ALBERT

Beschreibung: A study of the reproductive biology of the loliginid squid, Alloteuthis subulata in the North Sea, Irish Sea and Portuguese waters was carried out. A predominance of small squid (〈50 mm ML) during autumn was observed in all three areas. Multi-modal size-frequency distributions were apparent in both sexes. The greatest complexity was observed in Portuguese waters, with males exhibiting possibly four or more modal size classes. Sexually mature squid were found throughout the year, with generally more mature squid in spring-summer and fewer in autumn-winter. In Portuguese waters, maturity in both sexes peaked in spring, whereas maturity in the other areas peaked in summer. Similar sizes-at-maturity were observed, with male squid maturing over a greater size range (40–125 mm ML) than females (30–50 mm ML). An apparent secondary peak in male maturity at 65 mm ML suggests two different size-maturation patterns in Portuguese waters. Estimates of potential fecundity in the Irish Sea ranged from 2200–13 500 eggs per female. Mean egg diameters of 0.45 mm and 1.55 mm were recorded for developing oocytes and mature ova, respectively. Three to four modal size classes of oocytes were apparent in each ovary. There was some indication of latitudinal effects on growth, maturation and reproduction of A. subulata across its geographic range. The greater complexity of size-structure in warmer waters suggests that water temperature may be the main factor involved, possibly through shorter incubation times, faster growth and maturation rates and extended spawning periods.

Beschreibung: The present study analyses the distribution of cephalopod paralarvae off the Portuguese coast. The effects of temporal and physical variables on Loligo vulgaris, Octopus vulgaris, sepiolid and ommastrephid abundances are analysed with generalized linear models. Their distribution patterns are discussed in relation to mesoscale features, including currents, thermal fronts and coastal upwelling cross-shelf transport, prevailing in the western Iberia upwelling system. Paralarvae of the neritic species occur during a considerably extended period of the year with two or three abundance peaks within the highly productive upwelling system of the western Portuguese coast and contrasting with the Gulf of Cadiz area. Temperature and upwelling were shown to be the most important variables in modulating seasonality and distribution of these paralarvae. The influence of the physical environment is particularly pronounced for the paralarvae of O. vulgaris, following distinct patterns according to the oceanography of the western Iberia and the Gulf of Cadiz systems. The paralarvae of oceanic species, which in many cases have their northern limit of distribution at these latitudes, were mainly found in the southern part of the sampling area. The distribution of these species indicates that the prevailing oceanographic features of the Gulf of Cadiz system, especially fronts, together with temperature act as boundaries to geographic dispersal, contributing to an area of high cephalopod biodiversity in the southern Portuguese waters.

Beschreibung: The sudden occurrence of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi has been reported recently from different regions of the Baltic Sea and it has been suggested that the species has invaded the whole basin. Here we provide the first set of quantitative data of seasonal diet composition and life history traits of M. leidyi and its predatory role in the pelagic ecosystem of the Western Baltic Sea. The size structure of the species appeared to be dominated by small size classes and only a few adults were as large as those reported in the native region of the species and in other invaded areas. We show that the species has a high preference for small-sized and slow swimming prey, mainly during the winter low temperature period. Barnacle nauplii appeared to be the main source of carbon for the over-wintering population of M. leidyi. A preference for copepods was only found during August when these prey contributed up to 20% of the gut composition. In summer, planula larvae of the jellyfish Aurelia aurita were the most abundant prey in the gut content (feeding rate of 621 ind. ctenophore−1day−1). We further found that at highest densities of the species, in summer, a significant predation on its larvae occurs, this being the major carbon source of adults. Overall, these results are discussed in the context of trade-offs M. leidyi faces in the new environment and adverse environmental conditions, which are likely forcing the species toward reduced sizes and also probably reducing its potential predatory impact in the Baltic Sea.

Beschreibung: Knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of juvenile cod is essential to closing the life cycle in population dynamic models, and it is a prerequisite for the design of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) aiming at the protection of juveniles. In this study, we use a hydrodynamic model to examine the spatial distribution of eastern Baltic cod larvae and early juveniles. The transport patterns of the larvae spawned at the three major spawning grounds in the central Baltic Sea were investigated by drift model simulations for the period 1979–2004. We analysed potential habitats for their suitability for juvenile settlement, i.e. the change from pelagic to demersal life. The results revealed a clear dependence of the probability for successful settling on wind-induced drift of larval cod, which is controlled by the local atmospheric conditions over the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, we found evidence that the final destinations of juvenile cod drift routes are affected by decadal climate variability. Application of the methodology to MPA design is discussed, e.g. identifying the overlap of areas with a high probability of successful juvenile cod settlement and regions of high fishing effort in small-meshed fisheries targeting sprat and herring.

Beschreibung: Dynamics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic picophytoplankton were investigated over a 2-year time period using flow cytometry and combined with an in situ experiment in Lake Tahoe, USA to better characterize to which extent environmental factors control these communities. Pronounced seasonal patterns and clear temporal and spatial partitioning were observed between picocyanobacteria and picoeukaryotes. Picocyanobacteria dominated in the nutrient deficient upper water column during the stratified season, while picoeukaryotes reached maximum abundance during isothermal conditions and maintained high numbers in deep-water layers during the stratified season. Picocyanobacteria were more sensitive to high solar and UV radiation compared with picoeukaryotes, which were not affected by high solar radiation and nutrient enrichment stimulated their growth. The opposing response of these two populations is consistent with their vertical distribution: picocyanobacteria dominate below the 30% isolume and above the nitrocline depth, whereas picoeukaryotes increase in the vicinity of the nitrocline and thus increased nutrient concentration. This spatial separation of picophytoplankton groups along environmental gradients in Lake Tahoe is consistent with other deep-oligotrophic lakes and the marine environment, suggesting that these marine and freshwater organisms have similar ecophysiological requirements. These results highlight that the smallest photosynthetic communities show taxon-specific responses to mixing and resource availability, which affect the structure and dynamics of picophytoplankton.

Beschreibung: Scientists from IFM-GEOMAR and Utrecht University found that the rapid climate variations in the North Atlantic region at the end of the last ice age were mainly a phenomenon of extreme winters. The summer seasons were only marginally effected.

Beschreibung: Intraplate volcanism was widespread and occurred continuously throughout the Cenozoic on the New Zealand micro-continent, Zealandia, forming two volcanic endmembers: (1) monogenetic volcanic fields; (2) composite shield volcanoes. The most prominent volcanic landforms on the South Island of New Zealand are the two composite shield volcanoes (Lyttelton and Akaroa) forming the Banks Peninsula. We present new Ar-40/Ar-39 age and geochemical (major and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-O isotope) data for these Miocene endmembers of intraplate volcanism. Although volcanism persisted for similar to 7 Myr on Banks Peninsula, both shield volcanoes primarily formed over an similar to 1 Myr interval with small volumes of late-stage volcanism continuing for similar to 1 center dot 5 Myr after formation of the shields. Compared with normal Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalts (P-MORB), the low-silica (picritic to basanitic to alkali basaltic) Akaroa mafic volcanic rocks (9 center dot 4-6 center dot 8 Ma) have higher incompatible trace element concentrations and Sr and Pb isotope ratios but lower delta O-18 (4 center dot 6-4 center dot 9) and Nd and Hf isotope ratios than ocean island basalts (OIB) or high time-integrated U/Pb HIMU-type signatures, consistent with the presence of a hydrothermally altered recycled oceanic crustal component in their source. Elevated CaO, MnO and Cr contents in the HIMU-type low-silica lavas, however, point to a peridotitic rather than a pyroxenitic or eclogitic source. To explain the decoupling between major elements on the one hand and incompatible elements and isotopic compositions on the other, we propose that the upwelling asthenospheric source consists of carbonated eclogite in a peridotite matrix. Melts from carbonated eclogite generated at the base of the melt column metasomatized the surrounding peridotite before it crossed its solidus. Higher in the melt column the metasomatized peridotite melted to form the Akaroa low-silica melts. The older (12 center dot 3-10 center dot 4 Ma), high-silica (tholeiitic to alkali basaltic) Lyttelton mafic volcanic rocks have low CaO, MnO and Cr abundances suggesting that they were at least partially derived from a source with residual pyroxenite. They also have lower incompatible element abundances, higher fluid-mobile to fluid-immobile trace element ratios, higher delta O-18, and more radiogenic Sr but less radiogenic Pb-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions than the Akaroa volcanic rocks and display enriched (EMII-type) trace element and isotopic compositions. Mixing of asthenospheric (Akaroa-type) melts with lithospheric melts from pyroxenite formed during Mesozoic subduction along the Gondwana margin and crustal melts can explain the composition of the Lyttelton volcano basalts. Two successive lithospheric detachment/delamination events in the form of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities could have triggered the upwelling and related decompression melting leading to the formation of the Lyttelton (first, smaller detachment event) and Akaroa (second, more extensive detachment event) volcanoes.

Beschreibung: The oncaeid genus Epicalymma comprises small copepod species usually living at meso- and bathypelagic depth layers in oceanic areas. The genus had previously been assumed to be absent from the Red Sea, due to the unusually high deep-sea temperatures and salinities in this area. In the present account a new species, Epicalymma bulbosa, is described from the Red Sea, which appears to be the only representative of the genus in the region. The new species is the smallest Epicalymma species so far recorded, with a total body length of ∼0.32 and ∼0.29 mm in the female and male, respectively. Apart from its small size, it differs from all known Epicalymma species by an extremely long exopodal seta on P5 in both sexes, and by a free exopod segment of P5 and a very long and basally swollen spinule on the syncoxa of the maxilliped in the female. In contrast to other Epicalymma species, which are distributed between 500 and 〉2500 m depth, the new species occurred much shallower (100–750 m) in the Red Sea, which may be interpretated as an avoidance mechanism of the unfavourable environmental conditions in the deep Red Sea. The taxonomic status of the new species within the genus Epicalymma is discussed and the few available ecological data on Epicalymma species in the world ocean are summarized.

Beschreibung: At depths between several tens and hundreds of meters, large parts of the tropical oceans are poorly supplied with dissolved oxygen, and are therefore hostile to most marine life. Using a global biogeochemical model, we found that emission-stimulated increases in the carbon content of marine organic matter might lead to a further depletion of oxygen in tropical oceans.

Beschreibung: Global warming affects the seabed in many different ways. One way which causes concern is the effect that bottom water warming has on marine gas hydrates. These ice-like crystals of water and gas dissolve, which changes the stability of continental margins. In a worst-case scenario this may facilitate submarine landslides and associated tsunamis that could reach central Europe.

Beschreibung: Scientists from IFM-GEOMAR found geochemical evidence for preservation of ~100 m.y. old Hawaiian hotspot rocks in Kamchatka (Far-East of Russia). New trace element and isotope data show that the Hawaiian mantle plume is very persistent in composition during millions of years and originates from a large chemically isolated mantle domain at the Earth core-lower mantle boundary.

Beschreibung: Weathering of silicate minerals is the major sink for atmospheric CO2 on geological time scales. It has commonly been assumed that this process is only occurring on land. New results, however, show that silicate minerals are also reactive within marine sediments. Most of the metabolic CO2 being produced in marine sediments enriched in organic matter is consumed by this reaction with major implications for the geological carbon cycle.

Beschreibung: Excessive fishing pressure in overexploited and low diverse pelagic ecosystems may have a large impact in the functioning of marine food webs.

Beschreibung: Heat stress events associated with global climate change may indirectly alter the interactions among marine species, for example among parasites and their fish hosts. At the same time, rapid frequency changes of immune genes, droven by parsite selection, may determine which indiviudals survive, providing an example of “evolution-in-action”.

Beschreibung: The Agulhas system transports warm and salty waters from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean and therefore acts as a key element in the global oceanic circulation. Studies have shown that mesoscale processes are not only important for the correct description of the circulation around South Africa itself but also for its impact on the Gulf Stream system in the North Atlantic.

Beschreibung: Environmentally induced change appears to be impacting the recruitment of North Sea herring (Clupea harengus). Despite simultaneously having a large adult population, historically low exploitation, and Marine Stewardship Council accreditation (implying sustainability), there have been an unprecedented 6 sequential years of poor juvenile production (recruitment). Analysis suggests that the poor recruitment arises during the larval overwintering phase, with recent survival rates greatly reduced. Contemporary warming of the North Sea has caused significant changes in the plankton community, and a recently identified regime shift around 2000 shows close temporal agreement with the reduced larval survival. It is, therefore, possible that we are observing the first consequences of this planktonic change for higher trophic levels. There is no indication of a recovery in recruitment in the short term. Fishing mortality is currently outside the agreed management plan, and forecasts show a high risk of the stock moving outside safe biological limits soon, potentially precipitating another collapse of the stock. However, bringing the realized fishing mortality back in line with the management plan would likely alleviate the problem. This illustrates again that recruitment is influenced by more than just spawning-stock biomass, and that changes in other factors can be of equal, or even greater, importance. In such dynamically changing environments, recent management success does not necessarily guarantee future sustainability.

Beschreibung: We propose that the exploitation of the bioactive properties of secondary metabolites (SMs) by animals can provide a “treatment” against various challenges that perturb homeostasis in animals. The unified theoretical framework for the exploitation of SMs by animals is based on a synthesis of research from a wide range of fields and although it is focused on providing generalized predictions for herbivores that exploit SMs of plants, predictions can be applied to understand the exploitation of SMs by many animals. In this review, we argue that the probability of SM exploitation is determined by the relative difference between the cost of a homeostatic challenge and the toxicity of the SM and we provide various predictions that can be made when considering behavior under a homeostatic perspective. The notion that animals experience and respond to costly challenges by exploiting therapeutic SMs provides a relatively novel perspective to explain foraging behavior in herbivores, specifically, and behavior of animals in general. We provide evidence that animals can exploit the biological activity of SMs to mitigate the costs of infection by parasites, enhance reproduction, moderate thermoregulation, avoid predation, and increase alertness. We stress that a better understanding of animal behavior requires that ecologists look beyond their biases that SMs elicit punishment and consider a broader view of avoidance or selection of SMs relative to the homeostatic state. Finally, we explain how understanding exploitation of SMs by animals could be applied to advance practices of animal management and lead to discovery of new drugs.

Beschreibung: The abundance and depth distribution of metazoans 〉20 μm were investigated at seven stations across the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO), October–November 2006. Copepod nauplii, copepodites and larvaceans dominated the metazooplankton community. Copepodites were most abundant within Agulhas Current and Southern Ocean waters, decreasing toward subtropical/tropical areas, whereas larvaceans showed the inverse pattern. The fraction 〈200 μm contained the majority of the zooplankton enumerated, including 81, 23 and 93% of the larvacean, copepodite and nauplii abundances, respectively. The relative abundance of larvaceans compared with copepodites increased from 7 to 44% from South Africa towards Australia. Peak copepodite biomass was observed off South Africa, while larvacean biomass was 〈1% of the copepodite biomass there, increasing to 6% in tropical waters. Both copepodite and nauplii biomass were positively correlated to total Chl a (P 〈 0.0001), larvacean biomass was only significantly related to temperature (P = 0.0213). Despite their low biomass, larvacean production was estimated to exceed the copepod production up to five times. It appears that the abundance and role of larvaceans in the SIO has been severely underestimated in previous studies; thus future investigations into the fate of organic matter will remain incomplete if this group is not adequately considered.

Beschreibung: The eastern Baltic cod stock collapsed as a consequence of climate-driven adverse hydrographic conditions and overfishing and has remained at historically low levels. Spatio-temporal fishing closures [Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)] have been implemented since 1995, to protect and restore the spawning stock. However, no signs of recovery have been observed yet, either suggesting that MPAs are an inappropriate management measure or pointing towards suboptimal closure design. We used the spatially explicit fishery simulation model ISIS-Fish to evaluate proposed and implemented fishery closures, combining an age-structured population module with a multifleet exploitation module and a management module in a single model environment. The model is parameterized based on (i) the large amount of biological knowledge available for cod and (ii) an analysis of existing spatially disaggregated fishery data. As the population dynamics of eastern Baltic cod depend strongly on the climate-driven hydrographic regime, we considered two production regimes of the stock. MPAs were only effective for stock recovery when they reduced overall fishing effort. The performance of MPAs needs to be evaluated relative to environmental regimes, especially for stocks facing strong environmental variability.

Beschreibung: The aim of the study was to examine metazoan parasite communities of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) in fresh-water, brackish water and marine localities in northern Germany. In all, 29 parasite species/taxa were found in 170 eels: eight digeneans, one monogenean, five cestodes, ten nematodes, two acanthocephalans, and three crustaceans. Measures of diversity characteristics of the helminth communities included species richness, Shannon's diversity index and its evenness, and the Berger–Parker dominance index. The highest species diversity and lowest dominance values were calculated for the helminth communities of eels from the two Baltic Sea localities. Parasite communities of European eels clearly exhibit the habitat preferences of their hosts, salinity-dependent specificities, and a clustering into fresh-water, brackish, and marine groups. The highly pathogenic parasite species Anguillicola crassus and Pseudodactylogyrus spp. were found at all sampling sites in fresh water and brackish water, with high prevalence. Basic information is provided on the risks of restocking programmes solely focusing on fresh-water sites.

Beschreibung: Abundance and stable isotope composition of large and small mesozooplankton were analyzed in samples taken with 333 and 100 μm nets, respectively, at four sites in the eastern Mediterranean down to 4200 m depth in October 2001. Large mesozooplankton (333 μm nets) was sieved into five size fractions, and the δ13C and δ15N values of the fractions were measured as well as the δ15N values of total small mesozooplankton (100 μm nets) and specific mesozooplankton taxa. These measurements allow insights into the source of the diet and the trophic level relative to sinking and suspended particulate organic matter. Overall, biomass and abundance of zooplankton was low, reflecting the oligotrophic character of the eastern Mediterranean. Stable nitrogen isotope values of mesozooplankton were low (1–4‰) and close to zero in suspended particles at the surface. This indicates that the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen probably contributes to the N-pool in the eastern Mediterranean. Such low values were also found in sinking particles in deep waters and in most zooplankton size classes. However, suspended particles and mesozooplankton in the size class 0.5–1 mm, which was primarily composed of the deep-sea species Lucicutia longiserrata, showed higher values at depths below 1000 m. There is some indication that L. longiserrata was able to utilize the suspended particle pool in the deep eastern Mediterranean.

Beschreibung: Der 3. Fahrtabschnitt der 1. Reise des neuesten deutschen Forschungsschiffes Maria S. Merian führt in die Schlammvulkanprovinz des Golf von Cadiz. Hier sollen Untersuchungen von biogeochemischen Stoffumsätzen, Fluid- und Gas-Flüssen an spezifischen Ökosystemen wie anoxischen Lebensgemeinschaften und azooxanthellaten Steinkorallen durchgeführt werden. Die Fahrt, die in 2 Unterabschnitte geteilt ist, beginnt in Kiel gefolgt von einem Zwischenstopp in Cadiz (Spanien) und endet in Lissabon (Portugal). MSM- 1/3 ist eine multidisziplinäre Expedition mit biologischen, geologischen und hydrographischen Fragestellungen. Ein Teil der Untersuchungen wird im Rahmen des „Geotechnologien” Programms des BMBF und der DFG für den Schwerpunkt „Methan im Geo-/Biosystem” durch das am IFM-GEOMAR koordinierte und für das ebenfalls hier schwerpunktmäßig angesiedelte Programm COMET (Controls on methane fluxes and their climatic relevance in marine gas hydrate-bearing environments) durchgeführt. Ein weiterer Teil der Ausfahrt dient den Untersuchungen im Rahmen des FP-6 Programms der EU HERMES (Hotspot Ecosystem Research on the Margins of European Seas). Aus dem HERMES-Programm nehmen 6 Partner teil. Beide Forschungsvorhaben sind sehr umfangreich und in ihrer Thematik komplex. Es gibt neben der geographischen Orientierung auf das Gebiet des Golf von Cadiz eine Vielzahl von inhaltlichen, personellen und logistischen Verbindungen zwischen beiden Programmen. Golf von Cadiz: Geologischer Hintergrund Die Region des Golf von Cadiz hat eine sehr komplexe geologische Geschichte. Sie ist seit der Trias durch mehrere tektonische Phasen mit Extension, Kompression und Lateralverschiebungen gekennzeichnet. Während des Mesozoikums und frühen Känozoikums bildeten sich in diesem Gebiet Bruchzonen mit Halbgraben-Strukturen und Karbonatplattformen. Im Torton verlagerte sich der Gibraltar-Bogen nach Westen. Dadurch wurde der Golf von Cadiz zu einem Forearc-Becken, in das Olistostrome (Rutschmassen) hineinglitten. In diesem Ablagerungsmilieu, das sonst für Akkretionskeile charakteristisch ist, wurden die Sedimente des südiberischen und nordafrikanischen Kontinentalrandes der damaligen Tethys stark deformiert. Die Olistostrom-Bildung war im oberen Miozän beendet. Gleichzeitig nahm die Subsidenz des Gebietes zu, und es kam zur Ausbildung von mächtigen Abfolgen progradierender und aggradierender Vorschüttfächer. Die geodynamische Interpretation dieser tektonisch sehr komplexen Region ist bis heute kontrovers. Der Gibraltarbogen liegt am östlichen Ausläufer der Azoren-Gibraltar Transformstörung, die als transpressionelle Grenze der iberischen und afrikanischen Platte gesehen wird. Die NW-SE gerichtete Konvergenz dieser beiden Platten zeigt sehr langsame Relativbewegungen von nur 4 mm pro Jahr. Die Ergebnisse neuester geophysikalischer Untersuchungen weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass auch eine ostwärtige Subduktion unter den Gibraltar-Bogen die gegensätzlichen Beobachtungen tektonischer Phänomene aus dem Riffgebirge und der Bethischen Kordillere erklären kann. Eine westwärts gerichtete Gegenrotation erzeugt Krustendehnung und damit Subsidenz in der Alboran See, während die damit verbundene westwärtige Verlagerung des Gibraltar-Bogens eine kompressionelle Deformation des Atlantis-Akkretionskeiles bewirkt. Es ist zu erwarten, dass die aktive Subduktion im Golf von Cadiz einen starken Einfluss auf das natürliche Gefahrenpotential dieser Region ausübt. Sie muss beispielsweise als Ursache für das große Erdbeben von 1755 gesehen werden (Stärke 8.5), durch das und den nachfolgenden Tsunami schwere Schäden in Lissabon und im angrenzenden Küstengebiet des Golf von Cadiz verursacht wurden. Diese historischen Ereignisse sind ein gewichtiger Grund dafür, dass der Golf von Cadiz eine Schlüsselregion für Europäische Forschungsaktivitäten und instrumenteller Langzeitbeobachtungen im Rahmen der EU-Programme ESONET, HERMES und EuroSEIZE bildet. Aus den Ergebnissen verschiedener Expeditionen ergeben sich viele Hinweise auf weit verbreitete Fluidaustritte, Karbonatmounds mit Tiefwasserkorallen (Lophelia-Skelette), Kohlenwasserstoff-Gasaustritte und Schlammdiapirismus am portugiesischen, spanischen und marokkanischen Kontinentalrand des Golf von Cadiz. Diese Phänomene wurden als Indikatoren für die weit verbreitete Existenz von gasübersättigten Sedimenten und der Migration von Fluiden diffusiv durch die Sedimente oder advektiv entlang von tektonischen Störungen interpretiert.

Beschreibung: Merian 3/2 Die 3. Forschnugsfahrt des neuen deutschen Forschungsschiffs Maria S. Merian fand vom 08.11. bis 30. 11. 2006 unter der Fahrtleitung von Dr. S. Petersen statt.

Beschreibung: Abschlussbericht für das Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt Schleswig-Holstein (LANU)

Beschreibung: Abschlussbericht für das Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt (LANU)

Beschreibung: Meteor 68/3 Der dritte Fahrtabschnitt der 68. Meteor Expedition findet unter Fahrtleitung von Prof. Dr. Arne Körtzinger in der Zeit vom 12.07. bis 06.08.2006 statt Der Abschnitt steht als 2. Deutsche SOLAS-Expedition unter dem programmatischen Rahmen der internationalen „Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study“.Sie bündelt ein breites Spektrum von biologischer, chemischer und physikalischer Ozeanographie sowie Atmosphärenchemie und ist regional auf den Küstenauftrieb vor Mauretanien fokussiert. Diese Region ist durch wichtige SOLAS-relevante Phänomene und Prozesse gekennzeichnet, zu denen atmosphärischer Staubeintrag aber vor allem Auftriebsphänome gehören, die für viele Komponenten (Eisen, Nährstoffe, CO2, flüchtige Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe) und Prozesse (Stickstoff-Fixierung, Ozean-Atmosphäre-Gasaustausch) eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Auftriebsgebiete in Regionen mit starkem Staubeintrag stellen gewissermaßen biogeochemische Reaktoren dar, die gleichzeitig durch vertikale (Makro- und Mikro-) Nährstoffeinträge aus der Atmosphäre und dem Mesopelagial angetrieben werden. Zugleich stellen sie Regionen dar, über die eine rasche Ventilation von unterhalb der Deckschicht produzierten klimarelevanten Spurengasen (CO2, Lachgas, Bromoform etc.) erfolgt. Die zu beobachtenden Ozean-Atmosphäre-Flussdichten liegen zum Teil um Größenordnungen über den im offenen oligotrophen Ozean vorgefundenen Verhältnissen.

Beschreibung: Gametes from five male and three female haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) were crossed to produce 15 half-sibling families that were used to evaluate potential parental contributions to early life history variability. Larval morphology at 0 and 5 days post-hatch (dph) and time to starvation in the absence of food were examined. Maternal influences on larval standard length and yolk area were significant at 0 and 5 dph. Paternal effects on larval standard length were significant at 0 and 5 dph, whereas paternal effects on yolk area were only significant at 5 dph. Larval eye diameter was influenced by maternity at day 0 post-hatch and by both maternity and paternity at 5 dph. Myotome height of larvae was subject to maternal and paternal influences at 0 and 5 dph. Growth rate was significantly influenced by both paternity and maternity. Yolk utilization efficiency was significantly influenced by parental interaction, while the time taken for larvae to die in the absence of food was affected only by maternity. Results of this study not only confirm the importance of female contributions to larval development but also indicate a paternal influence on the development and the early life history success of marine fish.

Beschreibung: A total of 324 specimens of the ommastrephid squid Todaropsis eblanae, collected from bottom trawl surveys in the North Sea was examined. Information on seasonal length frequency distributions and relationships of beak size to mantle length and wet body mass from the northernmost distribution of the species is supplied. The overall male: female ratio was 1: 0.78. Maturing males and females were found in winter and summer, while fully mature animals were observed only in summer. Sexual maturity in females occurred in bigger sizes than in males. Specimens were caught in water depths between 56 and 170 m throughout the whole investigated area except from the German Bight. This paper presents the first biological data on T. eblanae in the North Sea derived from scientific surveys.

Beschreibung: Post-collisional magmatism in the southern Iberian and northwestern African continental margins contains important clues for the understanding of a possible causal connection between movements in the Earth's upper mantle, the uplift of continental lithosphere and the origin of circum-Mediterranean igneous activity. Systematic geochemical and geochronological studies (major and trace element, Sr–Nd–Pb-isotope analysis and laser 40Ar/39Ar-age dating) on igneous rocks provide constraints for understanding the post-collisional history of the southern Iberian and northwestern African continental margins. Two groups of magmatic rocks can be distinguished: (1) an Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene (8·2–4·8 Ma), Si–K-rich group including high-K (calc-alkaline) and shoshonitic series rocks; (2) an Upper Miocene to Pleistocene (6·3–0·65 Ma), Si-poor, Na-rich group including basanites and alkali basalts to hawaiites and tephrites. Mafic samples from the Si–K-rich group generally show geochemical affinities with volcanic rocks from active subduction zones (e.g. Izu–Bonin and Aeolian island arcs), whereas mafic samples from the Si-poor, Na-rich group are geochemically similar to lavas found in intraplate volcanic settings derived from sub-lithospheric mantle sources (e.g. Canary Islands). The transition from Si-rich (subduction-related) to Si-poor (intraplate-type) magmatism between 6·3 Ma (first alkali basalt) and 4·8 Ma (latest shoshonite) can be observed both on a regional scale and in individual volcanic systems. Si–K-rich and Si-poor igneous rocks from the continental margins of southern Iberia and northwestern Africa are, respectively, proposed to have been derived from metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere and sub-lithospheric mantle that was contaminated with plume material. A three-dimensional geodynamic model for the westernmost Mediterranean is presented in which subduction of oceanic lithosphere is inferred to have caused continental-edge delamination of subcontinental lithosphere associated with upwelling of plume-contaminated sub-lithospheric mantle and lithospheric uplift. This process may operate worldwide in areas where subduction-related and intraplate-type magmatism are spatially and temporally associated.

Beschreibung: Oceanographic conditions in the brackish central Baltic Sea are strongly linked to atmospheric forcing and the unusual period of persistently strong westerlies that, since the late 1980s, have resulted in an increase in average water temperatures and decreasing salinity. These changes in temperature and salinity resulted in a change in the dominance of the mesozooplankton community from Pseudocalanus sp. to Temora longicornis and Acartia spp. Similar to the copepod community, the central Baltic fish community shifted from cod ( Gadus morhua ), dominant during the 1980s, to sprat ( Sprattus sprattus ), dominant during the 1990s. Further, the commercially important pelagic fish species herring ( Clupea harengus ) and sprat exhibited reductions in growth. Using Principal Component and Correlation Analyses we investigated the temporal variability in the importance of the food supply as well as competition on condition of central Baltic pelagic fish species. Our results indicate that herring condition results from a combined effect of changes in the food environment and increased competition with sprat, while sprat condition appeared to be primarily determined by intra-specific competition.

Beschreibung: Analysis of the demographic structure of Calanus species in the North Atlantic presents particular difficulties due to the overlapping spatial distributions of four main congeneric species (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus helgolandicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus). These species have similar morphologies, making microscopic discrimination only possible between some of the species at late copepodite or adult stages. However, molecular techniques now offer the possibility of screening significant numbers of specimens and unambiguously identifying them to species, regardless of developmental stage. Unfortunately, the processing rate of specimens by molecular methods is still too low to offer a realistic alternative to microscopy for analysis of samples from large field surveys. Here, we outline and test an approach involving the use of molecular methodology in conjunction with conventional microscopy to assess the species assignment of developmental stage abundances of Calanus congeners. Our study has highlighted many important methodological issues. First, it cannot be assumed that the species composition is homogeneous across the development stages; applying proportional species composition of adults to morphologically undistinguishable earlier development stages can result in error. The second important conclusion is that prosome length may be a highly unreliable discriminator of C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis.

Beschreibung: Analysis of the demographic structure of Calanus species in the North Atlantic presents particular difficulties due to the overlapping spatial distributions of four main congeneric species (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus helgolandicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus). These species have similar morphologies, making microscopic discrimination only possible between some of the species at late copepodite or adult stages. However, molecular techniques now offer the possibility of screening significant numbers of specimens and unambiguously identifying them to species, regardless of developmental stage. Unfortunately, the processing rate of specimens by molecular methods is still too low to offer a realistic alternative to microscopy for analysis of samples from large field surveys. Here, we outline and test an approach involving the use of molecular methodology in conjunction with conventional microscopy to assess the species assignment of developmental stage abundances of Calanus congeners. Our study has highlighted many important methodological issues. First, it cannot be assumed that the species composition is homogeneous across the development stages; applying proportional species composition of adults to morphologically undistinguishable earlier development stages can result in error. The second important conclusion is that prosome length may be a highly unreliable discriminator of C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis

Beschreibung: Dates of Cruise: 05.10. to 07.10.2005; Projects: Student course in physical oceanography Port Call: Warnem¨unde (05.10.)

Beschreibung: Gametophytes of the marine alga Chondrus crispus are more resistant than tetrasporophytes to infection by the filamentous endophytic alga Acrochaete operculata. It has been shown recently that carrageenan oligosaccharides from the resistant gametophytic generation of C. crispus stimulate the secretion of L-asparagine (L-Asn) by the endophyte and that the host generates hydrogen peroxide and 2-oxo-succinamic acid after contact with this amino acid. Here the response of C. crispus to L-Asn and its effect on the pathogen is investigated. Chondrus crispus released hydrogen peroxide, ammonium ions, and a carbonyl compound into the medium when exposed to L-Asn. This response was correlated with an increase in oxygen consumption. Inhibitor studies indicated the involvement of a flavoenzyme in the reaction, which was sensitive to high concentrations of the reaction product, ammonium, and to chlorpromazine, quinacrine, and cyanide, inhibitors of L-amino acid oxidase. Cell wall macerate of C. crispus also responded to L-Asn, while protoplasts were inactive. Uptake of L-Asn into the cell was not necessary for the response, suggesting that the involved L-amino acid oxidase is apoplastic. Acrochaete operculata was more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide than C. crispus and settlement of A. operculata zoospores on C. crispus was reduced by 86% in the presence of L-Asn. This reduced settlement could be prevented with catalase. Chondrus crispus thus features an apoplastic amino acid oxidase, which is involved in the control of its endophytic pathogen. The modulation of the amino acid secretion in A. operculata by carrageenan oligosaccharides is therefore a key issue in the etiology of the association.

Beschreibung: Temporal mismatch between the occurrence of larvae and their prey potentially affects the spatial overlap and thus the contact rates between predator and prey. This might have important consequences for growth and survival. We performed a case study investigating the influence of circulation patterns on the overlap of Baltic cod larvae with their prey. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to analyse spatio-temporally resolved drift patterns of larval Baltic cod. A coefficient of overlap between modelled larval and idealized prey distributions indicated the probability of predator–prey overlap, dependent on the hatching time of cod larvae. By performing model runs for the years 1979–1998 investigated the intra- and interannual variability of potential spatial overlap between predator and prey. Assuming uniform prey distributions, we generally found the overlap to have decreased since the mid-1980s, but with the highest variability during the 1990s. Seasonally, predator–prey overlap on the Baltic cod spawning grounds was highest in summer and lowest at the end of the cod spawning season. Horizontally variable prey distributions generally resulted in decreased overlap coefficients. Finally, we related variations in overlap patterns to the variability of Baltic cod recruitment success.

Beschreibung: The cooperative research project between Chinese and German leading marine research institutions, the Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey (GMGS) and Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften Kiel (IFM-GEOMAR) addressed the geological methane budget and environmental effects of methane emissions from gas hydrates along the passive margin of the northern South China Sea. Two areas were surveyed of which the NE area (A) was sampled in great detail, whereas area B, after an initial survey, yielded less promising results. Swath map bathymetry, ocean floor observation by continuous video survey (OFOS) and water column methane distribution pattern provided the basis for locating several sites of ongoing methane venting. Outstanding among these was a methane-derived carbonate structure in water depths of 600-900m. Vast accumulations of vent carbonate debris, pavements and edifices standing above the seafloor characterize this structure. A 30-m high edifice, named Jiu Long Methane Reef, proved to be an active cold vent site with chemosynthetic fauna and bacterial mats. At deep sites ( apprx. 3000m) in and adjacent to the Formosa Canyon methane anomalies in the bottom water and clam colonies also indicate active methane venting. Pore water and gas chemistry on gravity cores indicated rather shallow depths of the sulfate-methane-interface (SMI) and documented chloride anomalies. High methane concentrations (exceeding 10.000 μM) in sediments, which when extrapolated, suggest that saturation might be reached at about 16-24 mbsf at which depths the shallowest gas hydrates might be encountered in the area. The project results contribute directly to several major science policy missions. (1) Documentation of vast amounts of methane emmited from the passive margin of the northern South China Sea is seen as evidence for long-term climate forcing by the greenhouse gas methane. (2) The functioning and significance of deep-sea biota as modulating the greenhouse gas budget is convincingly demonstrated by the vast amounts of methane carbon fixed as authigenic carbonates. (3) Further development of TV-guided deep-sea instrumentation, and above all the retrieval of undecompressed sediments, have again been deomonstrated as high a priority topic for the future of marine science. (4) The success of the project has demonstrated how international partnerships can efficiently been implemented.

Beschreibung: Large-scale climatic conditions prevailing over the central Baltic Sea resulted in declining salinity and oxygen concentrations in spawning areas of the eastern Baltic cod stock. These changes in hydrography reduced the reproductive success and, combined with high fishing pressure, caused a decline of the stock to the lowest level on record in the early 1990s. The present study aims at disentangling the interactions between reproductive effort and hydrographic forcing leading to variable recruitment. Based on identified key processes, stock dynamics is explained using updated environmental and life stage-specific abundance and production time-series. Declining salinities and oxygen concentrations caused high egg mortalities and indirectly increased egg predation by clupeid fish. Low recruitment, despite enhanced hydrographic conditions for egg survival in the mid-1990s, was due to food limitation for larvae, caused by the decline in the abundance of the copepod Pseudocalanus sp. The case of the eastern Baltic cod stock exemplifies the multitude effects climatic variability may have on a fish stock and underscores the importance of knowledge of these processes for understanding stock dynamics.

Beschreibung: 12.07.-15.07.2005