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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of chronic heat stress on cortisol levels in the antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 768-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cortisol ; stress ; heat ; Antarctic ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Radioimmunoassay was used to determine levels of the stress-inducible glucocorticoid, cortisol, circulating in the plasma of the extremely stenothermal Antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki at rest and after heat stress. Fish sampled immediately after capture (−1.9°C) had low cortisol levels (10.4±1.4 ng ml−1, mean±SEM) as did fish which were laboratory rested for 3 days. Sudden exposure to 5°C (48h) resulted in a peak cortisol value after 3 h (69.9±6.8 ng ml−1) whereas exposure to 8°C (6h) resulted in a peak value after 1 h (73.5±8.0 ng ml−1). At both temperatures levels remained significantly elevated (p〈0.05) for the entire period of exposure. Increased temperature also resulted in a significant change in haemoglobin, haematocrit and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p〈0.05). Plasma lactate was significantly elevated only after exposure to 8°C (p〈0.05). Plasma cortisol levels fromP. borchgrevinki are reported here for the first time and show this cryopelagic Antarctic species to have an unusual hormonal stress profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01922428
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336556
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The RecA protein as a model molecule for molecular systematic studies of bacteria: Comparison of trees of RecAs and 16S rRNAs from the same species (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 1105-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: RecA ; Small-subunit rRNA ; Bacteria ; Molecular evolution ; Molecular systematics ; Congruence ; Protein ; Phylogeny ; Gram-positive ; Proteobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the RecA protein was analyzed using molecular phylogenetic techniques. Phylogenetic trees of all currently available complete RecA proteins were inferred using multiple maximum parsimony and distance matrix methods. Comparison and analysis of the trees reveal that the inferred relationships among these proteins are highly robust. The RecA trees show consistent subdivisions corresponding to many of the major bacterial groups found in trees of other molecules including the α, β, γ, δ, ε proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, high-GC gram-positives, and the Deinococcus-Thermus group. However, there are interesting differences between the RecA trees and these other trees. For example, in all the RecA trees the proteins from gram-positive species are not monophyletic. In addition, the RecAs of the cyanobacteria consistently group with those of the high-GC gram-positives. To evaluate possible causes and implications of these and other differences phylogenetic trees were generated for small-subunit rRNA sequences from the same (or closely related) species as represented in the RecA analysis. The trees of the two molecules using these equivalent species-sets are highly congruent and have similar resolving power for close, medium, and deep branches in the history of bacteria. The implications of the particular similarities and differences between the trees are discussed. Some of the features that make RecA useful for molecular systematics and for studies of protein evolution are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173192
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogeny of African monkeys based upon mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 40 (1995), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: African monkeys ; mtDNA ; 12S rRNA gene ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The suborder Anthropoidea of the primates has traditionally been divided in three superfamilies: the Hominoidea (apes and humans) and the Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys), together comprising the infraorder Catarrhini, and the Ceboidea (New World monkeys) belonging to the infraorder Platyrrhini. We have sequenced an approximately 390-base-pair part of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene for 26 species of the major groups of African monkeys and apes and constructed an extensive phylogeny based upon DNA evidence. Not only is this phylogeny of great importance in classification of African guenons, but it also suggests rearrangements in traditional monkey taxonomy and evolution. Baboons and mandrills were found to be not directly related, while we could confirm that the known four superspecies of mangabeys do not form a monophyletic group, but should be separated into two genera, one clustering with baboons and the other with mandrills. Patas monkeys are clearly related to members of the genus Cercopithecus despite their divergence in build and habitat, while the talapoin falls outside the Cercopithecus clade (including the patas monkey).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolutionary relationships of two families of cottoid fishes of Lake Baikal (East Siberia) as suggested by analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 40 (1995), S. 392-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; Sequencing ; Phylogeny ; Cottoid fishes ; Baikal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fragments of mtDNA genes Cyt B, ATPase 6, and ATPase 8 of six cottoid fishes species of Lake Baikal (East Siberia) were amplified and sequenced. In addition mtDNAs of the same fish were subjected to restriction analysis. The data obtained were used to construct phylogenetic trees. The topology of the ATPase tree differs from those of the Res (restriction) and Cyt B trees. Clustering of species within the trees confirms the viewpoint of Taliev (1955, Baicalian Sculpins (Cottoidei)) according to which Baikalian cottoids originate from two ancestral forms. The times of branching obtained do not confirm the existing viewpoint according to which the two golomyankas (Comephorus baicalensis and Comephorus dybowskii) are pre-Baikal (Myocene) relicts: these two species may have originated 1.2–1.8 million years ago in Baikal, and they seem to represent an example of rapid morphological evolution which resulted in the formation of a new family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164025
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The molecular cloning of a phospholipase A2 from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: Evolution of venom group II phospholipase A2's may imply gene duplications (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 174-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Snake venom ; Bothrops ; Phospholipase ; Myotoxin ; Evolution ; cDNA ; Gene duplication ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sequence coding for a snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2), BJUPLA2, has been cloned from a Bothrops jararacussu venom gland cDNA library. The cDNA sequence predicts a precursor containing a 16-residue signal peptide followed by a molecule of 122 amino acid residues with a strong sequence similarity to group II snake venom PLA2's. A striking feature of the cDNA is the high sequence conservation of the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions in cDNAs coding for PLA2's from a number of viper species. The greatest sequence variation was observed between the regions coding for the mature proteins, with most substitutions occurring in nonsynonymous sites. The phylogenetic tree constructed by alignment of the amino acid sequence of BJUPLA2 with group II PLA2's in general groups them according to current taxonomical divisions and/or functional activity. It also suggests that gene duplications may have occurred at a number of different points during the evolution of snake venom group II PLA2's.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170670
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gorilla and orangutan c-myc nucleotide sequences: Inference on hominoid phylogeny (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 262-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: DNA sequencing ; c-myc ; Primates ; Phylogeny ; Gorilla ; Orangutan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequences of the gorilla and orangutan mycloci have been determined by the dideoxy nucleotide method. As previously observed in the human and chimpanzee sequences, an open reading frame (ORF) of 188 codons overlapping exon 1 could be deduced from the gorilla sequence. However, no such ORF appeared in the orangutan sequence. The two sequences were aligned with those of human and chimpanzee as hominoids and of gibbon and marmoset as outgroups of hominoids. The branching order in the evolution of primates was inferred from these data by different methods: maximum parsimony and neighborjoining. Our results support the view that the gorilla lineage branched off before the human and chimpanzee diverged and strengthen the hypothesis that chimpanzee and gorilla are more related to human than is orangutan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215173
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arrangement and nucleotide sequence of the gene (fus) encoding elongation factor G (EF-G) from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex pyrophilus: Phylogenetic depth of hyperthermophilic bacteria inferred from analysis of the EF-G/fus sequences (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 803-812 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Bacterial rooting ; Hyperthermophily ; Elongation factors ; Phylogeny ; pdxJ gene ; Cyanobacteria-chloroplasts ; Streptomycin operon ; Codon position inequality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gene fus (for EF-G) of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex pyrophilus was cloned and sequenced. Unlike the other bacteria, which display the streptomycin-operon arrangement of EF genes (5′-rps12-rps7 fus-tuf-3′), the Aquifex fus gene (700 codons) is not preceded by the two small ribosomal subunit genes although it is still followed by a tuf gene (for EF-Tu). The opposite strand upstream from the EF-G coding locus revealed an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide having 52.5% identity with an E. coli protein (the pdxJ gene product) involved in pyridoxine condensation. The Aquifex EF-G was aligned with available homologs representative of Deinococci, high G + C Gram positives, Proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, and several Archaea. Outgroup-rooted phylogenies were constructed from both the amino acid and the DNA sequences using first and second codon positions in the alignments except sites containing synonymous changes. Both datasets and alternative tree-making methods gave a consistent topology, with Aquifex and Thermotoga maritima (a hyperthermophile) as the first and the second deepest offshoots, respectively. However, the robustness of the inferred phylogenies is not impressive. The branching of Aquifex more deeply than Thennotoga and the branching of Thermotoga more deeply than the other taxa examined are given at bootstrap values between 65 and 70% in the fus-based phylogenies, while the EF-G(2)-based phylogenies do not provide a statistically significant level of support (⩽ 50% bootstrap confirmation) for the emergence of Thermotoga between Aquifex and the successive offshoot (Thermus genus). At present, therefore, the placement of Aquifex at the root of the bacterial tree, albeit reproducible, can be asserted only with reservation, while the emergence of Thermotoga between the Aquificales and the Deinococci remains (statistically) indeterminate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173160
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Giardia lamblia actin gene and the phylogeny of eukaryotes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 841-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Actin genes ; Giardia lamblia ; GC-content ; Phylogeny ; Slime molds ; Relative rate test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The single-copy actin gene of Giardia lamblia lacks introns; it has an average of 58% amino acid identity with the actin of other species; and 49 of its amino acids can be aligned with the amino acids of a consensus sequence of heat shock protein 70. Analysis of the potential RNA secondary structure in the transcribed region of the G. lamblia actin gene and of the single-copy actin gene of nine other species did not reveal any conserved structures. The G. lamblia actin sequence was used to root the phylogenetic trees based on 65 actin protein sequences from 43 species. This tree is congruent with small-subunit rRNA trees in that it shows that oomycetes are not related to higher fungi; that kinetoplatid protozoans, green plants, fungi and animals are monophyletic groups; and that the animal and fungal lineages share a more recent common ancestor than either does with the plant lineage. In contrast to smalls-ubunit rRNA trees, this tree shows that slime molds diverged after the plant lineage. The slower rate of evolution of actin genes of slime molds relative to those of plants, fungi, and animals species might be responsible for this incongruent branching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173163
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationships of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase genes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 813-832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Phylogeny ; Evolution ; Carbamoylphosphate synthetase ; Dihydroorotase ; Aspartate transcarbamoylase ; Intron ; Exon ; Arginine biosynthesis ; Pyrimidine biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carbamoylphosphate is a common intermediate in the metabolic pathways leading to the biosynthesis of arginine and pyrimidines. The amino acid sequences of all available proteins that catalyze the formation of carbamoylphosphate were retrieved from Genbank and aligned to estimate their mutual phylogenetic relations. In gram-negative bacteria carbamoylphosphate is synthesized by a two-subunit enzyme with glutamiriase and carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS) activity, respectively. In gram-positive bacteria and lower eukaryotes this two-subunit CPS has become dedicated to arginine biosynthesis, while in higher eukaryotes the two subunits fused and subsequently lost the glutaminase activity. The CPS dedicated to pyrimidine synthesis is part of a multifunctional enzyme (CPS II), encoding in addition dihydroorotase and aspartate transcarbamoylase. Evidence is presented to strengthen the hypothesis that the two “kinas” subdomains of all CPS isozymes arose from a duplication of an ancestral gene in the progenote. A further duplication of the entire CPS gene occurred after the divergence of the plants and before the divergence of the fungi from the eukaryotec root, generating the two isoenzymes involved in either the synthesis of arginine or that of pyrimidines. The mutation rate was found to be five- to tenfold higher after the duplication than before, probably reflecting optimization of the enzymes for their newly acquired specialized function. We hypothesize that this duplication arose from a need for metabolic channeling for pyrimidine biosynthesis as it was accompanied by the tagging of the CPS gene with the genes for dihydroorotase and aspartate transcarbamoylase, and as the duplication occurred independently also in gram-positive bacteria. Analysis of the exon-intron organization of the two “kinase” subdomains in CPS I and II suggests that ancient exons may have comprised approx. 19 amino acids, in accordance with the prediction of the “intron-early” theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173161
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular evolution of the hepatitis B virus genome (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 587-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Nucleotide substitution ; Models ; Maximum likelihood ; Rate heterogeneity at sites ; Phylogeny ; Molecular clock ; Hepatitis B virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a circular DNA genome of about 3,200 base pairs. Economical use of the genome with overlapping reading frames may have led to severe constraints on nucleotide substitutions along the genome and to highly variable rates of substitution among nucleotide sites. Nucleotide sequences from 13 complete HBV genomes were compared to examine such variability of substitution rates among sites and to examine the phylogenetic relationships among the HBV variants. The maximum likelihood method was employed to fit models of DNA sequence evolution that can account for the complexity of the pattern of nucleotide substitution. Comparison of the models suggests that the rates of substitution are different in different genes and codon positions; for example, the third codon position changes at a rate over ten times higher than the second position. Furthermore, substantial variation of substitution rates was detected even after the effects of genes and codon positions were corrected; that is, rates are different at different sites of the same gene or at the same codon position. Such rates after the correction were also found to be positively correlated at adjacent sites, which indicated the existence of conserved and variable domains in the proteins encoded by the viral genome. A multiparameter model validates the earlier finding that the variation in nucleotide conservation is not random around the HBV genome. The test for the existence of a molecular clock suggests that substitution rates are more or less constant among lineages. The phylogenetic relationships among the viral variants were examined. Although the data do not seem to contain sufficient information to resolve the details of the phylogeny, it appears quite certain that the serotypes of the viral variants do not reflect their genetic relatedness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175817
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Analysis of the Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 40 (1995), S. 487-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ; Phylogeny ; Evolution of protein translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Numerous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase sequences have been aligned by computer and phylogenetic trees constructed from them for the two classes of these enzymes. Branching orders based on a consensus of these trees have been proposed for the two groups. Although the order of appearance can be rationalized to fit many different scenarios having to do with the genetic code, the invention of a system for translating nucleic acid sequences into polypeptide chains must have predated the existence of these proteins. In the past, a variety of schemes has been proposed for matching amino acids and tRNAs. Most of these have invoked direct recognition of one by the other, whether or not the anticodon was involved. Often ignored is the possibility of a nonprotein (presumably RNA) matchmaker for bringing the two into conjunction. If such had been the case, then the contemporary aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases could have entered the system gradually, each specific type replacing its matchmaking RNA counterpart in turn. A simple displacement scheme of this sort accommodates the existence of two different families of these enzymes, the second being introduced well before the first had undergone sufficient genetic duplications to specify the full gamut of amino acids. Such a scheme is also consistent with similar amino acids often, but not always, being the substrates of enzymes with the most similar amino acid sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166617
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of several methods for estimating phylogenetic trees when substitution rates differ over nucleotide sites (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 40 (1995), S. 689-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Phylogeny ; Maximum likelihood ; Least squares ; Consistency ; Sampling error ; Rate variation at sites ; Gamma distribution ; Computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several maximum likelihood and distance matrix methods for estimating phylogenetic trees from homologous DNA sequences were compared when substitution rates at sites were assumed to follow a gamma distribution. Computer simulations were performed to estimate the probabilities that various tree estimation methods recover the true tree topology. The case of four species was considered, and a few combinations of parameters were examined. Attention was applied to discriminating among different sources of error in tree reconstruction, i.e., the inconsistency of the tree estimation method, the sampling error in the estimated tree due to limited sequence length, and the sampling error in the estimated probability due to the number of simulations being limited. Compared to the least squares method based on pairwise distance estimates, the joint likelihood analysis is found to be more robust when rate variation over sites is present but ignored and an assumption is thus violated. With limited data, the likelihood method has a much higher probability of recovering the true tree and is therefore more efficient than the least squares method. The concept of statistical consistency of a tree estimation method and its implications were explored, and it is suggested that, while the efficiency (or sampling error) of a tree estimation method is a very important property, statistical consistency of the method over a wide range of, if not all, parameter values is prerequisite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160518
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for determining the position and size of optimal sequence regions for phylogenetic analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 1128-1138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Phylogeny ; Neighbor joining method ; Bootstrap ; Optimal size ; Optimal position ; Nonrandom sequence ; Information ; Foot-and-mouth disease virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The availability of fast and accurate sequencing procedures along with the use of PCR has led to a proliferation of studies of variability at the molecular level in populations. Nevertheless, it is often impractical to examine long genomic stretches and a large number of individuals at the same time. In order to optimize this kind of study, we suggest a heuristic procedure for detection of the shortest region whose informational content can be considered sufficient for significant phylogenetic reconstruction. The method is based on the comparison of the pairwise genetic distances obtained from a set of sequences of reference to those obtained for different windows of variable size and position by means of a simple index. We also present an approach for testing whether the informative content in the stretches selected in this way is significantly different from the corresponding content shown by the larger genomic regions used as reference. Application of this test to the analysis of the VP1 protein gene of foot-and-mouth-disease type C virus allowed us to define optimal stretches whose informative content is not significantly different from that displayed by the complete VP1 sequence. We showed that the predictions made for type C sequences are valid for type O sequences, indicating that the results of the procedure are consistent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173194
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular phylogeny of gibbons inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: Preliminary report (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Gibbons ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the 896 base-pair (bp) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences for seven gibbons, representative of three out of four subgenera. The result from our molecular analysis is consistent with previous studies as to the monophyly of subgenusHylobates species, yet the relationship among subgenera remains slightly ambiguous. A striking result of the analysis is the phylogenetic location of Kloss's gibbon (H. klossii). Kloss's gibbon has been considered to be an initial off-shoot of the subgenusHylobates because of its morphological primitiveness. However, our molecular data strongly suggest that Kloss's gibbon speciated most recently within the subgenusHylobates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215183
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Molecular evolution of group II phospholipases A2 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 867-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Group II phospholipase A2 ; cDNA ; Phylogeny ; Snake venom ; Accelerated evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequences of 13 cDNAs encoding group II phospholipases A2 (PLA2 S), which are from viperidae snake venoms and from mammalian sources, were aligned and analyzed by phylogenetic trees constructed using various components of the sequences. The evolutionary trees derived from the combined sequences of the untranslated (5′ and 3′) region and the signal peptide region of cDNAs were in accord with the consequences from taxonomy. In contrast, the evolutionary trees from the mature protein-coding region sequences of cDNAs and from the amino acid sequences showed random patterns. These observations indicated that the mature protein-coding region has evolved through a process differently from the untranslated and signal peptide regions. The trees built from the nucleotide differences at each of three positions of codons in the mature protein-coding region suggested that snakevenom-gland PLA2 genes have evolved via a process different from mammalian PLA2 genes. The occurrence of accelerated evolution has been recently discovered in Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom-gland group II PLA2 isozyme genes (Nakashima et al. 1993, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:5964–5968), so the present phylogenetic analysis together with the estimation of nucleotide divergence of cDNAs provides further evidence that snakevenom-group II PLA2 isozyme genes have evolved by accelerated evolution to gain diverse physiological activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173166
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  • 17
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    Revised dinoflagellate phylogeny inferred from molecular analysis of large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 637-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Dinoflagellate ; Phylogeny ; Large-subunit rRNA ; PCR ; Alexandrium spp ; Prorocentrum spp ; Gymnodinium spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequence analysis of the PCR products corresponding to the variable large-subunit rRNA domains D1, D2, D9, and D10 from ten representative dinoflagellate species is reported. Species were selected among the main laboratory-grown dinoflagellate groups: Prorocentrales, Gymnodiniales, and Peridiniales which comprise a variety of morphological and ecological characteristics. The sequence alignments comprising up to 1,000 nucleotides from all ten species were employed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among these dinoflagellates. Maximum parsimony and neighbor joining trees were inferred from the data generated and subsequently tested by bootstrapping. Both the D1/D2 and the D9/D10 regions led to coherent trees in which the main class of dinoflagellates, Dinophyceae, is divided in three groups: prorocentroid, gymnodinioid, and peridinioid. An interesting outcome from the molecular phylogeny obtained was the uncertain emergence of Prorocentrum lima. The molecular results reported agreed with morphological classifications within Peridiniales but not with those of Prorocentrales and Gymnodiniales. Additionally, the sequence comparison analysis provided strong evidence to suggest that Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium lusitanicum were synonymous species given the identical sequence they shared. Moreover, clone Gg1V, which was determined Gymnodinium catenatum based on morphological criteria, would correspond to a new species of the genus Gymnodinium as its sequence clearly differed from that obtained in G. catenatum. The sequence of the amplified fragments was demonstrated to be a valuable tool for phylogenetic and taxonomical analysis among these highly diversified species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175822
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    Molecular phylogeny of Allomyces macrogynus: Congruency between nuclear ribosomal RNA- and mitochondrial protein-based trees (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 657-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Ribosomal RNA ; Protein ; Phylogeny ; Mitochondria ; Nuclear ; Lower fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have sequenced the nuclear and mitochondrial small subunit rRNA genes (rns) and the mitochondrial genes coding for subunits 1 and 3 of the cytochrome oxidase (cox1 and cox3, respectively) of the chytridiomycete Allomyces macrogynus. Phylogenetic trees inferred from the derived COX1 and COX3 proteins and the nuclear rns sequences show with good bootstrap support that A. macrogynus is an early diverging fungus. The trees inferred from mitochondrial rns sequences do not yield a topology that is supported by bootstrap analysis. The similarity and the relative robustness of the nuclear rns and the mitochondrial protein-derived phylogenetic trees suggest that protein sequences are of higher value than rRNA sequences for reconstructing mitochondrial evolution. In addition, our trees support a monophyletic origin of mitochondria for the range of analyzed eukaryotes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175824
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    Evolutionary analysis of the picornavirus family (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 40 (1995), S. 362-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Picornavirus ; Phylogeny ; Neighborjoining method ; Least-squares method ; Bootstrap ; Variance of branch length ; Statistical geometry in distance space ; Split decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An exhaustive evolutionary analysis of the picornavirus family has been carried out using the amino acid sequences of several proteins of the viruses including: the capsid proteins (1D, 1B, and 1C) situated at the 5′ end of the genome and responsible for the serotype of the viruses, and the viral polymerase (3D), located at the 3′ end of the genome. The evolutionary relationships found among the viruses studied support the new classification, recently suggested, in contrast to the classical one, and the existence of a new genus for the picornavirus family. In the new taxonomic organization, five genera form the picornavirus family: (1) aphthoviruses, (2) cardioviruses, (3) hepatoviruses (previously classified as enteroviruses), (4) renteroviruses (which mainly constitute a combination of the previous genera rhinovirus and enterovirus), and (5) a new genus, with a new and unique representative: the echovirus 22. Our analysis also allowed us, for the first time, to propose the most probable sequence of speciation events to have given rise to the current picornavirus family. The bootstrap procedure was used to check the reliability of the phylogenetic trees obtained. The application of the method of the statistical geometry in distance space to internal branches of the tree revealed a high degree of evolutionary “noise,” which makes the resolution of some internal branching points difficult.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164022
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    Evolution of the fibropellin gene family and patterns of fibropellin gene expression in sea urchin phylogeny (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 34-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Sea urchins ; Phylogeny ; Fibropellins ; Gene evolution ; Evolution of direct development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study documents evolutionary modifications in the expression patterns of the sea urchin EGF I and EGF III genes, which encode a family of extracellular matrix proteins, the fibropellins. We show that the sea urchin apical lamina, a macromolecular extracellular matrix that surrounds the sea urchin embryo and is made up of the fibropellins, has been conserved through at least 250 million years of echinoid evolution. The contribution of different fibropellin family members to this structure has, however, changed over the course of sea urchin phylogeny, and between two congeneric species that exhibit different developmental modes. Mapping the evolutionary history of the EGF genes on a cladogram of relationships among sea urchins reveals that EGF I is present in all echinoids examined, while EGF III appears to have arisen by duplication and divergence from EGF I during the radiation of a suborder of the camarodont sea urchins some 35–45 million years ago. Alterations in the temporal expression patterns of these genes as well as the loss of one of the two EGF I transcripts and encoded protein are coincident with the evolution of a direct-developing larval form in Heliocidaris erythrogramma. H. erythrogramma and its congener Heliocidaris tuberculata, which develops via a typical echinopluteus larva, shared a common ancestor about 10 million years ago. The differences in fibropellin representation within the apical lamina of the various taxa indicate that a homologous embryonic structure can undergo substantial changes in composition during its evolutionary history.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174039
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  • 21
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    The origin of land plants: Phylogenetic relationships among charophytes, bryophytes, and vascular plants inferred from complete small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 74-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 18S rRNA ; Sequence analysis ; Phylogeny ; Molecular clock ; Chlorophyceae ; Charophyceae ; Prasinophyceae ; Bryophyta ; Selaginella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Complete nuclear-encoded small-subunit 18S rRNA (=SSU rRNA) gene sequences were determined for the prasinophyte green alga Mantoniella squamata; the charophycean green algae Chara foetida, Coleochaete scutata, Klebsormidium flaccidum, and Mougeotia scalaris; the bryophytes Marchantia polymorpha, Fossombronia pusilla, and Funaria hygrometrica; and the lycopod Selaginella galleottii to get a better insight into the sequential evolution from green algae to land plants. The sequences were aligned with several previously published SSU rRNA sequences from chlorophytic and charophytic algae as well as from land plants to infer the evolutionary relationships for major evolutionary lineages within the Chlorobionta by distance matrix, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses. Phylogenetic trees created by the different methods consistently placed the Charophyceae on the branch leading to the land plants. The Charophyceae were shown to be polyphyletic with the Charales (“charalean” algae) diverging earlier than the Coleochaetales, Klebsormidiales, Chlorokybales, and Zygnematales (“charophycean” algae) which branch from a point closer to the land plants in most analyses. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses imply a successive evolution from “charophycean” algae, particularly Coleochaetales, to bryophytes, lycopods, and seed plants. In contrast, distance matrix methods group the bryophytes together with the “charophycean” algae, suggesting a separate evolution of these organisms compared with the club moss and the seed plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174043
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    Analyses of ribosomal RNA sequences from glaucocystophyte cyanelles provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships of plastids (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cyanelles ; Cyanophora paradoxa ; Endosymbiosis ; Evolution ; Glaucocystophyta ; Glaucophyta ; Phylogeny ; Plastid ; 16S ribosomal RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Glaucocystophyte algae (sensu Kies, Berl. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 92, 1979) contain plastids (cyanelles) that retain the peptidoglycan wall of the putative cyanobacterial endosymbiont; this and other ultrastructural characters (e.g., unstacked thylakoids, phycobilisomes) have suggested that cyanelles are “primitive” plastids that may represent undeveloped associations between heterotrophic “host” cells (i.e., glaucocystophytes) and cyanobacteria. To test the monophyly of glaucocystophyte cyanelles and to determine their evolutionary relationship to other plastids, complete 16S ribosomal RNA sequences were determined for Cyanophora paradoxa, Glaucocystis nostochinearum, Glaucosphaera vacuolata, and Gloeochaete wittrockiana. Plastid rRNAs were analyzed with the maximum-likelihood, maximumparsimony, and neighbor joining methods. The phylogenetic analyses show that the cyanelles of C. paradoxa, G. nostochinearum, and G. wittrockiana form a distinct evolutionary lineage; these cyanelles presumably share a monophyletic origin. The rDNA sequence of G. vacuolata was positioned within the nongreen plastid lineage. This result is consistent with analyses of nuclear-encoded rRNAs that identify G. vacuolata as a rhodophyte and support its removal from the Glaucocystophyta. Results of a global search with the maximumlikelihood method suggest that cyanelles are the first divergence among all plastids; this result is consistent with a single loss of the peptidoglycan wall in plastids after the divergence of the cyanelles. User-defined tree analyses with the maximum-likelihood method indicate, however, that the position of the cyanelles is not stable within the rRNA phylogenies. Both maximumparsimony and neighbor-joining analyses showed a close evolutionary relationship between cyanelles and nongreen plastids; these phylogenetic methods were sensitive to inclusion/exclusion of the G. wittrockiana cyanelle sequence. Base compositional bias within the G. wittrockiana 16S rRNA may explain this result. Taken together the phylogenetic analyses are interpreted as supporting a near-simultaneous radiation of cyanelles and green and nongreen plastids; these organelles are all rooted within the cyanobacteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170674
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    Gorilla and orangutan c-myc nucleotide sequences: Inference on hominoid phylogeny (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 262-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: DNA sequencing ; c-myc ; Primates ; Phylogeny ; Gorilla ; Orangutan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequences of the gorilla and orangutan myc loci have been determined by the dideoxy nucleotide method. As previously observed in the human and chimpanzee sequences, an open reading frame (ORF) of 188 codons overlapping exon 1 could be deduced from the gorilla sequence. However, no such ORF appeared in the orangutan sequence. The two sequences were aligned with those of human and chimpanzee as hominoids and of gibbon and marmoset as outgroups of hominoids. The branching order in the evolution of primates was inferred from these data by different methods: maximum parsimony and neighborjoining. Our results support the view that the gorilla lineage branched off before the human and chimpanzee diverged and strengthen the hypothesis that chimpanzee and gorilla are more related to human than is orangutan.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186538
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    Evidence on primate phylogeny from ε-globin gene sequences and flanking regions (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 40 (1995), S. 30-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Primates ; Strepsirhines ; Aye-aye ; Lemurs ; Phylogeny ; ε-globin gene ; Molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among various primate groups were examined based on sequences of ε-globin genes. ε-globin genes were sequenced from five species of strepsirhine primates. These sequences were aligned and compared with other known primate ε-globin sequences, including data from two additional strepsirhine species, one species of tarsier, 19 species of New World monkeys (representing all extant genera), and five species of catarrhines. In addition, a 2-kb segment upstream of the ε-globin gene was sequenced in two of the five strepsirhines examined. This upstream sequence was aligned with five other species of primates for which data are available in this segment. Domestic rabbit and goat were used as outgroups. This analysis supports the monophyly of order Primates but does not support the traditional prosimian grouping of tarsiers, lorisoids, and lemuroids; rather it supports the sister grouping of tarsiers and anthropoids into Haplorhini and the sister grouping of lorisoids and lemuroids into Strepsirhini. The mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) and dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius) appear to be most closely related to each other, forming a clade with the lemuroids, and are probably not closely related to the lorisoids, as suggested by some morphological studies. Analysis of the ε-globin data supports the hypothesis that the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) shares a sister-group relationship with other Malagasy strepsirhines (all being classified as lemuroids). Relationships among ceboids agree with findings from a previous ε-globin study in which fewer outgroup taxa were employed. Rates of molecular evolution were higher in lorisoids than in lemuroids.
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    Molecular phylogeny of gibbons inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences: Preliminary report (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Gibbons ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the 896 base-pair (bp) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences for seven gibbons, representative of three out of four subgenera. The result from our molecular analysis is consistent with previous studies as to the monophyly of subgenus Hylobates species, yet the relationship among subgenera remains slightly ambiguous. A striking result of the analysis is the phylogenetic location of Kloss's gibbon (H. klossii). Kloss's gibbon has been considered to be an initial off-shoot of the subgenus Hylobates because of its morphological primitiveness. However, our molecular data strongly suggest that Kloss's gibbon speciated most recently within the subgenus Hylobates.
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    Critical comparison of methods for mercury determination in fish (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: mercury ; fish ; collaborative study ; atomic absorption spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract One of the major analytical problem in the analysis of fish tissues for total mercury is the dissolution of the sample. This paper compares two different methods of wet digestion (microwave and closed pressurized vessel), followed by FIAAS as final determination and a Zeeman-solid-sample-AAS determination method without previous mineralization. Six fish samples were selected for this study. The top, the central and the bottom portions of the fish were analyzed separately. The mercury contents in the bottom portions determined by Zeeman-solid-sample-AAS were significantly higher than those obtained by the other two systems. A good correlation was observed among the results of the different techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244010
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    Comparison of open and closed focussed microwave digestions in view of total mercury determination by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 199-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: microwave digestion ; fish ; mercury ; CVAAS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Food samples digestion, in view to quantify total mercury, is the first step to perform before measuring mercury by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). We have compared two microwave digestion systems, one working at atmospheric pressure (open system) and the other one under pressure (closed system). Results obtained for fish muscle samples by the two methods are in good agreement. However, fat is not digested in the open system, whereas in the closed system no more fat remains in the final solution. During the quantification step, applying the CVAAS technique, we have noticed that the choice and the concentration of the reductant solution is very important to obtain good results. Elaborated methods have been validated using certified reference materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243999
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    Incubating superphosphate in ‘dry’soil can reduce its effectiveness (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Incubation of phosphorus in soil ; relative effectiveness ; superphosphate ; ×Triticosecale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Single superphosphate was incubated for six months at 25°C in soil which had been subject to one of three moisture treatments. These were: dried in a glasshouse, dried at a constant temperature of 25°C, or moist soil. Phosphorus (P) effectiveness was then compared with effectiveness of P from freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) tops in pot experiments. Incubation in soil which had been dried at 25°C did not decrease the effectiveness of the P. Incubation in moist soil decreased it to about 20% of the effectiveness of freshly-applied P in one case and to about 50% in the other case. Incubation in soil which had been dried in a glasshouse also decreased its effectiveness. The decrease varied with conditions, but in two cases the P was 70% as effective as freshly-applied P, and in one case only 45% as effective. Presumably sufficient moisture was present in the soil dried in the glasshouse to enable water-soluble P present in the fertilizer to react with the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750927
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    Prevalence and abundance of two trematode parasites,Diplostomum phoxini andMacrolecithus papilliger in European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) in an artificial Swiss Alpine lake (1995)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Phoxinus phoxinus ; fish ; Diplostomum phoxini ; Macrolecithus papilliger ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of parasites on the breeding biology of the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) was studied by examining 268 adult and 59 young-of-the-year minnows from an artificial Swiss Alpine lake for parasites during the breeding seasons in 1990 and 1991. Two trematode parasites;Diplostomum phoxini, in their brains, andMacrolecithus papilliger, in their guts, were found. The prevalence ofD. phoxini was 100% in both years. The mean abundance was 231 in 1990 and 448 in 1991; the difference was significant. Prevalence (and abundance) ofM. papilliger was 37.5% (1.04±0.39) in 1990 and 59.5% (2.68±0.55) in 1991; also significantly higher in 1991 than in 1990. No differences in prevalence or abundance between males and females were found. Numbers of both parasites were significantly correlated with fish length. There was seasonal variation in the abundance ofD. phoxini metacercariae, with a peak in June/July in both years. The prevalence ofM. papiller decreased after July in both years. Distribution of the two trematodes was overdispersed as indicated by the variance to mean (abundance) ratio. The observed seasonal variation inD. phoxini abundance also suggests that sublethal parasites could influence the population dynamics of their hosts.
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    Divergent distributions of prey and predator, a fishing effect? (1995)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 106-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Benthos ; fish ; vertical distribution ; predation risk ; selective fishing ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To compare the vertical distributions of benthos and fish species of Upper Lake Constance (Bodensee), 552 benthos samples were taken with an Auerbach grab at four transects (10–250 m). An additional 54 samples (1–10 m) were collected elsewhere. Complementary data was taken from the literature. In winter, most fish feed on benthos, mainly chironomids, but in summer less than 5% do so. Formerly the bottom gill-netting aimed mainly at catchingCoregonus pidschian, but it now aims atPerca fluviatilis. Contrary to expectation, in winter the greatest abundance ofP. fluviatilis is much deeper (55 m) than that of its preferred food, i.e. chironomids (〈20 m). Comparably,C. pidschian also stayed deeper than its main food source (chironomids and mollusks).Lota lota, Salvelinus profundus andS. alpinus — unlike the unwanted cyprinids — also stay or stayed deeper than the attractive chironomids. It is argued that the fish reduce their “predation risk”, i.e. the risk of being gillnetted in the upper 50 m, by “selecting” the deeper less dangerous, but also less food-abundant habitat. Balancing predation risk against food abundance may have led to “survival of the deepest”.
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    A novel approach to the analysis of the initiation of embryo development in gramineae (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Alloplasmic lines ; Apomixis ; Parthenogenesis ; Protein patterns ; 2-D gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An in vivo model system to study the initiation of embryo development is presented. From the so-called Salmon system of wheat (alloplasmic lines with a 1BL-1RS chromosome translocation), three completely isogenic and homozygous lines were produced by selection for uniformity in about 20 selfing/backcross generations as well as between sublines of doubled haploids. The line (aestivum)-Salmon is male fertile and sexual. The lines (caudata)-Salmon and (kotschyi)-Salmon are male sterile and have a parthenogenetic capacity of about 90%. The expression of nuclear-cytoplasmic male sterility is different for the two parthenogenetic lines. The initiation of autonomous embryo development at defined developmental stages of the ovaries and the maximum degree of parthenogenesis are identical in both parthenogenetic lines as proved by the auxin test and progeny analyses. The protein patterns from ovary extracts of the three isogenic lines were identical for more than 200 spots of 2-D polyacrylamide gels, confirming their homogeneity. However, one protein (P 115.1) was found 3 days before and during anthesis only in ovaries of the parthenogenetic lines. It seems to be involved in the initiation of parthenogenesis.
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    DNA polymerase δ of Physarum polycephalum (1995)
    Springer
    Current genetics 28 (1995), S. 534-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA polymerase δ ; PCNA ; Phylogeny ; Physarum polycephalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA polymerase δ from the phylogenetically ancient slime mold Physarum polycephalum has been 380-fold enriched from amoebae. It was found to have the properties typical for this type of DNA polymerase from higher eukaryotes with regard to effectors, template-primer acceptance, co-purification with 3′–5′-exonuclease activity, as well as the effect of endogenous proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) from amoebae on the stimulation and processivity of DNA synthesis. An identified cDNA fragment shows 65.5% identical amino acides with DNA polymerase δ from Saccharomyces pombe. The molecular mass of the polymerase is 125 kDa while that of PCNA is 35 kDa. During size-exclusion chromatography, the highly purified polymerase eluted in the position of 125 kDa, suggesting that no other proteins were tightly complexed with the enzyme. The DNA polymerases from the (mononucleate) amoebae and from the (multinucleate) plasmodia of P. polycephalum have very similar properties in contrast to their differences in phenotype and their mode of nuclear division. The polymerase shows a higher degree of similarity than DNA polymerase α, and especially the β-like DNA polymerase, with the corresponding polymerases of higher eukaryotes. According to antibody staining, DNA polymerase δ is readily fragmented by proteases, even in the presence of inhibitor cocktails. Including freshly prepared cell lysates, proteolytic fragments are reproducible, the most abundant being 50 kDa in size. The DNA polymerase is recognized by the antisera against two peptides which have been derived by PCR-screening of plasmodial cDNA. One of the proteolytic splitting sites is located within an eight amino-acid stretch between the two antigenic sequences.
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    Anaerobic degradation of ethylbenzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons by new denitrifying bacteria (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 96-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anaerobic degradation ; Aromatic hydrocarbons ; Alkylbenzenes ; Ethylbenzene ; Crude oil ; Denitrifying bacteria ; Phylogeny ; Thauera selenatis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anaerobic degradation of alkylbenzenes with side chains longer than that of toluene was studied in freshwater mud samples in the presence of nitrate. Two new denitrifying strains, EbN1 and PbN1, were isolated on ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene, respectively. For comparison, two further denitrifying strains, ToN1 and mXyN1, were isolated from the same mud with toluene and m-xylene, respectively. Sequencing of 16SrDNA revealed a close relationship of the new isolates to Thauera selenatis. The strains exhibited different specific capacities for degradation of alkylbenzenes. In addition to ethylbenzene, strain EbN1 utilized toluence, but not propylbenzene. In contrast, propylbenzene-degrading strain PbN1 did not grow on toluene, but was able to utilize ethylbenzene. Strain ToN1 used toluene as the only hydrocarbon substrate, whereas strain mXyN1 utilized both toluene and m-xylene. Measurement of the degradation balance demonstrated complete oxidation of ethylbenzene to CO2 by strain EbN1. Further characteristic substrates of strains EbN1 and PbN1 were 1-phenylethanol and acetophenone. In contrast to the other isolates, strain mXyN1 did not grow on benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol (also m-methylbenzyl alcohol) was even a specific inhibitor of toluene and m-xylene utilization by strain mXyN1. None of the strains was able to grow on any of the alkylbenzenes with oxygen as electron acceptor. However, polar aromatic compounds such as benzoate were utilized under both oxic and anoxic conditions. All four isolates grew anaerobically on crude oil. Gas chromatographic analysis of crude oil after growth of strain ToN1 revealed specific depletion of toluene.
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    Anaerobic degradation of ethylbenzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons by new denitrifying bacteria (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 96-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Anaerobic degradation ; Aromatic ; hydrocarbons ; Alkylbenzenes ; Ethylbenzene ; Crude oil ; Denitrifying bacteria ; Phylogeny ; Thauera selenatis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anaerobic degradation of alkylbenzenes with side chains longer than that of toluene was studied in freshwater mud samples in the presence of nitrate. Two new denitrifying strains, EbN1 and PbN1, were isolated on ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene, respectively. For comparison, two further denitrifying strains, ToN1 and mXyN1, were isolated from the same mud with toluene and m-xylene, respectively. Sequencing of 16S rDNA revealed a close relat ionship of the new isolates to Thauera selenatis. The strains exhibited different specific capacities for degradation of alkylbenzenes. In addition to ethylbenzene, strain EbN1 utilized toluene, but not propylbenzene. In contrast, propylbenzene-degrading strain PbN1 did not grow on toluene, but was able to utilize ethylbenzene. Strain ToN1 used toluene as the only hydrocarbon substrate, whereas strain mXyN1 utilized both toluene and m-xylene. Measurement of the degradation balance demonstr ated complete oxidation of ethylbenzene to CO2 by strain EbN1. Further characteristic substrates of strains EbN1 and PbN1 were 1-phenylethanol and acetophenone. In contrast to the other isolates, strain mXyN1 did not grow on benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol (also m-methylbenzyl alcohol) was even a specific inhibitor of toluene and m-xylene utilization by strain mXyN1. None of the strains was able to grow on any of the alkylbenzenes with oxygen as electron acceptor. However, polar aromatic compounds such as benzoate were utilized under both oxic and anoxic conditions. All four isolates grew anaerobically on crude oil. Gas chromatographic analysis of crude oil after growth of strain ToN1 revealed specific depletion of toluene.
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    Heliobacterium modesticaldum, sp. nov., a thermophilic heliobacterium of hot springs and volcanic soils (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria ; Heliobacteria ; Heliobacterium modesticaldum ; Thermophily ; Hot springs ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Enrichment cultures for heliobacteria at 50°C yielded several strains of a thermophilic heliobacterium species from Yellowstone hot spring microbial mats and volcanic soils from Iceland. The novel organisms grew optimally above 50°C, contained bacteriochlorophyll g, and lacked intracytoplasmic membranes. All isolates were strict anaerobes and grew best as photoheterotrophs, although chemotrophic dark growth on pyruvate was also possible. These thermophilic heliobacteria were diazotrophic and fixed N2 up to their growth temperature limit of 56°C. Phylogenetic studies showed the new isolates to be specific relatives of Heliobacterium gestii and, as has been found in H. gestii, they produce heat-resistant endospores. The unique assemblage of properties found in these thermophilic heliobacteria implicate them as a new species of this group, and we describe them herein as a new species of the genus Heliobacterium, Heliobacterium modesticaldum.
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    Heliobacterium modesticaldum, sp. nov., a thermophilic heliobacterium of hot springs and volcanic soils (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria ; Heliobacteria ; Heliobacterium modesticaldum ; Thermophily ; Hot springs ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Enrichment cultures for heliobacteria at 50°C yielded several strains of a thermophilic heliobacterium species from Yellowstone hot spring microbial mats and volcanic soils from Iceland. The novel organisms grew optimally above 50°C, contained bacteriochlorophyll g, and lacked intracytoplasmic membranes. All isolates were strict anaerobes and grew best as photoheterotrophs, although chemotrophic dark growth on pyruvate was also possible. These thermophilic heliobacteria were diazotrophic and fixed N2 up to their growth temperature limit of 56°C. Phylogenetic studies showed the new isolates to be specific relatives of Heliobacterium gestii and, as has been found in H. gestii, they produce heat-resistant endospores. The unique assemblage of properties found in these thermophilic heliobacteria implicate them as a new species of this group, and we describe them herein as a new species of the genus Heliobacterium, Heliobacterium modesticaldum.
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    Relationships between afforestation, water chemistry and fish stocks in an upland catchment in south west Scotland (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 303-308 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; fish ; forestry ; water-chemistry ; management ; calcium ; aluminium ; TOC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The soils and waters in the Galloway hills of south-west Scotland have undergone considerable acidification during the present century. The aims of this study were to examine the extent to which afforestation can influence water chemistry, and the occurrence of fish stocks within an individual catchment in this area. Studies were carried out at 45 sites in the Bladnoch catchment during 1994. River water samples were collected at all sites and determinations made of pH, total organic carbon, calcium and monomeric aluminium concentrations. In order to quantify the size and abundance of fish populations, electrofishing was carried out at 21 of the sites. Estimates of afforestation were made by a combination of field surveys and the use of 1∶:10 000 scale ordnance survey maps. The presence of coniferous trees had a substantial affect on water chemistry. In areas where the whole catchment was afforested, the water pH was 0.7 units lower than in unafforested areas (p〈0.001). Afforestation was also correlated with low concentrations of calcium, and increases in the concentrations of monomeric aluminium and total organic carbon. There was a clear relationship between fish populations and water chemistry. Numbers of trout were positively correlated with pH (r 2=0.69; p〈0.001), and with concentrations of calcium (r 2=0.55; p〈0.001). The study has shown that salmonid fish populations are sensitive to acidity and the associated changes in river water chemistry; these problems were exacerbated by afforestation.
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    Can sodium regulation be used to predict the relative acid-sensitivity of various life-stages and different species of aquatic fauna? (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 865-870 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Na+ flux ; Cl− regulation ; chloride cells ; anal papillae ; acid-sensitivity ; crustaceans ; insect larvae ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fishes, Zooplankton, insect larvae, and benthic invertebrates differ in their sensitivity to acidic waters. Some species are able to survive and complete their life-cycle below pH 3.5 while others are eliminated once the pH drops below 5.5. Generally, acid-sensitive fauna are highly water permeable and have difficulty regulating osmotically essential ions, such as sodium and chloride, at low pH. Increased permeability during certain stages of a life-cycle (post-molt crayfish, for example) are often associated with increased acid-sensitivity. Special adaptations, including enlarged anal papillae in Chironomids and the number and morphology of chloride cells in such diverse organisms as crustaceans, insect larvae, and fishes, may enhance acid-tolerance. To test the hypothesis that Na+ regulation can be used to predict relative acid-sensitivity of aquatic fauna we will need a mechanism for standardizing Na+ regulatory capability.
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    Lake and watershed neutralization strategies (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 889-894 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; acid neutralizing capacity ; calcite ; fish ; liming ; mitigation ; ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) evaluated the application of CaCO3, to a forested watershed to mitigate the acidification of surface water. During October 1989, 6.9 Mg CaCC3/ha was applied by helicopter to two subcatchments of about 50% (102.5 ha) of the Woods Lake watershed area. The EWLS team investigated the response to treatment of soils (chemistry and microbial processes), vegetation, wetland, stream and lake waters, and phytoplankton and fish, and applied the Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification (ILWAS) model in predicting a watershed treatment duration of up to 50 years. Observations showed a gradual change in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and Ca2+ in the water column; direct lake additions of CaCO3 (three different times) were characterized by abrupt changes following base addition and subsequent rapid reacidification. Moreover, the watershed treatment eliminated the snowmelt acidification of the near-shore region of the lake observed during direct lake treatments. Positive ANC water in the tributary and near-shore area improved conditions for fish reproduction and for a viable fish population. Budgets for 12-month periods before and after the watershed treatment showed that the lake shifted from a source of ANC to a sink due to retention of elevated inputs of Ca2+ from the watershed CaCO3 application.
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    Comparative study of DNA adducts levels in white sucker fish (Catostomus commersoni) from the basin of the St. Lawrence River (Canada) (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 148 (1995), S. 133-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: DNA adducts ; liver ; fish ; 32P-postlabelling ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; genotoxic biomarker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of DNA adducts in the hepatic tissue of the white sucker fish speciesCatostomus commersoni were determined by32P-postlabelling. The fish were caught at four sites: two sites near the city of Windsor (Québec, Canada) on the St. François River, a downstream tributary of the St. Lawrence River, and two sites in the St. Lawrence River itself, near the city of Montréal (Québec, Canada). The latter sites are known to be contaminated by many pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Total adduct levels in all fish ranged from 25.1–178.0 adducts per 109 nucleotides. White sucker from the selected sites of the St. Lawrence River had a significantly higher mean level of DNA adducts than those of the St. François River (129.4 vs 56.8, respectively). These results suggest that the effluents of many heavy industries (e.g. from a Soderberg aluminium plant) flowing in the St. Lawrence River are more likely to produce genotoxic damage to fish than those released in one of its tributary, and mainly associated to the activities of a small town and a nearby pulp and paper mill.
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    Perch mercury content is related to acidity and color of 26 Russian lakes (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
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    Response of zooplankton, benthos, and fish to acidification: An overview (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 51-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; invertebrates ; osmoregulation ; ionoregulation ; aluminum ; calcium ; organic acids ; low pH ; acid lakes ; refugia ; mixing zones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an overview of the response to acidification of aquatic fauna with special emphasis on Zooplankton, benthos, and fishes. Changes in behavior, body chemistry, reproduction, and species diversity are presented based on laboratory experiments and field studies in both Europe and North America. Differences in species sensitivity are discussed as they relate, not only to acidification but also to low calcium concentrations in the water, elevated aluminum concentrations, and presence of naturally occurring organic acids. The mechanisms—behavioral, physiological and ecological—enabling aquatic fauna to survive in acidified waters are discussed.
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    The decline of fauna in small streams in the Swedish mountain range (1995)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 419-424 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; acid episodes ; critical load ; mountain ; streams ; benthic fauna ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Investigations in the southern part of the Scandinavian mountain range have shown a direct correlation between snowpack pH and the lowest pH in small streams. In streams with catchments 〈100 km2 a snowpack pH below 4.8 resulted in a stream pH below 5.5. As the snowpack pH in the southern mountain range is 4.0–4.6, lower values to the south and at high altitudes, large areas are affected by acid deposition. The acidity of the snowpack is released almost directly into the streams during thaw, due to the large snowpack, rapid thaw, steep terrain and thin soils. The acidification of the snow has lead to an extensive fauna depletion, especially in smaller streams without upstream lakes. The abundance of benthos in acidified streams in the municipality of Härjedalen (11.000 km2) is today only one tenth of the abundance before acidification. Fish populations have declined to the same extent, and several acid-sensitive species have been lost. It is concluded that mountain streams and fauna are extremely sensitive to acidification, and that even large reductions of emissions will be insufficient.
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    Critical loads of acidity for surface waters (1995)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2419-2424 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical load ; acidity ; water acidification ; soil acidification ; fish ; empirical models ; sulphur deposition ; acid episodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The critical load of acidity for surface waters is based on the concept that the inputs of acids to a catchment do not exceed the weathering less a given amount of ANC. The Steady State Water Chemistry (SSWC) Method is used to calculate critical loads, using present water chemistry. To ensure no damage to biological indicators such as fish species a value for ANClimit of 20 μeq/l has been used to date for calculating critical loads. The SSWC-method is sensitive to the choice of the ANClimit. In areas with little acid deposition the probability of acid episodes leading to fish kills is small even if the ANClimit is set to zero, while in areas with high acidic deposition fish kills may occur at this value. Thus, the ANClimit can be a function of the acidifying deposition to the lake, nearing zero at low deposition and increasing to higher values at higher deposition. A formulation for such an ANClimit has been worked out, and we have tested the effect of the ANClimit as a linear function of the deposition, assuming ANClimit = 0 at zero deposition with a linear increase to 50 ueq/l at a deposition of 200 meq.m−2.yr−1. For areas with high deposition the effect of a variable ANClimit is small, while in areas with low deposition the effect is significant. For Norway the exceeded area decreases from 36 to 30% using a variable ANClimit instead of a fixed value of 20 μeq/l.
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    Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a highly repetitive element isolated fromOpsariichthys uncirostris (Osteichthyes) (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 21 (1995), S. 85-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: fish ; repetitive DNA ; SINE ; LINE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A highly repetitive DNA element has been isolated fromOpsariichthys uncirostris. It contains several oligo-dA tracts and potential regions for the secondary structures.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a major satellite DNA element isolated from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 33-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: fish ; repetitive DNA ; RFLP ; satellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A member of satellite repetitive DNA was isolated and sequenced from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (Percoidei). This sequence consists of several oligo-dA/dT tracts and two inverted repeats which resemble each other. Dot blot hybridization analysis using a satellite DNA clone pSJ2 among the species in the suborder Percoidei revealed that the pSJ2 sequence was amplified at least after the family Sillaginidae had been derived.
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    An extrachromosomal fragment of telomeric DNA in wheat (1995)
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    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 435-439 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: buoyant separation ; cloning ; extrachromosomal DNA ; germination ; telomere ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A procedure developed orginally for selective extraction of viral (extrachromosomal) DNA from virus-infected mammalian cells was applied to cell nuclei isolated from uninfected wheat embryos. The resulting nuclear extrachromosomal DNA (exDNA) was enriched for telomere-type sequences by isopycnic centrifugation and inserted into the Sma I site of pUC119. A cloned DNA fragment (241 bp) was found to consist primarily of tandemly repeated heptamere units of the same sequence (5′-CCCTAAA-3′) that is known to predominate in telomeric DNA of Arabidopsis thaliana. Hybridization experiments indicate that extrachromosomal telomeric repeats are abundant in resting embryos and disappear rapidly during germination.
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    Developmental, circadian and light regulation of wheat ferredoxin gene expression (1995)
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    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 293-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ferredoxin ; PetF gene ; circadian rhythm ; light regulation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone encoding the precursor of wheat leaf ferredoxin has been isolated and characterised. The uninterrupted PetF gene encodes a polypeptide of 143 amino acid residues, consisting of an N-terminal presequence of 46 amino acid residues and a mature polypeptide of 97 amino acid residues. Southern blot analysis suggests that six copies of the PetF gene are present in the wheat haploid genome. Northern blot analysis has shown that the genes are both developmentally and light regulated in wheat seedlings and provides evidence that a circadian rhythm regulates the steady-state levels of ferredoxin transcripts. The intact wheat gene and several chimeric constructs, containing portions of the 5′-upstream region fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene, have been introduced into tobacco plants, but levels of β-glucuronidase activity above background were not detected, suggesting that the 5′-upstream region is unable to function as a promoter in tobacco plants.
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    Comparison of wheat physical maps with barley linkage maps for group 7 chromosomes (1995)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 618-626 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative maps ; Deletion lines ; Molecular-tagged chromosome regions (MTCRs) ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative genetic maps among the Triticeae or Gramineae provide the possibility for combining the genetics, mapping information and molecular-marker resources between different species. Dense genetic linkage maps of wheat and barley, which have a common array of molecular markers, along with deletion-based chromosome maps of Triticum aestivum L. will facilitate the construction of an integrated molecular marker-based map for the Triticeae. A set of 21 cDNA and genomic DNA clones, which had previously been used to map barley chromosome 1 (7H), were used to physically map wheat chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. A comparative map was constructed to estimate the degree of linkage conservation and synteny of chromosome segments between the group 7 chromosomes of the two species. The results reveal extensive homoeologies between these chromosomes, and the first evidence for an interstitial inversion on the short arm of a barley chromosome compared to the wheat homoeologue has been obtained. In a cytogenetically-based physical map of group 7 chromosomes that contain restriction-fragment-length polymorphic DNA (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, the marker density in the most distal third of the chromosome arms was two-times higher than in the proximal region. The recombination rate in the distal third of each arm appears to be 8–15 times greater than in the proximal third of each arm where recombination of wheat chromosomes is suppressed.
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    Relationships among cultivated and wild lentils revealed by RAPD analysis (1995)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 647-654 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lens ; RAPD ; Cluster analysis ; Diversity ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RAPD markers were used to distinguish between six different Lens taxa, representing cultivated lentil and its wild relatives. Twenty-four arbitrary sequence 10-mer primers were identified which revealed robust and easily interpretable amplification-product profiles. These generated a total of 88 polymorphic bands in 54 accessions and were used to partition variation within and among Lens taxa. The data showed that, of the taxa examined, ssp. orientalis is most similar to cultivated lentil. L. ervoides was the most divergent wild taxon followed by L. nigricans. The genetic similarity between the latter two species was of the same magnitude as between ssp. orientalis and cultivated lentil. In addition, species-diagnostic amplification products specific to L. odemensis, L. ervoides and L. nigricans were identified. These results correspond well with previous isozyme and RFLP studies. RAPDs, however, appear to provide a greater degree of resolution at a sub-species level. The level of variation detected within cultivated lentils suggests that RAPD markers may be an appropriate technology for the construction of genetic linkage maps between closely related Lens accessions.
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    Phylogenetic relationships within Hevea brasiliensis as deduced from a polymorphic mitochondrial DNA region (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 876-884 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Phylogeny ; Hypervariable sequence ; Hot spot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned a 4.5-kb mtDNA fragment showing a high RFLP polymorphism between various Hevea genotypes. Subcloning and sequencing of a 1.4-kb segment of this clone allowed us to design PCR amplification primers to isolate homologous mtDNA segments of about 0.9 kb from 23 representative genotypes of Hevea. Complete sequences from 4 genotypes showed between 6.7% and 20.2% of nucleotide diversity, suggesting the presence of a hypervariable, or hotspot, region. A sequence of 345 nucleotides within this region was determined for the 23 genotypes. The phylogenetic relationships inferred from the sequence comparison are in general agreement with the results obtained from mtDNA RFLP analysis, indicating that this polymorphic mtDNA region is a useful molecular marker for phylogenetic analysis within Hevea.
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    Phylogenetic relationships of cultivated Prunus species from an analysis of chloroplast DNA variation (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1035-1041 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chloroplast ; Phylogeny ; DNA ; PCR ; Prunus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction-site mutations in seven cultivated Prunus species were compared to establish the phylogenetic relationships among them. Mutations were detected in 3.2-kb and 2.1-kb amplified regions of variable cpDNA, cut with 21 and 10 restriction endonucleases, respectively, to reveal polymorphisms. Parsimony and cluster analyses were performed. The species pairs P. persica-P. dulcis, P. domestica-P. salicina, and P.cerasus-P. fruticosa were completely monophyletic. All of the species were grouped with conventional subgenus classifications. The subgenus Cerasus was the most diverged. Cerasus ancestors separated from the remainder of Prunus relatively early in the development of the genus. P. persica-P. dulcis, P. domestica-P. salicina and P. armeniaca formed a second monophyletic group. Prunophora species were less diverged than Amygdalus species. The results also suggest that the rate of mutation in Cerasus spp. chloroplast genomes is significantly greater than for the other subgenera sampled.
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    Chromosomal location of genes for stem rust resistance derived from ‘Waldron’ wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1158-1163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia graminis ; Aneuploid ; Cytogenetics ; Monosomics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosomal locations of genes for resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.: Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar ‘Waldron’ (WDR) were determined by monosomic analyses. Wheat lines WDR-B1, -C2, -E4, and -F1,which have single genes for resistance to stem rust derived previously from WDR sel. ‘Little Club’, were crossed onto a complete set of 21 ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomics. The F2 and backcross-F1 (BC1F1) seedlings from each of the 84 crosses were tested for reaction to culture 111-SS2 (CRL-LCBB) of stem rust, and a few selected segregants were analyzed cytologically for chromosome number. The F2 from 2 crosses of WDR-C2, -E4 and -F1 and the BC1F1 from 2 crosses of WDR-F1 were tested also with culture Or11c (CRL-QBCN). Significant deviations from disomic ratios towards monosomic ratios in the F2 and BC1F1 were used to determine which chromosomes carried the genes for resistance. Cytological analyses of certain BC1F1 and susceptible F2 plants were used to help identify the location of the genes for rust resistance. WDR-B1 has a gene, herein designated Sr41, for resistance on chromosome 4D. WDR-C2 has a gene on chromosome 7 A that may be the same as one previously designated SrWld2. WDR-E4 has a gene on chromosome 2A, possibly SrWld1, which is effective against most or all North American stem rust cultures. WDR-F1 has a gene on chromosome 6B that is the same as or similar to Sr11.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222937
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    Wheat lines monogenic for resistance to stem rust from the wheat cultivar ‘Waldron’ (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1164-1168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia graminis ; Allelism ; Inheritance ; Segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Triticum aestivum L. cultivar ‘Waldron’ has long lasting resistance to most North American stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.) isolates. The objective of this research was to develop wheat lines monogenic for resistance to stem rust from ‘Waldron’ using allelism tests and tests for reaction to a series of ten stem rust cultures having a range of virulences. Twelve lines homozygous for single resistance genes were selected as parents of a diallel cross to test for allelism among genes for resistance. We identified 6 lines or groups of lines (WDR-A1, the WDR-B1 and WDR-B2 group, the WDR-C1 and WDR-C2 group, WDR-D1, the WDR-E1, WDR-E2, WDR-E3, and WDR-E4 group, and WDR-F1) that carried different single genes for resistance from ‘Waldron’. A seventh line (WDR-G1) probably has two genes for resistance, one in common with WDR-C1 and WDR-C2. The gene in the WDR-E group is probably the same as SrWld1, and the one in WDR-F1 the same as Sri11. ‘Waldron’ probably has two or more genes for resistance to stem rust that previous genetic studies did not detect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222938
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    Mitochondrial gene variation and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Beta (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 914-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarbeet ; Beta species ; Mitochondrial gene ; Taxonomy ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for three mitochondrial genes, coxI, coxII and atpA, were used to determine mitochondrial (mt) DNA diversity in 21 accessions of the genus Beta representing wild and cultivated species. On the basis of distribution of the RFLP patterns these Beta genotypes were assigned into six distinct chondriome groups. A high degree of heterogeneity was found to exist between the mitochondrial genomes of the sugarbeet cultivar and the wild species of Procumbentes section. The polymorphic fragments from wild Beta species were cloned and subjected to fine mapping. We found that most of the RFLPs are due to sequence rearrangements rather than point mutations. Our data also suggest that the close linkage between coxII and coxI is taxonomically localized to an evolutionary lineage that led to Vulgares and Corollinae species but not to Procumbentes species. This linkage is most likely to have arisen via the mutation(s) that inserted the DNA segment containing coxI downstream of coxII in the common ancestor of Vulgares and Corollinae species. The results are discussed with regard to the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of the Beta species.
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    Genetic variation within and among different cultivars and landraces of Brassica campestris L. and B. oleracea L. based on isozymes (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 346-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica campestris ; Brassica oleracea ; Isozymes ; Genetic variation ; Heterozygosity ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation based on isozymes was studied in 43 landraces and cultivars of Brassica campestris from China, 4 cultivars of B. campestris from Sweden and 1 from India, and 5 cultivars of B. oleracea from Sweden and 1 from China (B. alboglabra). A total of 17 isozyme loci was studied, 10 of these were polymorphic in B. campestris and 6 were polymorphic in B. oleracea. The level of heterozygosity seemed to be reduced in the Swedish cultivars compared to the Chinese landraces and cultivars of B. campestris. The level of heterozygosity in B. oleracea was even lower than that in the Swedish cultivars of B. campestris. A phylogeny of the cultivars and landraces of B. campestris showed that the B. campestris var ‘yellow sarson’ cultivar, originating from India, deviated significantly from the other cultivars of B. campestris. A phylogeny of the cultivars of B. oleracea confirmed the expectations that the cultivar B. alboglabra was not closely related to the cultivated forms of B. oleracea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220898
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    Inheritance of isozymes in Brassica campestris L. and genetic divergence among different species of Brassiceae (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica species ; Sinapis species ; Isozymes ; Inheritance ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic investigations of Brassica campestris revealed 8 polymorphic loci that had not been described earlier. The inheritance of 7 of them was determined by crosses between different accessions of B. campestris. A phylogeny of B. campestris, B. nigra, B. alboglabra, Sinapis arvensis and S. alba was estimated from the analysis of 15 isozyme loci. The phylogeny showed a close relationship between B. nigra and S. arvensis and a less close relationship between B. campestris and B. oleracea. S. alba was remotely-related to all of the other species.
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    Cytologically based physical maps of the group 3 chromosomes of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 780-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Physical mapping ; RFLP ; Cereals ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytologically based physical maps for the group 3 chromosomes of wheat were constructed by mapping 25 Triticum aestivum deletion lines with 29 T. tauschii and T. aestivum RFLP probes. The deletion lines divide chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D into 31 discrete intervals, of which 18 were tagged by marker loci. The comparison of the consensus physical map with a consensus RFLP linkage map of the group 3 chromosomes of wheat revealed a fairly even distribution of marker loci on the long arm, and higher recombination in the distal region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220959
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    Standard karyotype of Triticum umbellulatum and the characterization of derived chromosome addition and translocation lines in common wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 150-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Genomic in situ hybridization ; Triticum aestivum ; T. umbellulatum ; Chromosome addition and translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A standard karyotype and a generalized idiogram of Triticum umbellulatum (syn. Aegilops umbellulata, 2n = 2x = 14) was established based on C-banding analysis of ten accessions of different geographic origin and individual T. umbellulatum chromosomes in T. aestivum — T. umbellulatum chromosome addition lines. Monosomic (MA) and disomic (DA) T. aestivum — T. umbellulatum chromosome addition lines (DA1U = B, DA2U = D, MA4U = F, DA5U = C, DA6U = A, DA7U = E = G) and telosomic addition lines (DA1US, DA1UL, DA2US, DA2UL, DA4UL, MA5US, (+ iso 5US), DA5UL, DA7US, DA7UL) were analyzed. Line H was established as a disomic addition line for the translocated wheat — T. umbellulatum chromosome T2DS·4US. Radiation-induced wheat — T. umbellulatum translocation lines resistant to leaf rust (Lr9) were identified as T40 = T6BL·6BS-6UL, T41 = T4BL·4BS-6UL, T44 = T2DS·2DL-6UL, T47 = ‘Transfer’ = T6BS·6BL-6UL and T52 = T7BL·7BS-6UL. Breakpoints and sizes of the transferred T. umbellulatum segments in these translocations were determined by in situ hybridization analysis using total genomic T. umbellulatum DNA as a probe
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    Biochemical and molecular diagnostics of Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosomes in Triticum aestivum germ plasm (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 952-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Thinopyrum bessarabicum ; Protein/isozyme markers ; In situ hybridization ; Alien disomic additions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, JJ) is a self-fertile salt-tolerant grass species, and its hybridization with Triticum aestivum to achieve the transfer of this attributes has been promoted. For the detection of alien introgression, development of diagnostic markers of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the wheat background has emerged as an important aspect in our intergeneric hybridization program. Six proteins/isozymes-high-molecular-weight glutenins, superoxide dismutase, grain esterase, β-amylase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and α-amylase —were identified as positive markers for detecting the presence of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the advanced backcross derivatives of T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum//n* T. aestivum. Fluorescent in situ hybridization further enabled the detection of complete and translocated arms of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the T. aestivum background. These diagnostic markers served for tentatively characterizing a distinct set of Th. bessarabicum disomic additions to wheat (2n=44) and have facilitated establishing the homoeology of these added chromosomes.
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    A single nuclear locus phylogeny of soybean based on DNA sequence (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 991-999 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glycininae ; Soybean ; Phylogeny ; DNA sequence ; Genomic donors ; Glycine ; Phaseoleae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] evolution was examined by sequencing portions of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) locus A-199a of 21 taxa from the Glycininae and 1 from the Phaseoleae. Four hundred nucleotides were determined in each, aligned, and then compared for these taxa. Within the annual soybean subgenus (Soja), the four accessions differed at as many as 2.2% of the nucleotides. Among 13 perennial soybean species (subgenus Glycine), nucleotide variation ranged from 1.7% to 8.4%. The nucleotide difference between the two soybean subgenera was 3.0–7.0%. Nucleotide variation between the genus Glycine and the related genera of Neonotonia, Amphicarpa, Teramnus, and Phaseolus ranged from 8.2% to 16.4%. In addition to nucleotide substitutions, insertions/deletions (indels) differences were also observed and were consistent with nucleotide-based analysis. Cladistic analysis of the A-199a sequences was performed using Wagner parsimony to construct a soybean phylogeny. Sixteen equally parsimonious trees were produced from these data. The trees were 246 steps in length with a consistency index of 0.78. Indels distribution upon the consensus topology revealed a pattern congruent with the nucleotide-based phylogeny. The current taxonomic status of the soybean subgenera and the related genera of Neonotonia, Amphicarpa, and Teramnus were well-supported and appear monophyletic in this analysis. Homoplasy within the subgenus Glycine led to a lack of resolved topology for many of these 13 taxa. However, the Glycine clade topology was consistent with phylogenies proposed using crossing experiments and cpDNA RFLPs. These genera were arranged from ancestral to derived as: Teramnus, Amphicarpa, Neonotonia, and Glycine when Phaseolus vulgaris was used as an outgroup.
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    Noncoding chloroplast DNA variation in Mexican pines (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 1101-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pinus ; Noncoding cpDNA ; Genetic variation ; Phylogeny ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Universal primers were used for PCR amplification of three noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA in order to study restriction site variation in 12 Mexican pine species. Two length mutations were identified that are of diagnostic value for two subgenera or sections of the genus. Phylogenetic analysis of the restriction site and length variation showed patterns of variation largely consistent with previous arrangements of these pines, except for the position of Pinus nelsonii, indicating that Pinus section Parraya Mayr, as circumscribed by Little and Critchfield (1969) and later authors, is not a monophyletic group.
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    Easel, a gypsy LTR-retrotransposon in the Salmonidae (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 249 (1995), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: gypsy ; LTR-retrotransposon ; Fish ; Phylogeny ; Vertebrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite the close similarities between retroviruses and the gypsy/Ty3 group of LTR-retrotransposons their host ranges are largely distinct: the retroviruses are found only in vertebrates, whereas the gypsy LTR-retrotransposons are almost exclusively restricted to invertebrates, plants and fungi. Here we report the amplification by PCR, and characterisation, of one of the first LTR-retrotransposons to be discovered in vertebrates - in several members of the piscine family Salmonidae. Phylogenetic analysis of this retroelement, termed easel, indicates that it is probably a phylogeneticaly basal member of the gypsy group of LTR-retrotransposons and occurs in some of the same species from which retroviruses have previously been isolated. Thus some members of the Salmonidae are the first organisms known to harbour both retroviral branch elements and the gypsy LTR-retrotransposon branch elements. This creates an overlap in the host ranges of the two retroelement families.
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    Occurrence of fungal endophytes in cultivars ofTriticum aestivum in South Africa (1995)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: fungal endophytes ; South Africa ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fungal endophytes were isolated from leaves, roots and stems of four wheat cultivars and a breeding line at three different sampling dates during the 1993 growing season. Of the 55 different fungal taxa encountered, 19 were present at relative importance values of more than 5%. No cultivar-related differences in the assembleges of endophytes were observed.Phoma glomerata was not restricted to only one tissue type, whereasAlternaria alternata, basidiomycete sp. 1,Pleospora herbarum andEpicoccum nigrum occurred primarily in the leaves, andFusarium avenaceum was extremely frequent in roots. In general, colonization by endophytes increased with the age of the plants. Most endophytes were isolated from wheat leaves. Successional colonization of a given tissue type was quantitative rather than qualitative, with a given fungal taxon increasing or decreasing over the period sampled, rather than replacing the fungi initially encountered.
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    A fishery in a changing lake environment: The naked carpGymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler) (Cyprinidae: schizothoracinae) in Qinghai Hu, China (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 169-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: China ; Qinghai ; Koko Nor ; Cyprinidae ; fish ; fishery ; recruitment ; spawning ; catch per unit effort ; management ; translocation ; saline lake ; dryland ; semi-arid ; irrigation ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (‘snow trout’). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species.
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    Studies on the origin, spread, and evolution of an important group ofPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes in Australasia (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 613-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: epidemiology ; isozyme ; Triticum aestivum ; virulence ; wheat brown rust ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat brown rust pathotype (pt) 104-2,3,(6),(7), 11 was first detected in Australasia in Victoria during 1984. Although it appeared similar to a pre-existing pathotype, 104-2,3,6,(7), detailed greenhouse test revealed nine pathogenic differences between the two rusts. Six differences involved contrasting virulence/avirulence for the resistance genes/specificitiesLr12, Lr27+Lr31 andLr16, and three uncharacterised genes, present in the wheat cultivars Gaza and Harrier, and in triticale cultivar Lasko. Differences in partial virulence between the pathotypes were found for the genesLr2a, Lr13 andLr26. A comparison of the phenotypes for 13 isozyme systems in the two pathotypes revealed two differences, including aPgm2 allele in pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 not found in other contemporary AustralasianPuccinia recondita f. sp.tritici pathotypes. On the basis of these differences, it was concluded that pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 was introduced into the Australasian region before or during 1984. Seven variants of pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11, that differed by single virulences, were detected during 1984–1992. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and a derivative pathotype with virulence forLr20 underwent rapid increases in frequency, largely displacing pathotypes which predominated before 1984. Although first detected in eastern Australia, both pathotypes spread to New Zealand, and the derivative pathotype appeared in Western Australia. The rapid spread and increase of these pathotypes could not be explained by host selection. Pt 104-2,3,(6),(7),11 and derivatives may therefore be more aggressive than other contemporary Australasian pathotypes.
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    Use of the index of biotic integrity to assess physical habitat degradation in warmwater streams (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 312 (1995), S. 191-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: index of biotic integrity ; stream ; fish ; erosion ; sediment ; physical habitat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Indices of biotic integrity (1131) were computed for two annual fish collections from 27 locations along the bluffline bordering the Mississippi River alluvial plain in northwestern Mississippi. Study sites exhibited varying degrees of physical habitat degradation due to accelerated channel erosion. Objectives of index application were to quantify existing environmental quality and to test the IBI as a tool for relating fish population characteristics to physical degradation. Physical habitat data were collected concurrently with fish at all sites, and physical habitat descriptors were compared with the IBI scores and component metrics. Three to 23 fish species were captured from each site, and species richness explained 64–70% of the variance in IBI scores. Fish collections were dominated by insectivores tolerant of habitat and water quality degradation. Suckers and piscivores were relatively uncommon. The IBI scores were generally not reflective of physical habitat conditions. Variation in IBI scores was indicative of only the grossest differences in physical habitat quality. Weak relationships between physical habitat quality and IBI scores may have been due to large temporal variations in biotic integrity typical of degraded habitats. Alternatively, water quality degradation, which we did not measure, may have confounded relationships between physical habitat and fish metrics. Regional application of the IBI as a habitat assessment tool in landscapes with widespread physical degradation must overcome lack of suitable reference sites, large temporal variation in IBI scores, and small numbers of fish per collection, leading to lower confidence levels for IBI scores. The scarcity of lightly impacted sites may hinder detection of biotic integrity response along gradients of physical habitat quality.
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    Effect of young-of-the-year walleye (Percidae: Stizostedion vitreum) on plankton dynamics and water quality in ponds (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 297 (1995), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; zooplankton ; phytoplankton ; bacteria ; nutrients ; trophic interaction ; biomanipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the impact of young-of-the-year (YOY) fish on food web dynamics and water quality, we stocked larval walleye (9 mm TL) (Stizostedion vitreum) in six experimental ponds using two fish densities (10 and 50 fish m−3) with three replicates. At high fish density, the average abundances of cladocerans and copepods and the Secchi depth were lower whereas abundances of rotifers and algae, gross primary productivity (GPP), pH and total phosphorus concentration were higher than at low fish density. Fish impact on bacterial abundance, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, however, was not significant. The within treatment measurements of all variables except GPP were significantly different over time. Our results indicate that YOY walleye predation at high density can affect plankton community by reducing large zooplankton biomass and water clarity, and increasing phytoplankton abundance. The impact of YOY piscivorous fish on plankton should be considered when biomanipulation is applied for improvement of water quality.
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    Microhabitat requirements for settlement of juvenile sparid fishes on Mediterranean rocky shores (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 300-301 (1995), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; Sparidae ; recruitment ; habitat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les caractéristiques des microhabitats des jeunes recrues ont été déterminées pour six espèces de Sparidae (Diplodus annularis, D. puntazzo, D. sargus, D. vulgaris, Oblada melanura, et Sarpa salpa) sur les côtes rocheuses prés de Marseille, en Méditerranée. La profondeur, la pente, le type de substrat, la couverture biotique et les conditions hydrodynamiques ont été relevés dans tous les sites où des juvéniles de Sparidae ont été observés. Les juvéniles de Diplodus annularis recrutent dans les herbiers à Posidonia oceanica vers 5–8 m de profondeur. Les cinq autres espéces de Sparidae recrutent dans les petits fonds inférieurs à 2 m de profondeur. D. puntazzo, D. sargus and D. vulgaris ont été observés dans des zones calmes en pente douce avec des fonds de sable grossier, de gravier, de galets ou de petits blocs. Les jeunes de Sarpa salpa dépendent moins de la pente du substrat pour leur recrutement, mais sont toujours associés à des peuplements de macroalgues. Les juvéniles d'Oblada melanura recrutent dans des zones rocheuses de diverses pentes et sont favorisés par la présence de surplombs. Au cours de leur croissance, les jeunes Sparidae élargissent leur domaine vital verticalement en profondeur et latéralement vers des zones plus agitées. Une partition temporelle de l'utilisation des microhabitats favorables au recrutement a été observée chez certaines espèces. Les juvéniles de Diplodus puntazzo et D. vulgaris partagent les mêmes sites de mars à mai, les deux espèces présentant des densités de populations relativement faibles. D. sargus recrute en beaucoup plus grand nombre dans les mêmes sites entre mai et septembre. Cette étude a permis de suggérer des aménagements spécifiques des zones littorales artificielles pour accroître le recrutement des juvéniles de certaines espèces de poissons.
    Notes: Abstract Microhabitat attributes were characterized for recently settled juvenile fishes in six species of Sparidae (Diplodus annularis, D. puntazzo, D. sargus, D. vulgaris, Oblada melanura, and Sarpa salpa) on the rocky shore near Marseille, French Mediterranean coast. Depth, slope, type of substratum, biotic cover and hydrodynamic conditions were recorded wherever sparid recruits occurred. Juvenile Diplodus annularis settled in Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds at 5–8 m deep. The five other sparid species recruited in very shallow water (〈2 m). D. puntazzo, D. sargus and D. vulgaris were observed in sites presenting a gentle slope with coarse sand, gravel, pebbles or boulders. Sarpa salpa was less dependent on slope for recruitment, but was always associated with microalgae. Oblada melanura settlement occurred on rocky areas with various slopes, and was favoured by the presence of overhangs. When growing, juvenile sparids extended their home range vertically into deeper zones, and laterally in more exposed areas. Time partitioning in the use of suitable microhabitats for recruitment was observed for some species. Juveniles of Diplodus puntazzo and D. vulgaris shared the same sites from March to May, both exhibiting relatively low abundances. D. sargus recruited in far higher abundance in the same sites from May to September. Specific improvements in coastal man-made structures (harbours, artificial beaches) are suggested in order to increase the recruitment of some littoral fish species.
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    Critical landscape attributes that influence fish population dynamics in headwater streams (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 303 (1995), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; habitat ; landscape ecology ; refugin ; riparian ; streams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three landscape attributes are likely to have strong effects on the rate-dependent processes determining fish population dynamics in headwater streams: (1) functional interactions at terrestrial-aquatic ecotones and their influence on temporal and spatial variation in resource supply and predator-prey interactions, (2) large-scale spatial habitat relationships and their effect on resource use and fish movement, and (3) presence of refugia from harsh environmental conditions and their influence on fish survival and emigration/immigration rates. Elucidating how these factors interact over a range of temporal and spatial scales should be a major goal of lotic fish ecologists.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034045
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    Ecotones and fluvial regimes in arctic lotic environments (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 303 (1995), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: hydrology ; river ice ; fish ; benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fluvial regime in arctic streams is influenced by size of stream, the presence and storage capacity of lakes in the drainage basin, groundwater, and permafrost. Exchange of material with terrestrial environments depends on the season and is more or less suspended in winter. Permafrost and water storage in ice and snow control run off and erosion. Damage to vegetation by flooding, fire, animal or human activity can affect the permafrost and result in rapid erosion. Living space and conditions in lotic environments are modified by ice and during break up are very labile. Fish and benthic organisms in streams have behavioural and physiological adaptations which allow them to benefit from the wide range of river and stream environments found in the arctic and to tolerate the range of seasonal conditions. Ecotones are weakly developed in arctic streams and are of minor functional significance. Only farther south does riparian vegetation begin to play a role in regulating stream processes and not until south of the tree line can ecotones be considered important modulators of fluvial environments.
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    Spatial and temporal separation of littoral zone fishes of Lake Geneva (Switzerland-France) (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 300-301 (1995), S. 321-327 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; littoral zone ; habitat segregation ; species composition ; gill net ; Lake Geneva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spatial (distance from the shore) and seasonal (summer-winter) distributions of the ichtyofauna in the littoral zone of Lake Geneva were studied between October 1991 and December 1992. Gill nets were set simultaneously at three different sites of a chosen littoral zone: shore, middle and far (50, 300 and 550 m from the shore, respectively). The results show that in summer more species and individuals are present in the littoral zone than in winter. Throughout the year, species richness is greater at the shore site than at the middle or far site. In summer, total abundance is greater at the far site, whereas there are more fish at the shore site during winter. Perch (juveniles and adults), roach and gudgeon (adults only), have maximum abundance during the summer, while lake trout, grayling and whitefish (adults) have maximum abundance during the winter. For five species (adults only) the site comparison shows spatial segregation of the habitats: greater numbers of perch are present at the far site while roach, tench, lake trout and grayling prefer the shore site.
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    The land/inland-water ecotones and fish population of Lake Valley (West Mongolia) (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 303 (1995), S. 235-245 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: closed basin ; desert waters ; Mongolia ; fish ; life history strategies ; Oreoleuciscus humilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New data on fish populations of a closed desert watershed of Mongolia were obtained in 1990 and 1991. For this region periodic droughts, with the accompanying disappearance of lakes and some parts of rivers, are typical. Two forms of a Cyprinid species Oreoleuciscus humilis (dwarf Altai osman) occur in this region during wet periods which usually last for 10-30 years. The dwarf form, is characterized by a maximum SL of 200 mm and early maturation (SL = 70 mm, four years of age). It inhabits small desert rivers in dry periods which last for 3–5 years and both rivers and the riparian zone of lakes during wet periods. The larger lake form occurs only in lakes during the wet periods. It can attain a maximum size of 450 mm and matures in six years, SL = 200 mm. These two forms of O. humilis differ in feeding habits, rates of growth, and morphology. The dwarf form feeds mainly on insect larvae and on plants. The lake form consumes the same food items until it reaches 180 mm SL and then becomes piscivorous. Populations of O. humilis in lakes are restored after a dry period, originating anew from river populations of the dwarf form. Currently there is a transition from a dry period to a wet one. Orog-Nur (one of the lakes of Lake Valley) has been filling with water since 1990. In July 1991 the depth of this lake reached 0.5–1.0 m and fish were found in the lake. The large individuals of dwarf form which came to the lake from the Tuyn-Gol River became cannibals, and their growth rate increased rapidly. The homogeneous environment and low food supply in the restored lakes are suggested to be the main causes of these phenomena.
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    Land/water ecotone effects in reservoirs on the fish fauna (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 303 (1995), S. 11-30 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish ; reservoirs ; ecotones ; littoral area ; temperate ; tropical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and function of one tropical and 25 temperate reservoirs are examined in relation to their effect upon the nature of the land/water interface and, further, to what extent the features of these ecotones satisfy the ecological requirements of the reservoir fish species throughout their life cycle during spawning, larval, juvenile and adult stages. The two main conclusions are that (1) reservoir fish species are especially dependent upon land/water ecotones during their early life history and (2) there exists a strong relationship between the extent of the littoral area and the nature of the fish stocks. Several examples are given to show that manipulation of the land/water ecotone is a major tool for the management of reservoirs advantageously for their major functions.
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    Post-zygotic modifications and intra- and inter-individual nucleolar organizing region variations in fish: report of a case involvingLeporinus friderici (1995)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 3 (1995), S. 285-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: fish ; fluorescent CMA bands ; in situ hybridization ; NOR polymorphisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Silver nitrate staining, a rapid and efficient method, has proven to be excellent for nucleolar organizing region (NOR) studies in fish. Some fish appear to have only two NOR-bearing chromosomes in their karyo-type, whereas others probably have several. In the present study we analyzed the NORs ofLeporinus friderici, a species that, on the basis of previous studies, has been considered as representative of species with NORs carried by a single chromosome pair. The analyses were performed by a combination of three methods,i.e. silver nitrate staining, staining with the GC-specific fluorochrome chromomycin A3, andin situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled probes. The results showed that, although more frequent and conspicuous in a single chromosome pair, the NORs of this species are present in multiple chromosomes. Intra- and inter-individual variations observed by the three methods strongly suggest the occurrence of post-zygotic modifications involving NORs. NOR identification in fish, almost exclusively performed by the silver nitrate method, is currently being re-evaluated by methods such as chromomycin A3 staining andin situ hybridization, which may provide important information leading to a better understanding of chromosome evolution in these animals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713066
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    Effects of diet on spontaneous locomotor activity and oxygen consumption in Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) (1995)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 14 (1995), S. 341-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: diet ; fish ; hypoxia ; O2 uptake ; spontaneous locomotor activity ; sturgeon ; ω3 fatty acids ; vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) were maintained on a commercial diet enriched either in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω3 series (ω3 LCPUFA) or in saturated fatty acids (SFA). The effects of dietary fatty acid composition on spontaneous locomotor activity in normoxia and hypoxia (O2 tension = 10.5 ± 0.8 kPa), and on oxygen consumption (MO 2) in normoxia, in hypoxia (O2 tension = 6.6 ± 0.8 kPa) and during recovery were then investigated. The effects of adding supplementary vitamin E to the fat-enriched diets were also studied. Dietary fatty acid composition had effects on spontaneous locomotor activity and MO 2 in normoxia. Activity levels were higher in all sturgeon fed extra dietary fats (without vitamin E), when compared with control animals, but fish fed ω3 LCPUFA had a significantly lower MO 2 than those fed SFA, with intermediate MO 2 in controls. In hypoxia, sturgeon ω3 LCPUFA did not alter activity or MO 2 whereas those fed SFA reduced both and controls reduced MO 2. During recovery, both animals fed SFA and controls had a higher MO 2 than sturgeon fed ω3 LCPUFA. The data indicate that fish fed ω3 LCPUFA are more tolerant of hypoxia than controls or those fed SFA, as they did not reduce either activity or MO 2, and consumed less O2 during recovery. Vitamin E supplements modified the effects elicited by dietary fats. All sturgeon fed vitamin E had low activity levels in normoxia and hypoxia. Sturgeon fed vitamin E with ω3 LCPUFA had a higher MO 2 in normoxia than those fed ω3 LCPUFA alone; reduced MO 2 in hypoxia, and during recovery increased MO 2 to a rate higher than that of animals fed ω3 LCPUFA alone. In normoxia, sturgeon fed vitamin E with SFA had a similar MO 2 to those fed SFA alone but did not change MO 2 in hypoxia or during recovery. Thus, the effects of vitamin E were dependent on fat composition of the diet. Vitamin E with ω3 LCPUFA removed the beneficial effects on MO 2 and responses to hypoxia obtained with ω3 LCPUFA alone, but vitamin E with SFA allowed sturgeon to maintain aerobic metabolism in hypoxia, a more effective response than that observed in fish fed SFA alone.
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    A phylogenetic study of titi monkeys, genusCallicebus, based on cranial measurements: I. Phyletic groups ofCallicebus (1995)
    Springer
    Primates 36 (1995), S. 101-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Callicebus ; Multivariate analysis ; Cranial measurements ; Shape factor ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Examinations of 23 forms ofCallicebus were made to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships based on cranial measurements. Multivariate statistical methods of distance analysis utilizing Q-mode correlation coefficients and principal component analysis were employed. As a result, the following five distinct groups were recognized morphometrically among the 23 species and subspecies: theDonacophilus, Cupreus, Moloch, Personatus, andTorquatus groups. Moreover, the phenetic characters of cranial size, karyotype, pelage coloration, and geographic range were consistent with the results of this group classification. It could be safely concluded therefore that these groups represented phylogenetically independent groups, in view of the fact that the rate of character differentiation was not appreciably different among closely related groups. Of the five groups, thePersonatus andTorquatus groups were respectively considered to maintain a higher peculiarity of character differentiation within theCallicebus phylogeny, since these two groups individually displayed the higher magnitudes of differentiation in both their craniometric shape and some phenetic features. Conversely, the other three groups were considered to be closer to each other in theCallicebus phylogeny.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381918
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    Changes in radiocaesium uptake and distribution in wheat during plant development: a solution culture study (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth stage ; plant uptake ; radiocaesium ; solution culture ; Triticum aestivum ; cv. Tonic ; spring wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat plants were grown in a 137Cs labelled nutrient solution, either in the presence or absence of NH4 as a secondary N source. Between 11 and 64 days after sowing (DAS), plants were harvested on nine occasions. The plants supplied with NH4 and NO3 had lower root 137Cs Activity Concentrations (AC) than those supplied with NO3 only. Shoot AC were equal in both nutrition treatments. Shoot and root 137Cs AC (dry weight basis) showed the same trends with plant age in both nutrition treatments. Shoot AC almost doubled between 11 and 28 DAS after which they gradually decreased concomitant with a similar decrease in K concentrations. Root AC were always higher than shoot AC and increased to a maximum at 35 DAS after which they fluctuated. Expressed on a tissue water basis, the 137Cs AC varied less during plant age than did dry weight based AC. Furthermore, root and shoot AC expressed on a tissue water basis were almost equal. It is shown that the initial increase in 137Cs AC in both root and shoot can largely be explained by the initial dilution of absorbed 137Cs in the unlabelled seedling tissues. No correlation was found between K and 137Cs distribution among ears, leaves, stems and roots in 64 old wheat plants. NH4 as a secondary N source in a nitrate nutrient solution marginally affected 137Cs distribution.
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    Isolated wheat microspore culture (1995)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 42 (1995), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: haploids ; microspore culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of doubled haploid plants in a wheat breeding program requires an efficient haploid production system. While the techniques for producing doubled haploids from anther culture are well established, those for isolated microspores are complicated and inefficient. Four methods of isolating microspores from anthers (blending, stirring, macerating, and floating) were compared. Isolated microspores were washed and cultured in liquid medium. The effects of pre-isolation mannitol conditioning, cell density, culture dilution, and sucrose centrifugation on microspore viability were evaluated. Isolation by blending gave the highest initial microspore viability (75%). Mannitol conditioning and purification by sucrose centrifugation had a detrimental effect on initial viability. An initial microspore density of 2 × 105 microspores per ml was necessary for continued microspore viability. One hundred and nine haploid or spontancously doubled haploid plants were regenerated from microspores isolated without mannitol conditioning using the blending method. Based on this research, blender isolation with an initial density of 2 × 105 microspores per ml is recommended for isolated microspore culture.
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    An improved medium for in vitro grain development from detached wheat spikelets (1995)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 42 (1995), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: spikelet culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat spikelets detached from the spike at anthesis were cultured on solidified media and successfully produced mature grains. These grains resembled normal grains and contained well-developed, embryos. Lower concentrations of glutamine favored dry weight increase in developing grains. Such grains were indistinguishable from grains from greenhouse-grown plants in germination on moist blotting sheets. The technique of individual spikelet culture can be used to study physiology and development of wheat grains and kernels and to study host-pathogen interactions in wheat floret diseases such as Karnal bunt.
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    Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, and adult-plant responses of recent wheat cultivars from the former USSR (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; partial resistance ; slow rusting ; durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-five spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, mostly released between 1975 and 1991 in eight leaf rust-prone spring wheat growing regions of the former USSR, were tested in the seedling growth stage for reaction to 15 Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. In total, seven known and at least two unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combinations: Lr3 (7 cultivars), Lr10 (14), Lr13 (5), Lr14a (1), Lr16 (1), Lr23 (3); the unknown genes were identified in 14 cultivars. The first unknown gene could be either Lr9, Lr19, or Lr25; however, the second unknown gene in 9 cultivars was different from any named gene. Twelve of the 15 pathotypes are virulent for this gene, hence its use in breeding for resistance will be limited. The cultivars were also evaluated at two field locations in Mexico with two pathotypes in separate experiments. The area under the disease progress curve and the final disease rating of the cultivars indicated genetic diversity for genes conferring adult plant resistance. based on the symptoms of the leaf tip necrosis in adult plants, resistance gene Lr34 could be present in at least 20 cultivars. More than half of the cultivars carry high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance and were distributed in each region.
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    Inheritance and allelism of resistances to the Russian wheat aphid in seven wheat lines (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelism ; aphid resistance ; Diuraphis noxia ; inheritance ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the inheritance and allelic relationships of genes controlling resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in seven wheat germplasm lines previously identified as resistant to RWA. The seven resistant lines were crossed to a susceptible wheat cultivar Carson, and three resistant wheats, CORWA1, PI294994 and PI243781, lines carrying the resistance genes Dn4, Dn5 and Dn6, respectively. Seedlings of the parents, F1 and F2 were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infestation. Seedling reactions were evaluated 21 to 28 days after the infestation using a 1 to 9 scale. All the F1 hybrids had equal or near equal levels of resistance to the resistant parent indicating dominant gene control. Only two distinctive classes were present and no intermediate types were observed in the F2 segregation suggesting major gene actions. The resistance in PI225262 was controlled by two dominant genes. Resistance in all other lines was controlled by a single dominant gene. KS92WGRC24 appeared to have the same resistance gene as PI243781 and STARS-9302W-sib had a common allele with PI294994. The other lines had genes different from the three known genes.
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    Cytogenetical studies in wheat XVI. Chromosome location of a new gene for resistance to leaf rust in a Japanese wheat-rye translocation line (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; alien translocation lines ; monosomic analysis ; C-banding ; genomic in situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A leaf rust resistant wheat-rye translocation stock, ST-1, introduced from Japan, comprised distinct morphological types. One type possessed a T1BL·1RS chromosome with genes Lr26, Yr9 and Sr31. A second type carried a new gene, Lr45, located in a large segment of rye chromosome translocated to wheat chromosome 2A. Its structure was identified as T2AS-2RS·2RL. Despite the homoeology of the 2A and 2R chromosomes and the high level of compensation provided by the translocation, Lr45 was not normally inherited and is probably associated with agronomic deficiencies that will prevent its exploitation in agriculture.
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    Analysis of Chinese Spring regenerants obtained from short- and long-term wheat somatic embryogenesis (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: somaclonal variation ; somatic embryogenesis ; tissue culture ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Somatic embryogenesis was initiated from ‘immature embryos’ on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium plus 2 mg.l-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2% sucrose and 0.6% agarose. Somatic embryos were isolated and regenerated into whole green plants on MS medium devoid of 2,4-D. These regenerants were previously demonstrated to differ in their mitochondrial DNA organization. In order to estimate their characteristics three progenies of short-term culture regenerants and three progenies of long-term culture regenerants were analyzed and compared to the parental line. These somaclones obtained from the wheat variety Chinese Spring were evaluated for variation of 13 agronomic and morphological quantitative characters in comparison to the parental line. Significant variation was observed for plant height, spike length, main tiller diameter, between the somaclones regenerated from long-term culture and their parent. Differences were observed to increase with the duration of culture, leading to a significant modification of the structure of the plants. Several changes occurred during the somatic tissue cultures, but to a lesser extent than has previously been described in the literature.
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    Spontaneous wheat/rye translocations from female meiotic products of hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat/rye translocation ; in situ hybridization ; triticale x wheat hybrids ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Heptaploid hybrids between octoploid triticale and wheat were backcrossed as female parents with wheat to examine the rye chromosome distribution in the resultant progenies using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). One hundred and one backcross (BC) seeds were examined and whole rye chromosome additions and substitutions, wheat/rye centric and noncentric translocations and rye telocentric chromosomes were detected. Dicentric wheat/rye translocated chromosomes were also observed. Comparisons were made with previous results on the rye chromosome distribution from male gametes of the same cross and differences were found, where in the female derived population a deficit of plants with more than two rye chromosomes was apparent relative to the anther derived population.
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    The effect ofGlu-B1 high molecular weight glutenin subunits on biscuit-making quality of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 83 (1995), S. 193-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biscuit-making quality ; Glu-B1 HMW-GS ; soft wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to assess the effect of specificGlu-B1 HMW-GS on biscuit-making quality. Three soft spring wheat cultivars with the sameGlu-A1 andGlu-D1 HMW-GS, but differentGlu-B1 HMW-GS were used in crosses. F2∶4 derived lines were developed from these crosses.Glu-B1 HMW-GS 6+8 and 17+18; and 7+9 and 17+18 were compared. Lines with HMW-GS 6+8 versus those with HMW-GS 17+18 had a higher flour protein- and alveograph P/L ratio, shorter mixograph mixing time, more vitreous kernels, and a lower alveograph distensibility and strength (all values significant at p=0.05). Lines with HMW-GS 7+9 compared to those with 17+18 showed significant differences for flour extraction and biscuit diameter. The presence of HMW-GS 17+18 was significantly correlated with several biscuit-making quality characteristics in the Dirkwin/Zaragosa F2∶4 lines but not in the Waverley/Zaragosa F2∶4 lines, therefore the effect of HMW-GS 17+18 was modified by the genetic background in which they were expressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01678129
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  • 88
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    Assessing genotypic softness in single wheat kernels using starch granule-associated friabilin as a biochemical marker (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: friabilin ; grain quality ; wheat ; wheat grain hardness ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The end-use quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined in large part by the texture of the grain (soft or hard). Endosperm texture is currently determined by several empirical methods. These methods are limited because the use bulk grain lots, as opposed to individual kernels; assess phenotypic, as opposed to genotypic hardness; require a quantity of grain greater than that generally available in the early generations of wheat breeding programs, and are destructive. Recent approaches that use single kernels address the problems associated with bulk grain lots, but suffer the other limitations of providing only the phenotype and being destructive. An objective method for determining the texture genotype of single kernels of wheat was developed using starch granule-associated friabilin, a family of closely related 15 kDa proteins, as a biochemical marker. The occurrence of friabilin on water-washed wheat starch granules is apparently unaffected by the environment and is perfectly correlated (no exceptions) with grain softness. The technique presented here can detect friabilin on as little as 0.2 mg of starch and provides a 250-fold improvement in friabilin detection compared to previous methods. The method is capable of correctly assessing the genotype of F1 heterozygotes from hard x soft and soft x hard crosses. Further, the method uses only a portion of the endosperm from the kernel and therefore accommodates embryo propagation and high molecular weight glutenin subunit characterization. This single kernel method also facilitates the genetic characterization of mixed, bulk grain lots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035940
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  • 89
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    The crossability percentages of 96 bread wheat landraces and cultivars from Japan with rye (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Japan with rye (Secale cereale L.) was investigated by controlled pollination. No normal seeds were produced, but numbers of shrivelled and small seeds with embryos were used to estimate crossability amongst the 96 accessions, viz: 0–10% (29), 10–30% (23), 30–50% (11), 50–90% (33). The investigation for the pedigrees of varieties with more than 50% crossability percentages showed that the kr alleles of some accessions derived from common ancestors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037112
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  • 90
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    Leaf development and phenology of Triticum aestivum and T. durum under different moisture regimes (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anthesis ; flag leaf area ; number of leaves ; phyllochron ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum turgidum var. durum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat grain yield production in the rain-fed areas is limited by water deficits during crop growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted during spring 1992 at ICARDA, Tel Hadya, Syria, with eight genotypes representing two Triticum species (Triticum turgidum var. durum and Triticum aestivum L.) under four soil-moisture regimes (95%, 75%, 55%, and 35% field capacity) to study the effect of water deficit on leaf development. The phyllochron was similar in the two species across the watering regimes. The range in variation in phyllochron among the genotypes was similar in the two species. Phyllochron response to water stress among genotypes was distinct in the driest regime in both species. Cham 6 (T. aestivum) and Gallareta (T. turgidum var. durum) had similar phyllochron across all moisture regimes whereas in other genotypes phyllochron was higher in the dries regime. Leaf area decreased with increasing moisture stress. Triticum turgidum var. durum genotypes were later in flowering as they had, on average, one leaf more than Triticum aestivum genotypes with similar leaf appearance rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010492
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  • 91
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    Comparison of plant uptake and plant toxicity of various ions in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; nutrient concentrations ; scandium ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of varying solution concentrations of manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga) and lanthanum (La) on plant chemical concentrations, plant uptake and plant toxicity were determined in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M solution culture). Increasing the solution concentration of Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Fe, Ga and La increased plant concentrations of that ion. Asymptotic maximum plant concentrations were reached for Zn (10 mg kg DM−1 in the roots), Ga (2 mg kg DM−1 in the tops and 18 mg kg DM−1 in the roots) and La (0.4 mg kg DM−1 in the tops and 4 mg kg DM−1 in the roots). Plant ion concentrations were, on average, 3 times higher in the roots than the tops for Mn and Zn, 7 times for Cu, 9 times for Fe, 12 times for Ga and 15 times for La. In contrast, B concentrations were higher in the tops than the roots by, on average, 2 times. The estimated toxicity threshold (plant concentration at which a rapid decrease in yield occurred) in the tops was 0.4 mg g DM−1 for B, 2 for Zn, 0.075 for Cu and 0.09 for La and in the roots 0.2 mg g DM−1 for B, 5 for Zn, 0.3 for Cu and 3 for La. Plant uptake rates of the ions (as estimated by the slope of the relationship between solution ion concentrations and plant ion concentrations) was in the order B〈Fe〈Mn〈La〈Zn〈Ga〈Cu for the tops and B〈Mn〈Fe〈Zn〈La〈Cu〈Ga for the roots. In the roots, the uptake rates of La, Cu and Ga was exceptionally high (〉 250 mg kg DM−1 μM −1). Plant toxicity was estimated as the reciprocal of the plant concentration that reduced yield by 50% (change in relative yield per mg ion kg DM−1). The plant toxicity of the ions tested was in the order Mn〈Zn〈B〈Fe=Ga〈La〈Cu in the tops and Mn〈Ga〈Zn〈Fe=La〈Cu〈B in the roots. Copper was unusual in that plant uptake and plant toxicity was high for a plant trace nutrient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011318
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  • 92
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    Dual inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus and Glomus mosseae enhances biomass production and nutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) supplied with organic phosphorus as Na-phytate (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 97-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus ; Glomus mosseae ; organic phosphorus utilisation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a pot experiment, wheat was grown for 50 days in two heat-sterilized low-phosphorus (P) soils supplied with organic P as Na-phytate. Seed inoculation with the phosphatase-producing fungus (PPF) Aspergillus fumigatus or soil inoculation with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus mosseae increased shoot and root dry weight and root length, phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and shoot concentrations of P and to a lesser extent of K and Mg. As a rule, the greatest effects on those parameters were most in the combined inoculation treatment (PPF + VAM). Shoot concentrations of Cu and Zn were only enhanced by VAM, not by PPF. At harvest, depletion of organic P in the rhizosphere soil increased in the order of: sterilized soil 〈 PPF 〈 VAM 〈 PPF + VAM which corresponded with the enhanced P concentrations in the plants. The results demonstrate that organic P in form of Na-Phytate is efficiently used by VAM and that use of organic P can be increased by simultaneous inoculation with phosphatase-producing fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155522
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    Fate and effects on yield components of extra applications of nitrogen on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in solution culture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grain protein concentration ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown with daily additions of nitrate-N. The relative addition rate of nitrate-N was decreased stepwise, and after 125 days of growth, 58 mg N plant-1 had been introduced. The fate and effect of an extra addition of nitrate (20 mg N plant-1) at six different times during the ontogeny (37, 54, 66, 79, 94 and 108 days from sowing) on grain yield and grain protein concentration was investigated. The plants absorbed all or most of the extra nitrate at all stages of development evaluated. Dry matter production of both aerial vegetative parts and grains, but not roots, generally increased as a result of the extra nitrate addition. The increase in grain dry matter was mainly an effect of an increased number of grains per plant. Extra nitrate applications had large effects on grain nitrogen content at all stages, but the effect on main shoot and tiller ears varied depending on the time of application. Early applications, i.e. before anthesis, mainly led to increased yield with unchanged protein concentration whereas late applications also led to increased grain protein concentration. The largest effect on grain nitrogen concentration (25–30% increase) was obtained when the extra nitrate was applied late after sowing, i.e. less than four weeks before final harvest. As the extra dose of nitrate was labelled with 15N, it was possible to follow the movement of the extra nitrogen addition within the plant. Samples were taken at one and five days after 15N-addition and at final harvest. There were differences in the movement of 15N depending on when it was introduced. Generally, net movement of the 15N-labelled N into the grain increased with age at application until 94 days after sowing when a maximum of 90% of the added 15N ended up in the grain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011353
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  • 94
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    Transfer of the ability to flower in winter wheat via callus tissue regenerated from immature inflorescences (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 41 (1995), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: callus ; generative development ; immature inflorescences ; regeneration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using two wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L., winter ‘Grana’ and spring ‘Jara’) the ability of callus from immature inflorescences to differentiate into new plants was studied. In the case of the winter wheat the requirement for vernalization of the newly developed plants to attain the ability for heading was investigated. Callus was developed from 1–2 mm fragments of immature inflorescences, 5–10 mm in length, on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 mg l-1 2,4-d, 3% sucrose and 0.6% agar, at 25° C and in continuous light of about 6.4 W m-2 PAR energy. After 6 weeks of culture green centres of differentiation were observed. During the following 4 weeks culture on MS medium free of 2,4-d, leaf-like structures as well as a small number of roots were obtained. The regenerants were rooted on a half-strength MS medium, then transferred to pots of soil and placed in a glasshouse with 16 h photoperiod at a temperature day/night 23/17° C. After about 6 weeks of culture in the glasshouse, almost all regenerants (98%) headed and were fertile, producing normal seeds, including the winter variety. The heading of winter plants under conditions excluding vernalization indicates that the callus tissue derived from a generative organ transmits the state of generative induction onto the developing new plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045094
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    Ecomorphological diversification and convergence in fluvial cichlid fishes (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 44 (1995), S. 235-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Adaptive radiation ; Convergent evolution ; Costa Rica ; Diet ; Phylogeny ; Venezuela ; Zambia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis We compared ecological and morphological patterns among cichlid faunas from three different biotic regions: the Río Tortuguero/Rio Sarapiquf in Costa Rica, the Río Apure drainage in Venezuela, and the Upper Zambezi drainage in Zambia. Cichlids comprise 19 percent of the fish fauna in the Tortuguero and Upper Zambezi drainages and 6.5 percent in the Apure drainage. Cichlid faunas exhibited similar patterns of habitat and food resource utilization, although vegetation-dwelling is more common and detritivory and herbivory are rarer in the Apure fauna. We hypothesize that South American ostariophysan fishes were more preadapted than cichlids to exploit detritivore and herbivore niches. The Zambezi cichlid fauna shows less ecomorphological diversification than the other two faunas, even though the degree of dietary diversification is similar among faunas. Chaetobranchus flavescens from the Venezuelan fauna is the only species that specializes on zooplankton as an adult, and algae grazing (Neetroplus nematopus) and specialized fruit feeding (‘Cichlasoma’ tuba) were represented only in the Costa Rican fauna. Based on the most recent hypothesized phylogeny for the family Cichlidae, we identified numerous interfaunal ecomorphological and feeding niche convergences. Patterns of ecomorphological divergence in relation to cladogenesis indicate a faster rate of evolutionary niche diversification in Central American cichlids compared with the two other faunas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005919
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    Transfer of heavy metals from sediment to fish, and their biliary excretion (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 4 (1995), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: bile ; Daphnia magna ; fish ; rainbow trout ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uptake and biliary excretion of metals were studied in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposed through spiked sediment to a mixture of seven heavy metals. Metal concentrations and toxicity of bile and blood plasma were used as indicators of exposure. Among the seven metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) only three (Cu, Hg, and Pb) were concentrated in the bile (bile-plasma ratio 〉1). Bile-plasma ratios in the rainbow trout were similar to those found in rats for Cu and Hg. Daphnia magna bioassays were used to determine toxicity of bile and blood plasma in the same trout. Toxicity of bile and blood plasma increased after treatment with acid. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that toxicity of bile and blood plasma to D. magna in metal-exposed trout was significantly correlated with (1) bile and blood plasma test concentration, (2) acid treatment of bile and blood plasma (hydrolysis of metal-plasma and metal-bile complexes) and (3) sediment concentration of metals during exposure of trout. In order to significantly detect the magnitude of the exposure to a xenobiotic the biomarker must respond in a dose- or time-dependent manner. Therefore, the potential use of bile toxicity as a biomarker of heavy metal exposure in fish is probably limited by the low bioconcentration of many of these toxicants in bile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118002
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    Relations between resuspension and the content of 137Cs in freshwater fish in some Swedish lakes (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 4 (1995), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: 137Cs ; freshwater ; sediment traps ; resuspension ; sediment ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In many Swedish lakes, the fallout of 137Cs from the Chernobyl accident in April 1986 has largely accumulated in the sediments. The availability and transfer of deposited 137Cs to biota is influenced by factors such as resuspension. The frequency of resuspension and the 137Cs-content of different fish species was studied in three shallow lakes in Uppland, central Sweden, and in one deeper lake in northern Sweden. Resuspension was measured by the use of sediment traps. Sedimentation rates measured from the traps in the shallower lakes were 5–10 times higher than normal for this type of lake, indicating that resuspension was an important factor. The decrease of the 137Cs-content in muscle tissue of pike, perch and roach was slow in each of the shallow lakes. 137Cs decreased by about 30% over a period of 2 years in the shallowest lake (maximum depth 4 m), whereas 137Cs decreased by 50% in the deeper lakes (maximum depth 10 m). The slower rates of decline of 137Cs in biota from the shallow lakes, are probably a function of sediment dynamics (mainly influenced by lake morphometry, wind direction and strength). They may be influenced, also, by bioavailability of resuspended sediment material. In the deepest northern lake, much of the 137Cs-containing material collected in the sediment traps originated from the catchment area. Resuspension was minimal, and the high activity of 137Cs in the sediment had no effect on content or decline of 137Cs in lake fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118009
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    Some properties of the intestinal proteases of the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus (Park) (1995)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 14 (1995), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: trypsin ; chymotrypsin ; leucine aminopeptidase ; proteases ; fish ; digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some properties of the intestinal proteases of the rabbitfish were examined. At 25°C, both trypsin and chymotrypsin showed pH optima of 8.0. Leucine aminopeptidase, however, displayed maximum activity in the pH range, 7.0–9.0. Leucine aminopeptidase had the highest optimum temperature (60°C), and chymotrypsin, the lowest (30°C). The optimum temperature of trypsin was 55°C. The activation energy, Ea, was found to be 8.24 for trypsin and 8.50 kcal mol−1 for chymotrypsin. The Ea for leucine aminopeptidase was 6.29 kcal mol−1 above 40°C and 1.73 kcal mol−1 below 40°C. Substrate concentration-velocity plots showed that all three enzymes followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics; the Km and Vmax were estimated for the three enzymes. The effects of various protease inhibitors on enzyme activity were also examined and confirmed the protease classes to which each enzyme belonged. The three proteases examined have similar properties to proteases in other fishes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004312
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  • 99
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    Effects of growth hormone on plasma ionic regulation, respiration and extracellular acid-base status in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) transferred to seawater (1995)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 14 (1995), S. 279-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; growth hormone ; GH ; seawater adaptation ; acid-base status ; oxygen consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of trout recombinant growth hormone (rtGH) treatment (0.25 μg g−1 by intraperitoneal implant) on plasma ionic regulation, extracellular acid-base status and respiration were investigated in freshwater rainbow trout and during a 4-day period after direct transfer into seawater (35 g 1−1). In freshwater, rtGH treatment resulted in a significant increase in gill (Na+, K+) ATPase activity and in standard metabolism (MO2). The latter would mainly result from a higher rate of protein synthesis. Direct transfer from freshwater to seawater induced a decrease in arterial blood pH, far more pronounced in controls than in treated fish. This effect could be regarded in both groups mainly as a metabolic acidosis resulting from extracellular ion composition changes (i.e., an increase higher in chloride than in sodium, more marked in controls than in treated fish). As the rise in PaCO2, in spite of an increase in ventilatory activity, is more significant in controls than in treated fish, it can be assumed that rtGH treatment lightened the decrease in the gas diffusing capacity of gills induced by transfer to seawater. The initial increase in MO2 in both controls and treated fish could be the consequence of an increase in energetic cost of ventilation and osmoregulation. Then, in treated fish, the persistent high level of M may indicate a stimulation of intermediary metabolism by rtGH. In addition, the absence in treated fish of an increase in plasma lactate concentration, as observed in controls, would indicate that rtGH attenuated the decrease in O2 affinity of haemoglobin foreseeable from the metabolic acidosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004066
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    Metabolic enzyme activities in larvae of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus: changes in relation to age and nutrition (1995)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 14 (1995), S. 385-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; Clarias gariepinus ; ontogenesis ; nutrition ; metabolism ; NADPH generation ; aerobic metabolism ; amino acid catabolism ; glycolysis ; gluconeogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of ontogeny and nutrition on metabolic enzyme activities in larvae of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, was studied. After start of exogenous feeding, the larvae were reared for 10 days under three different nutritional conditions: Artemia nauplii, a dry starter diet, and starvation. The live feed gave the best growth (96 mg within 10 days) whereas the dry diet resulted in low growth (33 mg). This growth difference was reflected in larval RNA and DNA concentrations, but not in the levels of soluble protein. Enzymes representing the following aspects of metabolism have been analysed: NADPH generation (G6PDH, ME), glycolysis (PFK, PK), gluconeogenesis (FDPase), amino acid catabolism (GOT, GPT) and oxidative catabolism (CS). All enzymes were present from the start of exogenous feeding onwards, but their maximum specific activities displayed different developmental patterns. In catfish larvae fed on Artemia, G6PDH and ME activities steadily increased with age and weight of the larvae. CS levels remained, after an immediate enhancement upon onset of exogenous feeding, on a rather stable plateau. The amino acid-degrading enzymes GOT and GPT showed maximum levels at days 3–5 of feeding or at a body weight of 10–20 mg, but decreased thereafter. Activities of PFK, PK and FDPase showed low initial levels, and increased significantly with age and size. Based on the ontogenetic patterns of metabolic enzymes, in C. gariepinus larvae an early and a late developmental phase can be distinguished. During the early phase, the glycolytic and gluconeogenetic capacities are low, whereas they are enforced during the later phase. The oxidative capacity is high both during the early and the late phase. The metabolic changes in catfish development coincide with other major ontogenetic events, e.g., alterations of muscle organization, gill morphology, respiration and stomach structure and function. Rearing catfish larvae on a dry diet instead of Artemia partly altered the developmental pattern described: The ontogenetic elevation of CS, PFK and FDPase was delayed and the early peak in GOT and GPT activities was not realized. Particularly during the early developmental phase, the enzyme behaviour of the larvae fed on dry food was similar to that of starved larvae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003376
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