 2 including the last Glacial maximum (LGM) from Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island (NE Siberia). MIS 3 wedge ice dated from 52 to 40 Kyr b2k varies between −32 and −29‰ in δ18O. Colder LGM conditions are implied by δ18O of −37‰ around 25 Kyr b2k. Similar Deuterium excess values indicate comparable moisture sources during MIS 3 and MIS 2. Regional LGM climate reconstructions depend on the seasonal resolution of the proxies and model simulations. Our wedge-ice record reflects coldest winters during global minima in atmospheric CO2 and sea level. The extreme LGM winter cooling is not represented in model projections of global LGM climate where West Beringia shows noticeably little cooling or even warming in mean annual temperatures compared to the late Holocene.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    High Levels of CO 2 Exchange During Synoptic‐Scale Events Introduce Large Uncertainty Into the Arctic Carbon Budget (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 48(9), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-07
    Description: CO2 release from thawing permafrost is both a consequence of, and a driver for, global warming, making accurate information on the Arctic carbon cycle essential for climate predictions. Eddy covariance data obtained from Bayelva (Svalbard) in 2015, using well‐established processing and quality control techniques, indicate that most of the annual net CO2 uptake is due to high CO2 flux events in winter that are associated with strong winds and probably relate to technical limitations of the gas analyzer. Emission events may relate to either (unidentified) instrumental limitations or to physical processes such as CO2 advection. Excluding the high winter uptake events yields an annual CO2 budget close to zero; whether or not these events are included can, therefore, have a considerable effect on carbon budget calculations. Further investigation will be crucial to pinpoint the factors causing these high CO2 flux events and to derive scientifically substantiated flux processing standards.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 94
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    Permafrost Causes Unique Fine‐Scale Spatial Variability Across Tundra Soils (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Wiley, 35, pp. e2020GB006659-e2020GB006659, ISSN: 0886-6236
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Spatial analysis in earth sciences is often based on the concept of spatial autocorrelation, expressed by W. Tobler as the first law of geography: “everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things." Here, we show that subsurface soil properties in permafrost tundra terrain exhibit tremendous spatial variability. We describe the subsurface variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) and ground ice content from the centimeter to the landscape scale in three typical tundra terrain types common across the Arctic region. At the soil pedon scale, that is, from centimeters to 1–2 m, variability is caused by cryoturbation and affected by tussocks, hummocks and nonsorted circles. At the terrain scale, from meters to tens of meters, variability is caused by different generations of ice‐wedges. Variability at the landscape scale, that is, ranging hundreds of meters, is associated with geomorphic disturbances and catenary shifts. The co‐occurrence and overlap of different processes and landforms creates a spatial structure unique to permafrost environments. The coefficient of variation of SOC at the pedon scale (21%–73%) exceeds that found at terrain (17%–66%) and even landscape scale (24%–67%). Such high values for spatial variation are otherwise found at regional to continental scale. Clearly, permafrost soils do not conform to Tobler's law, but are among the most variable soils on Earth. This needs to be accounted for in mapping and predictions of the permafrost carbon feedbacks through various ecosystem processes. We conclude that scale deserves special attention in permafrost regions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 95
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    Analysis of bacterial communities in a municipal duck pond during a phytoplankton bloom and isolation of Anatilimnocola aggregata gen. nov., sp. nov., Lacipirellula limnantheis sp. nov. and Urbifossiella limnaea gen. nov., sp. nov. belonging to the phylum Planctomycetes (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Microbiology, Wiley, 23(3), pp. 1379-1396, ISSN: 1462-2912
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Waterbodies such as lakes and ponds are fragile environments affected by human influences. Suitable conditions can result in massive growth of phototrophs, commonly referred to as phytoplankton blooms. Such events benefit heterotrophic bacteria able to use compounds secreted by phototrophs or their biomass as major nutrient source. One example of such bacteria are Planctomycetes, which are abundant on the surfaces of marine macroscopic phototrophs; however, less data are available on their ecological roles in limnic environments. In this study, we followed a cultivation-independent deep sequencing approach to study the bacterial community composition during a cyanobacterial bloom event in a municipal duck pond. In addition to cyanobacteria, which caused the bloom event, members of the phylum Planctomycetes were significantly enriched in the cyanobacteria-attached fraction compared to the free-living fraction. Separate datasets based on isolated DNA and RNA point towards considerable differences in the abundance and activity of planctomycetal families, indicating different activity peaks of these families during the cyanobacterial bloom. Motivated by the finding that the sampling location harbours untapped bacterial diversity, we included a complementary cultivation-dependent approach and isolated and characterized three novel limnic strains belonging to the phylum Planctomycetes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 96
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    Testing the consistency of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum spatial correlations in temperature proxy records (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Quaternary Science, Wiley, 36(1), pp. 20-28, ISSN: 0267-8179
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-21
    Description: Holocene temperature proxy records are commonly used in quantitative synthesis and model-data comparisons. However, comparing correlations between time series from records collected in proximity to one another with the expected correlations based on climate model simulations indicates either regional or noisy climate signals in Holocene temperature proxy records. In this study, we evaluate the consistency of spatial correlations present in Holocene proxy records with those found in data from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Specifically, we predict correlations expected in LGM proxy records if the only difference to Holocene correlations would be due to more time uncertainty and more climate variability in the LGM. We compare this simple prediction to the actual correlation structure in the LGM proxy records. We found that time series data of ice-core stable isotope records and planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca ratios were consistent between the Holocene and LGM periods, while time series of Uk'37 proxy records were not as we found no correlation between nearby LGM records. Our results support the finding of highly regional or noisy marine proxy records in the compilation analysed here and suggest the need for further studies on the role of climate proxies and the processes of climate signal recording and preservation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 97
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    Water in Nanopores and Biological Channels: A Molecular Simulation Perspective (2020)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
    Print ISSN: 0009-2665
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6890
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 98
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    COST Action 620 Approach: Application to a Karst Aquifer, SE Mexico (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-11
    Print ISSN: 1863-0650
    Electronic ISSN: 1863-0669
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley
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  • 99
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    Economics of herbicide programs for weed control in conventional, glufosinate, and dicamba/glyphosate‐resistant soybean across Nebraska (2020)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-20
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 100
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    Bis-3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-Triazolyl-1,2,4,5-Tetrazine: From Insensitive High Energy Density Materials to Small Molecule Organic Semiconductors (2020)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-25
    Print ISSN: 1528-7483
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-7505
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Chemical Society
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