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  • United States  (330)
  • Female  (187)
  • Male  (182)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (529)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 2000-2004  (529)
  • 2001  (529)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (529)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
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  • 2000-2004  (529)
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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286:2251.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11542666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Research/organization & administration/*trends ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/*organization & ; administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Organisms allocate resources to male and female offspring in a process called sex allocation. In a Perspective, Stuart West and colleagues discuss what sex allocation tells us about evolution by natural selection and how sex allocation can be applied to understanding the mating structure of parasitic protozoans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉West, S A -- Herre, E A -- Sheldon, B C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):288-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. stu.west@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Inbreeding ; Insects/physiology ; Male ; Plasmodium/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Sex Ratio ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Preparing for their 30th conference, neuroscientists contemplate how the field--and the annual meeting--has grown. With the Society for Neuroscience meeting routinely packing in about 25,000 people, some neuroscientists complain about long lines and related inconveniences. But others say that the best reason to go to the meeting is precisely because it's so huge and integrates the ever-growing number of subdisciplines in the field.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):698-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; *Neurosciences ; *Research ; *Societies, Scientific/organization & administration ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: The U.S. Department of Agriculture requested comments earlier this year to help it decide whether to adopt a formal definition of "distress" as part of its responsibilities under the Animal Welfare Act. But the 2600 pieces of advice it received during a 4-month period that ended earlier this month suggest that its job won't be easy. The comments highlight a deep split between animal activists, who see the potential new regulations as a step toward eliminating all painful procedures, and most researchers, who say that the present system is working well and that no major changes are needed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1474-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; *Government Regulation ; Pain/veterinary ; *Research ; Stress, Physiological/*veterinary ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):39.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal/*history ; Aging/drug effects ; Dehydroepiandrosterone/history/pharmacology ; *Drug Approval ; Drug Industry ; Female ; France ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mifepristone/*history ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Once perceived to be at best ambivalent about science policy, President Bill Clinton is now credited with steering the U.S. government's $80-billion-plus R&D enterprise through one of its most perilous and productive decades. Along the way, supporters say, Clinton and his science-savvy vice president, Al Gore, have won respect from researchers. Although the reviews are not uniformly good, even critics agree that Clinton's term is ending on a much higher note for science than what many initially expected from the former Arkansas governor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2234-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Government Agencies/economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Politics ; *Public Policy ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):1958-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; *Drug Approval ; Europe ; Guidelines as Topic ; *International Cooperation ; Japan ; Placebos ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: A University of Texas (UT) immunologist has admitted to federal officials that he falsified research results over at least a 5-year period, leaving a trail of retracted papers and disgruntled collaborators. The scientist, who resigned and has been barred from receiving federal research grants, was found to have repeatedly duped colleagues by spiking test tubes with doses of a radioactive marker that produced positive results, according to detailed reports by UT and federal investigators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):245-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Allergy and Immunology ; Animals ; HLA-B27 Antigen/genetics ; Mice ; Research/*standards ; *Scientific Misconduct ; Texas ; United States ; United States Office of Research Integrity ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Testing Alternatives/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animal Welfare/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Birds ; Mice ; Rats ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture/*legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parens, E -- Juengst, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Cytoplasm/*transplantation ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; Female ; Financing, Government ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genetic Research ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; *Ovum ; Public Policy ; *Reproductive Techniques ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):614-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330302" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents ; Developing Countries ; Drug Costs ; Drug Industry ; *Drugs, Essential/economics ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sumen, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2093.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11256404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism ; Poisoning/history/prevention & control ; Sculpture/*history ; Turkey
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: Comprehensive genomic analysis of the important human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus was achieved by a strategy involving antisense technology in a regulatable gene expression system. In addition to known essential genes, many genes of unknown or poorly defined biological function were identified. This methodology allowed gene function to be characterized in a comprehensive, defined set of conditionally growth-defective/lethal isogenic strains. Quantitative titration of the conditional growth effect was performed either in bacterial culture or in an animal model of infection. This genomic strategy offers an approach to the identification of staphylococcal gene products that could serve as targets for antibiotic discovery.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ji, Y -- Zhang, B -- Van, S F -- Horn -- Warren, P -- Woodnutt, G -- Burnham, M K -- Rosenberg, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2266-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Genetics Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA. yinduo_ji-1@gsk.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Genes, Bacterial ; *Genes, Essential ; Genetic Vectors ; Mice ; Open Reading Frames ; Phenotype ; Pyelonephritis/microbiology ; *RNA, Antisense ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*genetics/growth & development/pathogenicity ; Transformation, Bacterial ; Virulence/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ladika, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1422-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; *DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Family ; Female ; *Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Male ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Warfare
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2288.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11269282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Warfare ; *International Cooperation ; Research ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2060.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11256387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academic Medical Centers ; *Biomedical Research ; Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; *Conflict of Interest ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Industry ; Lobbying ; Research/*standards ; United States ; *United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):1989.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administrative Personnel/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/history/*organization & administration ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2001-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldhaber, P -- Greenspan, J S -- Bowen, W H -- Genco, R J -- Barker, B -- Greene, J C -- Allukian, M Jr -- McCallum, C A -- Slavkin, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1835-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11398827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/*organization & administration ; Research ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2001-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jha, P -- Nagelkerke, J D -- Ngugi, E N -- Prasada Rao, J V -- Willbond, B -- Moses, S -- Plummer, F A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):224-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Economics Advisory Service, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Condoms ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Counseling ; *Developing Countries ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Female ; Financial Support ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission ; Health Education ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; Male ; Population Surveillance ; Prostitution ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control ; United Nations/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lanza, R P -- Cibelli, J B -- West, M D -- Dorff, E -- Tauer, C -- Green, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 18;292(5520):1299.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11360981" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Organized ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Regeneration ; Research/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; *Stem Cells/cytology ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldin, D S -- Dahl, C A -- Olsen, K L -- Ostrach, L H -- Klausner, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):443-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Washington, DC 20546, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomarkers ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; *Biosensing Techniques ; Miniaturization ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Neoplasms/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; *Research ; *Space Flight ; Spacecraft ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2001-05-12
    Description: Telomere proteins from ciliated protozoa bind to the single-stranded G-rich DNA extensions at the ends of macronuclear chromosomes. We have now identified homologous proteins in fission yeast and in humans. These Pot1 (protection of telomeres) proteins each bind the G-rich strand of their own telomeric repeat sequence, consistent with a direct role in protecting chromosome ends. Deletion of the fission yeast pot1+ gene has an immediate effect on chromosome stability, causing rapid loss of telomeric DNA and chromosome circularization. It now appears that the protein that caps the ends of chromosomes is widely dispersed throughout the eukaryotic kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baumann, P -- Cech, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1171-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chromosome Segregation/genetics ; Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovary/metabolism ; Phenotype ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; Substrate Specificity ; Telomere/genetics/*metabolism ; *Telomere-Binding Proteins
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-07-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, T T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2431-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*drug therapy/prevention & ; control/transmission ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Drug Industry ; Female ; Health Policy ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; Nevirapine/therapeutic use ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; South Africa
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: Examples of multiplication by neurons or neural circuits are scarce, although many computational models use this basic operation. The owl's auditory system computes interaural time (ITD) and level (ILD) differences to create a two-dimensional map of auditory space. Space-specific neurons are selective for combinations of ITD and ILD, which define, respectively, the horizontal and vertical dimensions of their receptive fields. A multiplication of separate postsynaptic potentials tuned to ITD and ILD, rather than an addition, can account for the subthreshold responses of these neurons to ITD-ILD pairs. Other nonlinear processes improve the spatial tuning of the spike output and reduce the fit to the multiplicative model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pena, J L -- Konishi, M -- DC00134/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):249-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. jose@etho.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Auditory Pathways ; Auditory Perception/*physiology ; Female ; Inferior Colliculi/cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Mathematics ; Membrane Potentials ; Neurons/*physiology ; Sound Localization/*physiology ; Strigiformes/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11229397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Confidentiality ; *Dna ; Databases, Factual ; Ethics, Medical ; *Genetic Research ; *Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Internet ; *Medical Records Systems, Computerized ; Private Sector ; *Research ; United States
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: Comparison of genomic DNA sequences from human and mouse revealed a new apolipoprotein (APO) gene (APOAV) located proximal to the well-characterized APOAI/CIII/AIV gene cluster on human 11q23. Mice expressing a human APOAV transgene showed a decrease in plasma triglyceride concentrations to one-third of those in control mice; conversely, knockout mice lacking Apoav had four times as much plasma triglycerides as controls. In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the APOAV locus were found to be significantly associated with plasma triglyceride levels in two independent studies. These findings indicate that APOAV is an important determinant of plasma triglyceride levels, a major risk factor for coronary artery disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennacchio, L A -- Olivier, M -- Hubacek, J A -- Cohen, J C -- Cox, D R -- Fruchart, J C -- Krauss, R M -- Rubin, E M -- HL-18574/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-53917/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL66681/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):169-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genome Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alleles ; Animals ; Apolipoprotein C-III ; Apolipoproteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Apolipoproteins A ; Apolipoproteins C/blood ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; Cohort Studies ; Computational Biology ; Coronary Disease/etiology/genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Lipoproteins, VLDL/blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Multigene Family ; Open Reading Frames ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Risk Factors ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transgenes ; Triglycerides/*blood
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-10-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jungck, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 19;294(5542):519-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11669093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; Government Agencies ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Science/*education ; United States ; *Universities
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: GADS is an adaptor protein implicated in CD3 signaling because of its ability to link SLP-76 to LAT. A GADS-deficient mouse was generated by gene targeting, and the function of GADS in T cell development and activation was examined. GADS- CD4-CD8- thymocytes exhibited a severe block in proliferation but still differentiated into mature T cells. GADS- thymocytes failed to respond to CD3 cross-linking in vivo and were impaired in positive and negative selection. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the association between SLP-76 and LAT was uncoupled in GADS- thymocytes. These observations indicate that GADS is a critical adaptor for CD3 signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoder, J -- Pham, C -- Iizuka, Y M -- Kanagawa, O -- Liu, S K -- McGlade, J -- Cheng, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1987-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Antigens, CD3/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Size ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Phosphoproteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Spleen/cytology/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/immunology ; Thymus Gland/cytology/immunology ; src Homology Domains
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cause of Death ; Coronary Artery Disease/classification/*epidemiology/mortality ; Coronary Disease/classification/*epidemiology/mortality ; Death Certificates ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Population Dynamics ; United States/epidemiology
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: The long-standing rationalist tradition in moral psychology emphasizes the role of reason in moral judgment. A more recent trend places increased emphasis on emotion. Although both reason and emotion are likely to play important roles in moral judgment, relatively little is known about their neural correlates, the nature of their interaction, and the factors that modulate their respective behavioral influences in the context of moral judgment. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using moral dilemmas as probes, we apply the methods of cognitive neuroscience to the study of moral judgment. We argue that moral dilemmas vary systematically in the extent to which they engage emotional processing and that these variations in emotional engagement influence moral judgment. These results may shed light on some puzzling patterns in moral judgment observed by contemporary philosophers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greene, J D -- Sommerville, R B -- Nystrom, L E -- Darley, J M -- Cohen, J D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2105-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Department of Philosophy, 1879 Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. jdgreene@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; *Judgment ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mental Processes ; *Morals ; Reaction Time
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2538.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Diet, Fat-Restricted ; Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; *Life Expectancy ; Male ; United States
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: beta-Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the defining neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, but their pathophysiological relation is unclear. Injection of beta-amyloid Abeta42 fibrils into the brains of P301L mutant tau transgenic mice caused fivefold increases in the numbers of NFTs in cell bodies within the amygdala from where neurons project to the injection sites. Gallyas silver impregnation identified NFTs that contained tau phosphorylated at serine 212/threonine 214 and serine 422. NFTs were composed of twisted filaments and occurred in 6-month-old mice as early as 18 days after Abeta42 injections. Our data support the hypothesis that Abeta42 fibrils can accelerate NFT formation in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gotz, J -- Chen, F -- van Dorpe, J -- Nitsch, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1491-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, August Forel Strasse 1, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland. goetz@bli.unizh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/*pathology ; Amygdala/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*pathology ; Epitopes ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Mutation ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/*metabolism/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Plaque, Amyloid/*metabolism/pathology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms ; Sex Characteristics ; tau Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: We show that high doses of salicylates reverse hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia in obese rodents by sensitizing insulin signaling. Activation or overexpression of the IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) attenuated insulin signaling in cultured cells, whereas IKKbeta inhibition reversed insulin resistance. Thus, IKKbeta, rather than the cyclooxygenases, appears to be the relevant molecular target. Heterozygous deletion (Ikkbeta+/-) protected against the development of insulin resistance during high-fat feeding and in obese Lep(ob/ob) mice. These findings implicate an inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and identify the IKKbeta pathway as a target for insulin sensitization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, M -- Konstantopoulos, N -- Lee, J -- Hansen, L -- Li, Z W -- Karin, M -- Shoelson, S E -- AI43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK45493/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK51729/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1673-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology ; Aspirin/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Targeting ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; I-kappa B Kinase ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Insulin Resistance ; Lipids/blood ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Muscles/metabolism ; Obesity/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Phosphorylation ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Zucker ; Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sodium Salicylate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1066.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498572" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Male ; Plants/genetics ; RNA/*metabolism ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1065.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatin/physiology ; England ; Gene Expression Regulation ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Molecular Biology/history ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1247.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; Animals ; *Animals, Zoo ; Cognition ; Female ; Germany ; Humans ; Male ; *Primates ; *Research
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: The coagulation protease thrombin triggers fibrin formation, platelet activation, and other cellular responses at sites of tissue injury. We report a role for PAR1, a protease-activated G protein-coupled receptor for thrombin, in embryonic development. Approximately half of Par1-/- mouse embryos died at midgestation with bleeding from multiple sites. PAR1 is expressed in endothelial cells, and a PAR1 transgene driven by an endothelial-specific promoter prevented death of Par1-/- embryos. Our results suggest that the coagulation cascade and PAR1 modulate endothelial cell function in developing blood vessels and that thrombin's actions on endothelial cells-rather than on platelets, mesenchymal cells, or fibrinogen-contribute to vascular development and hemostasis in the mouse embryo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffin, C T -- Srinivasan, Y -- Zheng, Y W -- Huang, W -- Coughlin, S R -- HL44907/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL65590/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1666-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533492" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Coagulation ; Blood Coagulation Factors/physiology ; Blood Vessels/*embryology/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Endocardium/embryology/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Factor V/genetics/physiology ; Female ; Fibrinogen/genetics/physiology ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Hemorrhage/embryology ; Hemostasis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phenotype ; Prothrombin/genetics/physiology ; Receptor, PAR-1 ; Receptors, Thrombin/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Thrombin/physiology ; Thromboplastin/genetics/physiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2189.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arsenic/*adverse effects ; *Carcinogens ; Chile ; Humans ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Neoplasms/*chemically induced/etiology ; Risk Assessment ; Taiwan ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*adverse effects ; *Water Supply
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Behrman, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 5;291(5501):45-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11192004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; *Health Priorities ; Heterosexuality ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; United States/epidemiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Drug Costs ; Drug Design ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Patents as Topic ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*economics ; Research Support as Topic ; *Taxes ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2263-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Medical Oncology/history ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; *Neoplasms ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1806-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Ecology ; *Fisheries/legislation & jurisprudence ; Government ; *Salmon/physiology ; United States
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: The mechanisms controlling neural stem cell proliferation are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the PTEN tumor suppressor plays an important role in regulating neural stem/progenitor cells in vivo and in vitro. Mice lacking PTEN exhibited enlarged, histoarchitecturally abnormal brains, which resulted from increased cell proliferation, decreased cell death, and enlarged cell size. Neurosphere cultures revealed a greater proliferation capacity for tripotent Pten-/- central nervous system stem/progenitor cells, which can be attributed, at least in part, to a shortened cell cycle. However, cell fate commitments of the progenitors were largely undisturbed. Our results suggest that PTEN negatively regulates neural stem cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Groszer, M -- Erickson, R -- Scripture-Adams, D D -- Lesche, R -- Trumpp, A -- Zack, J A -- Kornblum, H I -- Liu, X -- Wu, H -- MH062800-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS38489/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2186-9. Epub 2001 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Astrocytes/cytology ; Brain/abnormalities/*cytology/embryology ; Cell Count ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Size ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Fluoresceins/metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Intermediate Filament Proteins/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Nestin ; Neurons/*cytology ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*genetics/*physiology ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Succinimides/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*genetics/*physiology
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):758-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679636" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Exobiology/history ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Space Flight/history ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/history/*organization ; & administration
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2413-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beetles/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Communication ; Female ; *Luminescence ; Male ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Oxygen/metabolism
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-09-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1747-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Government ; Public Policy ; Research/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Science/*economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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  • 47
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; *Lions/physiology ; Male ; Maternal Behavior ; *Reproduction ; *Social Behavior ; Social Dominance ; Tanzania
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thacker, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2427.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431551" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Cattle ; *Ecosystem ; Midwestern United States ; Poaceae ; *Sciuridae ; United States ; Wyoming
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guenin, L M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1659-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387460" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Catholicism ; *Embryo Research ; *Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Morals ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Philosophy ; Public Policy ; Religion and Science ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2001-09-29
    Description: The embryonic role of endothelial cells and nascent vessels in promoting organogenesis, prior to vascular function, is unclear. We find that early endothelial cells in mouse embryos surround newly specified hepatic endoderm and delimit the mesenchymal domain into which the liver bud grows. In flk-1 mutant embryos, which lack endothelial cells, hepatic specification occurs, but liver morphogenesis fails prior to mesenchyme invasion. We developed an embryo tissue explant system that permits liver bud vasculogenesis and show that in the absence of endothelial cells, or when the latter are inhibited, there is a selective defect in hepatic outgrowth. We conclude that vasculogenic endothelial cells and nascent vessels are critical for the earliest stages of organogenesis, prior to blood vessel function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsumoto, K -- Yoshitomi, H -- Rossant, J -- Zaret, K S -- CA06297/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM36477/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 19;294(5542):559-63. Epub 2001 Sep 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/cytology/embryology/physiology ; Culture Techniques ; *Embryonic Induction ; Endoderm/*physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/embryology/*physiology ; Female ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Hepatocytes/physiology ; Liver/blood supply/cytology/drug effects/*embryology ; Male ; Mesoderm/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; *Mitogens ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-07-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 13;293(5528):194-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11452094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Financing, Government ; *Museums ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-07-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):408.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines ; Budgets ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; International Cooperation ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Spacecraft/*economics ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/*economics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):183-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics ; Animals ; *Animals, Zoo ; Budgets ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Financing, Government ; *Museums ; Research ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Climate ; *Energy Metabolism ; Female ; *Food ; France ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; *Reproduction ; Seasons ; Songbirds/*physiology
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2001-04-28
    Description: The protective antigen moiety of anthrax toxin translocates the toxin's enzymic moieties to the cytosol of mammalian cells by a mechanism that depends on its ability to heptamerize and insert into membranes. We identified dominant-negative mutants of protective antigen that co-assemble with the wild-type protein and block its ability to translocate the enzymic moieties across membranes. These mutants strongly inhibited toxin action in cell culture and in an animal intoxication model, suggesting that they could be useful in therapy of anthrax.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sellman, B R -- Mourez, M -- Collier, R J -- 5T32AI07410/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37-AI22021/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):695-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthrax/*drug therapy ; *Antigens, Bacterial ; Bacterial Toxins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics/metabolism/toxicity ; CHO Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Endocytosis ; Genes, Dominant ; Male ; *Mutation ; Protein Transport ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: The current extinction of many of Earth's large terrestrial carnivores has left some extant prey species lacking knowledge about contemporary predators, a situation roughly parallel to that 10,000 to 50,000 years ago, when naive animals first encountered colonizing human hunters. Along present-day carnivore recolonization fronts, brown (also called grizzly) bears killed predator-naive adult moose at disproportionately high rates in Scandinavia, and moose mothers who lost juveniles to recolonizing wolves in North America's Yellowstone region developed hypersensitivity to wolf howls. Although prey that had been unfamiliar with dangerous predators for as few as 50 to 130 years were highly vulnerable to initial encounters, behavioral adjustments to reduce predation transpired within a single generation. The fact that at least one prey species quickly learns to be wary of restored carnivores should negate fears about localized prey extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berger, J -- Swenson, J E -- Persson, I L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):1036-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89512, USA. berger@unr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Arousal ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Carnivora ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cues ; *Deer ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Odors ; *Predatory Behavior ; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries ; Ursidae ; Vocalization, Animal ; Wolves ; Wyoming
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-12-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2071-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 ; Abdomen ; Adipose Tissue/*enzymology/metabolism ; Animals ; Body Composition ; Diabetes Mellitus/enzymology/metabolism ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood/*metabolism ; Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Obesity/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Skin
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: B cell homeostasis has been shown to critically depend on BAFF, the B cell activation factor from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Although BAFF is already known to bind two receptors, BCMA and TACI, we have identified a third receptor for BAFF that we have termed BAFF-R. BAFF-R binding appears to be highly specific for BAFF, suggesting a unique role for this ligand-receptor interaction. Consistent with this, the BAFF-R locus is disrupted in A/WySnJ mice, which display a B cell phenotype qualitatively similar to that of the BAFF-deficient mice. Thus, BAFF-R appears to be the principal receptor for BAFF-mediated mature B cell survival.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, J S -- Bixler, S A -- Qian, F -- Vora, K -- Scott, M L -- Cachero, T G -- Hession, C -- Schneider, P -- Sizing, I D -- Mullen, C -- Strauch, K -- Zafari, M -- Benjamin, C D -- Tschopp, J -- Browning, J L -- Ambrose, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2108-11. Epub 2001 Aug 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biogen, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA., The Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Cell Activating Factor ; B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor ; B-Cell Maturation Antigen ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Cloning, Molecular ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Protein ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 18;292(5520):1275-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11360969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Japan ; *Public Policy ; United States
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: The power of placebos has long been recognized for improving numerous medical conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known, however, about the mechanism underlying the placebo effect. Using the ability of endogenous dopamine to compete for [11C]raclopride binding as measured by positron emission tomography, we provide in vivo evidence for substantial release of endogenous dopamine in the striatum of PD patients in response to placebo. Our findings indicate that the placebo effect in PD is powerful and is mediated through activation of the damaged nigrostriatal dopamine system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de la Fuente-Fernandez, R -- Ruth, T J -- Sossi, V -- Schulzer, M -- Calne, D B -- Stoessl, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1164-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurodegenerative Disorders Centre, TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Antiparkinson Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Apomorphine/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parkinson Disease/*drug therapy/metabolism ; *Placebo Effect ; Placebos/administration & dosage ; Raclopride/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2533.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Arsenic/adverse effects/analysis ; Humans ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Politics ; Risk Factors ; Taiwan/epidemiology ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; Urologic Neoplasms/chemically induced/epidemiology ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/adverse effects/analysis ; Water Supply/*standards
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1679-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Ethics ; *Ethics, Research ; Federal Government ; *Government Regulation ; Inservice Training ; *Public Policy ; Research/*standards ; Scientific Misconduct ; United States ; *United States Office of Research Integrity ; United States Public Health Service
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bergmans, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11496901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; *Lobbying ; Research ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):414-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argentina ; Arizona ; *Birds/physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Maternal Behavior ; *Nesting Behavior ; *Paternal Behavior ; Predatory Behavior ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Songbirds/physiology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1733-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11249817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Continental Population Groups/genetics ; Culture ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Emigration and Immigration ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Sex Characteristics ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):572-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11229395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; Confidentiality ; Ethics, Medical ; *Genetic Therapy/adverse effects ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Information Services ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Public Opinion ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Truth Disclosure ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Biological Evolution ; Czech Republic ; Europe ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Israel ; Male ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Skull/*anatomy & histology
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: The frequencies of low-activity alleles of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in humans are highly correlated with the prevalence of malaria. These "deficiency" alleles are thought to provide reduced risk from infection by the Plasmodium parasite and are maintained at high frequency despite the hemopathologies that they cause. Haplotype analysis of "A-" and "Med" mutations at this locus indicates that they have evolved independently and have increased in frequency at a rate that is too rapid to be explained by random genetic drift. Statistical modeling indicates that the A- allele arose within the past 3840 to 11,760 years and the Med allele arose within the past 1600 to 6640 years. These results support the hypothesis that malaria has had a major impact on humans only since the introduction of agriculture within the past 10,000 years and provide a striking example of the signature of selection on the human genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tishkoff, S A -- Varkonyi, R -- Cahinhinan, N -- Abbes, S -- Argyropoulos, G -- Destro-Bisol, G -- Drousiotou, A -- Dangerfield, B -- Lefranc, G -- Loiselet, J -- Piro, A -- Stoneking, M -- Tagarelli, A -- Tagarelli, G -- Touma, E H -- Williams, S M -- Clark, A G -- G12-RR03032/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- HL03321/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T37-TW00043/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):455-62. Epub 2001 Jun 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Biology/Psychology Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. st130@umail.umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa/epidemiology ; Agriculture ; Alleles ; Animals ; Endemic Diseases ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/epidemiology/*genetics ; *Haplotypes ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; *Linkage Disequilibrium ; Malaria/enzymology/epidemiology/*genetics ; Malaria, Falciparum/enzymology/epidemiology/genetics ; Male ; Mediterranean Region/epidemiology ; Mutation ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Selection, Genetic ; Time
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2073.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11256397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; Exobiology ; Facility Design and Construction ; *Industry ; Information Science ; *Laboratories ; *Research ; Technology ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; *Universities
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: Listeria monocytogenes is responsible for severe food-borne infections, but the mechanisms by which bacteria cross the intestinal barrier are unknown. Listeria monocytogenes expresses a surface protein, internalin, that interacts with a host receptor, E-cadherin, to promote entry into human epithelial cells. Murine E-cadherin, in contrast to guinea pig E-cadherin, does not interact with internalin, excluding the mouse as a model for addressing internalin function in vivo. In guinea pigs and transgenic mice expressing human E-cadherin, internalin was found to mediate invasion of enterocytes and crossing of the intestinal barrier. These results illustrate how relevant animal models for human infections can be generated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lecuit, M -- Vandormael-Pournin, S -- Lefort, J -- Huerre, M -- Gounon, P -- Dupuy, C -- Babinet, C -- Cossart, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1722-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite des Interactions Bacteries-Cellules, Station Centrale de Microscopie Electronique, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Bacterial Translocation ; Cadherins/genetics/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Enterocytes/metabolism/*microbiology ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/pathology ; Intestine, Small/microbiology/pathology ; Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Listeriosis/*microbiology/pathology ; Liver/microbiology/pathology ; Lymph Nodes/microbiology/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Neoplasm Proteins ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Spleen/microbiology/pathology ; Transgenes ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; Virulence
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by multiple clinical features that include pigmentary retinal dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, developmental delay, and renal defects. BBS is considered an autosomal recessive disorder, and recent positional cloning efforts have identified two BBS genes (BBS2 and BBS6). We screened our cohort of 163 BBS families for mutations in both BBS2 and BBS6 and report the presence of three mutant alleles in affected individuals in four pedigrees. In addition, we detected unaffected individuals in two pedigrees who carry two BBS2 mutations but not a BBS6 mutation. We therefore propose that BBS may not be a single-gene recessive disease but a complex trait requiring three mutant alleles to manifest the phenotype. This triallelic model of disease transmission may be important in the study of both Mendelian and multifactorial disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Katsanis, N -- Ansley, S J -- Badano, J L -- Eichers, E R -- Lewis, R A -- Hoskins, B E -- Scambler, P J -- Davidson, W S -- Beales, P L -- Lupski, J R -- EY12666/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2256-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Bardet-Biedl Syndrome/*genetics ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Multifactorial Inheritance ; Mutation ; Open Reading Frames ; Pedigree
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: Stem cells, which regenerate tissue by producing differentiating cells, also produce cells that renew the stem cell population. Signals from regulatory microenvironments (niches) are thought to cause stem cells to retain self-renewing potential. However, the molecular characterization of niches remains an important goal. In Drosophila testes, germ line and somatic stem cells attach to a cluster of support cells called the hub. The hub specifically expresses Unpaired, a ligand activating the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling cascade. Without JAK-STAT signaling, germ line stem cells differentiate but do not self-renew. Conversely, ectopic JAK-STAT signaling greatly expands both stem cell populations. We conclude that the support cells of the hub signal to adjacent stem cells by activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, thereby defining a niche for stem cell self-renewal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tulina, N -- Matunis, E -- R01 HD040307/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01HD40307/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2546-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 115 West University Parkway, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Survival ; Contractile Proteins/analysis ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Germ Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Janus Kinases ; Ligands ; Male ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Mutation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; STAT Transcription Factors ; Signal Transduction ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/physiology ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Testis/cytology/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription Factors
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):631-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; Animals ; *Animals, Domestic/genetics ; Cattle/genetics ; *Crops, Agricultural ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Fossils ; Goats ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Zea mays
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rabino, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1433-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11526938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Data Collection ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; *Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; *Research ; Societies, Scientific ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verrijzer, C P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2010-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, MGC, Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands. verrijzer@lumc.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Oogenesis ; Organ Specificity ; Ovarian Follicle/cytology/physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Spermatogenesis ; *TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factors ; TATA-Box Binding Protein ; Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors, TFII/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1811.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthrax/etiology/*microbiology ; Bacillus anthracis/*classification/*genetics ; Bioterrorism/*legislation & jurisprudence ; DNA Fingerprinting/*standards ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):759-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthrax/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; *Antigens, Bacterial ; Bacillus anthracis/*drug effects/genetics ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Bioterrorism ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Utilization ; Humans ; Mutation ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Respiratory Tract Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 6;292(5514):31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11294201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cloning, Organism/adverse effects/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Congenital Abnormalities/etiology ; DNA Methylation ; Government ; Humans ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: Domestication entails control of wild species and is generally regarded as a complex process confined to a restricted area and culture. Previous DNA sequence analyses of several domestic species have suggested only a limited number of origination events. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 191 domestic horses and found a high diversity of matrilines. Sequence analysis of equids from archaeological sites and late Pleistocene deposits showed that this diversity was not due to an accelerated mutation rate or an ancient domestication event. Consequently, high mtDNA sequence diversity of horses implies an unprecedented and widespread integration of matrilines and an extensive utilization and taming of wild horses. However, genetic variation at nuclear markers is partitioned among horse breeds and may reflect sex-biased dispersal and breeding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vila, C -- Leonard, J A -- Gotherstrom, A -- Marklund, S -- Sandberg, K -- Liden, K -- Wayne, R K -- Ellegren, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):474-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. carles.vila@ebc.uu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*genetics ; Animals, Wild/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Horses/*genetics ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Pedigree
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, S F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1063-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Energy Resources ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Ice ; Models, Biological ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Oceans and Seas ; Risk Assessment ; United Nations ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Falkow, S -- Kennedy, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11228121" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology/veterinary ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Utilization ; Humans ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; *Veterinary Drugs
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):409.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11228123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; *Cloning, Organism ; Clostridium Infections/*veterinary ; *Clostridium perfringens ; Diarrhea/microbiology/*veterinary ; Female ; Male ; *Ruminants
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  • 83
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Computer-Assisted Instruction/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Education, Distance/economics ; Faculty ; *Internet ; Science/*education ; United States ; *Universities
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carpenter, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):637-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Engineering ; *Pesticides/toxicity ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1719.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Fertility ; Male ; Reproduction ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis ; Wasps/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology
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  • 86
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-11-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Magnus, D -- Caplan, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1651.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11724062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethics ; Cloning, Organism/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Ethical Review/*standards ; Humans ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Peer Review/*standards ; Public Policy ; Research Personnel/standards ; United States
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naylor, R L -- Williams, S L -- Strong, D R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1655-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6055, USA. roz@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture/*economics/*legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; Carps/physiology ; Catfishes/parasitology ; *Ecosystem ; Fish Diseases/economics/*parasitology/transmission ; Fisheries/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; Food Chain ; Food Industry/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; International Cooperation ; Marine Biology ; Mollusca/physiology ; Ostreidae/parasitology/physiology ; Pest Control, Biological/economics/methods ; Risk ; Salmon/parasitology/physiology ; Seaweed/physiology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: Cloning of mammals by nuclear transfer (NT) results in gestational or neonatal failure with at most a few percent of manipulated embryos resulting in live births. Many of those that survive to term succumb to a variety of abnormalities that are likely due to inappropriate epigenetic reprogramming. Cloned embryos derived from donors, such as embryonic stem cells, that may require little or no reprogramming of early developmental genes develop substantially better beyond implantation than NT clones derived from somatic cells. Although recent experiments have demonstrated normal reprogramming of telomere length and X chromosome inactivation, epigenetic information established during gametogenesis, such as gametic imprints, cannot be restored after nuclear transfer. Survival of cloned animals to birth and beyond, despite substantial transcriptional dysregulation, is consistent with mammalian development being rather tolerant to epigenetic abnormalities, with lethality resulting only beyond a threshold of faulty gene reprogramming encompassing multiple loci.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rideout , W M 3rd -- Eggan, K -- Jaenisch, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1093-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics/metabolism ; *Cloning, Organism ; DNA Methylation ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology/*physiology ; *Embryo, Nonmammalian ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Gametogenesis ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genomic Imprinting ; Germ Cells/cytology/physiology ; Male ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Phenotype ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Telomere/physiology/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Snyder, C S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 25;292(5521):1485-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; *Oxygen ; United States ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):396-411.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academic Medical Centers ; *Biological Science Disciplines ; Career Choice ; Career Mobility ; Education, Graduate ; *Employment ; Faculty ; Female ; Humans ; *Job Satisfaction ; Male ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Research ; *Research Personnel/economics ; *Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Teaching ; United States ; Universities ; Women, Working
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: The neural substrate subserving magnetic orientation is largely unknown in vertebrates and unstudied in mammals. We combined a behavioral test for magnetic compass orientation in mole rats and immunocytochemical visualization of the transcription factor c-Fos as a marker of neuronal activity. We found that the superior colliculus of the Zambian mole rat (Cryptomys anselli) contains neurons that are responsive to magnetic stimuli. These neurons are directionally selective and organized within a discrete sublayer. Our results constitute evidence for the involvement of a specific mammalian brain structure in magnetoreception.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemec, P -- Altmann, J -- Marhold, S -- Burda, H -- Oelschlager, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):366-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Charles University, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic. pgnemec@natur.cuni.cz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Brain Mapping ; Efferent Pathways ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; *Magnetics ; Male ; Mole Rats/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Nesting Behavior ; Neurons/metabolism/*physiology ; *Orientation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/metabolism/*physiology
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2001-05-26
    Description: The Ran guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) controls nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle formation, and nuclear envelope assembly. These functions rely on the association of the Ran-specific exchange factor, RCC1 (regulator of chromosome condensation 1), with chromatin. We find that RCC1 binds directly to mononucleosomes and to histones H2A and H2B. RCC1 utilizes these histones to bind Xenopus sperm chromatin, and the binding of RCC1 to nucleosomes or histones stimulates the catalytic activity of RCC1. We propose that the docking of RCC1 to H2A/H2B establishes the polarity of the Ran-GTP gradient that drives nuclear envelope assembly, nuclear transport, and other nuclear events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemergut, M E -- Mizzen, C A -- Stukenberg, T -- Allis, C D -- Macara, I G -- GM-50526/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 25;292(5521):1540-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. men5w@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11375490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Animals ; Catalysis ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chickens ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Histones/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Nucleosomes/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Spermatozoa ; Xenopus Proteins ; Xenopus laevis ; ran GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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  • 93
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1025.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Cloning, Organism/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; Politics ; *Research ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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  • 94
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):968-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11232575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; *Oxygen ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; United States ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Zooplankton/physiology
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2460-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Great Britain ; Jurisprudence ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Protein Engineering ; United States
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  • 96
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2449.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/*organization & administration ; Biological Science Disciplines ; Government ; History, 21st Century ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organization & administration ; Neoplasms ; *Terrorism ; United States
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2001-04-28
    Description: Embryonic stem (ES) cells are fully pluripotent in that they can differentiate into all cell types, including gametes. We have derived 35 ES cell lines via nuclear transfer (ntES cell lines) from adult mouse somatic cells of inbred, hybrid, and mutant strains. ntES cells contributed to an extensive variety of cell types, including dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in vitro and germ cells in vivo. Cloning by transfer of ntES cell nuclei could result in normal development of fertile adults. These studies demonstrate the full pluripotency of ntES cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wakayama, T -- Tabar, V -- Rodriguez, I -- Perry, A C -- Studer, L -- Mombaerts, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):740-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. teru@advancedcell.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; Chimera ; Cloning, Organism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Mice, Nude ; Neurons/*cytology ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Stem Cells/*cytology
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  • 98
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2443.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthrax ; Bioterrorism ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Publishing ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Terrorism ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 16;291(5507):1182-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11233424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Databases, Factual ; Financing, Government/history ; *Genome, Human ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/economics/*history ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/history ; Patents as Topic/history ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Research Support as Topic/history ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*history/instrumentation/methods ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: Genomic imprinting confers a developmental asymmetry on the parental genomes, through epigenetic modifications in the germ line and embryo. These heritable modifications regulate the monoallelic activity of parental alleles resulting in their functional differences during development. Specific cis-acting regulatory elements associated with imprinted genes carry modifications involving chromatin structural changes and DNA methylation. Some of these modifications are initiated in the germ line. Comparative genomic analysis at imprinted domains is emerging as a powerful tool for the identification of conserved elements amenable to more detailed functional analysis, and for providing insight into the emergence of imprinting during the evolution of mammalian species. Genomic imprinting therefore provides a model system for the analysis of the epigenetic control of genome function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferguson-Smith, A C -- Surani, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1086-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK. afsmith@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; DNA Methylation ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Gametogenesis ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Silencing ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Germ Cells/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Oocytes/metabolism ; RNA, Antisense/genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Zygote/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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