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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ovariectomy ; pig ; bone histology ; calcitriol ; parathyroid hormone ; alkaline phosphatase ; Ovariektomie ; Schwein ; Knochenhistologie ; Calcitriol ; Parathormon ; alkalische Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung sollte die Eignung des ovariektomierten Schweins als Modell für die postmenopausale Osteoporose beschrieben werden. Hierzu wurde der Einfluß der Ovariektomie (OVX) auf Plasmaparameter des Knochenstoffwechsels und auf knochenhistologische Parameter bei zwei Gruppen von Sauen (9 Monate alt, Nullipara oder 35 Monate alt, Multipara) untersucht. Eine Standarddiät für Schweine mit einem Calciumgehalt von 1,5 % wurde verabreicht. Gesamt-und knochenspezifische alkalische Phosphatase (APt, APb) Calcidiol, Calcitriol und Parathormon (PTH) wurden im Plasma 4, 8, 12 und 18 Monate nach OVX bestimmt. Der Mineralgehalt sowie histologische Parameter wurden in repräsentativen Knochenproben 12 Monate nach OVX und am Ende des Versuchs 18 Monate nach OVX gemessen. Bei jungen Sauen führte die Ovariektomie zu keinen signifikanten Veränderungen der Plasmaparameter mit Ausnahme höherer Konzentrationen des Calcitriols 4 Monate nach OVX. Es wurden weder 12 noch 20 Monate nach OVX signifikante Unterschiede zwischen OVX- und Kontrolltieren in den Parametern der chemischen oder histologischen Knochenanalyse beobachtet. Bei multiparen Sauen waren die Plasmakonzentrationen des PTH gegenüber den Kontrolltieren 8 Monate nach OVX signifikant erhöht. Die Konzentrationen des Calcitriols sowie die Aktivität der APt und APb lagen 12 Monate nach OVX signifikant über den Werten der intakten Tiere. Alle Effekte waren moderat. Weder 12 Monate noch 20 Monate nach OVX kam es zu signifikanten Veränderungen in den Parametern der chemischen oder histologischen Knochenanalyse. Obwohl die beobachteten Veränderungen in den klinisch-chemischen Plasmaparametern zweifellos keine histomorphometrischen Anzeichen einer Osteopenie/Osteoporose zur Folge hatten, bleibt es zukünftigen Untersuchungen überlassen nachzuprüfen, ob das Ausbleiben des Osteopenie ein Ergebnis der in diesem Experiment hohen Calciumzufuhr war. Eine solche Möglichkeit sollte aufgrund der Beobachtung in Betracht gezogen werden, daß Osteopenie beim Schwein nach OVX eintritt, wenn eine Diät mit geringerer Calciumzufuhr (0,75 % im Vergleich zu 0,9 %) verabreicht wurde (33).
    Notes: Summary To investigate the suitability of the pig as animal model for postmenopausal osteoprosis, effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on bone metabolism and histology were studied in two groups of sows (9 months, nulliparous or 35 months, multiparous). A standard diet of about 1.5 % calcium (Ca) was fed till sacrifice at either 12 or 20 months post OVX when mineral content and histology were studied in representative bone specimens of proximal tibia, iliac crest and lumbar vertebrae. At 4, 8, 12, and 18 months post OVX, total and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (APt, APb) calcidiol, calcitriol and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in plasma. In young sows OVX did not significantly affect plasma variables except for calcitriol, which was higher at 4 months post OVX. No significant differences between OVX or control animals were observed in the variables of bone chemical and histological analyses, neither 12 nor 20 months post OVX. In multiparous sows OVX significantly increased PTH plasma concentrations at 8 months post OVX and plasma calcitriol, APt and APb at 12 months post OVX. All effects were moderate and transient. OVX did not significantly affect the variables of bone chemical and histological analyses neither 12 nor 20 months post OVX. Although undoubtedly the clinical-chemical changes observed were not accompanied by any histomorphometric signs of osteopenia/osteoporosis, it must be left to future experiments as to whether this resulted from the ample calcium supply provided. This possibility is supported by recent observations showing that porcine osteopenia could be induced by OVX in animals maintained on only 0.75 % dietary calcium but not on higher (0.9 %) Ca regimens (33).
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iodine prophylaxis ; iodized salt ; iodine excretion ; hyroid volume ; Jod ; Jodsalz ; Jodausscheidung ; Schilddrüsenvolumen ; Jodprophylaxe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Gesundheitskampagne zu Jodmangel und Jodprophylaxe an fünf süddeutschen Universitäten wurde 1992 das Schilddrüsenvolumen und die renale Jodausscheidung bei 472 Männern und 568 Frauen (mittleres Alter 27,7 Jahre) bestimmt. Ziel war es den Einfluß des Ernährungswissens und der durchgeführten Jodprophylaxe auf den Jodversorgungsstatus der Studienteilnehmer in einem Jodmangelgebiet zu untersuchen. Das mittlere Schilddrüsenvolumen betrug 19,7±8,3 ml (x±SD) bei den Männern und 15,8±7,1 ml bei den Frauen. 19,9 % der Männer und 25,5 % der Frauen wiesen Schilddrüsenvolumina über der geschlechtspezifischen Norm auf. Die mittlere Jodausscheidung entsprach dem WHO-definierten Jodmangel Grad I (70,7±42 µg (J/g Kreatinin). 80,8 % bzw. 43,2 % des Gesamtkollektivs gaben an, Jodsalz zu verwenden bzw. Seefisch zu essen, um ihren Jodbedarf zu decken. Die korrespondierende Jodausscheidung der weiblichen Jodsalzverwender und Seefischesser war signifikant erhöht (83,9±47,6 vs. 61,4±31,3 µg J/g Kreatinin, p〈0,05). Das Schilddrüsenvolumen unterschied sich zwischen diesen Gruppen jedoch nicht. Der Aufenthaltsort der letzten 10 Jahre hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf das Schilddrüsenvolumen. Die Häufigkeit von Schilddrüsenvolumina über der geschlechtsspezifischen Norm stieg mit dem Alter. Auch in diesem überdurchschnittlich gebildeten und jungen (81,8 % Studenten) Kollektiv war die Jodversorgung, gemessen am Schilddrüsenvolumen und an der Jodausscheidung, und das Wissen über Jod und Ernähung schlecht. Die derzeit durchgeführte individuelle Jodprophylaxe führt nicht zu einer ausreichenden Jodversorgung. Der Einsatz von jodiertem Speisesalz in Haushalten und Kantinen, und auch für die industrielle Herstellung von Lebensmitteln muß erhöht werden.
    Notes: Summary Thyroid volume, urinary iodine excretion as well as personal nutritional knowledge and individual iodine prophylaxis were determined during a health education program on iodine deficiency and prophylaxis in 1992. Participants were 472 male and 568 female (mean age 27.7 years) students and employees of five universities in the southern part of Germany. The study aimed to clarify the relationship between personal knowledge on iodine, individual iodine prophylaxis and parameters of iodine deficiency (thyroid volume, iodine excretion) in a well known iodine deficient area. Mean thyroid volume (mean±SD) was 19.7±8.3 ml in males and 15.8±7.1 ml in females. 25.5 % of females and 19.9 % of males showed thyroid volume above the upper normal values. Total mean urinary iodine excretion was 70.7±42 µg I/g creatinine reflecting WHO-grade-I iodine deficiency. 80.8 % of total subjects used iodized salt and 43.2 % stated to consume salt-water fish to meet their iodine requirement. The female non-users had significantly lower iodine excretion (no iodized salt, no salt-water fish: 61.4±31.3 vs. +iodized salt, +salt-water fish: 83.9±47.6 µg I/g creatinine; p〈0.05), however, thyroid volume was identical in these groups. The area of residence over the last 10 years did not significantly influence the thyroid volume. The goiter incidence increased with age. Although our study population was highly educated (81.8 % students) and the subjects were provided with educational brochures immediately prior to the study, knowledge about iodine content of food was poor. We conclude that despite a high degree of voluntary iodine prophylaxis and educational programs the iodine intake is insufficient. The use of iodized salt in households, cafeterias, and also in food manufacturing must be increased for sufficient iodine prophylaxis.
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  • 3
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary fiber ; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ; dehydroepiandrosterone ; 3α-androstanediol glucuronide ; peptide ; steroid metabolism ; Diätetischer Ballaststoff ; Dehydroepiandrosteronsulfat ; Dehydroepiandrosteron ; 3α-Androstendiol glucuronide ; steroidmetabolismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es gibt kaum Untersuchungen zu den Auswirkungen einzelner Nahrungskomponenten auf die Plasmaspiegel von Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA) und Dehydroepiandrosteron-Sulfat (DHEAS). Insbesondere fehlen Studien zum Einfluß von speziellen Ballaststoffen. Der Effekt von Pektin (ein typischer Ballaststoff mit Wirkung auf die enterohepatische Rezirkulation von Gallensäuren) wurde in 3 aufeinanderfolgenden, jeweils 4tägigen Diätphasen an 6 männlichen Erwachsenen im Rahmen einer randomisierten cross-over-Studie überprüft. Am Ende jeder Diätphase (konstante Nahrungszusammensetzung, Pektinzusatz: 0, 15 bzw. 30 g/die) wurden 24h-Urine gesammelt und venöses Blut entnommen. Die Pektinzulagen führten weder bei DHEA und Cortisol noch beim wichtigsten Plasmabindungsprotein von DHEAS, dem Albumin, zu Veränderungen der Plasmakonzentrationen. Auch blieb die Ausscheidung verschiedener Urin-Analyte (einschließlich des DHEAS) konstant. Allerdings zeigten sich bei 30 bzw. 15 versus 0 g Pektin/die Effekte in bezug auf Plasma-DHEAS (9,3±2,8; 9,2±2,6; 8,0±3,1 µmol/L, p〈0,01) und Plasma-Cholesterin (4,4±0,7; 4,5±0,7; 4,7±0,8 mmol/L, p=0,1). Die Auswirkungen einer veränderten Pektinzufuhr auf zirkulierendes DHEAS und Cholesterin sind also offensichtlich entgegengerichtet. Die Ursache hierfür ist nicht bekannt, allerdings wird eine diätetisch induzierte Änderung der Bindungseigenschaften von Albumin für DHEAS vermutet. Die Befunde deuten an, daß der biologisch aktive, nicht proteingebundene Anteil des zirkulierenden DHEAS (der durch die renale DHEAS-Ausscheidung reflektiert wird) nicht notwendigerweise verändert sein muß, wenn das Gesamt-DHEAS im Plasma variiert.
    Notes: Summary Studies specifically investigating the effects of single dietary components on plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester (DHEAS) are rare. Especially no data is available with regard to specific dietary fibers. Therefore, the impact of pectin (a representative fiber that affects the enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids) was studied in a randomized crossover trial consisting of three diet periods characterized by the same food supply and daily doses of 0 g, 15 g or 30 g pectin. Blood and 24-h-urine samples were collected at the end of each 4-day diet period from 6 healthy male volunteers. Plasma levels of DHEA, cortisol and the major binding protein of DHEAS albumin remained unchanged with the varying pectin supplements. Also, no changes were observed for several urinary analytes including urinary DHEAS. However, effects of pectin intake (30, 15 versus 0 g/d) were seen for plasma DHEAS (9.3±2.8, 9.2±2.6, 8.0±3.1 µmol/L, p〈0.01) and total plasma cholesterol (4.4±0.7, 4.5±0.7, 4.7±0.8 mmol/L, p=0.1). Obviously, the altered intake of fiber in the form of pectin affects plasma concentrations of DHEAS and cholesterol in an opposite direction. The reason for this is not known but a dietetically induced modulation of the binding properties of plasma albumin for DHEAS appears possible. Our findings suggest that the target tissue-available, not protein-bound fraction of circulating DHEAS (as reflected by the renal DHEAS output) is not necessarily altered when total plasma concentrations of DHEAS vary.
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  • 4
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 57-58 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 5
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 59-119 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 6
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Empfehlungen zur Nährstoffzufuhr ; historische Entwicklung ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; historical development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The discovery of the preventive action of lemon juice against scorbut led to a first recommendation on dietary intake in 1753. During the tight economic situation of the following century and in face of the economic crisis after the World War I, several concepts of dietary recommendations developed, all of which primarily served to relieve starvation and hunger and to maintain the ability to work of males. Increasing knowledge of human requirements for essential nutrients led to a clear distinction between dietary standards and health policy recommendations. With their first set of Recommended Dietary Allowances in 1941, especially the American Food and Nutrition Board directed concepts towards the improvement and maintenance of health of all people. National and international work on dietary recommendations took place to an increased extent in the 1970s. In face of currently expanding demands on dietary recommendations at present new directives for the revision of the American Recommended Dietary Allowances are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entdekkung der präventiven Wirkung von Zitronensaft gengen Skorbut führte 1753 zu einer ersten Empfehlung zur Nährstoffzufuhr. In den wirtschaftlich angespannten Jahren des folgenden Jahrhunderts und vor dem Hintergrund der Wirtschaftskrise nach dem 1. Weltkrieg entwikkelten sich mehrere Konzepte zu Empfehlungen für die Nährstoffzufuhr, welche primär der Erhalt der Arbeitsfähigkeit der Männer und die Bekämpfung des Hungers zum Ziel hatten. Mit zunehmenden Erkenntnissen zum Bedarf des Menschen an essentiellen Nährstoffen kam es zu einer deutlichen Unterscheidung zwischen bisherigen Empfehlungen und Empfehlungen auf der Basis gesundheitspolitischer Erwägungen. Insbesondere das amerikanische Food and Nutrition Board lenkte mit seiner ersten Ausgabe der Recommended Dietary Allowances 1941 die Ansprüche an die Empfehlungen zur Nährstoffzufuhr in Richtung der Verbesserung und Aufrechterhaltung des Gesundheitszustandes der gesamten Bevölkerung. Seit den 70er Jahren erfolgt eine verstärkte nationale und internationale Arbeit auf dem Gebiet der Nährstoffempfehlungen. Vor dem Hintergrund der wachsenden Anforderungen an die Empfehlungswerte werden derzeit neue Direktiven für die Revision der amerikanischen Recommended Dietary Allowances diskutiert.
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  • 7
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 206-207 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 8
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 199-205 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: α-Amylase Inhibitoren ; lösliches Arabinoxylan ; Roggen ; postprandiale Glykämie ; diabetische Ratten ; Type-II-Diabetiker ; α-amylase-inhibitors ; soluble arabinoxylan ; rye ; postprandial glycemia ; diabetic rats ; type-II-diabetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The protein inhibitor of the α-amylase (D-type) and the soluble arabinoxylan of rye (Var. Clou) were isolated from flour and bran, respectively. The isolation of the α-amylase inhibitor involves the extraction of rye flour in aqueous CaCl2-solution (2 × 10−3M) containing the hemicellulase preparation Veron HE (2 g/100 g flour), dialysis and lyophilization (preparation I) and further fractionation with ammonsulfate, using the fraction 20–50 % for isolation (preparation II). The arabinoxylan isolation is carried out using extraction of rye bran in 80 % ethanol (80 °C), centrifugation, aqueous extraction of the sediment, dialysis and lyophilization (preparation I). The further purification using the precipitate of the fraction 20–50 % leads to preparation II. The α-amylase inhibitor preparation II and the arabinoxylan preparation II were applied in a diet containing wheat starch and casein and fed to diabetic and healthy rats (Levis and Wistar). The postprandial increase of glucose was determined. It was detected that the postprandial increase of glucose is influenced neither by the α-amylase inhibitor nor by the soluble arabinoxylan in comparison to the control experiments. However, the α-amylase inhibitor of wheat significantly decreases the postprandial increase of glucose. The application of a test meal with α-amylase inhibitor of rye to health and diabetic of type-II-volunteers showed no variation of the blood glucose values. The reduction of the increase of glucose by the soluble β-glucan of oat cannot be confirmed for the soluble arabinoxylan of rye. We conclude that the effect of the α-amylase inhibitor as well as the soluble pentosan or glucan has to be examined for each cereal species.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus Roggenmehl und Roggenkleie der Sorte „Clou“ werden der Protein-Inhibitor der α-Amylase und das lösliche Arabinoxylan isoliert. Die Anreicherung des α-Amylase-Inhibitors erfolgt durch Extraktion von Roggenmehl in wässriger CaCl2-Lösung (2 × 10−3M) unter Zusatz des Hemizellulasepräparates Veron HE (2 g/100 g Mehl), anschließende Dialyse und Lyophilisierung (Präparat I). Durch weitere Ammonsulfatfraktionierung und Aufarbeitung der Fraktion 20–50 % Sättigung wird Präparat II gewonnen. Das Arabinoxylanpräparat wird durch Extraktion von Roggenkleie in 80 % Ethanol bei 80 °C, Zentrifugation, wässrige Extraktion des Sedimentes, Dialyse und Lyophilisation gewonnen (Präparat I). Aus dem Extrakt wird Präparat II durch Ethanolfraktionierung und Aufarbeitung der Fraktion 20–50 % isoliert. Das durch Ammonsulfatfraktionierung gereinigte α-Amylase-Inhibitor-Präparat und das durch Ethanolfraktionierung angereicherte Arabinoxylanpräparat werden mit einem Testfutter, bestehend aus Weizenstärke und Casein, an diabetische und stoffwechselgesunde Ratten appliziert und im Blut der postprandiale Glucoseanstieg bestimmt. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß dieser sowohl durch den Inhibitor als auch durch das lösliche Arabinoxylan des Roggens im Vergleich zur Kontrolle nicht beeinflußt wird. Dagegen führte der α-Amylase-Inhibitor des Weizens zu einer signifikanten Verminderung des Glucoseanstiegs. Nach Verzehr einer Testmahlzeit mit zugesetztem α-Amylase-Inhibitor aus Roggen durch Stoffwechselgesunde und Typ-II-Diabetiker kann ebenfalls keine Veränderung der Blutglucosewerte nachgewiesen werden. Somit läßt sich die Senkung des Glucoseanstiegs durch das lösliche β-Glucan aus Hafer mit dem löslichen Arabinoxylan des Roggens nicht bestätigen. Daraus ergibt sich sowohl beim α-Amylase-Inhibitor als auch beim löslichen Pentosan/Glucan die Notwendigkeit, die Wirksamkeit bei jeder Getreideart zu prüfen.
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  • 9
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Trans fatty acids ; arachidonic acid ; children ; diet ; trans-Fettsäuren ; Arachidonsäure ; Kinder ; Ernährung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Da nachteilige Folgen der Aufnahme von trans-Fettsäuren auf den Lipoproteinstoffwechsel und die Arachidonsäuresynthese bei Kindern befürchtet werden, untersuchten wir den trans-Gehalt in verschiedenen Brotaufstrichen und Brotbelägen, die bevorzugt von Kindern verzehrt werden. Dabei fanden sich die höchsten Gehalte in regulären Margarinen: (4,5; 0,0–10,6; Median der Gewichts-% der Fettsäuren, Minimum-Maximum), Nuß-Nougat-Cremes (5,5; 0,7–11,1 %), Butter 4,7; 3,7–5,2) und Käse (3,6; 1,8–4,0), während Diätmargarinen (0,2; 0,0–0,4), vegetarische Brotaufstriche (0,2; 0,1–0,4), Erdnußbutter (0,0; 0,0–0,3) und Wurst (1,7; 0, 6–6,4) niedrigere Gehalte aufwiesen. Die unterschiedlichen Gehalte führen zu Unterschieden in der aus Diätplänen berechneten täglichen trans-Aufnahme von 〉100 % (3,1 g/d vs. 1,5 g/d) bei 4–7jährigen Kindern. Es erscheint uns sinnvoll, den trans-Fettsäuregehalt von fettreichen Lebensmitteln zu deklarieren, um dem Verbraucher eine gezielte Auswahl zu ermöglichen, und eine Minderung der Bildung von trans-Fettsäuren bei der technischen Fetthärtung anzustreben.
    Notes: Summary A high intake of trans fatty acids in children may be disadvantageous because of untoward effects on lipoprotein metabolism and a possible impairment of arachidonic acid synthesis. We measured the trans fatty acid content of different brands of spreads and cold cuts typically consumed by German children because these foods may contribute a considerable portion of total trans fatty acid intake. The highest trans fatty acid contents were found in regular margarines (4.5, 0.0–10.6; median %-wt/wt of fatty acids, minimal-maximal), chocolate spreads (5.5, 0.7–11.1), butter (4.7, 3.7–5.2) and cheese (3.6, 1.8–4.0), while lower values were present in diet margarines (0.2, 0.0–0.4), vegetarian spreads (0.2, 0.1–0.4), peanut butter (0.0, 0.0–0.3) and sausages (1.7, 0.6–6.4). Calculations of typical dietary plans for young children show that food selection and variations in trans fatt acid contents may lead to marked differences in daily trans intake of 〉100 % (3.1 g/d vs. 1.5 g/d). We propose that trans fatty acid content should be declared on labels of fatty food products to enable the consumer to choose, and further attempts should be made to lower trans fatty acid formation during technical hydrogenation.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fatty liver ; isomeric octadecenoic acids ; oleic acid ; petroselinic acid ; coriander oil ; Fettleber ; Isomere Octadecensäuren ; Ölsäure ; Petroselinsäure ; Korianderöl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Studien wird eine günstige Wirkung von Pflanzenölen mit hohem Anteil an einfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, z.B. Ölsäure (cis-9-Octadecensäure), auf die Gesundheit beschrieben. Kürzlich haben wir gezeigt, daß die Fütterung von Ratten mit Korianderöl, das hohe Anteile eines Positionsisomers der Ölsäure enthält, nämlich Petroselinsäure (cis-6-Octadecensäure), zu einer signifikanten Erniedrigung der Arachidonsäure (allcis-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraensäure)-Anteile in den zellulären Lipiden führte. Hier berichten wir über histopathologische Befunde an männlichen Wistar-Ratten, denen isokalorische Diäten mit 2 % Maiskeimöl und jeweils 12 % (w/w) Pflanzenöl (ölsäure-reiches oder konventionelles Sonnenblumenöl, Olivenöl, Rapsöl, Korianderöl) und unterschiedlichen Anteilen an isomeren Monoenfettsäuren, d.h. Öl- und Petroselinsäure, verabreicht wurden. Die Tiere der Kontrollgruppe erhielten eine Standarddiät mit 4 % (w/w) Fett. Leber, Herz, Aorta, Magen und Milz wurden anatomisch und histologisch untersucht. Die Lebern der Tiere aller Gruppen, die eine fettreiche Diät erhalten hatten — mit Ausnahme der Korianderöl-Gruppe —, entwickelten eine mäßige, nicht-degenerative Fettinfiltration der Hepatocyten, die in den Periportalfeldern einsetzte. Eine ausgeprägte bis schwere Fettinfiltration wurde dagegen in den Hepatocyten von Tieren gefunden, die mit petroselinsäurereichem Korianderöl gefüttert worden waren. In dieser experimentellen Gruppe enthielten die Lebern Fettzysten und Lipidvesikel unterschiedlicher Größe. Außerdem wurden vergrößerte Kerne in zahlreichen Hepatocyten beobachtet, die keine Fettinfiltration aufwiesen. In Ratten, die mit einer Standarddiät gefüttert worden waren, wurde dagegen keine Fettinfiltration in den Leberzellen gefunden. Die Zellen aller anderen untersuchten Organe und Gewebe, insbesondere Herz und Aorta, zeigten weder nicht-degenerative Fettinfiltrationen noch irgendwelche anderen degenerativen Veränderungen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Fütterung fettreicher Diäten mit unterschiedlichen C18 cis-Monoenfettsäuren in Abhängigkeit von der Position der Doppelbindung unterschiedliche histopathologische Veränderungen in der Leber von Ratten hervorruft. Während Pflanzenöle mit variierenden Ölsäureanteilen ausschließlich zu mäßigen Fettinfiltrationen in den Hepatocyten führten, wurden in den Lebern der mit petroselinsäurereichem Korianderöl gefütterten Tiere degenerative Veränderungen (Fettzysten) sowie — in einigen Fällen — vergrößerte Zellkerne beobachtet, die auf eine unspezifische Stimulierung der Hepatocyten hindeuten.
    Notes: Summary Beneficial effects on health parameters by ingestion of plant oils having high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (cis-9-octadecenoic) acid have been described in several studies. Recently, we have shown that feeding of coriander oil containing high proportions of a positional isomer of oleic acid, i.e. petroselinic (cis-6-octadecenoic) acid, led to significantly decreasing proportions of arachidonic (allcis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic) acid in the cellular lipids. Here, we report histopathological findings in male Wistar rats fed isocaloric diets containing 2 % corn oil and 12 % (w/w), each, of different plant oils (high-oleic and conventional sunflower oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil as well as coriander oil) containing varying levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, i.e. oleic or petroselinic acids. One group of animals was fed a standard diet containing 4 % (w/w) of fat as control. Liver, heart, aorta, stomach, and spleen were anatomically and histologically examined. Livers of animals from all the groups that had received high-fat diets — except the coriander oil group — showed moderate non-degenerative fat infiltrations of the hepatocytes beginning in the periportal fields. Marked to severe fat infiltration was observed in hepatocytes of animals fed coriander oil. In this experimental group the livers were found to contain fatty cysts in addition to hepatocytes with mixed-size lipid vesicles. Moreover, enlarged nuclei were observed in numerous hepatocytes without fat infiltration. Fat infiltration was not observed in livers of animals fed a rat standard diet. In the cells of all other organs and tissues studied, in particular heart and aorta, neither non-degenerative fat infiltrations nor other degenerative changes were observed for any group. Our results show that feeding of fat-rich diets containing varying proportions of C18 cis-monoenoic fatty acids induced different histopathological alterations in the livers of rats, depending on position of the double bond. Plant oils containing varying proportions of oleic acid lead exclusively to moderate fat infiltration in the hepatocytes, whereas in the animals fed high-petroselinic coriander oil degenerative alterations (fatty cysts) as well as — in several cases — enlarged nuclei were found that are likely due to a non-specific stimulation of the hepatocytes resulting from the cell degeneration observed.
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  • 11
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Diet ; serum cholesterol ; serum triglycerides ; HDL-cholesterol ; LDL-cholesterol ; Apo B ; hyperlipoproteinaemia ; nonsmokers ; Diät ; Cholesterinspiegel ; Serumtriglyceride ; HDL-Cholesterin ; LDL-Cholesterin ; Apo B ; Hyperlipoproteinämie ; Nichtraucher
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Absicht dieser Studie war es, die Prävalenz der veränderten Serumspiegel von Lipiden, Lipoproteinen und Apolipoproteinen (Apo) B bei 169 spanischen, männlichen, sehr aktiven Nichtrauchern im Alter von 20 bis 65 Jahren, die Sonnenblumenöl verzehren, zu erforschen. Die Serumwerte, die für Cholesterin (TC), Triglyceride (TG), LDL-Cholesterin und für den TC/HDL-Cholesterin-Quotient erhalten wurden, waren altersbedingt unterschiedlich. Ein detailliertes Ernährungsprotokoll über einen Zeitraum von 12 Tagen zeigte, daß die Diät der Probanden typisch mediterran war, mit der Ausnahme des Verzehrs von Sonnenblumenöl — statt Olivenöl. Der Beitrag von gesättigten, einfach-und mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren zur gesamten Kcal-Aufnahme war je 9,9 %, 12,7 % und 8,8 %. Der Index Cholesterin/gesättigtem Fett in der Diät betrug im Mittel 19,2 per 1 000 Kcal, während der Keys-Index der Diät 27,1 war. Die tägliche Aufnahme an Ballaststoffen, Ascorbinsäure und Vitamin E betrug jeweils 25,1 g, 89,6 mg und 28,3 mg. Der Kalzium/Magnesium-Quotient betrug 1,54. Der niedrige Anteil an Männern mit hohem Cholesterinspiegel (5,4 % mit TC ≥6,49 mmol/L), hohen TG-Werten (3,7 % mit TG ≥2,25 mmol/L), hohen Apo B-Werten (3,0 % mit ≥1,5 g/L), niedrigen HDL-Cholesterin-Werten (0,7 % mit ≤0,91 mmol/L), hohen LDL-Cholesterin-Werten (1,4 % mit ≥4,94 mmol/L) oder mit einem hohen Wert des TC/HDL-Cholesterin-Quotienten (2,8 % mit ≥5,0) läßt einen ausreichenden Schutz gegen zukünftige koronare Herzleiden erwarten.
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of altered levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoprotein (Apo) B in very active, 20 to 65 year-old, Spanish male nonsmokers who consumed sunflower oil. Among the 169 participants, total serum cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, and TC/HDL-C were found to be age-dependent variables. A detailed study over a 12-day period showed that this population displayed a Mediterranean dietary pattern, with the exception of the substitution of sunflower for olive oil. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids represented 9.9 %, 12.7 % and 8.8 % of the total amount of energy, respectively. The cholesterol-saturated fat index of the average diet was 19.2 per 1 000 kcal, whereas the Keys index of the diet was 27.1. Daily intakes of fibre, ascorbic acid and vitamin E were 25.1 g, 89.6 mg and 28.3 mg, respectively. The calcium/magnesium ratio of the average diet was 1.54. The low percentage of individuals with high TC levels (5.4 % with TC ≥6.49 mmol/L), high TG levels (3.7 % with TG ≥2.25 mmol/L), high Apo B levels (3.0 % with ≥1.5 g/L), low levels of HDL-C (0.7 % with ≤0.91 mmol/L), high LDL-C levels (1.4 % with ≥4.94 mmol/L or a high TC/HDL-C ratio (2.8 % with ≥5.0) suggest a reasonable protection against coronary heart disease in this Spanish population.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin B6 ; Gravidität ; Laktation ; Ratten ; Aspartat-Aminotransferase ; Alanin-Aminotransferase ; Vitamin B6 ; gravidity ; lactation ; rats ; aspartate-aminotransferase ; alanin-aminotransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 257 g were fed during gravidity a semi-synthetic diet containing five vitamin-B6-treatment groups (0.6, 3, 6, 18 and 180 mg/kg diet). The daily food intake was 14 g. During the following lactation the rats of each treatment group were divided into two groups containing 3 and 6 mg vitamin B6. At the 14th day of lactation the dams were decapitated. Parameters for determination of the vitamin-B6-status were activity of AST and ALT in plasma, erythrocytes and liver. The average activity of AST in plasma was 549 U/l, in erythrocytes 1 939 U/l and liver 106 U/g fresh matter (FM). The increasing vitamin-B6-supplementation during gravidity resulted in an elevated activity of AST between lowest and highest treatment group in plasma 56 %, erythrocytes 44 %, and in liver 43 %, respectively. In response to the increasing vitamin-B6-treatment during lactation the activity of AST in plasma increased for 19 %, in erythrocytes for 13 %, and in liver for 24 %, respectively. A low vitamin-B6-supply (0.6 mg/kg diet) during gravidity in combination with demand-oriented supply during lactation (6 mg/kg diet) initiated the highest increase of activity. A deficient vitamin-B6-supply during lactation (3 mg/kg diet) could be compensated with optimal vitamin-B6-supply during gravidity. The values of ALT-activity showed no significant differences between the graded vitamin-B6-supplements, as a result of a high coenzyme saturation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 80 weibliche Sprague-Dawley-Ratten mit einem mittleren Deckgewicht von 257 g erhielten während der Gravidität eine semisynthetische Diät mit fünf verschiedenen Vitamin-B6-Zulagestufen von 0,6; 3; 6; 18 und 180 mg/kg Diät. Die tägliche Futtermenge betrug 14 g pro Tier. Mit Beginn der Laktation wurden die Tiere jeder Zulagestufe auf die zwei Zulagestufen 3 mg und 6 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät verteilt und das Futter ad libitum angeboten. Am 14. Tag der Laktation wurden die Tiere dekapitiert. Der Vitamin-B6-Status der Ratten wurde anhand der Aktivitäten der Aspartat-Amino-transferase (AST) und der Alanin-Aminotransferase (ALT) im Plasma, den Erythrozyten und der Leber bestimmt. Die Aktivität der AST im Plasma am 14. Tag der Laktation lag im Durchschnitt bei 549 U/l, in den Erythrozyten bei 1 939 U/l und in der Leber bei 106 U/g FM. Die ansteigenden Vitamin-B6-Zulagen während der Gravidität verursachten im Plasma zwischen der geringsten und der höchsten Zulage eine Erhöhung der Aktivität um 56 %, in den Erythrozyten um 4 % und in der Leber um 43 %. Die Erhöhung der Vitamin-B6-Zulage während der anschließenden Laktation bewirkte eine Zunahme im Plasma im Mittel um 19 %, in den Erythrozyten um 13 % und in der Leber um 24 %. Überproportionale Aktivitätserhöhungen ergaben sich bei einer defizitären Zulage (0,6 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät) während der Gravidität und anschließend bedarfsgerechter Versorgung (6 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät) während der Laktation. Eine suboptimale Vitamin-B6-Versorgung (3 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät) während der Laktation konnte durch vorangegangene bedarfsgerechte Versorgung während der Gravidität ausgeglichen werden. Die Ergebnisse der Aktivitätsmessungen der ALT zeigten keine signifikanten Einflüsse der alimentären Vitamin-B6-Versorgung, was durch eine höhere Coenzymabsättigung erklärt werden kann.
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  • 13
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 302-305 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Thiamin ; Riboflavin ; Pantothensäure ; praecaecale Verdaulichkeit ; Verfügbarkeit ; Ileorectalanastomose ; Thiamin ; riboflavin ; pantothenic acid ; precaecal digestibility ; availability ; ileorectalanastomosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of the present investigations was to produce results about precaecal digestibility of naturally occurring thiamin, riboflavin and pantothenic acid from corn, wheat bran and dried skimmilk. Precaecal digestibility is used as a quantitative measure for availability and was determined in ileorectomized growing pigs. Therefore, 6 female DL-pigs with a liveweight of about 30 kg were fitted with ileorectalanastomosis as end-to-side-anastomosis with preserved ileo-caeco-colic valve. The metabolism trials to collect the chymus quantitatively with these animals were carried out from the third week until 9 weeks after surgery in the liveweight range of about 40–70 kg. Precaecal digestibilities from corn, wheat bran and dried skimmilk were for thiamin 87, 91 and 96 %, respectively, with all values being significantly different. Riboflavin was 67, 62 and 94 % precaecally digestible, the significantly different values for pantothenic ranged from 20 to 47 and 90 %. “Availability” of native thiamin was higher than of riboflavin and pantothenic acid, which showed the lowest value of about 50 %. The availability of the vitamins from the animal product was significantly higher than from vegetable products. The suitability of the method is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen dienten dazu, Ergebnisse zur praecaecalen Verdaulichkeit von nativem Thiamin, Riboflavin und Pantothensäure aus Mais, Weizenkleie und Magermilchpulver zu liefern. Die praecaecale Verdaulichkeit, als quantitatives Maß für die Verfügbarkeit, wurde an ileorectostomierten Schweinen ermittelt. Dazu wurden bei 6 wachsenden weiblichen DL-Schweinen beim Lebendgewicht von etwa 30 kg auf chirurgischem Weg Ileorectalanatomosen in Form der End-zu-Seit-Anastomosen mit Erhalt der Ileocaecalklappe hergestellt. Die Stoffwechselversuche mit quantitativer Chymussammlung wurden ab etwa der 3. Woche bis 9 Wochen nach der Operation im Gewichtsbereich der Tiere von 40–70 kg durchgeführt. Die praecaecale Verdaulichkeit aus Mais, Weizenkleie und Magermilchpulver betrug für Thiamin 87 %, 91 % und 96 % (jeweils signifikant verschieden), für Riboflavin 67, 62 und 94 % und für Pantothensäure 20, 47 und 90 %. Damit war die „Verfügbarkeit“ von natürlichem Thiamin deutlich höher als von Riboflavin; Pantothensäure wies mit etwa 50 % den signifikant schlechtesten Wert auf. Das tierische Produkt stellte im Vergleich zu den pflanzlichen Komponenten die Vitamine deutlich am besten zur Verfügung. Die Eignung der Methodik für Verfügbarkeitsstudien wird diskutiert.
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 38 (1999), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Flavonoids – cancer-cell lines – proliferation –, cytotoxicity – apoptosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that occur ubiquitously in foods of plant origin. Their proposed protective role in tumor development may prevail especially in the intestinal tract due to direct exposure of intestinal epithelia to these dietary ingredients. We have screened more than 30 flavonoids for their effects on cell proliferation and potential cytotoxicity in the human colon cancer cell lines Caco-2, displaying features of small intestinal epithelial cells, and HT-29, resembling colonic crypt cells. In addition, for selected compounds we assessed whether they induce apoptosis by determining caspase-3 activation. Studies on the dose dependent effects of the flavonoids showed antiproliferative activity of all compounds with EC50 values ranging between 39.7 ± 2.3 μM (baicalein) and 203.6 ± 15.5 μM (diosmin). In almost all cases, growth inhibition by the flavonoids occured in the absence of cytotoxicity. There was no obvious structure-activity relationship in the antiproliferative effects either on basis of the subclasses (i.e., isoflavones, flavones, flavonols, flavanones) or with respect to kind or position of substituents within a class. In a subset of experiments we examined the antiproliferative activities of the most potent compound of each flavonoid subgroup in addition in LLC-PK1, a renal tubular cell line, and the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Out of four flavonols tested, three displayed almost equal antiproliferative activities in all cell lines but fisetin was less potent in MCF-7 cells. The flavanones bavachinin and flavanone inhibited growth of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells with lower EC50 values than that obtained in LLC-PK1 and MCF-7 cells. The lower susceptibility of LLC-PK1 and MCF-7 cells towards growth arrest was even more pronounced in the case of the flavone baicalein. Half maximal growth-inhibition in LLC-PK1 and MCF-7 required 2.5 and 6.6 fold higher concentrations than that needed in the intestinal cell lines. The flavonoids failed to affect apoptosis in LLC-PK1 and MCF-7, whereas baicalein and myricetin were able to induce apoptosis in HT-29 and Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, flavonoids of the flavone, flavonol, flavanone, and isoflavone classes possess antiproliferative effects in different cancer cell lines. The capability of flavonoids for growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis can not be predicted on the basis of their chemical composition and structure.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Dietary fat – adipose tissue – lipolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Variations in total energy intake and composition of daily food play an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes and so, in the control of body weight. This study was designed in order to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet on lipolysis in isolated adipocytes. For this purpose, fourteen Wistar rats were divided into two groups and fed either a standard-fat diet or a high-fat diet ad libitum for 7 weeks. Adipocytes were prepared from fat pads by collagenase digestion and incubated in vitro in the absence or presence of various lipolytic agents. Lipolysis was measured by the release of glycerol into the medium during 90 min of incubation. We observed that a high amount of fat in the diet induced an enlargement of adipose tissue, which was accompanied by a reduction of β-adrenergic agonist-induced lipolysis, that could be due to a loss of β1 and β3-adrenoceptor number or to alterations of their coupling to adenylate-cyclase through the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. New data about regional differences were provided by comparing two adipose locations (subcutaneous and visceral).
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Wine polyphenols – 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine – oxidative damage – 2-nitropropane – 1,2-dimethylhydrazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Flavonoids are polyphenolic antioxidants occuring in vegetables and fruits as well as beverages such as tea and wine which have been thought to influence oxidative damage. Aim of the study: We wanted to verify whether a complex mixture of wine tannins (wine complex polyphenols and tannins, WCPT) prevent chemically-induced oxidative DNA damage in vivo. Methods: Oxidative DNA damage was evaluated by measuring the ratio of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (80HdG)/ 2-deoxyguanosine (2dG) × 10−6 in hydrolyzed DNA using HPLC coupled with electrochemical and UV detectors. Results: We treated rats with WCPT (57 mg/kg p.o.) for 14 d, a dose 10-fold higher than what a moderate wine drinker would be exposed to. WCPT administration significantly reduced the ratio of 80HdG/2dG × 10−6 in liver DNA obtained from rats treated with 2-nitropropane (2NP) relative to controls administered 2NP only (33.3 ± 2.5 vs. 44.9 ± 3.2 × 10−6 2dG; μ± SE; p〈0.05). On the contrary, pretreatment with WCPT for 10 d did not protect the colon mucosa from oxidative DNA damage induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). 2NP and DMH are hepatic and colon carcinogens, respectively, capable of inducing oxidative DNA damage. Conclusions: WCPT have protective action against some types of chemically-induced oxidative DNA damage in vivo.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Anthocyanidins – anthocyanins – comet assay – antioxidative potential – oxidized DNA-bases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anthocyanins are common colored plant flavonoids, occurring as glycosides of the respective anthocyanidin-chromophores. Like other flavonoids, anthocyanidins are also expected to have antioxidative and antimutagenic properties in vivo, although only few data are available. To gain more knowledge on possible protective mechanisms in mammalian cells, we have compared their extracellular and intracellular antioxidative potential in vitro and in human colon tumor cells. We used Aronia melanocarpa Elliot anthocyanin (AA) concentrates, fractions thereof, concentrates from Elderberry, Macqui, and Tintorera fruits, as well as pure compounds. In vitro, antioxidative properties of the samples were studied with the ferric reducing ability assay (FRA assay). As a measure of intracellular oxidative/antioxidative effects, H2O2-induced strand breaks as well as oxidized DNA bases were determined in human tumor HT29 clone 19A cells using a microgelelectrophoresis assay (comet test). Major results were that isolated compounds (aglycons and glycosides) and complex plant samples are powerful antioxidants in vitro. In fact their activities by far exceeded those of Trolox and vitamin C in the FRA assay. Also H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks were reduced in cells treated with the complex plant extracts. In contrast, endogenous generation of oxidized DNA bases was not prevented. In summary, the intracellular steady state of oxidized DNA bases is not altered by anthocyanins or anthocyanidins. This findings raises questions with respect to the cancer preventive potential of anthocyanidins within specific tissues, such as the colon. Extracellularly, however, the compounds are potent antioxidants. This points to their potential for providing systemic protection in vivo, e.g., by scavenging oxidants in the blood stream and in the colon. Notably, both aglycons and glycosides have equally strong antioxidant activity.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Estrone – estrogen – obesity – dietary estrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background Estrone is a relatively abundant hormone widely distributed in tissues of animal and plant origin. It is a mild estrogen that induces increases in body weigt in experimental animals. The relative abundance of estrone esters in animal tissues suggests that it may also be found in foods, from which it may alter the mechanisms of body weight control. Aim of the study To measure the total estrone content in food and to determine whether this may affect body weight. Methods In the first part of the study, a method was devised for the measurement of total estrone content in food. This was applied to the analysis of estrone content in a variety of food. Finally, hyperlipidic diets (18.6 MJ/kg) with a total estrone content 0.89 ± 0.21 μmol/kg (control group) and 1.37 ± 0.13 μmol/kg (laced with estrone fatty esters) were given to rats during 15 days, in order to determine the influence of dietary estrone on the body mass. Zucker lean (Fa/?) rats weighting initially 200–215 g were used. The total estrone (essentially as fatty esters) content of food was investigated by combining a dried methanol extraction with saponification and measurement of the free estrone evolved through radioimmunoassay. Result The content of estrone was zero in some vegetables, but significant in fruits, meats, and especially fats, both of plant and animal origin. The application of these analyses to a standard recommended diet for humans may result in intakes of more than 1 μmol of estrone per day, a figure comparable to the estrogen production by women. When rats were exposed to a raised estrone content in a fat-rich diet, they significantly increased their body weights, doubling their rate off growth (1.99 g/day) compared with controls (0.81 g/day), but maintaining their plasma composition and the proportions of lipid, water, and protein in their carcasses. Conclusion The widely distributed estrone esters in food and their relatively high concentrations may result in high free hormone intakes in humans. The continued and massive intake of estrone may enhance tissue deposition and lead to obesity.
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  • 20
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    European journal of nutrition 38 (1999), S. 295-296 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 21
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    European journal of nutrition 38 (1999), S. 286-292 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Plant oils – tocopherols – sister chromatid exchanges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Plant fats and oils are major sources of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as vitamin E, the major fat-soluble antioxidants in human nutrition. Dietary antioxidants are expected to reduce cancer risk by minimizing DNA damage. Aim of the study: To compare the effects of γ-tocopherol rich corn oil and the mixture of the α-tocopherol rich olive/sunflower oil on plasma concentration of tocopherols and on the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), an indicator of DNA damage. Methods: This study had a double-blind, cross-over design and was conducted in 20 normal healthy non-smoking males aged 19–31 years. Design included a 2-week adjustment period and two 2-week test periods in which diets containing 30% energy as fat including either 80 g of corn oil (CO) (20 mg α-tocopherol, 100 mg γtocopherol) or 80 g of olive/sunflower oil (OSO) (24 mg α-tocopherol, 2.4 mg γ-tocopherol) as the main fat-source, were given. Blood samples for analysis of SCE rate and content of tocopherols were collected at the beginning (T0), after adjustment (T1) and after the test period (T2) in intervals of 2 weeks. Results: After two weeks of the corn oil diet, the plasma concentration of γ-tocopherol increased but α-tocopherol decreased significantly compared to the olive/sunflower oil diet. The concentration of α-tocopherol increased (CO: 22.99 ± 1.11 vs. OSO: 24.40 ± 1.49 μmol/l) and that of γ-tocopherol decreased (CO: 4.19 ± 0.29 vs. OSO: 2.99 ± 0.25 μmol/l) after the olive/sunflower oil diet. Intake of the corn oil diet was associated with reduced SCE rate and intensity, whereas there was no change in SCE after the olive/sunflower oil diet (CO: 7.66 ± 0.25 vs. OSO: 8.06 ± 0.47 mean SCE/cell). Conclusions: The combination of γ-tocopherol with α-tocopherol in corn oil diet despite the lower α-tocopherol equivalents/diene acid equivalents ratio achieved better protection against DNA damage than α-tocopherol alone in the olive/sunflower oil diet.
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  • 22
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 23
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary fibers ; agro industrial wastes ; serum lipids ; liver lipids ; Diäterische Fasern ; industrielle Agrarabfälle ; Serumlipide ; Leberlipide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Albino-Ratten wurden für 8 Wochen 3 Diäten unterworfen. Diät I bestand aus nicht-faseriger hoch-halliger Kohlenhydratkostform. Diät II und Diät III enthielten zusäzlich 100 g/kg mitEndomycopsis fibuligera kultivierte faserige Dattelabfälle. Die Kultivierungszeit betrug 0 (II) und 60 Stunden (III). Die Gesamtlipide, das Gesamtcholesterol, die Triglyzeride und die Phospholipide nahmen in den Lebern der Ratten, die mit Diät II und III gefüttert wurden, deutlicher ab, als bei denjenigen, die mit Diät I gefüttert wurden. Bei der Diät III zeigte sich die höchste Abnahme der verschiedenen Untersuchungsparametern. Vergleicht man Diät II und III mit Diät I, so ergibt sich, daß die Serumgesamtlipide und das Lipoprotein-Cholesterol niedrigerer Dichte (LDL-Cholesterol) um 32–48 % abnehmen, während Serumtriglyzeride und Gesamtcholesterol in mit Dät II und Diät III gefütterten Ratten um 23–35 % erniedrigt sind. Bei mit Diät II und III gefütterten Ratten betrug die Abnahme des HDL-Cholesterols nur 2–6 %. Phospholipide zeigten die höchste Abnahme (51–56 %) während der ganzen Versuchsperiode (8 Wochen).
    Notes: Summary Date waste dietary fibers were examined as a hypolipidemic agent. White albino rats were fed on three experimental diets: I) high carbohydrate diet free of fiber; II) and III) diets consisted of diet I substituted with 100 g/kg of date waste dietary fibers cultured withEndomycopsis fibuligera at zero time and after 60 h of culturing respectively for 8 weeks. The total lipids, total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the liver of rats given diets II and III were significantly decreased over those rats fed the control diet throughout the feeding period (8 weeks). The highest decrease in content of all these parameters was produced by diet III. Comparing diets II and III with the control diet I, total serum lipids and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) were decreased by 32–48 %, while serum triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were lowered in the groups fed diets II and III by 23–35 % respectively. Concerning high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), the decrease was only 2–6 % in rats fed diets II and III. The highest decrease level was shown in the phospholipids content (51–56 %) during all of the experimental period (8 weeks).
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energie- und Nährstoffaufnahme ; Trends ; Bedeutung einzelner Lebensmittel-gruppen ; Modellstudie ; neue Bundesländer ; Intake of energy and nutrients ; trends ; importance of several food groups ; model study ; new German States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A nutritional model study was carried out in Potsdam from December 1990 until December 1991 involving 222 persons at the beginning. Changes of the energy and nutrient intake were evaluated. The trends established in 1991 — demonstrated by means of two specific trend parameters — have been discussed with regard to the results of the nutritional situation in the former GDR. First signs for an improvement of nutritional situation were visible (e.g., increase of consumption of vitamin A, ascorbic acid and calcium as well as decrease of consumption of energy and cholesterol).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine von Ende 1990 bis Ende 1991 in Potsdam durchgeführte Modellstudie an anfangs 222 Personen wurde unter dem Aspekt von Veränderungen der Energie- und Nährstoffaufnahme ausgewertet. Die für 1991 ermittelten Trends — dargestellt durch 2 spezifische Trendparameter — wurden unter Beachtung von Ergebnissen über die Ernährungssituation in der ehemaligen DDR diskutiert. Ansätze zu einer Verbesserung der Ernährungssituation wurden sichtbar (z.B. Verzehrszunahmen bei Vitamin A, Vitamin C und Calcium sowie -abnahmen bei Energie und Cholesterin).
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  • 25
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 210-211 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 26
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 213-225 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Maillard-Reaktionsprodukte ; Glycosylierung, enzymatischer Abbau ; Melanoidine ; Verdauungsenzyme ; Maillard reaction products ; glycosylation ; enzymatic degradation ; melanoidins ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this article current knowledge about the Maillard reactionin vivo is described first, especially the glycosylation reactions of various tissues and the identification of different final products and intermediates of Maillard reaction. The influence of MRP on digestion is of significant importance. These products are absorbed in different ways and are excreted in various amounts. Hence, the organism is variably influenced by MRP. The influence of defined MRP, of glycosylated proteins and of melanoidines on glycosidases and proteases is described. The effects produced depend on the enzyme and on the used MRP. Reactive α-dicarbonyl compounds play an important role in the organism. Further possible reactions of these compounds caused by reductases are discussed. The protein structure of enzymes is changed by Maillard reaction. Thereby the enzyme activity is influenced by covalent modifications of different amino acids and by inter- and intramolecular crosslinking. Finally, the use of enzymes and monoclonale antibodies for detection of MRP is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Artikel werden zunächst ausgewählte Kenntnisse zur Maillard-Reaktionin vivo vorangestellt, wobei Glycosylierungsreaktionen von verschiedenen Geweben sowie das Auffinden verschiedener Intermediate und Folgeprodukte der Maillard-Reaktion skizziert werden. Einen besonderen Schwerpunkt bildet der Einfluß von MRP auf die Verdauung. MRP werden in unterschiedlichem Maße resorbiert und ausgeschieden und beeinflussen demzufolge den Organismus in vielfältiger Weise. Die Wechselwirkungen definierter MRP, glycosylierter Proteine und Melanoidine mit Glycosidasen und Proteasen werden beschrieben. Die dadurch ausgelösten Effekte sind sowohl vom untersuchten Enzym als auch vom eingesetzten MRP abhängig. Im Organismus kommt den α-Dicarbonylverbindungen (Ketoaldehyde), wie sie auch als Schlüsselverbindungen im Verlauf der Maillard-Reaktion auftreten, eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung dieser Verbindungen durch Reductasen wird vorgestellt. Struktur und Aktivität von Enzymen werden durch die Maillard-Reaktion dieser Funktionsproteine mit reduzierenden Kohlenhydraten beeinflußt. Durch kovalente Modifizierung proteingebundener Aminosäuren sowie durch inter- und intramolekulares cross linking kann sich die Enzymaktivität verändern. Schließlich wird der Einsatz von Enzymen und monoklonalen Antikörpern zum Nachweis von definierten MRP angesprochen.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; CA1 pyramidal neurone ; spines ; ethanol ; thiamine ; Hippocampus ; CA1 Pyramidenzelle ; dendritische Dornen ; Ethanol ; Thiamin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer 5monatigen Versuchsperiode wurden ethanolinduzierte Schäden an den dendritischen Dornen der CA1-Pyramidenzellen des Hippocampus männlicher Wistarratten auf morphologischer Ebene dokumentiert. Die zentralnervösen Alterationen spiegeln sich nach täglicher Ethanolapplikation mit dem Trinkwasser und Thiamingaben in Höhe der 3fachen alimentären Empfehlung (1,19 mg/100 g Futter) in einer signifikanten Dornenvergrößerung (gemessene Parameter: Dornenlänge und Durchmesser des Dornenkopfes) wider. Die Dornenhypertrophie ist als neuronaler Kompensationseffekt zu interpretieren, der als Folge eines alkoholbedingten Zelltodes auftritt: Überlebende Neurone protrahieren ihre Dornen auf der Suche nach neuen synaptischen Kontakten zur Erhaltung des ‚neuronalen Kreislaufs‘. Demgegenüber weisen die dendritischen Dornen alkoholbehandelter Tiere, denen gleichzeitig hochdosierte Thiamingaben (119 mg/100 g Futter) verabreicht wurden, normale Längen und Durchmesser ihrer Endköpfe auf. Möglicherweise kann Thiamin durch die Aufrechterhaltung des neuronalen Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels alkoholinduzierte Degenerationen am zentralen Nervensystem der Ratte verhindern.
    Notes: Summary The specific aim of this study was to evaluate whether high doses of thiamine can compensate or prevent alcohol-induced damages of rat hippocampus CA1 pyramids. Twenty weeks of ethanol consumption together with a dose of thiamine in the range of 1.19 mg/100 mg food induced significant enlargement (parameters measured were length of the whole spine and diameter of the end-bulb) of dendritic spines. Hypertrophy can be interpreted as a compensation process due to alcohol-induced cell death because viable spines are in search of new synaptic contacts. In contrast, dendritic spines of the alcohol group fed at the same time with a high dose of thiamine (119 mg/100 g food=megavitamintherapy) showed normal data concerning these parameters. From these results it may be concluded that a megavitamin therapy supports a neuron's carbohydrate metabolism and therefore could be able to prevent or reduce alcohol-induced damages of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in rat central nervous system.
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  • 28
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 288-291 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Copper deficiency ; rat ; thyroxine ; triiodothyronine ; 5′Monodeiodinase ; Kupfermangel ; Ratte ; Thyroxin ; Triiodthyronin ; 5′Monodeiodase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Einfluß von Kupfermangel auf den Stoffwechsel der Schilddrüsenhormone bei der Ratte zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde ein Versuch mit männlichen wachsenden Sprague-Dawley-Ratten durchgeführt. Der Versuch beinhaltete zwei Gruppen, die entweder eine Kupfermangeldiät (0,06 mg Cu/kg) oder eine Kontrolldiät (16 mg Cu/kg) erhielten. Die Ratten beider Gruppen erhielten dabei durch ein Pair-feeding Regime identische Futtermengen. Die Tiere der Kupfermangelgruppe waren zu Versuchsende um 5 % leichter als die der Kontrollgruppe. Die Kupfermangeltiere hatten darüber hinaus eine stark verminderte Aktivität des Ceruloplasmins im Serum (um 97 %) sowie veränderte hämatologische Parameter, was einen starken Kupfermangel bei diesen Tieren belegte. Zur Abschätzung des Stoffwechsels der Schilddrüsenhormone wurden die Konzentrationen des gesamten und des freien Thyroxins (T4) und des Triiodthyronins (T3) im Serum sowie die Aktivität der 5′ Monodeiodase (5′D) in der Leber bestimmt. Die Kupfermangeltiere hatten eine erhöhte Konzentration an T3 im Serum, während sowohl die Konzentration an freiem und am gesamten T4 als auch die Aktivität der 5′D in der Leber nicht verändert waren. Insgesamt zeigt die vorliegende Untersuchung, daß auch sehr starker Kupfermangel nur geringfügige Änderungen des Stoffwechsels der Schilddrüsenhormone bei wachsenden Ratten verursacht.
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of copper deficiency on thyroid hormone metabolism in rats. Therefore, an experiment with growing male Sprague-Dawley rats was carried out, consisting of two groups of rats fed either a copper-deficient (0.06 mg Cu/kg) or a copper-adequate diet (16 mg Cu/kg). Both groups of rats were fed identical quantities of diet by pair-feeding. Copper deficiency decreased the final body weight of the rats by 5 % compared to copper-adequate control rats. A severe copper-deficient state in the rats fed the copper-deficient diet was proved by a large decrease of ceruloplasmin activity in serum (by 97 %) and hematological changes. For estimation of thyroid hormone metabolism, the concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in serum and the activity of hepatic 5′ monodeiodinase (5′D) were determined. Copper-deficient rats had an increased concentration of T3 in serum, whereas the concentrations of total and free T4 as well as the activity of hepatic 5′D were not different compared with copper-adequate control rats. Therefore, the study shows that copper deficiency has only slight effects on thyroid hormone metabolism in growing rats.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin-B6-Status ; Pyridoxin ; Pyridoxamin ; Pyridoxamin ; Laktation ; Ratte ; Vitamin B6 status ; pyridoxine ; pyridoxal ; pyridoxamine ; lactation ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a semisynthetic diet during gravidity which was supplemented with 5 mg vitamin B6 per kg diet. The daily food intake was 14 g. During the following lactation the rats were assigned to one of 10 vitamin B6 treatment groups (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 36, 360 and 3 600 mg per kg diet). The feed was given ad libitum. At day 14 of lactation the rats were decapitated. Parameters for determination of the vitamin B6 status were concentration of pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine in liver and body analyzed by using HPLC. Body was defined without the gastroenteral tract that was divided into carcass (extrahepatical compartments without liver) and total body (extrahepatical compartments plus liver). The mean weight of liver was 13 g with a dry mass of 33 %; there was no difference between the treatment groups. The vitamin B6 concentration was lowest in rats fed 0 mg vitamin B6/kg diet (5 µg/g fresh matter, FM) and highest in the rats fed 3 600 mg vitamin B6/kg diet (10.9 µg/g FM). The total vitamin B6 consisted on the average of 38 % pyridoxal and 62 % pyridoxamine. This was only changed significantly at the highest supplementation level, where 20 % pyridoxine were detected instead of pyridoxamine. The mean weight of carcass averaged 212 g at a dry matter content of 31 %. The vitamin B6 concentration ranged in the treatment groups from 0 mg to 360 mg vitamin B6/kg diet between 2.1 µg/g FM and 2.8 µg/g FM. It was highest in the 3 600 mg vitamin B6 treatment group at 7.5 µg/g FM. The total vitamin B6 consisted of 63 % pyridoxal and 37 % pyridoxamine. It was only significantly affected in the 3 600 mg vitamin B6 treatment group, where also pyridoxine could be found in the amount of 56 %. The results indicate that alimentary vitamin B6 supply had more influence on liver vitamin B6 concentration than on carcass concentration. Total body concentration is very similar as carcass concentration, as 95 % of vitamin B6 is located there. The suitability of the parameters for the evaluation of the vitamin B6 requirement was confirmed by the comparison of two statistical methods. It is concluded that a vitamin B6 supply of 5 to 6 mg/kg diet is necessary to meet the requirements during lactation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 80 weibliche Sprague-Dawley Ratten erhielten während der Gravidität eine semisynthetische Diät mit einer Zulage von 5 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät. Die tägliche Futteraufnahme betrug 14 g pro Tier. Für den Zeitraum bis zum 14. Tag der Laktation wurden je acht Tiere mit insgesamt zehn verschiedenen Vitamin-B6-Zu-lagestufen versorgt (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 36, 360 und 3 600 mg/kg Diät). Das Futter wurde ad libitum vorgelegt. Am 14. Tag der Laktation wurden die Tiere dekapitiert. Als Parameter zur Bestimmung des Vitamin-B6-Status wurden die Konzentrationen von Pyridoxin, Pyridoxal und Pyridoxamin in der Leber und im Körper mittels HPLC bestimmt. Als Körper wurde der vom Magen-Darm-Trakt befreite Tierkörper bezeichnet, der in Restkörper (extrahepatische Kompartimente ohne Leber) und Gesamtkörper (extrahepatische Kompartimente plus Leber) unterteilt wurde. Das Organgewicht der Leber war über alle Zulagestufen gleich und betrug im Durchschnitt 13 g bei einem Trockensubstanzgehalt von 33 %. Die Vitamin-B6-Konzentration bewegte sich zwischen 5,0 µg/g Frischmasse (FM) in der niedrigsten Zulagestufe und 10,9 µg/g FM in der höchsten Zulagestufe. Das Gesamtvitamin B6 setzte sich im Durchschnitt aus 38 % Pyridoxal und 62 % Pyridoxamin zusammen und war nur in der höchstdosierten Zulagestufe durch einen Anteil von 20 % Pyridoxin zuungunsten von Pyridoxamin signifikant verschoben. Das Restkörpergewicht zeigte keine Unterschiede zwischen den Vitamin-B6-Zulagestufen und lag im Durchschnitt bei 212 g, bei einem Trockensubstanzgehalt von 31 %. Die Vitamin-B6-Konzentration bewegte sich in den Zulagestufen 0 bis 360 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät in einem kleinen Intervall zwischen 2,1 µg/g FM und 2,8 µg/g FM, bei einer Zulage von 3 600 mg/kg Diät ergab sich eine signifikante Erhöhung auf 7,5 µg/g FM. Die Zusammensetzung des Gesamtvitamins bestand im Durchschnitt zu 63 % aus Pyridoxal und zu 37 % aus Pyridoxamin und zeigte sich nur in der hochdosierten Zulagestufe durch einen Anteil von 56 % Pyridoxin zuungunsten von Pyridoxal und Pyridoxamin signifikant verändert. Insgesamt zeigte sich die Vitamin-B6-Konzentration der Leber als leichter durch die alimentäre Versorgung zu beeinflussen. Die quantitativ größte Menge an Vitamin B6, lokalisiert im Restkörper, stellte sich als schwerer zu beeinflussen heraus. Im Gesamtkörper ergaben sich ähnliche Verhältnisse wie im Restkörper, der etwa 95 % des Vitamin-B6-Bestandes enthält. Anhand zweier mathematischer Modelle wurde eine statistische Bedarfsableitung durchgeführt und die generelle Eignung der Parameter für die Bedarfsableitung überprüft. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse ergibt sich während der Laktation bei Verwendung der beschriebenen Diät eine bedarfsgerechte Vitamin-B6-Versorgung bei 5 bis 6 mg pro kg Diät.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 31
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin B6 ; Schwangerschaft ; Laktation ; Gehirnentwicklung ; Dendriten ; Neurotransmitter ; Krampfanfälle ; Rattenmodell ; Mensch ; Vitamin B-6 ; dietary ; intake ; pregnancy ; lactation ; brain development ; dendrites ; neurotransmitter synthesis ; seizures ; animals ; humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Vitamin B-6 is an important coenzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters GABA, dopamine and serotonin and is therefore required for the normal perinatal development of the central nervous system. In rat studies, biochemical and morphological abnormalities (decreased dendritic arborization and reduced numbers of myelinated axons and synapses) in the brains of pups from vitamin B-6 deficient dams were associated with behavioral changes such as epileptiform seizures and movement disorders. In severely vitamin B-6 deficient human infants, similar behavioral abnormalities have been described. Marginally deficient neonates were found to have a lower birthweight and to display less mature reactive and adaptive behavior in the Brazleton Neonatal Assessment Scale than well-fed infants. While it is not yet possible to define the exact amount of vitamin B-6 required to support optimal brain development, pregnant and lactating women should be encouraged to consume a diet that is rich in vitamin B-6.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vitamin B6 spielt bei der Biosynthese der Neurotransmitter GABA, Dopamin und Serotonin als Coenzym eine wichtige Rolle und ist somit für die gesunde perinatale Entwicklung des Zentralnervensystems von Bedeutung. In Studien mit Ratten konnte gezeigt werden, daß neugeborene Tiere von Müttern mit einem Vitamin-B6-Mangel biochemische und morphologische Anomalien im Gehirn (reduzierte GABA- und Dopaminkonzentrationen, verminderte Dendritenverzweigungen und reduzierte Zahl der myelinisierten Axone und Synapsen) aufwiesen, was Verhaltens- und motorische Störungen, wie epilepsieartige Krampfanfälle und Bewegungsstörungen zur Folge hatte. Bei menschlichen Neugeborenen mit einem schweren Vitamin-B6-Mangel wurden ähnliche Störungen beobachtet. Neugeborene, die marginal mit Vitamin B6 unterversorgt waren, wiesen ein niedrigeres Geburtsgewicht auf und zeigten ein unreiferes reaktives und adaptives Verhalten als richtig ernährte Säuglinge. Es ist zwar noch nicht möglich, die für eine optimale Gehirnentwicklung benötigte Menge an Vitamin B6 genau zu definieren; man sollte aber schwangeren und stillenden Frauen empfehlen, Vitamin-B6-reiche Nahrung auszuwählen.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Pollenallergene ; Lebensmittelallergence ; exotische Früchte ; Kreuzreaktivität ; IgE-Immunoblotting ; Food allergens ; pollen allergens ; cross-reactivity ; exotic fruit ; IgE-immunoblotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Viele Studien belegen, daß das Phänomen der birkenpollenassoziierten Nahrungsmittelallergie auf spezifische IgE-Antikörper zurückzuführen ist, die primär gegen Birkenpollenallergene gerichtet sind und mit verwandten Proteinen in Obst, Nüssen und Gemüse kreuzreagieren. Wir haben ein neues Muster der Kreuzreaktivität identifiziert, das auf einem 35 kDa - Protein aus Birkenpollen beruht. Es handelt sich um ein Minorallergen der Birke, gegen das ca. 10–15 % der Birkenpollenallergiker spezifische IgE-Antikörper aufweisen. Inhibitionsstudien mit dem Enzymallergosorbens-Test (EAST) und mittels Immunoblot zeigen die Kreuzreaktivität dieses Proteins zu Proteinen vergleichbarer Größe aus Litschi, Mango, Banane, Orange, Apfel, Birne und Karotte. Das 35 kDa-Protein ist immunologisch unabhängig von Bet v 1, dem Hauptallergen der Birke. Dagegen haben wir auch ein Protein mit einer Größe von 34 kDa beobachtet, bei dem es sich vermutlich um ein Bet v 1-Dimer handelt.
    Notes: Summary Food allergies in birch pollen allergic patients have been shown to be due to cross-reactivities of specific IgE antibodies which are directed against birch pollen allergens with related proteins in fruit, nuts and vegetables. We identified a new cross-reactive structure of 35 kDa in birch pollen and some plant food extracts by Enzyme Allergosorbent Test (EAST) and immunoblot inhibition studies. The 35 kDa birch pollen protein is a minor allergen to which approximately 10–15 % of birch pollen allergic individuals have specific IgE. Our data demonstrate that there is cross-reactivity of this protein with proteins of comparable size from lychee, mango, banana, orange, apple, pear and carrot. While the 35 kDa protein is immunologically independent of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, we also observed IgE binding to a 34 kDa structure which appears to be a Bet v 1 dimer.
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  • 33
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 378-386 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Erfrischungsgetränke ; Energy Drinks ; Coffein ; Taurin ; Caffeine ; energy drinks ; refreshing drinks ; taurine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It was the aim of the present study to evaluate how adolscents in Germany accept and consume the new caffeineated drinks (NCD), which can now be legally marketed in Germany. In summer and fall 1994, three surveys were carried out at different schools in Germany (Aachen, Cologne, Wuppertal, Berlin-West and Berlin-Ost). 1 265 boys and girls were asked foracquaintance with NCD (module I) and 875 of them aboutconsumption (module II). With 727 pupils a third question (module III) was applied by which consumption of Cola drinks compared to that of NCD could be quantified. In total, 93.6 % of the young people indicated toknow about the NCD, and 53.3 % to havetasted these new drinks. Consumption was reported assometimes (〈1 can/week) from 23 % and asrepeatedly (1–7 cans/week) from 3 %.Acquaintance andconsumption were clearly related to age and gender, but even the youngest group (10–13 years old) indicated to havetasted the NCD (30.7 % in females and 50 % in males) and to drink themsometimes (5.2 % in females and 23.1 % in males). In the series with question module III 9.5 % reportednot to drink cola, 36.6 % to drink cola“sometimes“, 30.9 %“repeatedly”, 8.6 %“often” and 11.6 %“frequently” (〉2 cans/day). The corresponding figures for the NCD were 69.9 % (non-drinkers), 23.3 %“sometimes”, 3.3 %“trepeatedly”, 0.3 %“often” and 0.6 %“frequently”. The results suggest that all young people in Germany know about the NCD but actually consume these new drinks moderately. They prefer cola drinks. The observation, however, that a small group may consume extreme amounts and that even very young pupils consume the NCD regularly should give rise to have a close look at the consumption pattern in the near future.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick darauf, ob Jugendliche zu übermäßigem Konsum bei den neuartigen Erfrischungsgetränken neigen, sollte geprüft werden, wie diese seit einiger Zeit in Deutschland verfügbaren, neuartigen Coffein-Drinks (NCD) von Jugendlichen angenommen und konsumiert werden. Im Sommer und Herbst 1994 wurden drei Umfragen in verschiedenen Schulen in Deutschland (Aachen, Köln, Wuppertal, Berlin-West und Berlin-Ost) durchgeführt. Gefragt wurde bei 1 265 Schülerinnen und Schülern nach demBekanntheitsgrad der NCD (Befragungsmodul I) und bei 875 von ihnen nach demKonsum (Befragungsmodul II). Bei 727 Schülerinnen und Schülern wurde darüber hinaus eine Vergleichsbefragung (Konsum an NCD im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Cola-Getränken) vorgenommen (Befragungsmodul III). Bei den verschiedenen Fragen gaben insgesamt 93,6 % der Jugendlichen an, die NCD zukennen, 53,3 % sie schon einmalprobiert zu haben; 23 % der Jugendlichen tranken diese Getränkegelegentlich (〈als 1 Dose/Woche), 3 %häufiger (1–7 Dosen/Woche). Es zeigte sich eine klare Abhängigkeit des Konsumverhaltens vom Geschlecht und Alter. Dabei ist bemerkenswert, daß auch in der jüngsten getesteten Gruppe (10–13 Jahre alt) 30,7 % der Mädchen bzw. 50 % der Jungen die NCD schonprobiert haben und sic zu 5,2 bzw. 23,1 %gelegentlich konsumieren. In der Vergleichsbefragung mit dem Modul III gaben 9,5 % der befragten Jugendlichen an, Cola-Getränkenicht zu trinken, 36,6 % „gelegentlich“, 30,9 % „häufiger“, 8,6 % „oft“ und 11,6 % „sehr oft“ bzw. ‚sehr viel“ (letztere Kategorie entspricht mehr als 2 Dosen pro Tag). Für die NCD lagen die entsprechenden Häufigkeiten bei 69,9 % (Nicht-Trinker), 23,3 % ‚gelegentlich“, 3,3 % ‚häufiger“, 0,3 % ‚oft“ und 0,6 % ‚sehr oft“ bzw. ‚sehr viel“. Aus den Ergebnissen läßt sich schließen, daß fast alle Jugendlichen in Deutschland die NCD kennen und überwiegend maßvoll mit diesen neuartigen Getränken umgehen. Sie bevorzugen Cola-Getränke. Da offensichtlich einige wenige Jugendliche zu extremem Konsum neigen bzw. schon in relativ jungem Alter zu den NCD greifen, sollte die Entwicklung der Verzehrsgewohnheiten weiterhin aufmerksam verfolgt werden.
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  • 34
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    European journal of nutrition 38 (1999), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Pharmacotherapy – obesity – appetite suppressant – thermogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Many new substances are currently being investigated for their usefulness in the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Most drugs interfere with monoamine neurotransmitter (serotonin, noradrenalin, dopamine and histamine) effects and act as an appetite suppressant. Other approaches are to primarily increase thermogenesis (e.g. β3-adrenoceptor agonists), or to decrease fat absorption by inhibiting the pancreatic lipase (orlistat). New promising agents are substances that increase the effect of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) or urocortin in the brain (CRF-binding protein ligand inhibitor) and a neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor antagonist. The clinical relevance of leptin in the therapy of obesity is probably limited, but can not be fully evaluated at the moment. As obesity has a multifactorial basis, all these substances have in common the fact that they can not cure obesity. They should only be used as an adjunct to classical strategies like diet and exercise in severe obesity. For developing new, perhaps even more specific pharmacological agents, further research is needed to understand the individually different genetic and physiological basis of obesity.
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  • 35
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    European journal of nutrition 38 (1999), S. 35-44 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Carotenoids – lycopene – lutein –α-carotene –β-carotene – oxidation – antioxidant – human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aim of the study: The present study was conducted to investigate changes in the plasma concentration of carotenoids and carotenoid oxidation products, vitamin A, α- and γ-tocopherol, and ubiquinone-10 during a dietary intervention trial with 23 male healthy volunteers. Method: A two week carotenoid depletion period was followed by a daily consumption of 330 mL tomato juice (40 mg lycopene), then by 330 mL carrot juice (15.7 mg α-carotene and 22.3 mg β-carotene), and then by a 10 g spinach powder preparation (11.3 mg lutein and 3.1 mg β-carotene) served with main meals for two weeks, respectively. Blood samples were collected in the morning after an overnight fasting and carotenoids, vitamin A, tocopherols, and ubichinone were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. Results: During the tomato juice intervention, plasma concentrations of trans- and cis-lycopene increased 2-fold compared to the depletion period. Lycopene oxidation products could be demonstrated in plasma and were significantly elevated compared to control (p〈0.001). After two weeks of carrot juice consumption, α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations increased 8.6- and 3.2-fold, respectively. Finally, during the spinach consumption period the lutein concentration increased 2-fold, while the β-carotene concentrations were still elevated 2-fold. Conclusions: The moderate change in dietary habits, e.g., the consumption of 330 mL of carotenoid-rich vegetable juices caused significant changes in the plasma carotenoid concentrations, indicating a high bioavailability of carotenoids from the processed vegetable products. The changes in plasma carotenoid concentrations reflected the carotenoid composition of the consumed foods. However, particularly during the tomato juice intervention period the occurrence of lycopene oxidation products and cis-lycopene isomers in plasma was eminent. The formation may be due to antioxidant reactions of lycopene in the organism.
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  • 36
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    European journal of nutrition 38 (1999), S. 51-75 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Iron – bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this review a broad overview of historical and current methods for the assessment of iron bioavailability was given. These methods can be divided into iron solubility studies, iron absorption studies, endpoint measures, and arithmetic models. The pros and cons of all methods were discussed. First, studies on in vitro and in vivo iron solubility have been described. The disadvantages of iron solubility include the impossibility of measuring absorption or incorporation of iron. Furthermore, only the solubility of nonheme iron, and not heme iron, can be studied. Second, we focused on iron absorption studies (either with the use of native iron, radioiron or stable iron isotopes), in which balance techniques, whole-body counting or postabsorption plasma iron measurements can be applied. In vitro determination of iron absorption using intestinal loops or cell lines, was also discussed in this part. As far as absorption studies using animals, duodenal loops, gut sacs or Caco-2 cells were concerned, the difficulty of extrapolating the results to the human situation seemed to be the major drawback. Chemical balance in man has been a good, but laborious and expensive, way to study iron absorption. Whole-body counting has the disadvantage of causing radiation exposure and it is based on a single meal. The measurement of plasma iron response did not seem to be of great value in determining nutritional iron bioavailability. The next part dealt with endpoint measures. According to the definition of iron bioavailability, these methods gave the best figure for it. In animals, the hemoglobin-repletion bioassay was most often used, whereas most studies in humans monitored the fate of radioisotopes or stable isotopes of iron in blood. Repletion bioassays using rats or other animals were of limited use because the accuracy of extrapolation to man is unknown. The use of the rat as a model for iron bioavailability seemed to be empirically based, and there were many reasons to consider the rat as an obsolete model in this respect. The double-isotope technique was probably the best predictor of iron bioavailability in humans. Disadvantages of this method are the single meal basis and the exposure to radiation (as far as radioisotopes were used). Finally, some arithmetic models were described. These models were based on data from iron bioavailability studies and could predict the bioavailability of iron from a meal.
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  • 37
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    Keywords: Key words Obesity – oleoyl-estrone – leptin – Zucker fa/fa rat – white adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Oleoyl-estrone elicits powerful slimming effects on lean and obese rats, sparing protein, lowering appetite and maintaining energy expenditure. Leptin synthesis is markedly reduced by oleoyl-estrone. However, this effect is not observed in the obese Zucker fa/fa rats; these rats do not fully respond to leptin but they lose fat under oleoyl-estrone treatment. Aim of the study: To determine the role of leptin in the conversion of estrone to fatty-acyl estrone in white adipose tissue both in vivo in Zucker lean and obese rats, and in vitro. Methods: Two series of experiments were performed: a) Growth and differentiation of 3T3L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes followed by incubation with tritium-labeled estrone in the medium in the presence / absence of 1 nM leptin, and estimation of the incorporation of label into estrone and estrone ester fractions of cell extracts. b) Zucker lean (Fa/?) [ZL] and obese (fa/fa) [ZO] rats were injected i.v. with carrier-free oleoyl-estrone in chylomicra-sized liposomes, then euthanized after 10 min. Free and esterified estrone were measured in blood, liver, muscle, skin, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue(BAT). Results: In the first study, in a 72-h incubation, adipocytes took up 20-27% of the medium estrone. In the leptin(−) controls, 47% of the label in the cell fraction was in the form of estrone esters and 45% as free estrone; in the leptin (+) cells, 71% of the label was in the estrone ester fraction and 24% was free estrone. In the second study, a large part of the injected tritium-label remained in the ZO blood, with only a small part remaining in ZL. In ZL 39% of the label was found in the tissues in the form of free estrone, and in ZO only 22%; in both cases about half of it was in WAT. Plasma free estrone levels were 0.3±0.1 nM in ZL and 0.5±0.3 nM in ZO, and esterified estrone was 242±99 nM for ZL and 201±29 nM for ZO. Plasma leptin levels were 1.73±0.16 ng/ml in ZL and 61.0±1.4 ng/ml in ZO. Conclusion: The presence of an intact leptin pathway is critical for the uptake and synthesis of estrone esters as well as for the plasma acyl-estrone turnover. The presented results show a direct relationship between oleoyl-estrone and leptin in the WAT. A fully functional leptin pathway is needed for the synthesis of acyl-estrone and the removal of free estrone from the bloodstream, as well as for the disposal of excess circulating oleoyl-estrone. This has a direct bearing on human and animal obesity, since estrone induces increases in fat deposition.
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  • 38
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    European journal of nutrition 38 (1999), S. 143 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Phytoestrogen – cholesterol – DNA damage – comet assay – antioxidant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Phytoestrogens are a major component of Asian diets and may be protective against certain hormone-dependent cancers (breast and prostate) and coronary heart disease. They may also have antioxidant function in scavenging potentially harmful free radicals and thus decreasing oxidative attack on DNA. Aims of the study: A pilot study to determine the effects of a phytoestrogen supplement, in the form of soy milk, on plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol levels and DNA damage in men. Methods: Ten healthy men participated in the study and were assigned to one of three groups consuming 1 litre of either soy milk, rice dream (vegetable protein control) or semi-skimmed cow's milk (animal protein control) each day for 4 weeks. Results: The soy supplement caused significant increases in plasma genistein and daidzein concentrations despite considerable interindividual variation (P〈0.001). Supplementation with soy resulted in a decrease in oxidative damage to DNA bases detected using the comet assay compared with controls (P〈0.05). However, there was no significant effect of the soy supplement on plasma cholesterol or triglyceride levels in comparison with control groups. Conclusions: A 4 week soy milk supplementation in healthy volunteers does not alter serum cholesterol levels but can have a protective effect against oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words green tea – linoleic acid – antioxidants – lipid peroxidation – hemostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Green tea contains polyphenolic catechins which can act as antioxidants and thus decrease the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study: To investigate whether green tea extract differs from placebo in its effects on markers of antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide production, thromboxane production, and blood coagulation during a controlled high linoleic acid diet in healthy subjects. Methods: Twenty healthy non-smoking females (23–50 years) participated in a 4-week controlled intervention study. The experimental diet was rich in linoleic acid (9 en%) and contained fat, protein and carbohydrates: 27, 14, and 59 en%, respectively. In addition, the subjects ingested encapsulated green tea extract (3 g/d) or placebo mixture in a double-blind manner. Fasting blood samples and five 24-hour urines were collected before and at the end of the 4-week experimental period. Same samples were received from 10 control subjects. Results: Green tea extract significantly decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in comparison with the placebo treatment. The treatments did not differ in serum lipids, indicators of antioxidant status, urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2, nitric oxide metabolites or coagulation indicators. Conclusions: We conclude that an amount of green tea extract which corresponds to 10 cups of tea per day for 4 weeks does not have specific effects on several indicators related to risk of cardiovascular diseases in comparison with placebo treatment. The relatively small but significant decrease in lipid peroxidation indicated by decreased plasma MDA was not associated with changes in markers of oxidative stress (urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α and blood oxidized glutathione) or hemostasis.
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  • 40
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    Keywords: Key words Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids – peroxidation – vitamin E – weanling rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Tissue 10:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3) status have been correlated with neonatal development and growth. Artificial formulas for neonates have been supplemented with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) from animal and marine sources which may enhance sensitivity of cellular membranes to oxidative damage. Diet-derived antioxidants like vitamin E play a key role in the protection of tissue lipids against oxidation. Aim of the study: We seek to determine the influence of dietary vitamin E on tissue sensitivity to oxidative stress in rats fed for 4 weeks on diets enriched in (n-3) and (n-6) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Methods: Weanling rats received 10% fat diets that provided 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) in a similar ratio to that of rat milk (group A), supplemented with fish oil (groups B and B+E) and supplemented with (n-6) and (n-3) LCP from an animal phospholipid concentrate (groups C and C+E). Vitamin E (500 mg vitamin E/kg fat) was added to diets B+E and C+E. Tissue fatty acid content and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase und glutathione peroxidase in liver and brain were measured. Glutathione status, vitamin E and the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) after incubation of erythrocyte, liver and brain lipids with inducers of enzymatic or non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation was measured. Results: Group B registered significantly lower total superoxide dismutase acitvity than group B+. Catalase activity was significantly higher in group C than in group C+E. Hepatic total and reduced glutathione levels were decreased in vitamin E supplemented groups compared to unsupplemented ones. TBARs production in erythrocyte lipids was significantly higher in groups B and C compared to vitamin E supplemented groups B+E and C+E. Conclusions: This study shows that the addition of vitamin E protected erythrocyte and liver microsome lipids enriched in (n-3) and (n-6) LCP from lipid peroxidation during the postnatal development of rats. The protection was more effectively in group C+E than in group B+E.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Children – adolescents – nutrition counselling – dietary evaluation – scores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An intervention study by documented dietary counselling was carried out in a sample of 9 children and adolescents (12–,15 years) living in a full-time institution in Dortmund. Three weighed dietary records were collected over 3–7 days, one before and one after each of two individual nutrition counselling sessions, which were based on the recommended intake of food groups defined by the Optimized Mixed Diet (OMD), a quantitative preventive dietary conception for children and adolescents. As univariate dietary parameters (e.g., cholesterol intake), which are often used to show the effectiveness of nutrition counselling, do not take into account the multivariate complexitiy of nutrition, we developed 3 multivariate scores to measure the effectiveness of nutrition counselling. The are definded as: Recommended Food group change Score (RFS): Average change in the amounts of the deviations (%) from the reference food groups values (OMD = 100 %) before and after counselling taking into account the aim (eat mor/less) of the counselling session, exclusively based on the food groups addressed during counselling. Total Food group change Score (TFS): Average change in the amounts of the deviations (%) from the reference food group values (OMD = 100 %) before and after counselling based on all food groups consumed. Nutrient Improvement Score (NIS): Average change in the negative deviations (%) of 8 vitamins and 8 minerals from the German reference values for nutrient intake (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE) = 100 %) before and after counselling. On average, the intakes of the food groups mentioned during the first counselling session improved considerably (RFS = +36 %), the change in the intake of all food groups was small (TFS = +6 %) and the nutrient intakes did not improve (NIS = 0 %). From the second counselling session the values of the RFS was +10 %, of the TFS was +6% and of the NIS +3 %. This means that the success of counselling on one dietary criterion does not guarantee success on others. Our food and nutrient based scores together with a detailed food intake assessment give an example of multivariate measurements of nutrition counselling outcomes.
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  • 42
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 2-5 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iodmangel ; Iodidurie ; Iodversorgung Strumaprophylaxe ; Iodine deficiency ; urinary iodide excretion ; goiter prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Germany finds itself among the most iodine deficient countries of Europe. Voluntary use of iodized salt constitutes the only goiter prophylaxis. In the last few years, measures such as the opening up of European internal markets, abolition of lac pertaining to the alimentary iodine consumption. Random samples of urine collected from 5 932 persons without thyroid ailment, distributed over 32 regions of Germany, were measured for iodine excretion. The median value of iodine excretion was 72.4 µg I/g creatinine. Children under 10 years (76.9) and persons over 70 years (80.7) showed a slightly higher iodine elimination than those between 11–70 years (71.9). No differences between the former East Germany and West Germany as well as North, South and middle regions of unified Germany were observed. 55 % of the study population presented with iodine values between 50 and 100 µg, 19 % with lower than 50 µg. Only 9 % showed sufficient iodine state. The results expose the inadequacy of the voluntary measures to tackle the problem of alimentary iodine deficiency.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Deutschland zählt zu den iodärmsten Ländern Europas. Die Strumaprophylaxe durch Verwendung iodierten Speisesalzes beruht auf dem Prinzip der Freiwilligkeit. Durch forcierte Aufklärung, Öffnung des europäischen Binnenmarktes und Wegfall der Deklarierungspflicht für mit Iodsalz hergestellte Nahrungsmittel könnte sich die alimentäre Iodversorgung in den letzten zwei Jahren verbessert haben. Wir untersuchten in 32 Regionen Deutschlands bei 5 932 seitens der Schilddrüse weder diagnostizierten noch behandelten Personen die Iodidausscheidung im Spontanurin. Der Median betrug 72,4 µg Iodid/g Kreatinin. Regionale Unterschiede gab es nicht. 9 % hatten eine ausreichende Iodversorgung (über 150 µg/d), 17 % lagen zwischen 100–150 µg, 55 % zwischen 50–100, 17 % zwischen 25–50, 2 % unter 25 µ. Die Ergebnisse belegen, daß der alimentäre Iodmangel auf der Basis der Freiwilligkeit nicht zu beheben ist.
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  • 43
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 51-52 
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  • 44
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 53-54 
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  • 45
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nahrungspräferenzen ; Verzehrsgewohnheiten ; Lieblingsspeisen ; Ernährungserziehung ; sozial-kulturell ; Food preferences ; eating habits ; favorite foods ; nutritional education ; sociocultural data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study was conducted by the Technical University of Munich-Weihenstephan on behalf of the Department of Education of the city of Munich. A total of 82 children as well as their parents and 23 kindergarten teachers in five Munich kindergartens were questioned about their food preferences, and their sociocultural data were gathered. The results showed that the nationality and the religion of the mother were fundamental to the origin and consolidation of the eating habits of the children. Other important und influencing factors were: the peer group and the teachers in the kindergarten, the father's job, the sex and the age of the children. When comparing the food preferences of the children and their role models, it was found that the preferences and aversions were more similar to those of their own mothers/teachers/members of the peer group than to those of children of other peer groups, other parents or other teachers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Auftrag des Schulreferats der Stadt München wurden an der Technischen Universität München-Weihenstephan insgesamt 83 Kinder sowie deren Eltern und 23 Erzieherinnen in 5 Münchner Kindergärten zu ihren Nahrungspräferenzen befragt und ihre sozial-kulturellen Einflüsse untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß die Staatsangehörigkeit und Religion der Mutter wesentlich zur Entstehung und Festigung der Verzehrsgewohnheiten von Kindern beitragen. Als weitere wichtige Einflußfaktoren erwiesen sich die Kindergartengruppe, der Beruf des Vaters, das Geschlecht und das Alter der Kinder. Beim Vergleich der Nahrungspräferenzen von Kindern und ihren Bezugspersonen zeigte sich, daß die Vorlieben und Abneigungen von Kindern und ihren eigenen Müttern/Erzieherinnen/Gruppenkameraden ähnlicher waren als die von Kindern und Müttern/Erzieherinnen/Gruppenkameraden anderer Kindergartenkinder. Daraus wird der Schluß gezogen, daß die eigene Mutter und Bezugspersonen einen hohen Einfluß bei der Ausprägung von Nahrungspräferenzen haben.
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  • 46
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Tagesverpflegung ; Altenheime ; Energie ; Nährstoffe ; Daily diet ; nursing homes for the elderly ; energy ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Daily diet from 20 nursing homes for the elderly in the German state of Hessen was collected over a period of 7 days. Caloric free beverages were not included. After weighing and protocoling, the components of the meals were combined to one sample per day. Energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and dietary fiber content was determined by analytical methods and by calculation using the nutrient table Federal Foodstuffs Key (Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel). Mean calculated contents exceeded analytical determined data except for dietary fibre. In comparison to the recommendations of the German Association for Nutrition (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung) concerning nutrient intake of the elderly, energy, fat and protein content of the daily diet were too high. Carbohydrate content did not reach the recommendations, being at least 50 % of energy intake. It is remarkable that dietary fibre content exceeded the recommendations of 30 grams per day. In Hessen a similar study was already done in 1982. Regarding energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate content, only negligible changes could be stated since that time.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verpflegung von zwanzig hessischen Altenheimen wurde an sieben aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen gesammelt. Kalorienfreie Getränke wurden nicht miterfaßt. Die Komponenten der einzelnen Mahlzeiten wurden gewogen und protokolliert und zu je sieben Tagesproben zusammengefaßt. Der Energie-, Protein-, Fett-, Kohlenhydrat- und Ballaststoffgehalt der Tagesproben wurde zum einen analytisch bestimmt, zum anderen mit Hilfe der Nährwerttabellen des Bundeslebensmittelschlüssels rechnerisch ermittelt. Außer bei den Ballaststoffen lagen im Durchschnitt die berechneten über den analysierten Gehalten. Verglichen mit den Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung für die Nährstoffzufuhr von Senioren waren der Energie-, Fett- und Proteingehalt der angebotenen Kost zu hoch. Die Empfehlung, 50 % der Energiezufuhr durch Kohlenhydrate abzudecken, wurde nicht erreicht. Bemerkenswert war, daß der Ballaststoffgehalt den empfohlenen Wert von 30 g pro Tag überschritt. Eine ähnliche Studie wurde in Hessen bereits 1982 durchgeführt. In bezug auf den Energie-, Protein-, Fett- und Kohlenhydratgehalt hat sich seit der ersten Untersuchung wenig verändert.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungsepidemiologie ; food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) ; quantitative, individuelle Ernährungserhebung ; Methodenvergleich ; Nutritional epidemiology ; food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) ; quantitative, individual nutritional questionnaire ; comparison of methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With this paper we attempt to present a possible way of making quantitative estimates of the quantities of selected, preventively important food stuff groups consumed using a food frequency questionnaire together with a 3-day dietary protocol. The 3-day dietary protocol used in the 1984/85 MONICA survey of the former GDR is used as the standard. For large nutritional/epidemiological studies (e.g., cancer or cardiovascular cohort studies) this combination of methods is suggested as a means of arriving at quantitative estimates for nutritional habits in relation to the product groups presented here. Further investigations regarding correction factors are necessary where the food frequency is either very low or very high to detect potential inaccuracy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird der Versuch einer Möglichkeit zur quantitativen Einschätzung von Verzehrsmengen ausgewählter, präventiv bedeutungsvoller Nahrungsmittelgruppen auf der Grundlage einer Methodenkombination von Häufigkeits- und 3-Tage-Ernährungsprotokollen dargestellt. Grundlage ist ein 3-Tage-Protokoll der MONICA-Stichprobe 1984/85 der damaligen DDR. Für die dargestellten Produktgruppen wird diese Mcthodenkombination für große ernährungsepidemiologische Studien (z.B. Krebsoder Herz-Kreislauf-Kohorten-Studien) zur quantitativen Einschätzung von Ernährungsgewohnheiten vorgeschlagen. Weitergehende Untersuchungen zu Korrekturfaktoren für möglicherweise auftretende Verzerrungen bei sehr geringer oder hoher Verzehrshäufigkeit sind notwendig.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Butterfett ; Rapsöl ; trans-Fettsäuren ; Laurin-, Myristin- und Palmitinsäure ; Stearin- und Ölsäure ; Butterfat ; rapeseed oil ; trans fatty acids ; lauric, myristic and palmitic acid ; stearic and oleic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Butter is rich in lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids which are assumed to be hypercholesterolemic. The replacement of usual dietary fat by rapeseed oil induces a serum cholesterol decrease. The objective of the study consisted in measuring the influence of feeding different amounts of full-fat rapeseed or oil-rich rapeseed cake to dairy cows to improve the fatty acid composition of milk fat. The results demonstrate a significant increase of iodine number and spreadability of butter. The percentage of lauric+myristic+palmitic acid (LMP) decreased by about 18 % of whole fatty acids. Stearic and oleic acid increased significantly but the percentage oftrans octadecenoic acid increased too. It can be concluded that the special butter has a nutritionally improved fat characterized by an increase of cholesterol-lowering fatty acids (C18 and C18:1) and a decline of cholesterol-elevating fatty acids (LMP).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Butter weist einen hohen Anteil an Laurin-, Myristin-und Palmitinsäure auf, die als hypercholesterämisch gelten. Ein Austausch des üblichen Nahrungsfettes durch Rapsöl bewirkt beim Menschen einen Abfall des Serumcholesterols. Durch Verfütterung verschiedener Mengen von Vollfettraps und ölreichem Rapskuchen an Milchkühe sollte geprüft werden, inwieweit das Fettsäurenspektrum der Milch qualitativ zu verbessern ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Anstieg der Jodzahl und damit der Streichfähigkeit des Butterfettes. Die Anteile an Laurin-, Myristin-und Palmitinsäure (LMP) verminderten sich um etwa 18 % der Gesamtfettsäuren. Signifikante Anstiege ergaben sich besonders für die Stearin- und Ölsäure, aber auch für dietrans-Vaccensäure. Es kann gefolgert werden, daß durch den erhöhten Anteil an cholesterolsenkenden Fettsäuren (C18 und C18:1) sowie die Abnahme der cholesterolsteigernden Fettsäuren (LMP) eine Butter mit verbesserten ernährungsphysiologischen Eigenschaften zur Verfügung steht.
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  • 49
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 178-184 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fish oil ; micro-encapsulation ; lipids ; rats ; fatty acids ; oxidative status ; vitamin E ; Fischöl ; Mikroverkapselung ; Lipide ; Ratten ; Fettsäuren ; oxidativer Zustand ; Vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der ernährungsphysiologische Wert eines mikroverkapselten Fischölprodukts wurde untersucht. Drei Gruppen mit je zehn männlichen Wistar-Ratten erhielten isokalorisches Futter mit 20 Gew. % Fettanteil. In den beiden Testgruppen wurde 5 Gew. % Fischöl entweder in der freien oder in der mikroverkapselten Form der Nahrung beigemischt. Der restliche Fettanteil bestand aus Schmalz und Maisöl mit einem Anteil von 10 Gew. % Linolsäure. Die Kontrollgruppe erhielt nur Schmalz und Maisöl. Die fettfreie Matrix des mikroverkapselten Produkts wurde dem Futter der Kontrollgruppe beigemischt, so daß sie in jedem Futter vorhanden war. Die Aufnahme von marinen, (n-3) mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren (PUFA) aus den beiden unterschiedlichen Fischöldiäten spiegelt sich im Fettsäureprofil der Phosphatidylcholine (PC), Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), Triglyceride (TG) und Cardiolipin (CL) der Leber wider. In diesen Gruppen wurde auch eine Hemmung der Elongation von Linolsäure beobachtet, was zu höheren Werten dieser Fettsäure in Leber-PC und -PE führte. Die Konzentrationen an Gesamtlipiden, Triglyceriden, Cholesterin und Phospholipiden in der Leber waren in allen Gruppen gleich. Zusätze von langkettigen (n-3) PUFA beeinflußten die Konzentration der Plasma-TG nicht, erniedrigten jedoch den Plasma-Cholesterinspiegel. Die Bestimmung der Glutathion-peroxidase-Aktivität und Cytochrom-P450-Konzentration in der Leber zeigte keine Veränderung des oxidativen Zustands nach Fütterung von freiem bzw. mikroverkapseltem Fischöl. Die Aufnahme von (n-3) PUFA verringerte die Vitamin-E-Konzentration im Plasma, während der Gehalt an Vitamin E in der Leber unverändert blieb. Zusammengefaßt kann gesagt werden, daß die Fütterung von Fischöl und mikroverkapseltem Fischöl zum gleichen Fettsäuremuster in verschiedenen Lipidklassen (TG, PC, PE, CL) und zu vergleichbaren Konzentrationen von Leber-und Plasmalipiden führt. Außerdem führen Zusätze von Fischöl oder mikroverkapseltem Fischöl zu keinem oxidativen Stress, wenn dem Futter Antioxidantien in ausreichender Menge zugesetzt wurden. Daraus kann man schließen, daß Zusätze von mikroverkapseltem Fischöl zu Lebensmitteln geeignet sind, die tägliche Aufnahme von (n-3) PUFA zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Summary The nutritional value of a micro-encapsulated fish oil product has been investigated. Three groups of 10 male Wistar rats each were fed diets containing 20% (w/w) of fat, and only the type and form of the fat added was different. In the test groups 5% (w/w) of fish oil either as such or in a micro-encapsulated form was incorporated in the diets. The remaining fat was lard supplemented with corn oil to a dietary content of linoleic acid at 10% (w/w). The control group received lard and corn oil only. A mixture similar to the dry matter in the micro-encapsulated product was also added to the diets not containing this product. The uptake of marine (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from both types of fish oil supplement was reflected in the fatty acid profiles of liver phosphatidyl cholines (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PE), triglycerides (TG) and cardiolipin (CL). A suppression of the elongation of linoleic acid leading to a higher concentration of this fatty acid in liver PC and PE was also observed. The concentration of total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids in liver was similar in all groups. Supplements of long chain (n-3) PUFA did not influence the concentration of plasma TG but lowered the level of plasma cholesterol. No change in the oxidative status, measured as glutathione peroxidase activity and cytochrome P450 concentration in the liver, was found after feeding with fish oil either directly or in the micro-encapsulated form. Intake of (n-3) PUFA lowered the concentration of vitamin E in plasma while the content of vitamin E in the liver was unchanged. Overall, fish oil and micro-encapsulated fish oil resulted in the same fatty acid pattern in the major lipid classes and the same concentrations of liver and plasma lipids. Furthermore, supplementation of fish oil or micro-encapsulated fish oil did not induce oxidative stress when the diets were supplemented with ambient concentrations of antioxidants. It is concluded that micro-encapsulated fish oil is suitable for increasing the intake of (n-3) PUFA by fortification of normal daily food ingredients.
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  • 50
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    European journal of nutrition 38 (1999), S. 218-226 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Sugar alcohol – lactitol – breath hydrogen – lactose malabsorption – gastrointestinal symptons – diarrhea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hydrogen breath analysis test was performed in healthy Thai adults to determine lactitol tolerance. The study was conducted in 39 individuals (11 males and 28 females) aged 18–41 years. All volunteers agreed to participate in this study after the risks and benefits had been fully explained. Subjects were requested not to consume milk, milk products, or high-vegetable diets for a day and to fast from 10 p.m. of the day preceding the test day. After consumption on the test diet (12 and 20 g of lactose or lactitol, respectively, in 250 mL water), the subjects recorded the severity of symptoms for 24 hours. Breath samples were collected after fasting and after consumption of the test diet at 30 min intervals over the 7-hour study period. Breath samples were analyzed for hydrogen using gag chromatography. After consumption of 12 g lactose, the prevalence of lactose malabsorbers was established. The increment of a peak breath hydrogen level of ≥ 20 ppm above the baseline level was used as an indicator of lactose malabsorption. The lactose malabsorbers were further classified as lactose tolerants or lactose intolerants according to the gastrointestinal symptoms observed. All 39 healthy Thai adults could be classified into 3 groups as follows: 9 (23%) lactose absorbers (LA), 15 (38.5%) lactose malabsorber/tolerants (LMT) and 15 (38.5%) lactose malabsorber/intolerants (LMI). Using the hydrogen breath test, 67% of the subjects were identified as lactitol intolerants after the consumption of 12 g lactitol. The lactitol intolerants comprised 53.8% of LMI, 34.6% of LMT, and 11.5% of LA. Among all subjects, one third of LA (33%), two thirds of LMT (60%), and 93% of LMI were lactitol intolerant. In addition, gastrointestinal symptoms such as flatulence and abdominal pain were most pronounced in LMI. Diarrhea was also a prominent manifestation after consumption of 12 g lactitol. Therefore, it was finally decided that 20 g lactose or lactitol were not given to LMI because of the risk of gastrointestinal symptoms. After high doses (20 g) of lactose and lactitol consumption, most LMT developed more symptoms than did LA and the main symptom was diarrhea. Consumption of 20 g lactose resulted in fewer symptoms than 20 g lactitol in both LA and LMT. On the basis of the hydrogen breath test, most LA tolerated 12 g lactitol without gastrointestinal symptoms except some flatulence whereas most LMT and LMI did not. Twenty g lactitol was not tolerated by both LA and LMT because there was diarrhea among the subjects, especially in LMT. Although the hydrogen breath analysis test is the best method for identification of lactose malabsorption, it is not the best method to identify lactitol intolerance. A hydrogen concentration of 15 ppm above the baseline level was found to be the best cut-off point to indicate lactitol intolerance although sensitivity was 85% and specificity only 38% in this study. It was further concluded that there is a greater susceptibility to lactitol in human lactose malabsorbers than in lactose absorbers. Our findings might be relevant for the limited use of lactitol in Thailand.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Ergogenics – amino acids – exercise – arginine aspartate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Athletes consume arginine and/or aspartate as potential nutritional ergogenics. Their metabolic effects are controversial and there is some evidence that ingestion of large doses of single amino acids can adversely affect the nitrogen balance or induce an amino acid imbalance. Nevertheless, the general metabolic influence of an arginine aspartate supplementation during a prolonged exercise bout has not yet been investigated. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the general metabolic impact of a chronic supplementation with arginine aspartate in endurance-trained athletes at rest and during a marathon run. Methods: Fourteen endurance-trained runners participated in this field study which was carried out according to a double-blind crossover design. 15 g of arginine aspartate or a carbohydrate-based placebo were supplemented daily for 14 days before a marathon run. Blood samples for analysis of metabolites and hormones were collected shortly before the run, after 31 km, at the end of the run, and after a recovery period of two hours. Additionally, the respiratory exchange ratio was determined during the run. Results: The plasma level of carbohydrate (glucose, lactate, pyruvate) and fat metabolites (fatty acids, glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate), cortisol, insulin, ammonia, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase as well as the respiratory exchange ratio were unaffected by the supplementation. In contrast, the plasma level of somatotropic hormone, glucagon, urea, and arginine were significantly increased, and the level of most of the remaining plasma amino acids as well as their sun was significantly reduced. Conclusions: There was no obvious metabolic benefit derived from the chronic supplementation with arginine aspartate. And since furthermore the consequences of a reduction of the total plasma amino acid level are not known, the practice of using single amino acid supplements as potential ergogenics should be critically reevaluated.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Key words Conjugated linoleic acid – hormones – metabolites – lipoproteins – fatty acids – swine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Background: Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA)# refer to a group of linoleic acid (18:2)-derived isomers with conjugated double bonds mostly at carbon atoms 9 and 11 or 10 and 12, and with all possible cis and trans combinations. CLA is a newly recognized nutrient that functions to regulate energy retention and metabolism and that causes a serum lipoprotein profile considered to be less atherogenic. However, rodent models that have been frequently used for these studies are only of limited use because of distinct differences in physiology, compared with man. Additionally, possible differences in food intake between the experimental groups remained often unconsidered in those studies. Thus, it can not be excluded that the beneficial effects of CLA reported in a series of studies may be due, at least partially, to differences in nutrient and energy ingested. Aim of the study: This prompted us to undertake an investigation on the action of CLA by using a pig model and a feeding regimen with controlled amounts of food and antioxidants. The parameters used to assess CLA-specific action were selected hormones and metabolites involved in energy metabolism, individual lipoproteins and the appearance of CLA in fasting serum and erythrocyte membranes. Blood as an easily available biological sample was used for investigation. Methods: For that purpose 16 adult female pigs were divided into two groups of 8 each, and were isoenergetically fed diets containing 0 (control diet) or 1% level of CLA (by weight) for 6 weeks. Plasma concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4), total and free triiodothyronine (T3), and insulin were measured by radioimmunoassays. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate, circulating blood ATP and other clinical chemical variables were determined using enzymatic assays. The concentration of α-tocopherol was determined by high perfomrance liquid chromatography. The lipoproteins VLDL (density 〈1.019 kg/L), LDL (density 1.019 – 1.063 kg/L), and HDL (density 〉1.063 kg/L) were isolated by step-wise ultracentrifugation. Fatty acids of the dietary oils, serum and blood cell membranes were separated and quantified by gas chromatography. Results: At week 6, body weights of the pigs fed the CLA-supplemented diet were not different from that of the controls. CLA-treated pigs exhibited a 37% higher concentration of fasting serum insulin than their controls receiving no CLA (P = 0.11). Circulating free and total T4 and T3 as well as serum levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, α-tocopherol, protein, glucose, urea, creatinine and circulating blood ATP remained unaffected by CLA supplementation. Serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids were reduced by 38% in CLA-treated pigs relative to the controls, although this difference was not significant. CLA-treated pigs tended to have lower leukocyte counts in blood than their controls (P 〈0.1). Erythrocyte and platelet counts, the hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were similar between the groups. Serum of CLA-treated pigs showed a trend toward increased levels of triacylglycerols, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine in the very low density and low density lipoproteins (LDL), without distinct changes in the high density lipoprotein fraction (HDL). The LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio was significantly increased by CLA. When pigs were fed CLA at a dietary level of 1%, limited proportions of CLA appeared in fasting serum (1.6%) and erythrocyte membranes (1.1%). Conclusions: Under the present experimental conditions there appeared to be parallels between the effects of CLA and the reported effects of trans fatty acids in the mode of action on lipoproteins and insulin. The failure to demonstrate significant beneficial effects of CLA on the lipoprotein profile which have been observed in other studies requires further research.
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  • 53
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Non-tumour ; Arteries ; Fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia ; Aminolaevulinic acid ; Phthalocyanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy is being investigated as a cancer therapy. As a cytotoxic treatment, it may also have therapeutic benefits in certain non-tumour conditions. The mechanism of photodynamic therapy is discussed in relation to its cancer therapy. The literature on non-tumour applications of photodynamic therapy is subsequently reviewed, highlighting its vascular applications in particular. Arterial angioplasty restenosis has proved resistant to all treatments tried thus far. Because fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia arising from the proliferation of vascular medial smooth muscle cells forms the pathological basis of restenosis, photodynamic therapy has been considered in its prevention. The literature on two second-generation photosensitizers (5-aminolaevulinic acid and phthalocyanine) which are likely to achieve clinical application are reviewed with regard to their photodynamic effects on fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia. This review concludes that photodynamic therapy shows enough promise for the inhibition of fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia for large animal studies to be pursued.
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  • 54
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 59-60 
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  • 55
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: CO2 laser ; Contact Nd-YAG laser ; Combined CO2 and Nd-YAG laser ; Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ; Sleep apnoea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three different surgical lasers, ie CO2, contact Nd-YAG and Combolaser (combined simultaneous and co-axial CO2+Nd-YAG laser beam), were used for 76 uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) operations. The effects of different lasers on intra-operative bleeding, operation time and post-operative pain were compared. Sixty patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and 16 patients with socially disturbing snoring were operated on. The CO2 laser was used in 24 patients, contact Nd-YAG was used in 27 patients and Combolaser was used in 25 patients. The Combolaser was associated with significantly less intra-operative bleeding and a shorter operation time. During the immediate recovery period, post-operative pain was most mild after operations with the CO2 laser when graded according to need for analgesics, or by the patients' subjective evaluation. Concerning possible post-operative complaints or overall outcome of the UPPP operation, no differences were found between the lasers.
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  • 56
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 79-95 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser recanalization was introduced and developed in Britain in the 1980s in an attempt to deal with the limitations associated with the conventional technique of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Since then, the use of this technique has decreased. This paper reports the findings of a comprehensive literature survey and interviews with a representative sample of British interventional radiologists on the reasons for this decline, and suggests the likely future direction for this technology. It has been determined that the main reasons for the decline are improvements in conventional guidewire and catheter technology, the high cost of the laser system, and the lack of evidence of any improvement in results compared with conventional PTA. However, despite current disenchantment, the majority of radiologists questioned felt that lasers could have a future role to play and that development of these systems should continue.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; 5-Aminolaevulinic acid ; Pancreas ; Bile duct ; Duodenum ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Light dosimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolaevulinic-acid-(ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) increases survival in hamsters with pancreatic cancer. However, experiments with other photosensitizers on this model show a high risk of duodenal perforation. In this paper, the pharmacokinetics and PDT effects of ALA on normal tissues in the pancreatobiliary region are presented. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, maximum PPIX fluorescence was seen in the bile ducts, less in the duodenal mucosa and least in the muscularis propria and pancreas. For PDT, light was delivered either using a bare fibre touching the tissue (single-point illumination), or irradiating a 1.5 cm diameter circular area. Single-point PDT (50 J) produced only localized reversible damage without perforation. Surface irradiation of the whole periampullary region (50 J cm−2) caused extensive damage, sometimes with perforation. Before PDT can be used safely to treat tumours of the pancreas and bile duct, further studies are necessary to understand its effect on larger areas of normal tissue.
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  • 58
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 217-217 
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; PDT ; mTHPC ; Early cancer ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Oesophagus ; Bronchi ; Photosensitizer ; Light dosimetry ; Clinical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract There have been few studies to date of clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT) with tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC). This paper describes the results of the authors' experience with this second-generation photosensitizer, used in the treatment of 40 early cancers of the oesophagus and the bronchi. Surface illumination of the tumour was performed, in most cases, 4 days after intravenous injection of 0.15 mg kg−1 of mTHPC, using 652 nm or 514 nm continuous wave laser light. Endoscopic follow-up with biopsies and brushings was possible for 35 tumours: 27 (77%) showed no recurrence after disease-free follow-ups that ranged from 3 to 38 months. Major complications, all of which were after red light illumination, included one bronchial stenosis, one oesophagotracheal fistula and two probable occult perforations of the oesophagus. Photodynamic therapy with green light renders such perforations of the oesophageal wall essentially impossible at the applied conditions, and appears not to reduce the efficacy of the treatment. Skin photosensitization, which was never observed later than the first week after injection, occurred in 12 patients. Hence, PDT with mTHPC is a safe and effective treatment for early carcinomas of the oesophagus and the tracheobronchial tree.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Early stage lung cancer ; Superficial oesophageal cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In 1994, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan approved photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of early stage lung cancer (T0 and T1), superficial oesophageal cancer, superficial early stage gastric cancer and carcinoma in situ and/or dysplasia of the cervix. The decision to do so was based on studies carried out by the PDT Research Group of the Ministry, including PDT treatment of 168 early stage central lung cancers (123 superficial lesions and 45 nodular lesions) and 32 superficial oesophageal cancers. The results presented in this article were analysed according to the extent of the lesion. Of the 123 superficial lung cancers, complete remission (CR) was obtained in 93% of 89 lesions less than 1.0 cm in diameter. Larger lesions responded less well. Complete remission was obtained in 97% of the 33 superficial oesophageal cancers, although three of six patients with lesions over 3.0 cm in diameter later died of metastatic disease. The authors believe PDT to be a suitable and effective treatment for early stage lung and oesophageal cancers.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photosensitizer ; Photodynamic therapy ; mTHPC ; Temoporfin ; Pharmacokinetics ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A Phase I photodynamic therapy (PDT) clinical trial was carried out with Temoporfin (Foscan®, mTHPC) at the Departments of Otolaryngology at Orebro Medical Center (OMC) and Long Island Jewish Medical Center (LIJMC). A range of drug doses, consisting of 0.3, 0.15, 0.075 and 0.0375 mg kg−1, were utilized. Light treatment was performed on the sixth day after injection of the photosensitizer mTHPC. Photodynamic therapy was done on prostate cancer (six cases), bronchial cancer (one case), nasopharyngeal cancer (three cases), laryngeal cancer (eight cases), mesothelioma (one case), laryngeal papilloma (five cases) and basal cell nevus syndrome (one case). A number of patients were treated more than once. Plasma was collected and analysed at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h and at 2 weeks post-injection, to follow the loading and clearance rate of the photosensitizer. Normal and malignant tissues were collected immediately prior to PDT, chemically extracted, and analysed for drug content spectrofluorometrically. Plasma drug levels were proportional to the dose. The half-life of the drug was 45.4 h across the entire dose range. The ratio of the drug in the tumour compared to normal adjacent mucosa was in the range of 2–3. There were no significant adverse effects. These data establish the basis for full clinical trials.
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  • 62
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Varicosities ; Pulsed dye laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser with an output wavelength of 585 nm and a pulse duration of 450μm was used to treat 102 areas of blue and red varicosities in the lower limbs of female patients. Varicosities could be divided into two groups, early red varicosities and more developed blue varicosities. Forty-two areas of blue varicosities were treated with a single pulse, and only 20% of these were eliminated. Blue varicosities were then treated in three treatment sessions, 3 weeks apart, and none of them could be occluded. Red varicosities responded better; all of the varicosities treated were occluded in three treatment sessions separated by 3 weeks. The use of two consecutive pulses with only 6.5 Jcm−2 in a single treatment session resulted in only 54% of the varicosities being eliminated. Finally, seven areas of red varicosities were treated in a single treatment with an argon laser at 2 W; only 10–20% of these lesions responded. The pulsed dye laser is therefore of most use in treating red varicosities.
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  • 63
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 219-219 
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  • 64
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 237-246 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Time-resolved confocal microscopy ; Porphyrins ; Fluorescence polarization ; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The application of a novel time-resolved confocal fluorescence microspectrometer to studies of the distribution and speciation of porphyrin photosensitizers in rat C6 cerebral glioma cells is described. The instrument combines a mode-locked argon ion laser excitation source with time-correlated single photon counting fluorescence detection and has sub-micron spatial and sub-nanosecond temporal resolution. The porphyrins studied were haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), haematoporphyrin IX (HP), porphyrinc (Pc) and the tetrakiscarborane carboxylate ester of 2,4-(α,β-dihydroxyethyl) deuteroporphyrin IX (BOPP). From the heterogeneous emission observed in vitro, assignments and spatial location of various porphyrin species are proposed.
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  • 65
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 273-275 
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  • 66
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 2-19 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Corneal topography; Fluorescence; Holography; Interferometry; Moiré; Partial coherence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Corneal topography has, due to developments in refractive surgery and contact lens fitting, become a widely used diagnostic tool. Many types of topographers have been introduced, but there is some confusion on classification and subsequent principal possibilities of the various devices offered to the practitioner. The purpose of the study reported here was to make an inventory of developed devices, analyse the basic principles and create a classification based on optical principles. A literature search was done using Medline, the IBM Patent Server, and references found in articles and patents. This search resulted in a variety of descriptions that could be classified into 12 groups according to their use of light source and light-matter interaction of which four groups have representatives on the commercial market. This classification can be used by researchers and practitioners to gain insight into the possibilities of a given device in relation to the desired application.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Interstitial laser coagulation; Laser applicator; Laser induced thermotherapy; Liver tumours; Nd-YAG laser
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A newly developed diffusing laser applicator was examined for interstitial laser coagulation (ILC) of liver tumours. The applicator consisted of a matted quartz core and a quartz glass dome, also matted on its inner surface and sealed to the fibre. The applicator provided a homogeneous light intensity distribution over an active length of about 20 mm. Lesions were created in an ex-vivo porcine liver model using a Nd-YAG laser comparing the new diffusing tip with a Ringmode®-ITT applicator in order to find optimal laser parameters and damage thresholds. The lesions were investigated using macroscopic size measurement, volume calculation and histological examination (H&E, NADPH-dehydrogenase). The damage threshold of the diffusing tip was 6 W at 14 min exposure time whereas the Ringmode®-ITT applicator had its limit at 5 W and 12 min exposure. Comparing various exposure times showed that treatment over a time of more than 840 s did not significantly increase the lesion volume. At 5 W and 720 s the mean lesion volume was 6.9±1.1 cm3 with the diffusing tip and 6.3±0.6 cm3 with the Ringmode®-ITT applicator, both having a slight ellipsoidal shape. Hence, the created lesions were not significantly different for both applicators when the same laser parameters were applied. On the other hand, the new diffusing tip had a higher damage threshold and was therefore capable of producing maximal coagulation volumes of up to 7.9±0.5 cm3 at 5 W and 20 min. The experiments showed that lesions with a dimension of 31×22 mm can be achieved with the diffusing applicator which seem suitably sized for treating small human liver metastases in a single laser session.
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  • 68
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 62-66 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Laser myringotomy; Otitis media with effusion; Tympanic membrane
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A prospective comparative study was done to assess the validity of laser myringotomy (L-myringotomy) when compared to the insertion of ventilating tubes (VT). In 23 children with chronic otitis media with effusion, a VT was inserted in the left ear while a laser myringotomy was performed in the right ear by using the CO2 Sharplan 1030 laser. After a six month follow-up conducted during the winter months, the results with the laser myringotomy were equal to those in the left ear with the VT. During the follow-up period, three ears required additional laser myringotomy either for early closure or because of otitis media and the accumulation of effusion in the middle ear cavity. Nevertheless, the use of laser has the advantage that there is no foreign body in the ear, the tympanic membrane is closed after four to seven weeks, and since the procedure is very short, the time for anaesthesia is minimal.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM); Liposomes; Methylene blue; Ovarian cancer; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitiser
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    Notes: Abstract. The disappointing results with either surgery alone and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant ovarian tumours have led to an increased interest in additional treatment schedules. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a modality involving the use of a photosensitising drug and activating light, is being used increasingly as a local treatment for neoplastic lesions. The synthesis and evaluation of new photosensitisers for the treatment of gynaecological lesions and malignancies continues to be an active area of investigation for proper application of the photodynamic process in the gynaecological field. The effect of PDT using methylene blue (free and combined with liposomes) as a photosensitiser for treating human ovarian malignant tumours cultivated on the chorioallantoic membrane was evaluated. Two days after PDT, the treated implanted tumours were markedly decreased in size. Areas of necrosis with black coloration, dryness and eschar formation were observed. Five days after PDT, tumour remission was clearly observed in all the treated tumours. Photodynamic therapy using methylene blue (aqueous and coupled with liposomes) is effective for treating the ovarian malignancies and it will be capable of achieving complete eradication of visible tumours in patients with superficial lesions.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Aminolaevulinic acid; Dermatology; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitisation; Protoporphyrin IX; Skin lesions
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The method of surface-detected fluorescence has been used to monitor the emission intensity from 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in lesions and corresponding adjacent normal skin. Three types of lesions were examined: psoriatic plaques, actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. This study included a total of 14 human volunteers on whom ALA-induced PpIX formation and clearance was monitored for a total of 48 h post-ALA application. Both an ALA dose-ranging study, as well as a comparison of results between normal and lesional tissue at a fixed ALA dose, were carried out. For the dose range examined (10–30%), there was no ALA dose dependency of the PpIX fluorescence for any of the lesions tested. Although all three lesions tested did show enhanced PpIX fluorescence as compared with normal skin, there was considerable lesion-to-lesion variability. Thick psoriatic plaques seem to give longer PpIX retention times than those of thin lesions. Limitations of the surface-detected fluorescence methodology are discussed.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Interstitial laser therapy; Liver; Perfusion
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    Notes: Abstract. Interstitial laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure the effect of interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy on local blood perfusion in normal rat liver in the peripheral treatment region elevated to hyperthermic temperatures. The Nd:YAG laser emitting at 1064 nm was utilised as heat generation source. The plane-cut tip of an optical fibre was placed in the middle of the exteriorised left liver lobe. Blood perfusion and temperature were measured in the liver parenchyma 4 mm from the laser fibre. The temperature at the location of the liver temperature sensor was maintained at 41 or 44°C during 30 min by regulating the power of the heating laser. The laser Doppler signal was recorded during and after heat treatment, for a total time of 60 min. At 41°C, a significant increase in perfusion up to 1.3 times the initial value was observed 2–16 min after start of treatment. At 44°C, perfusion decreased continuously during and after treatment, and was significantly different from control 40 min after start of treatment. The results may be valuable in assessing the thermal response of tissues surrounding the target in interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy of liver tumours during conditions of normal blood flow.
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 168-174 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Endodontics; Laser ablation; Nd:YAG laser; Picosecond laser; Root canal therapy
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . The interaction of picosecond laser radiation with human dental tissue was investigated in this study, in order to determine the ablation rates and the surface characteristics of the dentine by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dentine ablation was performed by using tooth sections of different thicknesses (0.5–2.0 mm). Dental tissue samples were irradiated in air with the fundamental wavelength and first harmonic of a regenerative amplifier Nd:YAG laser system, at 1064 nm and 532 nm, respectively, with a pulse duration of 100 ps and a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz. The results showed very clean craters surrounded by minimum melting of the surface of dentine when the 1064 nm pulses were used. In contrast, when the first harmonic 532 nm pulses were used, the SEM examinations revealed cracks and melting of dentine with irregular surface modification. Consequently, it seems that cleaning and shaping of the root canal walls during endodontic therapy with the picosecond Nd:YAG laser application may be possible in the future. The, as yet unexplored, field of the picosecond laser interaction with hard dental tissue is expected to be a potential alternative for powerful laser processing of biomedical structures.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Chlorins; Firing; Janus green B; Methylene blue; Neuron; Photodynamic effect; Photoheme; Photoporphyrin IX; Photosens; Photosensitisers
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    Notes: Abstract . The study of single neuron response to photodynamic effect provides a means for the study of the dynamics of cytotoxic events leading to cell death and allows comparison of the phototoxicity of different photosensitisers. Isolated crayfish stretch receptor neurons were photosensitised for 30 min, then irradiated with a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm; 0.3 W/cm2) until irreversible firing cessation. The dynamics of neuron firing frequency were continuously recorded throughout. The following photosensitisers were studied: methylene blue, janus green B, protoporphyrin IX, chlorins e 6 and p 6, haematoporphyrin derivative (Photoheme) and sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine (Photosens). Nerve cells were found to be insensitive to either He-Ne laser irradiation or photosensitisation alone, but very vulnerable to the photodynamic effect: neurons changed firing rate and died at nanomolar concentrations of photosensitisers. The dynamics of neuron responses was found to depend on photosensitiser type and concentration. The current approach provides a means of evaluation of initial threshold cell membrane alteration and cytotoxic events leading to cell death. The dependence of firing acceleration rate and neuron lifetime on photosensitiser concentration additionally allowed comparison of efficiencies of different photosensitisers. Photosens, Photoheme and chlorin p 6 were found to be the most potent photosensitisers: neurons responded to their photodynamic effects at concentrations as low as 1–5 nM.
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 73-80 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Biocides; Disinfection; Laser; Optical fibre
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    Notes: Abstract. In order to set up a disinfection protocol, the tip of the optical fibre of an Nd-YAP laser, λ=1.34 μm, was contaminated in vitro with: Mycobacterium smegmatis (CIP 7326), Candida albicans (ATCC 2091), Bacillus stearothermophilus (ATCC 7953) or Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). It was then treated with various biocidal solutions, Septinol® V, glutaraldehyde 2%, ethanol 95° and NaOCl 6%, using one of two protocols: 10 s of contact, or 5 s of contact followed by 5 s of wiping. The latter technique proved to be the most effective. Whatever the biocidal solution used, all the bacteria adhering to the fibre were eliminated. The protocol was checked in vivo in the canals of 10 teeth presenting root canal infections. No bacteria withstood the treatment with Septinol® V. This treatment does not alter the qualities and performance of the fibre as far as light transmission is concerned.
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Glaucoma, open angle; Intraocular pressure; Laser surgery; Trabecular meshwork; Trabeculoplasty
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    Notes: Abstract. A randomised prospective study was carried out to determine whether diode laser trabeculoplasty (DLT) is as effective as argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) in the control of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Forty eyes of 40 patients with uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) despite maximum topical medication were entered into the study. Twenty eyes received DLT, spot size 100 μm, exposure time 0.2 s, mean power 1034 (±56.4) mW. Twenty eyes received ALT, spot size 50 μm, exposure time 0.2 s, mean power 528 (±44.7) mW. They were reviewed at 2 h, 2 and 8 weeks, and 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after laser treatment. Two eyes were withdrawn from the DLT group and four from the ALT group because of uncontrolled IOP during follow-up. Of the remaining eyes in the trial, mean IOP reductions for DLT and ALT, respectively, were: 6 months 7.42 (±2.36) mmHg and 6.36 (±2.3) mmHg; 12 months 7.02 (±2.6) mmHg and 6.28 (±2.2) mmHg; 18 months 6.86 (±2.8) mmHg, 5.98 (±2.02) mmHg; 24 months 6.50 (±2.72) mmHg, 5.92 (±2.02) mmHg. There was a significant reduction in each laser group when IOP at each stage was compared with baseline (p〈0.001) (paired Student's t-test), but no significant difference between the two groups. In the ALT group peripheral anterior synechiae developed in four eyes and post laser pain in seven eyes. These complications were not noted following DLT. We conclude that DLT and ALT are equally effective in IOP control, but DLT is associated with less anterior segment inflammation.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: Keywords: Colour-coded duplex sonography; Laser induced thermotherapy; Minimal invasive therapy; Recurrent breast cancer
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    Notes: Abstract. The effect of laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) as a palliative method for treatment of patients with local recurrence of breast cancer is investigated. This report describes the use of interstitial laser photocoagulation to manage such lesions. The interstitial laser applications were performed in seven women with locally recurrent breast carcinoma on the chest wall after mastectomy. All patients had been heavily pretreated with conventional modes of therapy (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, surgical resection). A Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm was used to heat the lesions. Heat expansion was controlled digitally and monitored by ultrasonography and colour-coded duplex sonography (CCDS). In five women this minimally invasive method enabled the precise coagulation of the subcutaneous tumour without destruction of the skin or ulceration, although these areas had been pretreated by irradiation up to 60 Gy. In two patients with extensive multiple metastases and with skin infiltration, secondary skin ulceration and delayed healing was observed. For palliative reasons, LITT under CCDS guide can aid in local control of chest wall recurrence following mastectomy in selected patients.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords:Candida albicansCandidosis; Hyphae; Lethal photosensitisation; Toluidine blue O; Yeast
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    Notes: Abstract. Oral infections due to Candida albicans are a common occurrence in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the yeast and hyphal forms of the organism could be killed using the light-activated antimicrobial agent toluidine blue O (TBO). Three variables were investigated: TBO concentration, laser light dose and pre-irradiation time (PIT). Irradiation with light from a helium neon (HeNe) gas laser used in conjunction with the photosensitiser TBO resulted in substantial kills of both the yeast and hyphal forms. Killing was light dose-dependent with 42 J being the most effective dose. The optimum PIT for the yeast form was 5 min, whereas killing of the hyphal form was not affected by PIT. The results of this study have shown that both forms of C. albicans are susceptible to lethal photosensitisation using TBO in conjunction with HeNe laser light, suggesting the possibility that this approach could be useful for eliminating the organism from diseased lesions in vivo.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Beamsplitter; Liver; Metastases; Nd:YAG; Tumour
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    Notes: Abstract . Simultaneous application of multiple fibres could increase the volume of coagulation produced with interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) for solid tumours. To take full advantage of the presumed synergistic thermal effect between the fibres, the optimal combination of laser power and distance between the fibres was investigated. Four fibres with a cylindrical diffusing tip of 2 cm length were used, coupled to an optical beamsplitter for Nd:YAG light (four channels, maximal variation 9.5%, transmission 〉85%). The distance between the fibres was 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 , 3 or 4 cm with a power output of either 4, 5, 6 or 7 W/fibre; energy per fibre was constant at 1800 J by adjusting exposure time. After laser application, dimensions of the coagulated lesions were measured. The optimal mutual fibre distance was 2 cm ( p〈0.01) at all power levels. This resulted in lesions with a mean (SD) volume of 44.5 (2.1) cm3 and a largest diameter of 5.1 (0.4) cm at 7 W/fibre. Smaller distances between the fibres resulted in smaller lesions with central carbonisation, whereas larger distances resulted in four separate zones of coagulation. It was concluded that simultaneous application of four interstitial fibres may result in a considerable increase of volume of coagulation. Fibre position and mutual fibre distance determines whether synergism of the coagulative effect occurs.
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 244-246 
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Keywords: Diffuser; Emission profile; Fluorescence imaging; Interstitial laser photocoagulation; Photodynamic therapy
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    Notes: Abstract . Cylindrical light diffusers are commercially available for clinical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP). A fluorescence imaging technique has been used to quantify the light distribution produced by each of six different diffuser fibres. The light distribution produced by each device was found to depend on the distance the light propagated in the fluorescent dye solution. At a distance of 1 mm from the diffuser midline, the measured profiles were found to be consistent with published results obtained in air at a similar distance. The three devices intended for PDT utilised scattering particles and reflectors in their construction. The profiles produced by these applicators revealed peaks that were attributed to the reflectors located at their distal tips. By comparison, the two etched ILP fibres displayed either a strong modulation in the profile due to non-uniform etching or a predominant forward peak associated with the conical shape of the tip. We conclude that it is important to take into account the forward-directed light emitted by the diffusers when considering clinical applications using these devices.
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 297-306 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Bioheat transfer equation; ILP; In vivo; LITT; Photocoagulation; Rate kinetics; Temperature distribution; Thermal lesion size; Thermotherapy
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    Notes: Abstract . An investigation of the temperature response and growth of thermal lesions resulting from in vivo, interstitial laser photocoagulation at long exposures was conducted to assess extended lesion growth characteristics and test the applicability of first order unimolecular rate kinetics (Arrhenius theory) to thermal lesion growth. Irradiations were performed in vivo in rabbit muscle using a continuous 805 nm diode laser source operating at 1.0 W coupled to an optical fibre with a precharred tip (i.e. point heat source). Temperature responses were measured using a linear array of five microthermocouples. Each temperature–time profile was fitted to a solution of the Weinbaum–Jiji bioheat transfer equation (W–J BHTE). Lesions were resected 48 h post-irradiation and the necrosis boundaries were determined histologically. Numerical integration of the Arrhenius damage integral using temperature–time data at the lesion boundary produced corresponding pairs of activation energy and pre-exponential factor (E a, α) consistent with reported values for various other end-points and tissue types. Lesion radii were 6.0±0.6, 8.7±0.4 and 9.7±0.5 mm for 10, 20 and 30 min irradiations respectively. Thermal lesion growth predicted from Arrhenius theory was consistent with experimental results and is non-asymptotic by 30 min. Thermal parameters generally assumed to be constant when solving the W–J BHTE were found to vary with radial distance from the source, presumably due to a temperature dependence.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 139-143 
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Fluence ; Irradiance ; Light source
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    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy is generally carried out using a laser, usually a dye laser with the wavelength tuned to suit the particular sensitizer. The availability of broad-band sources for use in photodynamic therapy is challenging the role of the laser, since the non-laser sources are more portable and less expensive. Also, the wavelengths utilized may easily be changed by optical filtering. However, the use of a broad-band source introduces serious problems with dosimetry. The concept of the ‘total effective fluence’ takes account of the incident spectral irradiance from the light source, optical transmission through tissue (preferably including backscatter), and absorption by the sensitizer. Application of the concept to various light sources demonstrates the potential value of this simple concept.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 149-149 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 145-147 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 1-1 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Haematoporphyrin derivative ; In vivo ; Light fractionation
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In clinical photochemotherapy, irradiation is delayed by a few days with respect to sensitizer injection in order to enhance the specificity of action. However, there are animal experiments which, above all, require a strong response; this is expected to occur if the delay time is much shorter. To assess the influence of the delay time, lesions were produced in rat ears using haematoporphyrin derivative and green light, and characterized by a scoring system. It was found that, starting from the shortest experimentally accessible value (8 min), the intensity of lesions decreases with increasing delay time (by a factor of 2 in 90 min). This result suggests that the lesions are induced by circulating sensitizer. Dose fractionation, performed 97 min after injection, enhances the response (p〈0.005).
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 61-63 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 69-69 
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Diode laser ; mTHPC ; Depth of necrosis ; Normal rat liver
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    Notes: Abstract Initial pre-clinical evaluation of a new 652 nm diode laser system for photodynamic therapy was performed to establish its efficacy in photo-activating the second-generation photosensitizer meta-tetrahydroxyphenychlorin (mTHPC). The diode laser was compared directly to a copper vapour laser pumped dye laser using depth of necrosis in normal rat liver as a measure of the photodynamic effect. No significant difference between the two lasers was observed.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 175-175 
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  • 91
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Photofrin ; Oral mucosa ; Normal tissue damage ; Light dosimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality with potential application for premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. PDT in principle has dual selectivity. This may result from a ‘preferential’ retention of the photosensitizer in target tissue. In addition, the photodynamic activity will be limited to the irradiated area because PDT will not affect tissues in the absence of excitation light. The specificity of PDT is limited by the fact that normal tissues also retain the photosensitizer to some degree, which makes these tissues susceptible to PDT damage. To optimize PDT for oral malignancies, a study was undertaken on normal tissue to investigate the responses in rat palatal mucosa and surrounding anatomical structures. Eighty male Wistar rats were used in the study. Photofrin was administered i.v. at four doses (0, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg kg−1 body weight). Irradiation for PDT was performed 24 h later. An argon pumped dye laser system was used to produce light of two different treatment wavelengths (514.5 and 625 nm), and various energy density levels (0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 J cm−2). Early effects of PDT were studied at 2 days and late effects at 2 months after treatment. Twenty-four hours after i.v. administration of Photofrin, it was found that PDT affects normal tissues of the oral cavity both macroscopically and microscopically. Combinations of photosensitizer doses ≥5 mg kg−1 and light doses≥100 J cm−2 caused severe and permanent damage to the palatal mucosa and adjacent normal structures such as palatal bone and dentition. Light scattering and internal reflection usually raise the fluence rate in tissue above the irradiance of the incident beam. In an additional study using six male Wistar rats, the energy fluence rate at two treatment wavelengths (514.5 and 625 nm) was measured ex vivo in the palatal mucosa and adjacent anatomical structures. As expected, the energy fluence rates were wavelength, tissue and depth dependent. At the air-mucosa boundary, light of 625 nm was found to have a three-times higher fluence rate than the primary incident beam. Under similar conditions, the fluence rate of 514.5 nm was found to be less, but still twice as high as the primary incident beam. At deeper levels of the rat maxilla, fluence rates were still elevated compared with the incident beam. For 625 nm light, this phenomenon was observed up to the level of the nasal cavity. These increased fluence rates could largely explain the pattern of damage to normal mucosa and surrounding anatomical structures.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 199-204 
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    Keywords: Port-wine stain ; Infra-red tomography ; Laser treatment ; Blood vessel ; Photothermolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Specifying the distribution of laser energy within a tissue is the first step towards understanding and capitalizing on a variety of laser-tissue interactions. Whether photothermal, photochemical or photomechanical in nature, laser-tissue interactions begin with the absorption of photon energy. The spatial distribution of photon absorption specifies the required laser exposure to be delivered and the extent of subsequent therapeutic action. Using infra-red tomography (IRT), the broad, long-term objective of this research is the development of a tomographic reconstruction algorithm as a means to determine: (1) the depths and physical dimensions of discrete subsurface port-wine-stain (PWS) blood vessels in human skin; and (2) the initial space-dependent temperature increase in PWS blood vessels immediately following pulsed laser exposure. In this report, preliminary studies are described which demonstrate the potential application of IRT in the clinical management of PWS patients.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Action spectra ; Virus inactivation ; Red blood cells ; Photosensitization ; Phthalocyanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The silicon phthalocyanine HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2 (Pc 4) is being studied as a photosensitizer for decontamination of blood for transfusion. In order to optimize the treatment conditions, ie reduce damage to red blood cells (RBC) while maintaining virucidal activity, action spectra were obtained for Pc 4. Using monochromatic light from a dye laser pumped by an argon-ion laser, in the range of 660–700 nm, a red shift of the action spectra was observed with respect to the absorption spectrum of Pc 4 in methanol solution. This shift was a uniform 4 nm for induction of red cell damage. A similar shift was observed for the absorption spectrum of Pc 4 bound to RBC membranes. For virus inactivation, there was a 4 nm red shift on the blue side and approximately a 12 nm shift on the red side of the spectrum. It is concluded that using light of 690–700 nm would increase the specificity of the virucidal treatment several fold.
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  • 94
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 20-23 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Diode laser; Expandable metal stent; Malignant dysphagia; Nd-YAG; Overgrowth; Tumour in-growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Re-establishment of the oesophageal lumen is the main focus of care in patients with dysphagia due to re-blockage of in situ expandable metal stent (EMS). A total of 51 patients aged 44–89 years were intubated with EMS for dysphagia due to inoperable oesophagogastric carcinoma. Of these patients, 25 required follow-up endoscopy at variable intervals after stent insertion; 17 patients were found to have significant tumour in-growth (9), overgrowth (4) or both (4). All these patients were treated with Nd-YAG (70 W/s) or diode laser (30–50 W, continuous) for maintenance of satisfactory swallowing. The intensity of tumour ablation was similar with both types of lasers but four patients being treated with Nd-YAG laser developed deformity of EMS. This complication was not encountered with diode laser. The timing of the stent insertion should be carefully chosen since the longer the stent is in situ, the greater is the likelihood of tumour ingrowth or overgrowth. The combination of endoscopic laser therapy (ELT) and EMS may offer the best palliation, particularly when patient survival of several months is anticipated. ELT can effectively deal with tumour in-growth and overgrowth but care must be exercised in the use of Nd-YAG which can damage the structure of the EMS.
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  • 95
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 86-90 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Enucleation; Holmium; Laser; Prostatectomy; Resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. At a wavelength of 2140 nm, the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser can be used for incision, ablation and resection of prostatic tissue. This laser has revolutionised the surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in our institution. Five different techniques have been utilised in evolving the current techniques using the Ho:YAG laser either alone or in combination with neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG laser for the surgical management of BPH. The clinical outcome of 664 patients undergoing these procedures is presented. Enucleation of the prostatic adenoma using the holmium laser energy is the most common procedure presently performed at our institution for the surgical management of BPH. A mechanical tissue morcellator appears to be the most efficient way to remove prostatic tissue, once enucleated, from within the bladder.
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  • 96
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Microcirculation; Mono-l-aspartyl chlorin-e-6 (Npe-6); Photodynamic therapy (PDT); Vascular shut-down
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. An experimental system that allows the white light observation of rapid changes in vessels without disturbance by red laser light was used. Mice were injected with mono-l-aspartyl chlorin-e-6 (Npe-6) i.v. via the tail vein and were immediately exposed to laser light. White emboli were observed forming on the inside of the vessel walls within seconds after commencement of light exposure. Emboli adhered to vessel walls and caused vascular obstruction. Light microscopy of the exposed material using fibrin staining was performed. Electron microscopy on the same material was also carried out. The embolisation time was influenced by both drug dose and laser power. With low laser power, it took a long time to stop the blood flow. Fibrin staining revealed the white emboli to be composed of fibrin. Electron microscopy findings revealed damage to endothelial cells and platelet aggregation. This study suggests that two main mechanisms (direct cellular damage and vascular shut-down ) might actually be complementary and synergistic in the production of vascular lesions using photodynamic therapy.
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  • 97
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 167-167 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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  • 98
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    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 175-176 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Laser; Spider naevus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . A total of 112 spider naevi in 86 patients were treated with the tunable dye laser with a wavelength of 585 nm and pulse duration of 450 µs (SPTL 1, Candela Corporation, Wayland, MA). Complete ablation of the spider telangiectasia was achieved in 81 lesions (72.3%) partial ablation was achieved in 27 lesions (24.1%) and four (3.6%) lesions had no response to treatment. Transient hyperpigmentation was noted in one patient and minimal scarring in the form of a slight depression over the treated area was noted in another patient. The pulsed dye laser is shown to be effective in the treatment of spider naevi.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Carbon dioxide laser; Epulis fissuratum; Laser; Vestibuloplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . There have been numerous surgical techniques developed for removing the epulis fissuratum lesions in order to improve alveolar ridge contour and improving adaptation of full prostheses. Most of these techniques can cause postoperative complications, such as oedema, pain, difficulty in swallowing and jaw movements, haemorrhage, infections and slow placement of final prostheses. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for the surgical removal of epulis lesions has resulted in many significant improvements including convenient mucosa removal, no bleeding or need for sutures, and minimal postoperative pain and oedema. This study is of 15 cases of removal of extensive epulis with vestibuloplasty in the maxilla and mandible that was carried out with CO2 laser, with no postoperative complications, rapid healing, and excellent aesthetic and functional outcome, all of which allowed for more rapid placement of final prosthesis.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Feedback control; Indocyanine green dye; Laser-activated solid protein solder strips; Nerve repair; Temperature monitoring; Tensile strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . Laser-activated solid protein solder strips have been developed for peripheral nerve repair. Indocyanine green dye added to the solder strongly absorbs diode wavelengths (∼800 nm) and causes localised heating and coagulation of the albumin protein solder. The protein strengthens the tissue join, particularly during the acute healing phase postoperative, while shielding the underlying axons from excessive thermal damage. In this investigation of the solid protein solder technique for nerve repair, the effect of laser irradiance on weld strength and solder and tissue temperature were studied. The tensile strength of repaired nerves rose steadily with increased irradiance reaching a maximum of 105±10 N/cm2 at 12.7 W/cm2. At higher irradiances, tensile strength fell. The maximum temperature reached at the solder surface and at the solder/nerve interface, measured using a non-contact fibre optic radiometer and thermocouple, respectively, also rose steadily with laser irradiance. At 12.7 W/cm2, the temperatures reached at the surface and at the interface were 88±5°C and 71±4°C, respectively. This in vitro investigation demonstrates the feasibility of the laser-activated solid protein solder strips for peripheral nerve repair. The laser irradiance and the corresponding solder surface temperature for optimal tensile strength have been identified.
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