ALBERT

Notes: The abundance of the wiskered sole Monochirus hispidus in the Sado Estuary showed a marked seasonal pattern, the highest densities occurred in spring and summer. The density of this species was mainly related, non-linearly, to depth, water transparency and percentage of gravel, fine sand and mud in the sediment. Monochirus hispidus fed mainly on crustaceans and polychaets. Significant differences were found between the proportions of prey items eaten and total length class; larger fish consumed more decapods and polychaets. The von Bertalanffy growth equation coefficients differed between sexes. The asymptotic length L∞ obtained for females was higher compared to males, while the growth coefficient (K) was higher for males. Individuals with mature gonads were found between March and September, but the main spawning period of M. hispidus in the Sado Estuary was from March to June.

Notes: Three types of bilateral asymmetry [antisymmetry (AS), directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA)] have long been recognized in the literature. It is often assumed that DA and AS have a larger genetic basis than FA, which therefore provides a measure of developmental stability. To examine changes in bilateral asymmetry of the Lusitanian toadfish, Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), collected in 10 localities along the Portuguese coast, the distribution of left–right values of three external and two internal morphometric variables and one meristic variable were evaluated for normality and deviations of the mean to 0; kurtosis and skewness were also determined. AS was found for the majority of variables in all locations, although DA was also very frequent. FA was observed in only four locations for three variables. A general pattern of negative and low Spearman correlations between asymmetry levels and concentrations of heavy metals and pollutants and mean heterozygosity was found. However, exceptions to this pattern indicate that different asymmetry types can occur across the distribution range in a single trait and that the three types of asymmetry are dynamically interrelated, the shifts from FA to the other two types possibly being due to environmental stress.

Notes: A total of 366 Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) individuals were obtained between September and November 2000 from commercial fishing vessels at eight localities along the Portuguese coast and analysed for metazoan parasite infections. Three species of parasites were found: Hysterothylacium aduncum Rudolphi 1802; Progrillotia dasyatidis Beveridge et al. 2004, which constitutes a new host record for the Lusitanian toadfish; and Nerocila orbignyi Guérin-Méneville 1829. Prevalence and mean abundance were determined for the total fish population in each sample. Significant differences in the number of parasitized fish among the samples analysed indicate differences in the H. didactylus populations along the Portuguese coast. The cluster analysis performed to prevalence data pointed out two major clusters: one composed of mainly estuarine samples and one that grouped samples from coastal areas; this is in agreement with the results obtained by morphological and genetic analysis performed for the same samples.

Notes: The distribution and abundance patterns as well as the feeding ecology of two flatfishes, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758), were studied in the Douro estuary and adjacent coastal waters (Portugal) in order to evaluate the niche overlap between these species. Fish were collected during sampling surveys conducted every 2 months between November 2000 and March 2002 using a 12-m otter-trawl with 18 mm stretched mesh size, at 12 sites within the estuary and six sites in the adjacent coastal area. The highest densities of P. flesus were registered in the middle estuary; a peak density of 9.12 ind 1000 m−2 was obtained in October 2001. Solea solea densities were low compared with P. flesus; the highest values were also recorded in the middle estuary in October 2001. For both species, the proportion of juveniles was above 90% within the estuary. Highest densities of P. flesus and S. solea were recorded at sites with low water depth and high densities of crustaceans and polychaetes, the main food items in the diet of these species. High values of spatial and diet niche overlap were found between these two flatfishes (0.97 and 0.92, respectively).

Notes: The feeding ecology of the lesser weever, Echiichthys vipera, from the adjacent coastal areas of the Douro and Tagus estuaries (Portugal) was studied between October 2000 and July 2002. The stomach contents of 246 individuals were analysed and diet was characterized by the numerical, gravimetric, occurrence and vacuity indices. Variation of feeding habits with fish length (〈95 and 〉95 mm) and geographical area was considered. Diet of the lesser weever comprised a large variety of prey (28 species), the most important of which were crustaceans (numerical index, NI = 93.5%; occurrence index, OI = 75.6%), namely Mysidacea (especially Schistomysis sp.), Amphipoda (mainly Gammarus subtypicus) and Isopoda (Idotea spp.), and also Teleostei (mostly larval stages that posted a gravimetric index, GI = 53.0%). Diet varied with fish length, with large individuals showing a larger diversity of prey items. Furthermore, specimens from Douro also showed a higher diversity of prey items than those from Tagus. More than 50% of the stomachs were empty, being the highest vacuity values relative to smaller fishes as well as to individuals from the Tagus estuary adjacent coastal area.

Notes: This paper deals with the diets of blue whiting Micromesistius poutassou (Risso 1810), hake Merluccius merluccius (L. 1758), horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (L. 1758), and mackerel Scomber scombrus (L. 1758) off Portugal and explores variations in fish length, water depth, latitude and season. All four species feed on fish; however, hake and mackerel are the first and second most important predators, respectively, blue whiting being the most important fish prey for both species. The diets of blue whiting and horse mackerel are composed mainly of crustaceans. Diet variations according to predator fish size are more important than either latitude or depth. In the diets of blue whiting, hake and horse mackerel, prey importance increases with predator size. For blue whiting and horse mackerel, diet variations with fish length and water depth are correlated: small fish are closely associated with coastal areas where they feed on copepods and decapod larvae. Seasonality in the diet is apparent for blue whiting, hake and mackerel. For blue whiting, the decapod Pasiphaea sivado is the most important prey in summer and autumn, being replaced by the euphausid Meganyctiphanes norvegica in winter. In the diet of hake, seasonality was characterised by the major importance of Macroramphosus scolopax in autumn, whereas the diet of mackerel consisted of zooplankton in summer, fish and decapods in autumn and decapod larvae in winter. Seasonal changes in the diet of horse mackerel correspond to a higher diversity of prey in autumn compared to other seasons (although euphausids are the main prey in all seasons). Seasonality in feeding activity is not as marked for the other species as it is for horse mackerel; the percentage of empty stomachs of horse mackerel is greatest in winter, when spawning takes place at the Portuguese coast.

Notes: Fish species densities from 1025 hauls obtained with beam trawl and stow net catches from the southern Tagus and northern Elbe estuaries were analysed for two different periods of time between 1978 and 1997. The data were related with environmental factors to compare species composition and densities, contributions of different ecological guilds, structuring environmental key factors, intra-annual cyclicity and interperiodical stability of ichthyofaunas in large European estuaries at different latitudes. Although the total number of species in both the Tagus and Elbe estuaries (Tagus: 57 species, Elbe: 58 species) was very similar, significant differences were estimated in species compositions, species densities and number of species, and individuals of the different ecological guilds between both estuaries. A total of 15 species occurred in both estuaries but only two of these species, the catadromous Anguilla anguilla and the marine estuarine opportunist Pleuronectes flesus, contributed substantially to the total abundance. Marine species together contributed more than 5% of the total number of species in the Tagus and Elbe estuaries, whereas their contribution in number of individuals amounted to 22% in the Tagus and only 9% in the Elbe. In terms of number of individuals, the ichthyofauna of the Tagus estuary was dominated by estuarine species (especially Pomatoschistus spp.) contributing 68% of the total abundance. In contrast, the fish fauna of the Elbe estuary was dominated by high numbers of anadromous species (88%) individuals, especially Osmerus eperlanus. Canonical corresponding analyses (CCA) indicated that, besides intra-annual variables, salinity and mouth distance were two of the most important environmental factors structuring the fish communities in both estuaries. Moreover, water depth was found to be an important environmental factor in the Tagus estuary, whereas the water temperature substantially affected the ichthyofaunal composition in the Elbe estuary. In both estuaries, contributions by number of species and number of individuals of the different ecological guilds were not statistically different between the two periods considered, 1978–80 and 1995–97 for the Tagus, and 1981–86 and 1989–95 for the Elbe. Nevertheless, from 1981–86 until 1989–95 a remarkable increase of about 4.5 times in the densities of O. eperlanus was observed in the Elbe estuary, probably related to improved water quality, especially of oxygen conditions in the nurseries since 1990. This was also supported by the results of CCA, suggesting important influences of the years 1989 and 1990 on the Elbe estuary fish assemblage. Climate change as a result of global warming may be evident for the observed changes of the densities of P. flesus which decreased in the southern Tagus estuary and, in contrast, increased in the northern Elbe estuary during comparable periods of time. It is recommended to use the ecological guild classification scheme which was applied for the Tagus and Elbe estuaries for further studies of European estuarine fish assemblages.

Notes: In the present study, the nursery role of the coastal areas adjacent to the Douro estuary for pouting, Trisopterus luscus Linnaeus, 1758, was analysed. The distribution and abundance patterns, diet and growth of T. luscus were studied based on samples collected on seven occasions from November 2000 to March 2002 using a 12 m otter-trawl with 18 mm mesh size at 12 sites within the estuary and six sites in the adjacent coastal areas. This species occurred only in the coastal areas adjacent to the estuary and a marked seasonal pattern was reported, which reflected the peak abundance of juveniles that use this area as a nursery ground. No marked relationships were obtained between T. luscus abundance and the environmental variables considered. Nonetheless, the highest densities of pouting were recorded at sites where water temperature was high compared with the other sampling areas. Diet of T. luscus juveniles was mainly composed of crustaceans Decapoda, Mysidacea and Amphipoda. The growth rate determined for T. luscus juveniles off the Portuguese coast was higher than those reported for North European areas, and was similar to those obtained in the eastern Mediterranean.

Notes: Among the stomach contents of 609 individuals of Solea solea and 1104 of S. senegalensis the main food items of S. solea were Corophium spp. and Hediste diversicolor, and of S. senegalensis were Corophium spp., H. diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana. For both species, the importance of larger prey items in the diet, namely H. diversicolor and Crangon crangon, increased with fish size. Feeding activity of S. solea and S. senegalensis increased in spring and summer. Short-term variations were particularly related to the tidal cycle and the two species fed in intertidal areas. Dietary dierences between the two nursery areas reflected prey availability mainly. Although intra- and interspecific length classes overlapped in diet, potential interspecific competition was probably minimized by a dierential habitat use pattern.

Notes: Abstract Here we make a topological study of the mapI=(E, J), whereE is the energy andJ is the angular momentum of then-body problem in 3-space. Part of the bifurcation set ofI is characterized and some topological information is given on the integral manifolds of negative energy and zero angular momentum.