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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors Affecting Party Size in Chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 19 (1998), S. 999-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ; party size ; fruit availability ; estrous female ; Mahale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied factors affecting party size and composition of wild chimpanzees at Mahale (M group) over an 11-month period. Parties with 1–5 individuals were most frequent (37.8%; 153/405 parties); they included 94.7% of all male parties (n = 76) and 81.3% of all female parties (n = 75). The median of monthly values was the standard for analysis. We divided the year into four periods based on the median size of monthly bisexual parties (30.9 individuals; includes both males and females): monthly bisexual party sizes were larger in May–June (period II) and October–January (period IV) and smaller in February–April (period I) and July–September (period III). Only bisexual parties changed in size with period. The number of fruit items (=species) eaten was fewer in periods II and IV when abundance per item appeared to be great. The sizes of bisexual parties, which included cycling females with maximal anogenital swelling, were larger, and their representation (%) in all bisexual parties was greater in periods III and IV. The numbers of both cycling females and cycling females with maximal anogenital swelling were also larger in periods III and IV. The percentage of cycling females with maximal anogenital swelling was greater in periods II and III. The results of this study and those of Nishida (1979) suggest that seasonal variation in party size of Mahale chimpanzees maintains a relatively consistent annual cycle. The factors assumed to affect party sizes are fruit availability and the presence of cycling females with maximal anogenital swelling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020322203166
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toward the chemical ecology of medicinal plant use in chimpanzees: The case ofVernonia amygdalina, a plant used by wild chimpanzees possibly for parasite-related diseases (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 541-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Vernonia amygdalina ; medicinal plant ; chimpanzee ; vernodalin ; vernonioside ; vernoniol ; antischistosomal activity ; plasmodicidal activity ; amebicidal activity ; leishmanicidal activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bitter and related constituents have been isolated fromVernonia amygdalina (Compositae), a plant ingested by wild chimpanzees possibly suffering from parasite-related diseases in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Isolated from the plant were four known sesquiterpene lactones, seven new steroid glucosides, and two aglycones of the glucosides. The sesquiterpene lactones showed significant in vitro antischistosomal, plasmodicidal, and leishmanicidal activities. Antischistosomal activity was also found for the major steroid glucoside, vernonioside B1. A trend in the glucosides to show significant antischistosomal, plasmodicidal, and amebicidal activities when the sugar moiety was removed, was observed. Vernodalin, judged as the most significant constituent for antiparasitic activities in vitro, was tested for in vivo antischistosomal effect. It was, however, highly toxic to the cercaria-infected mouse. Chimpanzees have been only rarely observed to ingest anything but the pith of the young stem. The occurrence of vernonioside B1 and its aglycone vernoniol B1, the major constituents among the steroid-related constituents, were detected at significant levels in the pith. However, vernodalin was abundant only in the leaves and bark. Thus, chimpanzees at Mahale were hypothesized to control parasite-related diseases by ingesting the young pith of this tree containing steroid-related constituents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059596
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are daughters more costly to produce for Japanese macaque mothers?: Sex of the offspring and subsequent interbirth intervals (1995)
    Springer
    Primates 36 (1995), S. 571-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Interbirth interval ; Offspring sex ; Macaca fuscata ; Female rank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on a sample of 237 live births recorded over a period of 30 years, a tendency for longer interbirth intervals following the birth of daughters than sons was recognized, in the provisioned Arashiyama troop of Japanese macaques. This may indicate that female infants were more costly to produce than male infants. This tendency seemed to be independent of a mother’s rank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382877
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1989)
    Springer
    Primates 30 (1989), S. 589-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380885
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tool-assisted predation on a squirrel by a female chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania (1993)
    Springer
    Primates 34 (1993), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Pan troglodytes ; Tool-use ; Predation ; Sciuridae ; Adolescent female
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 12-year-old female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of M-Group in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania was seen to rouse, capture, and eat a squirrel hiding in the narrow hole of a tree. The kill was aided by the use of a sturdy tool modified from a branch of the same tree. This appears to be the first reported case for chimpanzees, or any other nonhuman primate, of tool-use that directly led to the capture of a mammalian prey species. This behavior is discussed in relation to possible factors contributing to the occurrence of tool-use in small mammal predation especially by females to exploit a low competition meat source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381285
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the illness and consumption of a possibly medicinal plantVernonia amygdalina (Del.), by a wild chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania (1989)
    Springer
    Primates 30 (1989), S. 51-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Chimpanzees ; Vernonia amygdalina ; Medicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed observations on the consumption ofVernonia amygdalina (Del.), a naturally occurring plant of known ethnomedicinal value, by an adult female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of M-group in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania were made. Chewing the pith of several shoots, she sucked out and swallowed the astringent, bitter tasting juice; spitting out the fibrous remains. The female was followed during this period for 11 hr, over two consecutive days, and was recognized to be in irregular health at the time of consumption, exhibiting signs of lethargy, lack of appetite, and irregularity of bodily excretions. The low frequency and lack of seasonality in the usage of this plant suggest that it is sought after for reasons other than as a food source. These factors suggest that for chimpanzees, the consumption of this plant is primarily medicinal. The symptoms displayed by the female are the same as those experienced by people throughout tropical Africa who utilize this plant as a medicinal treatment for them. Interactions between the female and others suggest that they too were aware of her condition and coordinated their activities with the female and her infant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381210
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1989)
    Springer
    Primates 30 (1989), S. 139-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381222
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dominance among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania: A preliminary study (1989)
    Springer
    Primates 30 (1989), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ; Dominance ; Pant-grunt ; Aggression ; Coexistence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dominance relationships among male chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were analyzed. Although all adolescent males were unequivocally subordinate to all adult males, dominance relationships within the age classes were much less clear. Especially among adolescent males, few pant-grunts or agonistic interactions occurred. While adolescent males frequently pant-grunted at adult males, these latter males, except the alpha and the youngest, rarely pant-grunted to one another. This suggests that a difference of social status exists between adolescent and adult males. Adult males rarely display overt dominance to one another probably because the presence of other males affects their interactions. Moreover, they seem to try to keep their dominance relationship ambiguous when making it overt is not advantageous to them. This may be a political way for males to coexist with one another in a unit-group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381303
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Review (1996)
    Springer
    Primates 37 (1996), S. 333-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381865
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal trends in intestinal nematode infection and medicinal plant use among chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania (1997)
    Springer
    Primates 38 (1997), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ; Seasonal variation ; Oesophagostomum stephanostomum ; Antiparasite behavior ; Sampling bias
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A longitudinal study of nematode infection in chimpanzees was conducted between 1989 and 1994 on the M group chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania during two annual dry and rainy season periods and a third rainy season. Chemical and physical antiparasite properties of medicinal plant use against the strongyle nematodeOesophagostomum stephanostomum have recently been reported at Mahale. Here, the incidence of nematode infections were analyzed for seasonal trends to elucidate the possible influence of parasite infection on previously reported seasonality of medicinal plant use and to test the hypothesis that the use of these plants is stimulated byO. stephanostomum. The number of chimpanzees infected byO. stephanostomum was significantly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season of both 1989–1990 and 1991–1992. However, the incidence ofTrichuris trichura andStrongyloides fuelleborni showed no seasonality. Reinfection of individuals byO. stephanostomum occurred in synchrony with annual variation in rainfall: there was a sharp rise in the occurrence of new infections per individual within one to two months after the beginning of the first heavy rains of the season. This pattern coincides with the reproductive cycle of this nematode species.O. stephanostomum (95%) infections were associated significantly more frequently with medicinal plant use than eitherT. trichiura (50%) orS. fuelleborni (40%) infections. These observations are consistent with previous reports for the increased use of these plants during the rainy season and are consistent the hypothesis that medicinal plant use is stimulated byO. stephanostomum infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382002
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