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  • Artikel  (342)
  • evolution  (102)
  • taxonomy  (85)
  • Triticum aestivum
  • fish
  • Springer  (342)
  • 1995-1999  (342)
  • 1997  (189)
  • 1995  (153)
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  • 1995-1999  (342)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetics of the ability of Phyllotreta nemorum larvae to survive in an atypical host plant, Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; genetics ; sex-linkage ; X- and Y-chromosome ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A polymorphism in host plant exploitation has been discovered in the flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) where one resistant population is able to use Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. ssp. arcuata (Opiz.) Simkovics (Brassicaceae) as a host plant while a susceptible population is not. Crosses (F1, F2, and backcrosses) between the two flea beetle populations were made, and survival of the progeny on B. v. ssp. arcuata was measured. The ability of P. nemorum larvae to survive in this plant species depended on the presence of major, dominant genes (R-genes). The two most abundant R-genes in the resistant flea beetle population were X- and Y-linked, respectively. The use of B. v. ssp. arcuata as a natural host plant by the resistant population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. The role of sex-linked genes in the evolution of host range is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002938912809
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variation in defences of the plant Barbarea vulgaris and in counteradaptations by the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Barbarea vulgaris ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; resistance ; host plant ; variation ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several sorts of variation in the interaction between the insect, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae:Alticinae), and the plant, Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae), have been discovered: 1) genetic differences in the levels of defences in the plant, 2) genetic differences in the ability of insects to cope with the plant defences, 3) seasonal variation in levels of defences in the plant, and 4) differences between leaf types in levels of defences. Two plant accessions were suitable for larval development throughout the season while the remaining nine accessions were more or less unsuitable for larvae from the ‘susceptible’ T-population at least at certain times of the year. All accessions were suitable for the ‘resistant’ E-population throughout the year. There was a seasonal variation in levels of defences in some accessions which were unsuitable for the T-population during the summer period when beetles were present, but not during autumn and spring when the beetle were hibernating. Upper (younger) cauline leaves of these accessions had higher levels of defences than lower (older) cauline leaves. The resistant E-population used B. vulgaris as a natural host plant while the susceptible T-population did not. The use of B. vulgaris as a natural host plant by the E-population of P. nemorum seems to be an extension of the host plant range of the species. Variation in plant defences may have facilitated the switch in host plant use by the resistant flea beetle population.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002990929647
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative genetics of zooplankton life histories (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 454-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Quantitative genetics ; life history ; evolution ; cladocera ; heritability ; Daphnia ; zooplankton
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Quantitative genetic techniques are powerful tools for use in understanding the microevolutionary process. Because of their size, lifespan, and ease of culture, many zooplankton species are ideal for quantitative genetic approaches. As model systems, studies of zooplankton life histories are becoming increasingly used for examination of the central paradigms of evolutionary theory. Two of the fundamental empirical questions that zooplankton quantitative genetics studies can answer are: 1) How much genetic variance exists in natural populations for life history traits? 2) What is the empirical evidence for trade-offs that permeate life history theory based on optimality approaches? A review of existing data onDaphnia indicates substantial genetic variance for body size, clutch size, and age at first reproduction. Average broad-sense heritabilities for these three characters across 19 populations of 6 species are 0.31, 0.31, and 0.34, respectively. Although there is some discrepancy between the two pertinent studies that were designed to decompose the total genetic variance into its additive and non-additive components, a crude average seems to suggest that approximately 60% of the total genetic variance has an additive basis. The existing data are somewhat inconsistent with respect to presence/absence of trade-offs (negative genetic correlations) among life history traits. A composite of the existing data seems to argue against the existence of strong trade-offs between offspring size and offspring number, between present and future reproduction, and between developmental rate and fecundity. However, there is some evidence for a shift toward more negative (less positive) covariances in more stressful environments (e.g., low food). Zooplankton will prove to be very useful in future study in several important areas of research, including the genetics and physiology of aging, the importance of genotype-environment interaction for life history traits, and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143198
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of chronic heat stress on cortisol levels in the antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 768-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Cortisol ; stress ; heat ; Antarctic ; fish
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Radioimmunoassay was used to determine levels of the stress-inducible glucocorticoid, cortisol, circulating in the plasma of the extremely stenothermal Antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki at rest and after heat stress. Fish sampled immediately after capture (−1.9°C) had low cortisol levels (10.4±1.4 ng ml−1, mean±SEM) as did fish which were laboratory rested for 3 days. Sudden exposure to 5°C (48h) resulted in a peak cortisol value after 3 h (69.9±6.8 ng ml−1) whereas exposure to 8°C (6h) resulted in a peak value after 1 h (73.5±8.0 ng ml−1). At both temperatures levels remained significantly elevated (p〈0.05) for the entire period of exposure. Increased temperature also resulted in a significant change in haemoglobin, haematocrit and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p〈0.05). Plasma lactate was significantly elevated only after exposure to 8°C (p〈0.05). Plasma cortisol levels fromP. borchgrevinki are reported here for the first time and show this cryopelagic Antarctic species to have an unusual hormonal stress profile.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01922428
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336556
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Critical comparison of methods for mercury determination in fish (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Schlagwort(e): mercury ; fish ; collaborative study ; atomic absorption spectrometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract One of the major analytical problem in the analysis of fish tissues for total mercury is the dissolution of the sample. This paper compares two different methods of wet digestion (microwave and closed pressurized vessel), followed by FIAAS as final determination and a Zeeman-solid-sample-AAS determination method without previous mineralization. Six fish samples were selected for this study. The top, the central and the bottom portions of the fish were analyzed separately. The mercury contents in the bottom portions determined by Zeeman-solid-sample-AAS were significantly higher than those obtained by the other two systems. A good correlation was observed among the results of the different techniques.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244010
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of open and closed focussed microwave digestions in view of total mercury determination by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (1995)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 119 (1995), S. 199-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Schlagwort(e): microwave digestion ; fish ; mercury ; CVAAS
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Food samples digestion, in view to quantify total mercury, is the first step to perform before measuring mercury by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). We have compared two microwave digestion systems, one working at atmospheric pressure (open system) and the other one under pressure (closed system). Results obtained for fish muscle samples by the two methods are in good agreement. However, fat is not digested in the open system, whereas in the closed system no more fat remains in the final solution. During the quantification step, applying the CVAAS technique, we have noticed that the choice and the concentration of the reductant solution is very important to obtain good results. Elaborated methods have been validated using certified reference materials.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243999
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Colonization and evolution of lakes on the central Norwegian coast following deglaciation and land uplift 9500 to 7800 years B.P. (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 18 (1997), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): colonization ; evolution ; lakes ; Norway ; deglaciation ; land uplift ; invertebrates ; Chironomidae ; Porifera ; Bryozoa ; diatoms ; Charophyta ; tsunami
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Invertebrate colonization of lakes following the uplift of land from the sea was studied in four lakes, currently situated between 39 and 24 m a.s.l., on the central Norwegian coast. The lakes were isolated from the sea between 9500 and 7700 years B.P. Animal and algal remains picked from core samples showed that the first colonizers preserved as fossils were usually members of the Chironomidae, Daphnidae/Chydoridae, Acarina, Porifera (Ephydatia mülleri and Spongilla lacustris), Bryozoa (Cristatella mucedo and Plumatella spp.) and Charophyta (Chara sp.). Of the chironomids, the genus Chironomus was present in the oldest lacustrine layers of all four lakes, but other genera recorded at the marine/lacustrine boundary were Dicrotendipes, Procladius (?), Einfeldia, Microtendipes, and Glyptotendipes. Remains of the caddis fly family Limnephilidae were also present in the earliest lacustrine sediments in Kvennavatnet and Kvernavatnet. The oldest invertebrate fauna is typical for mesotrophic lakes. However, chironomids and mites have been present in this area from at least about 10 500 years B.P. A diverse chironomid community was established between 300 and 800 years after isolation from the sea at Kvernavatnet on the island of Hitra, while only between 80 and 120 years passed before a comparably diverse community developed at Kvennavatnet on the mainland coast. A similar development of the invertebrate fauna occurred in Kvennavatnet, Kvernavatnet and Storkuvatnet. However, Litjvatnet deviates greatly from the ‘normal’ pattern because a tsunami disturbed the bottom sediments and fauna. The tsunami, a gigantic sea wave, was caused by a submarine slide from the Norwegian continental slope. It reached Litjvatnet, today located 24 m a.s.l., but was not traced in Storkuvatnet at 30 m a.s.l. This event happened about 7200 years B.P.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007934825272
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identity of Fusarium nygamai isolates with long and short microconidial chains from millet, sorghum and soil in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 140 (1997), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Africa ; Fusarium ; F. moniliforme ; grain ; Lesotho ; mating population ; Nigeria ; taxonomy ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Several Fusarium species have been found associated with millet and sorghum in Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Amongst these, some isolates were originally identified as short- and long-chained types of F. nygamai. However, there was some question as to the correct identification of the long chained types. This study reclassified some of the isolates with long microconidial chains as F. moniliforme. Morphologically, these strains do not produce chlamydospores like F. nygamai, but produce swollen hyphal cells or resistant hyphae. The isolates in this study were crossed with the mating-type tester strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (F. moniliforme and G. nygamai (F. nygamai). Of the isolates with long chains of microconidia and other characteristics of F. moniliforme, 36% crossed with mating population ''A'' of G. fujikuroi. Of the isolates with characteristics of F. nygamai, 65% crossed with the testers used to produce the teleomorph of F. nygamai. Mating tests support the separation of the sample population into F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. The results of this study show that genetics can be an aid in resolving some problems in fungal taxonomy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006863825469
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Incubating superphosphate in ‘dry’soil can reduce its effectiveness (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Incubation of phosphorus in soil ; relative effectiveness ; superphosphate ; ×Triticosecale ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Single superphosphate was incubated for six months at 25°C in soil which had been subject to one of three moisture treatments. These were: dried in a glasshouse, dried at a constant temperature of 25°C, or moist soil. Phosphorus (P) effectiveness was then compared with effectiveness of P from freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) tops in pot experiments. Incubation in soil which had been dried at 25°C did not decrease the effectiveness of the P. Incubation in moist soil decreased it to about 20% of the effectiveness of freshly-applied P in one case and to about 50% in the other case. Incubation in soil which had been dried in a glasshouse also decreased its effectiveness. The decrease varied with conditions, but in two cases the P was 70% as effective as freshly-applied P, and in one case only 45% as effective. Presumably sufficient moisture was present in the soil dried in the glasshouse to enable water-soluble P present in the fertilizer to react with the soil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750927
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolution of novel metabolic pathways for the degradation of chloroaromatic compounds (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 159-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): aromatic pathways ; chlorobenzenes ; evolution ; genes ; plasmids ; pseudomonas
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Chlorobenzenes are substrates not easily metabolized by existing bacteria in the environment. Specific strains, however, have been isolated from polluted environments or in laboratory selection procedures that use chlorobenzenes as their sole carbon and energy source. Genetic analysis indicated that these bacteria have acquired a novel combination of previously existing genes. One of these gene clusters contains the genes for an aromatic ring dioxy-genase and a dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. The other contains the genes for a chlorocatechol oxidative pathway. Comparison of such gene clusters with those from other aromatics degrading bacteria reveals that this process of recombining or assembly of existing genetic material must have occurred in many of them. Similarities of gene functions between pathways suggest that incorporation of existing genetic material has been the most important mechanism of expanding a metabolic pathway. Only in a few cases a horizontal expansion, that is acqui sition of gene functions to accomodate a wider range of substrates which are then all transformed in one central pathway, is observed on the genetic level. Evidence is presented indicating that the assembly process may trigger a faster divergence of nearby gene sequences. Further ‘fine-tuning’, for example by developing a proper regulation, is then the next step in the adaptation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000166400935
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolution of bacterial genomes (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): bacteria ; DNA ; evolution ; genome ; RNA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This review examines evolution of bacterial genomes with an emphasis on RNA based life, the transition to functional DNA and small evolving genomes (possibly plasmids) that led to larger, functional bacterial genomes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000123216769
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bacterial evolution and metabolism (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): bacteria ; energy ; evolution ; genome ; metabolism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This article examines the relationship between (or dependence of) bacterial evolution in prokaryotes and metabolism, and the changing physical-chemical conditions present during early evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000175217677
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Molecular evolution in bacteria: Surfaces, cathodes and anodes (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): assembly ; anode ; bacteria ; cathode ; DNA ; evolution ; genetics ; molecular ; surfaces
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Molecular evolution is examined in bacteria with an emphasis on mineral surfaces, membranes, cathodes and anodes. In early molecular evolution, cathode-anode system may have been naturally occurring on a nm to µm scale. Secondly, the cathode-anode system could have been separated by a primitive, permeable lipid or microsphere on a mineral surface, that was a precursor of a more advanced membrane with a charge differential on either side of the membrane. These aspects will be considered from a theoretical evolutionary perspective.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000271219036
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Molecular evolution and optimization (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): bacteria ; catalysis ; DNA ; enzyme ; evolution ; microorganisms ; optimization ; RNA ; time
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Microbial populations (and life) not only evolve, they optimize. The transition from a random, unorganized, lifeless Earth to the present situation, where the Earth is virtually covered with nucleic acids and diverse and complex species, required numerous molecular changes and the integration of metabolic pathways over billions of years. Primitive prokaryotic life was dependent on and constrained by the physical-chemical conditions on the Earth, while slowly reshaping conditions present. In this review, molecular evolution and molecular optimization are examined with an emphasis on the order in which evolutionary events occurred.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000456825081
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Candida novakii, sp. nov. a new anamorphic yeast species of ascomycetous affinity (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 375-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): Candida novakii ; taxonomy ; yeasts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Two strains of an undescribed species of the genus Candida were isolated from decaying wood of Quercus sp. A description of the new species Candida novakii is given.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000238205640
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Verrucomicrobia div. nov., a new division of the Bacteria containing three new species of Prosthecobacter (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): phylogeny ; prosthecobacter ; taxonomy ; Verrucomicrobia ; Verrucomicrobiae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Four strains of nonmotile, prosthecate bacteria were isolated in the 1970s and assigned to the genus Prosthecobacter. These strains were compared genotypically by DNA/DNA reassociation and 16S rDNA based phylogenetic analyses. Genotypic comparisons were complemented with phenotypic characterizations. Together, these studies clearly indicate each Prosthecobacter strain represents a novel species of bacteria. We propose three new species of Prosthecobacter, P. dejongeii strain FC1, P. vanneervenii strain FC2, and P. debontii strain FC3; P. fusiformis is reserved for the type strain of the genus, strain FC4. Additionally, we propose the genera Prosthecobacter and Verrucomicrobium, currently members of the order Verrucomicrobiales, to comprise a novel higher order taxonomic group, the division Verrucomicrobia div. nov. and the class Verrumicrobiae class nov. Many novel members of the Verrucomicrobia, as revealed by molecular ecology studies, await isolation and description.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000348616863
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on keratinophilic fungi. Ix: Neoarachnotheca gen. nov. and a new species of Nannizziopsis (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): keratinophilic fungi ; Neoarachnotheca ; Neoarachnotheca keratinophila ; Nannizziopsis tropicalis ; Onygenales ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Neoarachnotheca is proposed as a new genus of Onygenales. The outstanding generic characteristics are white, spherical ascomata with a wall formed by a network of hyphae and spherical, subhyaline ascospores with an irregular sheath. Nt. keratinophila, the type species, characterized by wavy peridial hyphae has been isolated from marine and river sediments and Myriodontium keratinophilum is its anamorph. Nannizziopsis tropicalis is proposed as a new species based on a strain isolated from soil in Burundi. RFLPs analysis of ITS and 5.8S rDNA support these proposals. The differences with related genera are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000394118040
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological control of pigweeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, L. A. Powellii, S. Watson and A. bouchonii Thell.) with phytophagous insects, fungal pathogens and crop management (1997)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 2 (1997), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): Biological control ; insects ; pathogens ; germination ; taxonomy ; genetic variability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) are of economic importance worldwide. In Europe, Amaranthus retroflexus is one of the ten weed species of greatest economic importance. It is a serious problem weed in several field crops (e.g. maize), as well as in vegetables, orchards and grape vines. It is an annual spreading by seeds which have a long viabilityand are dispersed principally by wind and water, but also by machinery. There is great variability in seed germination which renders control with post-emergence herbicides difficult. In addition, triazine herbicide-resistant populations occur in ten European countries. The aim of this subproject of COST action 816 is to investigate the possibilities of classical and inundative biological control of Amaranthus spp., to characterize potentialbiological control agents and to develop methods for their integration with current phytosanitary measures in the target crops. The project was initiated with an extended literaturesurvey followed by field surveys for insects and pathogens associated with Amaranthus spp. in several European countries. Promising isolates of fungal pathogens have been tested ondetached leaves and whole plants, and initial studies on the application of pathogens causing damping off in seedlings have been made. Further, the variability of different provenances ofAmaranthus spp. in response to fungal attack has been investigated
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018480429706
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the elevated intestinal pH of higher termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hindgut ; alkalinity ; evolution ; symbionts ; gut morphology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The pH of the gut contents was measured in 52 species of higher termites (Termitidae), representing 36 genera in all four subfamilies. A statistically significant trend was shown from lower termites with low mean gut pH through to the Termitinae with higher mean gut pHs. Elevation of the pH occurred principally in the first and third proctodaeal segments, reaching values as high as 10.5 in 8 soil-feeding genera and 1 wood-feeding genus of Termitinae. Elevation of gut pH within the Termitidae appears to be independent of the general nature of the feeding substrate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245699
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Prevalence and abundance of two trematode parasites,Diplostomum phoxini andMacrolecithus papilliger in European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) in an artificial Swiss Alpine lake (1995)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Phoxinus phoxinus ; fish ; Diplostomum phoxini ; Macrolecithus papilliger ; parasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of parasites on the breeding biology of the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) was studied by examining 268 adult and 59 young-of-the-year minnows from an artificial Swiss Alpine lake for parasites during the breeding seasons in 1990 and 1991. Two trematode parasites;Diplostomum phoxini, in their brains, andMacrolecithus papilliger, in their guts, were found. The prevalence ofD. phoxini was 100% in both years. The mean abundance was 231 in 1990 and 448 in 1991; the difference was significant. Prevalence (and abundance) ofM. papilliger was 37.5% (1.04±0.39) in 1990 and 59.5% (2.68±0.55) in 1991; also significantly higher in 1991 than in 1990. No differences in prevalence or abundance between males and females were found. Numbers of both parasites were significantly correlated with fish length. There was seasonal variation in the abundance ofD. phoxini metacercariae, with a peak in June/July in both years. The prevalence ofM. papiller decreased after July in both years. Distribution of the two trematodes was overdispersed as indicated by the variance to mean (abundance) ratio. The observed seasonal variation inD. phoxini abundance also suggests that sublethal parasites could influence the population dynamics of their hosts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877380
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Divergent distributions of prey and predator, a fishing effect? (1995)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 106-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Benthos ; fish ; vertical distribution ; predation risk ; selective fishing ; Lake Constance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract To compare the vertical distributions of benthos and fish species of Upper Lake Constance (Bodensee), 552 benthos samples were taken with an Auerbach grab at four transects (10–250 m). An additional 54 samples (1–10 m) were collected elsewhere. Complementary data was taken from the literature. In winter, most fish feed on benthos, mainly chironomids, but in summer less than 5% do so. Formerly the bottom gill-netting aimed mainly at catchingCoregonus pidschian, but it now aims atPerca fluviatilis. Contrary to expectation, in winter the greatest abundance ofP. fluviatilis is much deeper (55 m) than that of its preferred food, i.e. chironomids (〈20 m). Comparably,C. pidschian also stayed deeper than its main food source (chironomids and mollusks).Lota lota, Salvelinus profundus andS. alpinus — unlike the unwanted cyprinids — also stay or stayed deeper than the attractive chironomids. It is argued that the fish reduce their “predation risk”, i.e. the risk of being gillnetted in the upper 50 m, by “selecting” the deeper less dangerous, but also less food-abundant habitat. Balancing predation risk against food abundance may have led to “survival of the deepest”.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877379
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A novel approach to the analysis of the initiation of embryo development in gramineae (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Alloplasmic lines ; Apomixis ; Parthenogenesis ; Protein patterns ; 2-D gel electrophoresis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An in vivo model system to study the initiation of embryo development is presented. From the so-called Salmon system of wheat (alloplasmic lines with a 1BL-1RS chromosome translocation), three completely isogenic and homozygous lines were produced by selection for uniformity in about 20 selfing/backcross generations as well as between sublines of doubled haploids. The line (aestivum)-Salmon is male fertile and sexual. The lines (caudata)-Salmon and (kotschyi)-Salmon are male sterile and have a parthenogenetic capacity of about 90%. The expression of nuclear-cytoplasmic male sterility is different for the two parthenogenetic lines. The initiation of autonomous embryo development at defined developmental stages of the ovaries and the maximum degree of parthenogenesis are identical in both parthenogenetic lines as proved by the auxin test and progeny analyses. The protein patterns from ovary extracts of the three isogenic lines were identical for more than 200 spots of 2-D polyacrylamide gels, confirming their homogeneity. However, one protein (P 115.1) was found 3 days before and during anthesis only in ovaries of the parthenogenetic lines. It seems to be involved in the initiation of parthenogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229382
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Early signs of disruption of wheat anther development associated with the induction of male sterility by meiotic-stage water deficit (1997)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 40-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Male sterility ; Starch ; Triticum aestivum ; Water stress ; Anther ; Pollen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Water deficit during meiosis in microspore mother cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) induces male sterility, which reduces grain yield. In plants stressed during meiosis and then re-watered, division of microspore mother cells seems to proceed normally, but subsequent pollen development is arrested. Stress-affected anthers generally lack starch. We employed light microscopy in conjunction with histochemistry to compare the developmental anatomy of water-stress-affected and normal anthers. The earliest effects of stress, detectable between meiosis and young microspore stages, were the degeneration of meiocytes, loss of orientation of the reproductive cells, and abnormal vacuolization of tapetal cells. Other effects observed during subsequent developmental stages were deposition of starch in the connective tissue where it is normally not present, hypertrophy of the middle layer or endothecial cells, and deposition of sporopollenin-like substances in the anther loculus. The resulting pollen grains lacked both starch and intine. These results suggest that abnormal degeneration of the tapetum in water-stressed anthers coupled with a loss of orientation of the reproductive cells could be part of early events leading to abortion of microspores.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050066
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In vitro development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from zygote to plant via ovule culture (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1997), S. 663-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Embryogenesis ; Ovule culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Zygote
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ovules of the wheat breeding line Veery #5 were excised and transferred to culture within 24 h after pollination. When ovules were cultured on Phytagel-solidified medium, and the pericarp removed exclusively at the micropylar tip and the abaxial side, zygotes from up to 79.2% of the ovules underwent embryogenesis with the same developmental pattern as found in planta. Embryos from more than 50% of the cultured ovules germinated when transferred to regeneration medium. More than 100 plantlets were randomly chosen for transfer to soil, all of which developed to phenotypically normal and fertile plants. With this system, the entire process of zygotic embryogenesis can be studied using living material. Furthermore, the method could be used as an embryo rescue technique for plant breeding purposes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050298
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of light on the accumulation of abscisic acid and expression of an early cysteine-labeled metallothionein gene in microspores of Triticum aestivum during induced embryogenic development (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1997), S. 458-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Abscisic acid ; Anther culture ; Light ; Metallothionein ; Pollen embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A cloned cDNA to the wheat (Triticum aestivum) early cysteine-labeled metallothionein has many characteristics of a molecular marker for pollen embryogenesis in this plant. This transcript was not detected in uninucleate microspores at the time of culture or in pollen at any stage during normal ontogeny; its mRNA did begin to increase in embryogenic microspores within 6 h of culture, peaked at around 24 h, declined, then leveled off through the 21-day-old embryoid stage. Additionally, the accumulation of the embryoid-abundant EcMt gene transcript showed a direct and positive correlation with an increase of ABA in embryogenic microspores and developing pollen embryoids. Irradiating cultures with high intensity white light or with far-red, or blue light, suppressed EcMt transcript accumulation and the ability of microspores to form embryoids; however, light did not affect ABA concentrations during the early stages of culture. These results suggest that although a promoter of pollen embryogenesis in bread wheat, ABA alone cannot maintain the sporophytic differentiation of microspores subjected to inhibitory regimes of light in vitro. Whether or not light acts directly or indirectly in suppressing EcMt gene expression and pollen embryogenesis remains unknown.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092766
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fluctuation of body temperature and cuckoo brood parasitism (1995)
    Springer
    Ecological research 10 (1995), S. 321-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Schlagwort(e): body temperature ; brood parasitism ; cuckoo ; evolution ; telemetry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Body temperatures of 11 bird species, including cuckoos, were measured in an artificial meteorological room. Ratios of change in body temperature to that in air temperature were thereby obtained for each species. Cuckoos demonstrate a remarkably high value, indicating a particularly low ability to regulate body temperature. Viewed in this light, the cuckoo's parasitic behavior is very likely an adaptation to overcome a physiological disadvantage. This in turn might be expected to reinforce delay in evolution of temperature homeostasis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347858
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Relationships between afforestation, water chemistry and fish stocks in an upland catchment in south west Scotland (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): Acidification ; fish ; forestry ; water-chemistry ; management ; calcium ; aluminium ; TOC
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The soils and waters in the Galloway hills of south-west Scotland have undergone considerable acidification during the present century. The aims of this study were to examine the extent to which afforestation can influence water chemistry, and the occurrence of fish stocks within an individual catchment in this area. Studies were carried out at 45 sites in the Bladnoch catchment during 1994. River water samples were collected at all sites and determinations made of pH, total organic carbon, calcium and monomeric aluminium concentrations. In order to quantify the size and abundance of fish populations, electrofishing was carried out at 21 of the sites. Estimates of afforestation were made by a combination of field surveys and the use of 1∶:10 000 scale ordnance survey maps. The presence of coniferous trees had a substantial affect on water chemistry. In areas where the whole catchment was afforested, the water pH was 0.7 units lower than in unafforested areas (p〈0.001). Afforestation was also correlated with low concentrations of calcium, and increases in the concentrations of monomeric aluminium and total organic carbon. There was a clear relationship between fish populations and water chemistry. Numbers of trout were positively correlated with pH (r 2=0.69; p〈0.001), and with concentrations of calcium (r 2=0.55; p〈0.001). The study has shown that salmonid fish populations are sensitive to acidity and the associated changes in river water chemistry; these problems were exacerbated by afforestation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476846
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Can sodium regulation be used to predict the relative acid-sensitivity of various life-stages and different species of aquatic fauna? (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 865-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): Na+ flux ; Cl− regulation ; chloride cells ; anal papillae ; acid-sensitivity ; crustaceans ; insect larvae ; fish
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Fishes, Zooplankton, insect larvae, and benthic invertebrates differ in their sensitivity to acidic waters. Some species are able to survive and complete their life-cycle below pH 3.5 while others are eliminated once the pH drops below 5.5. Generally, acid-sensitive fauna are highly water permeable and have difficulty regulating osmotically essential ions, such as sodium and chloride, at low pH. Increased permeability during certain stages of a life-cycle (post-molt crayfish, for example) are often associated with increased acid-sensitivity. Special adaptations, including enlarged anal papillae in Chironomids and the number and morphology of chloride cells in such diverse organisms as crustaceans, insect larvae, and fishes, may enhance acid-tolerance. To test the hypothesis that Na+ regulation can be used to predict relative acid-sensitivity of aquatic fauna we will need a mechanism for standardizing Na+ regulatory capability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476938
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lake and watershed neutralization strategies (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 889-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): acidification ; acid neutralizing capacity ; calcite ; fish ; liming ; mitigation ; ecosystems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) evaluated the application of CaCO3, to a forested watershed to mitigate the acidification of surface water. During October 1989, 6.9 Mg CaCC3/ha was applied by helicopter to two subcatchments of about 50% (102.5 ha) of the Woods Lake watershed area. The EWLS team investigated the response to treatment of soils (chemistry and microbial processes), vegetation, wetland, stream and lake waters, and phytoplankton and fish, and applied the Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification (ILWAS) model in predicting a watershed treatment duration of up to 50 years. Observations showed a gradual change in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and Ca2+ in the water column; direct lake additions of CaCO3 (three different times) were characterized by abrupt changes following base addition and subsequent rapid reacidification. Moreover, the watershed treatment eliminated the snowmelt acidification of the near-shore region of the lake observed during direct lake treatments. Positive ANC water in the tributary and near-shore area improved conditions for fish reproduction and for a viable fish population. Budgets for 12-month periods before and after the watershed treatment showed that the lake shifted from a source of ANC to a sink due to retention of elevated inputs of Ca2+ from the watershed CaCO3 application.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476942
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative study of DNA adducts levels in white sucker fish (Catostomus commersoni) from the basin of the St. Lawrence River (Canada) (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 148 (1995), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Schlagwort(e): DNA adducts ; liver ; fish ; 32P-postlabelling ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; genotoxic biomarker
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The levels of DNA adducts in the hepatic tissue of the white sucker fish speciesCatostomus commersoni were determined by32P-postlabelling. The fish were caught at four sites: two sites near the city of Windsor (Québec, Canada) on the St. François River, a downstream tributary of the St. Lawrence River, and two sites in the St. Lawrence River itself, near the city of Montréal (Québec, Canada). The latter sites are known to be contaminated by many pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Total adduct levels in all fish ranged from 25.1–178.0 adducts per 109 nucleotides. White sucker from the selected sites of the St. Lawrence River had a significantly higher mean level of DNA adducts than those of the St. François River (129.4 vs 56.8, respectively). These results suggest that the effluents of many heavy industries (e.g. from a Soderberg aluminium plant) flowing in the St. Lawrence River are more likely to produce genotoxic damage to fish than those released in one of its tributary, and mainly associated to the activities of a small town and a nearby pulp and paper mill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928150
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Glycophorin A Gene Family in Gorillas: Structure, Expression, and Comparison with the Human and Chimpanzee Homologues (1997)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 35 (1997), S. 59-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycophorins ; gorilla ; evolution ; gene family ; gene expression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Homologues of MN blood group antigens, encoded by members of the glycophorin A (GPA) gene family, are expressed in man, anthropoid apes, and some species of Old World monkeys. Previous studies had shown that a three-gene framework, most closely related to that in man, is present in the chimpanzee. Here we report the genomic structure, transcript map, and protein expression of the GYPA locus in gorillas. Compared to the corresponding human and chimpanzee homologues, gorilla GPA, GPB, and GPB/E genes each showed a high degree of sequence identity, with the same exon-intron organization. However, the expression of exons III, IV, or V encoding the extracellular or membrane domains of homologous glycophorins varied among the three species. Gorilla GPA and GPB/E genes were unique in that the former occurred in two allelic forms with or without the expression of exon III, whereas the latter contained one (ψ exon III) instead of two silenced exons (ψ exons III and IV). Differences from human but not chimpanzee GPA also included the presence of a hybrid M/N epitope and the absence of the sequon for N-glycosylation. Owing to the retention of a functional exon III, gorilla GPB was more similar to chimpanzee GPB than human GPB. A transspecies allele was identified in the gorilla that gave rise to the Henshaw (He)-like antigen similar to that found in man. These results provide further insight into the model for evolution of the GPA gene family, indicating that the mechanisms underlying inter- and intraspecific polymorphism of glycophorins could predate the divergence of gorillas as the consequence of gene duplication and diversification.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022212630370
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of a novel moth sex pheromone inEriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae) and its phylogenetic implications (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 29-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Eriocrania cicatricella ; Eriocrania sparrmannella ; Eriocraniidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; EAG ; GC-EAD ; mass spectrometry ; synthesis ; evolution ; (Z)-4-hepten-2-one ; (2R)-heptan-2-ol ; (2R)-(Z)-4-hepten-2-ol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Extracts from different body parts of adult femaleEriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) were tested for electrophysiological activity on conspecific male antennae. Extracts from the Vth abdominal segment, containing a pair of exocrine glands, elicited the largest electroantennographic response when compared to extracts of other body parts. Female extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionization and electroantennographic detection (EAD). The EAD active peaks were identified as (Z)-4-hepten-2-one, (2R)-heptane-2-ol, and (2R)-(Z)-4-hepten-2-ol by coinjection on a gas chromatography and by comparison of mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In field tests, a blend of these three pheromone components was highly attractive to conspecific males, and a subtractive assay confirmed that the unsaturated alcohol is the major pheromone component, whereas no definite behavioral activity could be assigned to the ketone or the saturated alcohol. A bait containing the two alcohols withS-configuration was attractive to maleE. sparrmannella (Bosc), whereas no males ofE. cicatricella were found in these traps. The sex pheromone compounds inE. cicatricella are chemically similar to pheromones reported in Trichoptera and they are produced in homologous glands.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033660
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Are Tropical Herbivores More Resistant Than Temperate Herbivores to Seaweed Chemical Defenses? Diterpenoid Metobolites from Dictyota acutiloba as Feeding Deterrents for Tropical Versus Temperate Fishes and Urchins (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 289-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Acutilol diterpenes ; biogeography ; chemical defenses ; Dictyota ; diffuse coevolution ; fish ; plant–herbivore interactions ; sea urchin ; secondary metabolites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Because herbivory is more intense in the tropics, tropical seaweeds may be better defended against herbivory than are temperate seaweeds. A “diffuse” coevolutionary corollary to this hypothesis is that tropical herbivores should be more resistant to seaweed defenses than temperate herbivores because tropical herbivores more commonly encounter heavily defended seaweeds. We begin to test the latter prediction using three newly discovered diterpenoid secondary metabolites from the tropical brown alga Dictyota acutiloba. We tested the feeding deterrent properties of these compounds against common herbivorous fishes and sea urchins from warm-temperate North Carolina versus tropical Guam using standardized laboratory feeding assays. The temperate herbivores were deterred by lower concentrations of secondary metabolites than the tropical herbivores. In no case was a tropical herbivore more deterred by a compound than a temperate herbivore, suggesting that temperate herbivores may be more strongly affected by seaweed chemical defenses. Feeding by the temperate pinfish Lagodon rhomboides was significantly reduced by two of the three diterpenes at a concentration that was only 13–18% of the natural concentration found in the alga. Feeding by four species of tropical fishes (two parrotfishes and two surgeonfishes) was unaffected by metabolite concentrations that deterred the temperate fish. At 100% of natural concentrations, only one of the three compounds deterred the two parrotfishes, and none of the three compounds deterred the surgeonfishes. Contrasts between the temperate sea urchin Arbacia punctulata and the tropical sea urchin Diadema savignyi showed a similar pattern; low concentrations of acutilol A acetate strongly deterred the temperate, but not the tropical, urchin. Tropical herbivores appear more resistant than temperate herbivores to seaweed chemical defenses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006360.36833.13
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Multiple Functions for Secondary Metabolites in Encrusting Marine Invertebrates (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1527-1547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Secondary metabolites ; chemical defense ; evolution ; ascidians ; sponges
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We used three chemical fractions (spanning a wide range of polarities) from the extracts of four marine invertebrates, the spongesCrambe crambe andHemimycale columella and the ascidiansCystodytes dellechiajei andPolysyncraton lacazei, to test inhibition of cell division, photosynthesis, and settlement. We used assay organisms from the same habitat, seeking to determine whether a species may display diverse, ecologically relevant bioac-tivities and, if so, whether the same types of compound may be responsible for such activities. Cell division was strongly inhibited by the spongeC. crambe. A dichloromethane fraction fromC. crambe prevented development of sea urchinParacentrotus lividus eggs at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, as did the butanolic fraction, but at higher concentrations (50 and 100 μg/ml). At 50 μg/ml, the aqueous fraction ofC. crambe allowed cell division but prevented eggs from developing beyond the gastrula stage. Similar results were recorded with the dichloromethane fraction ofP. lacazei and from the aqueous fraction ofH. columella. Photosynthesis was unaffected by any of the species at 50 μg/ml. Larval settlement was inhibited by one or another fraction from the four species surveyed at a concentration of 50 μg/ml, althoughC. crambe exhibited the greatest amount of activity. We therefore found that various fractions displayed the same type of bioactivity, while compounds from the same fraction were responsible for multiple activities, suggesting that secondary metabolites are multiple-purpose tools in nature, which is relevant to our understanding of species ecology and evolution. Moreover, results showed that the assessment of the role of chemical compounds is significantly influenced by the assay organism, fractionation procedure, concentration, and duration of experiments. All these factors should be carefully considered when testing ecological hypotheses of the roles of chemically-mediated bioactivities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006420.04002.2e
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Perch mercury content is related to acidity and color of 26 Russian lakes (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476931
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of zooplankton, benthos, and fish to acidification: An overview (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): fish ; invertebrates ; osmoregulation ; ionoregulation ; aluminum ; calcium ; organic acids ; low pH ; acid lakes ; refugia ; mixing zones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents an overview of the response to acidification of aquatic fauna with special emphasis on Zooplankton, benthos, and fishes. Changes in behavior, body chemistry, reproduction, and species diversity are presented based on laboratory experiments and field studies in both Europe and North America. Differences in species sensitivity are discussed as they relate, not only to acidification but also to low calcium concentrations in the water, elevated aluminum concentrations, and presence of naturally occurring organic acids. The mechanisms—behavioral, physiological and ecological—enabling aquatic fauna to survive in acidified waters are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483688
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The decline of fauna in small streams in the Swedish mountain range (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): acidification ; acid episodes ; critical load ; mountain ; streams ; benthic fauna ; fish
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Investigations in the southern part of the Scandinavian mountain range have shown a direct correlation between snowpack pH and the lowest pH in small streams. In streams with catchments 〈100 km2 a snowpack pH below 4.8 resulted in a stream pH below 5.5. As the snowpack pH in the southern mountain range is 4.0–4.6, lower values to the south and at high altitudes, large areas are affected by acid deposition. The acidity of the snowpack is released almost directly into the streams during thaw, due to the large snowpack, rapid thaw, steep terrain and thin soils. The acidification of the snow has lead to an extensive fauna depletion, especially in smaller streams without upstream lakes. The abundance of benthos in acidified streams in the municipality of Härjedalen (11.000 km2) is today only one tenth of the abundance before acidification. Fish populations have declined to the same extent, and several acid-sensitive species have been lost. It is concluded that mountain streams and fauna are extremely sensitive to acidification, and that even large reductions of emissions will be insufficient.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476865
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Critical loads of acidity for surface waters (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2419-2424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): critical load ; acidity ; water acidification ; soil acidification ; fish ; empirical models ; sulphur deposition ; acid episodes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The critical load of acidity for surface waters is based on the concept that the inputs of acids to a catchment do not exceed the weathering less a given amount of ANC. The Steady State Water Chemistry (SSWC) Method is used to calculate critical loads, using present water chemistry. To ensure no damage to biological indicators such as fish species a value for ANClimit of 20 μeq/l has been used to date for calculating critical loads. The SSWC-method is sensitive to the choice of the ANClimit. In areas with little acid deposition the probability of acid episodes leading to fish kills is small even if the ANClimit is set to zero, while in areas with high acidic deposition fish kills may occur at this value. Thus, the ANClimit can be a function of the acidifying deposition to the lake, nearing zero at low deposition and increasing to higher values at higher deposition. A formulation for such an ANClimit has been worked out, and we have tested the effect of the ANClimit as a linear function of the deposition, assuming ANClimit = 0 at zero deposition with a linear increase to 50 ueq/l at a deposition of 200 meq.m−2.yr−1. For areas with high deposition the effect of a variable ANClimit is small, while in areas with low deposition the effect is significant. For Norway the exceeded area decreases from 36 to 30% using a variable ANClimit instead of a fixed value of 20 μeq/l.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186196
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477187
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    WHOLE-CATCHMENT LIMING AT TJØNNSTROND, NORWAY: AN 11-YEAR RECORD (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Schlagwort(e): acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200 μeq/L, ANC increased from –30 to +70 μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3 μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026442821924
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural and functional impairment of the hypothalamo- pituitary-interrenal axis in fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent in the St Maurice River, Quebec (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Schlagwort(e): cortisol ; BKME ; fish ; interrenal ; pituitary ; morphol ogy ; acute stress ; endocrine dysfunction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on blood cortisol levels and the morphology of the pituitary-interrenal axis were investigated in two species of teleost fish, the northern pike, Esox lucius, and the yellow perch, Perca flavescens, sampled upstream and downstream from a pulp and paper mill on the St Maurice River, Quebec. Fish were acutely stressed by a standardized capture and sampling protocol at both sites, and their ability to elevate blood cortisol levels in response to the capture stress was compared. Blood cortisol levels in fish from the upstream site (〉100 ng/ml plasma) were higher than the levels in fish from the BKME site, and the pituitary corticotropes and the interrenal steroidogenic cells of the upstream fish were larger and had larger nuclei compared with cells from the downstream fish. The low blood cortisol levels in fish exposed to BKME were correlated to cellular atrophy within the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. The reduced ability to elevate blood cortisol in response to an acute stress may be an endocrine dysfunction occuring in fish chronically exposed to chemical stressors in their environment
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018699405158
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nucleotide sequence of a highly repetitive element isolated fromOpsariichthys uncirostris (Osteichthyes) (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 21 (1995), S. 85-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Schlagwort(e): fish ; repetitive DNA ; SINE ; LINE
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A highly repetitive DNA element has been isolated fromOpsariichthys uncirostris. It contains several oligo-dA tracts and potential regions for the secondary structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986497
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nucleotide sequence of a major satellite DNA element isolated from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 33-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Schlagwort(e): fish ; repetitive DNA ; RFLP ; satellite DNA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A member of satellite repetitive DNA was isolated and sequenced from a saltwater fishSillago japonica (Percoidei). This sequence consists of several oligo-dA/dT tracts and two inverted repeats which resemble each other. Dot blot hybridization analysis using a satellite DNA clone pSJ2 among the species in the suborder Percoidei revealed that the pSJ2 sequence was amplified at least after the family Sillaginidae had been derived.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00996302
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Allozymic characterization and evolutionary relationships in the BrazilianAkodon cursor species group (Rodentia-Cricetidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 33 (1995), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Akodon ; Cricetidae rodents ; genetic diversity ; biochemical polymorphism ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The present study involved an electrophoretic survey of 22 protein loci in 269 individuals belonging to three species of the genusAkodon, A. aff.cursor (2n=16),A. cursor (2n=14/15), andA. montensis (2n=24/25/26), collected in Eastern Brazil. The joint results of gene diversity, genetic distances, phenetic analyses, and phylogenetic trees suggested thatA. aff.cursor has recently separated fromA. cursor and that the three species have experienced a recent chromosomal divergence followed by low allozyme differentiation. These data are in agreement with their classification as sibling species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553809
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amino acid sequence of the ribosomal protein HS23 from the halophilicHaloarcula marismortui and homology studies to other ribosomal proteins (1995)
    Springer
    The protein journal 14 (1995), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Schlagwort(e): Ribosomal proteins ; protein sequencing ; evolution ; Haloarcula marismortui
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The ribosomal protein HS23 from the 30S subunit of the extreme halophilicHaloarcula marismortui, belonging to the group of archaea, was isolated either by RP-HLPLC or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The complete amino acid sequence was determined by automated N-terminal microsequencing. The protein consists of 123 residues with a corresponding molecular mass of 12,552 Da as determined by electrospray mass spectroscopy; the pI is 11.04. Homology studies reveal similarities to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein S8 fromHomo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Leishmania major, andSaccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01886759
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An extrachromosomal fragment of telomeric DNA in wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 435-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): buoyant separation ; cloning ; extrachromosomal DNA ; germination ; telomere ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A procedure developed orginally for selective extraction of viral (extrachromosomal) DNA from virus-infected mammalian cells was applied to cell nuclei isolated from uninfected wheat embryos. The resulting nuclear extrachromosomal DNA (exDNA) was enriched for telomere-type sequences by isopycnic centrifugation and inserted into the Sma I site of pUC119. A cloned DNA fragment (241 bp) was found to consist primarily of tandemly repeated heptamere units of the same sequence (5′-CCCTAAA-3′) that is known to predominate in telomeric DNA of Arabidopsis thaliana. Hybridization experiments indicate that extrachromosomal telomeric repeats are abundant in resting embryos and disappear rapidly during germination.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020198
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of two catalase isozyme genes in barley (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 1005-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; genome mapping ; isozymes ; oxygen radicals ; powdery mildew
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Clones representing two distinct barley catalase genes, Cat1 and Cat2, were found in a cDNA library prepared from seedling polysomal mRNA. Both clones were sequenced, and their deduced amino acid sequences were found to have high homology with maize and rice catalase genes. Cat1 had a 91% deduced amino acid sequence identity to CAT-1 of maize and 92% to CAT B of rice. Cat2 had 72 and 79% amino acid sequence identities to maize CAT-2 and-3 and 89% to CAT A of rice. Barley, maize or rice isozymes could be divided into two distinct groups by amino acid homologies, with one group homologous to the mitochondria-associated CAT-3 of maize and the other homologous to the maize peroxisomal/glyoxysomal CAT-1. Both barley CATs contained possible peroxisomal targeting signals, but neither had favorable mitochondrial targeting sequences. Cat1 mRNA occurred in whole endosperms (aleurones plus starchy endosperm), in isolated aleurones and in developing seeds, but Cat2 mRNA was virtually absent. Both mRNAs displayed different developmental expression patterns in scutella of germinating seeds. Cat2 mRNA predominated in etiolated seedling shoots and leaf blades. Barley genomic DNA contained two genes for Cat1 and one gene for Cat2. The Cat2 gene was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 4, 2.9 cM in telomeric orientation from the mlo locus conferring resistance to the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014973
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation, expression, and evolution of the gene encoding mitochondrial elongation factor Tu in Arabidopsis thaliana (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 1057-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): Arabidopsis ; EF-Tu ; evolution ; gene families ; mitochondria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have characterized a second nuclear gene (tufM) in Arabidopsis thaliana that encodes a eubacterial-like protein synthesis elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). This gene does not closely resemble the previously described Arabidopsis nuclear tufA gene, which encodes the plastid EF-Tu, and does not contain sequence elements found in all cyanobacterial and plastid tufA genes. However, the predicted amino acid sequence includes an N-terminal extension which resembles an organellar targeting sequence and shares three unique sequence elements with mitochondrial EF-Tu's, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens, suggesting that this gene encodes the Arabidopsis mitochondrial EF-Tu. Consistent with this interpretation, the gene is expressed at a higher level in flowers than in leaves. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the mitochondrial character of the sequence and indicates that the human, yeast, and Arabidopsis tufM genes have undergone considerably more sequence divergence than their cytoplasmic counterparts, perhaps reflecting a cross-compartmental acceleration of gene evolution for components of the mitochondrial translation apparatus. As previously observed for tufA, the tufM gene is present in one copy in Arabidopsis but in several copies in other species of crucifers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014977
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cloning of the amphibolic Calvin cycle/OPPP enzyme d-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.1) from spinach chloroplasts: functional and evolutionary aspects (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 1279-1291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): carbon fixation ; oxidative pentose phosphate pathway ; chloroplasts ; evolution ; endosymbiosis ; isoenzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Exploiting the differential expression of genes for Calvin cycle enzymes in bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells of the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor L., we isolated via subtractive hybridization a molecular probe for the Calvin cycle enzyme d-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase (R5P3E) (EC 5.1.3.1), with the help of which several full-size cDNAs were isolated from spinach. Functional identity of the encoded mature subunit was shown by R5P3E activity found in affinity-purified glutatione S-transferase fusions expressed in Escherichia coli and by three-fold increase of R5P3E activity upon induction of E. coli overexpressing the spinach subunit under the control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter, demonstrating that we have cloned the first functional ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase from any eukaryotic source. The chloroplast enzyme from spinach shares about 50% amino acid identity with its homologues from the Calvin cycle operons of the autotrophic purple bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus and Rhodospirillum rubrum. A R5P3E-related eubacterial gene family was identified which arose through ancient duplications in prokaryotic chromosomes, three R5P3E-related genes of yet unknown function have persisted to the present within the E. coli genome. A gene phylogeny reveals that spinach R5P3E is more similar to eubacterial homologues than to the yeast sequence, suggesting a eubacterial origin for this plant nuclear gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020468
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ribonuclease P from plant nuclei and photosynthetic organelles (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 139-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Schlagwort(e): chloroplast ; cyanelle ; evolution ; pre-tRNA processing ; ribozyme ; wheat germ
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract RNase P consists of both protein and RNA subunits in all organisms and organelles investigated so far, with the exception of chloroplasts and plant nuclei where no enzyme-associated RNA has been detected to date. Studies on substrate specificity revealed that cleavage by plant nuclear RNase P is critically dependent on a complete and intact structure of the substrate. No clearcut answer is yet possible regarding the order of processing events at the 5′ or 3′ end of tRNAs in the case of nuclear or chloroplast processing enzymes. RNase P from a phylogenetically ancient photosynthetic organelle will be discussed in greater detail: The enzyme from theCyanophora paradoxa cyanelle is the first RNase P from a photosynthetic organelle which has been shown to contain an essential RNA subunit. This RNA is strikingly similar to its counterpart from cyanobacteria, yet it lacks catalytic activity. Properties of the holoenzyme suggest an intermediate position in RNA enzyme evolution, with an eukaryotic-type, inactive RNA and a prokaryotic-type small protein subunit. The possible presence of an RNA component in RNase P from plant nuclei and modern chloroplasts will be discussed, including a critical evaluation of some criteria that have been frequently applied to elucidate the subunit composition of RNase P from different organisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988719
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolution of the Group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (Lea) genes: analysis of the Lea B19 gene family in barley (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 1039-1054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): ABA-inducible genes ; coding region repeats ; embryo-specific gene family ; evolution ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; phylogenetic analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The highly conserved Group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (Lea) genes are present in the genome of most plants as a gene family. Family members are conserved along the entire coding region, especially within the extremely hydrophilic internal 20 amino acid motif, which may be repeated. Cloning of Lea Group 1 genes from barley resulted in the characterization of four family members named B19.1, B19.1b, B19.3 and B19.4 after the presence of this motif 1, 1, 3 and 4 times in each gene, respectively. We present here the results of comparative and evolutionary analyses of the barley Group 1 Lea gene family (B19). The most important findings resulting from this work are (1) the tandem clustering of B19.3 and B19.4, (2) the spatial conservation of putative regulatory elements between the four B19 gene promoters, (3) the determination of the relative ‘age’ of the gene family members and (4) the ‘chimeric’ nature of B19.3 and B19.4, reflecting a cross-over or gene-conversion event in their common ancestor. We also show evidence for the presence of one or two additional expressed B19 genes in the barley genome. Based on our results, we present a model for the evolution of the family in barley, including the 20 amino acid motif. Comparisons of the relatedness between the barley family and all other known Group 1 Lea genes using maximum parsimony (PAUP) analysis provide evidence for the time of divergence between the barley genes containing the internal motif as a single copy and as a repeat. The PAUP analyses also provide evidence for independent duplications of Group 1 genes containing the internal motif as a repeat in both monocots and dicots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032665
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Developmental, circadian and light regulation of wheat ferredoxin gene expression (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): ferredoxin ; PetF gene ; circadian rhythm ; light regulation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A genomic clone encoding the precursor of wheat leaf ferredoxin has been isolated and characterised. The uninterrupted PetF gene encodes a polypeptide of 143 amino acid residues, consisting of an N-terminal presequence of 46 amino acid residues and a mature polypeptide of 97 amino acid residues. Southern blot analysis suggests that six copies of the PetF gene are present in the wheat haploid genome. Northern blot analysis has shown that the genes are both developmentally and light regulated in wheat seedlings and provides evidence that a circadian rhythm regulates the steady-state levels of ferredoxin transcripts. The intact wheat gene and several chimeric constructs, containing portions of the 5′-upstream region fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene, have been introduced into tobacco plants, but levels of β-glucuronidase activity above background were not detected, suggesting that the 5′-upstream region is unable to function as a promoter in tobacco plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020184
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolutionary origin of expandable G-C-rich triplet repeat DNA sequences (1995)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 33 (1995), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): fragile-X DNA systems ; expandable triplet repeats ; dynamic mutations ; conserved genetic domains ; evolution ; heritable disease mechanism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A model explaining properties exhibited by fragile-X DNA systems arises from observations that time-dependent base substitutions are expressed at G-C sites but not at A–T sites (Biochem. Genet.32:383, 1994). [CGG]n sequences are classified as most sensitive to evolutionary base substitution processes involving time-dependent populating of G-C sites with enol-imine states having enhanced stability. Increased density of these states in oocyte DNA would introduce a ground-state collapse double-helix of reduced energy that would inhibit strand separation by the replicase. Evolutionarily altered G′ in CG′G triplets allows CG′G to be transcribed as CTG, an initiation codon. And this will cause reinitiation of DNA synthesis, thereby adding additional CGG units to the collapsed double helix. This situation would not occur in slower-evolving male haploid DNA that replicates frequently.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554729
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Allozymic characterization and evolutionary relationships in the BrazilianAkodon cursor species group (Rodentia-Cricetidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 33 (1995), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): Akodon ; Cricetidae rodents ; genetic diversity ; biochemical polymorphism ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The present study involved an electrophoretic survey of 22 protein loci in 269 individuals belonging to three species of the genusAkodon, A. aff.cursor (2n=16),A. cursor (2n=14/15), andA. montensis (2n=24/25/26), collected in Eastern Brazil. The joint results of gene diversity, genetic distances, phenetic analyses, and phylogenetic trees suggested thatA. aff.cursor has recently separated fromA. cursor and that the three species have experienced a recent chromosomal divergence followed by low allozyme differentiation. These data are in agreement with their classification as sibling species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02399928
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The primary structure ofHarpalus rufipes 5S ribosomal RNA (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 21 (1995), S. 165-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Schlagwort(e): 5S ribosomal RNA ; Harpalus rufipes ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The nucleotide sequence of 5S ribosomal RNA from the beetleHarpalus rufipes was determined and compared with primary structures of other insect 5S rRNAs. Sequence differences between two beetle 5S rRNAs may represent phylogenetic markers specific for two groups of Coleoptera — Adephaga and Polyphaga. Analysis of all insect sequences using parsimony allowed us to infer a phylogenetic tree of insects, which is consistent with morphological and paleobiological data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00997239
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The myrosinase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana: gene organization, expression and evolution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 911-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): Arabidopsis ; evolution ; expression ; genomic clone ; in situ hybridization ; myrosinase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.3.1.) is in Brassicaceae species such as Brassica napus and Sinapis alba encoded by two differentially expressed gene families, MA and MB, consisting of about 4 and 10 genes, respectively. Southern blot analysis showed that Arabidopsis thaliana contains three myrosinase genes. These genes were isolated from a genomic library and two of them, TGG1 and TGG2, were sequenced. They were found to be located in an inverted mode with their 3′ ends 4.4 kb apart. Their organization was highly conserved with 12 exons and 11 short introns. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of TGG1 and TGG2 exons revealed an overall 75% similarity. In contrast, the overall nucleotide sequence similarity in introns was only 42%. In intron 1 the unusual 5′ splice border GC was used. Phylogenetic analyses using both distance matrix and parsimony programs suggested that the Arabidopsis genes could not be grouped with either MA or MB genes. Consequently, these two gene families arose only after Arabidopsis had diverged from the other Brassicaceae species. In situ hybridization experiments showed that TGG1 and TGG2 expressing cells are present in leaf, sepal, petal, and gynoecium. In developing seeds, a few cells reacting with the TGG1 probe, but not with the TGG2 probe, were found indicating a partly different expression of these genes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037019
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Two copies of a DNA element, ‘Wendy’, in the chloroplast chromosome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii between rearranged gene clusters (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; chloroplast ; site-specific recombination ; transcription ; transposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have characterized two copies of a 2.4 kb DNA element that we call ‘Wendy’, in the chloroplast chromosome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The two copies of Wendy reside in different single-copy regions at opposite positions in the chloroplast genome. Like many mobile DNA elements, both copies of Wendy are bordered by inverted repeats and contain several additional degenerate copies of these repeat sequences in direct or inverted orientation. In addition, four basepairs are repeated in direct orientation. Two major open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted from the DNA sequence of Wendy I. These ORFs are co-transcribed from a promoter inside the element. The deduced amino acid sequence of the larger of these ORFs shares some weak similarities with sequence motifs of transposases and integrases of other mobile elements. Wendy II appears to be altered relative to Wendy I by point mutations and small deletions and insertions which destroy the ORFs. The leader sequence of the Wendy transcript is nearly identical with the leader sequence of the rbcL transcript of C. reinhardtii, but not of C. moewusii (where the complete Wendy was also undetectable). Furthermore, both copies of Wendy are bracketed by gene clusters that are separated in C. reinhardtii but are contiguous in C. moewusii where they exist in an inverted orientation compared with C. reinhardtii. Wendy was not found in any of the completely sequenced chloroplast genomes of rice, tobacco, pine, Euglena or Marchantia, nor in any other GenBank entry. Our results suggest that Wendy has invaded C. reinhardtii after divergence from other species. Subsequent Wendy-dependent illegitimate homologous or site-specific recombination events or both may have contributed to scrambling of the C. reinhardtii chloroplast genome relative to genomes of other species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019119
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of light on the accumulation of abscisic acid and expression of an early cysteine-labeled metallothionein gene in microspores ofTriticum aestivum during induced embryogenic development (1997)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1997), S. 458-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Schlagwort(e): Abscisic acid ; Anther culture ; Light ; Metallothionein ; Pollen embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A cloned cDNA to the wheat (Triticum aestivum) early cysteine-labeled metallothionein has many characteristics of a molecular marker for pollen embryogenesis in this plant. This transcript was not detected in uninucleate microspores at the time of culture or in pollen at any stage during normal ontogeny; its mRNA did begin to increase in embryogenic microspores within 6 h of culture, peaked at around 24 h, declined, then leveled off through the 21-day-old embryoid stage. Additionally, the accumulation of the embryoid-abundant EcMt gene transcript showed a direct and positive correlation with an increase of ABA in embryogenic microspores and developing pollen embryoids. Irradiating cultures with high intensity white light or with far-red, or blue light, suppressed EcMt transcript accumulation and the ability of microspores to form embryoids; however, light did not affect ABA concentrations during the early stages of culture. These results suggest that although a promoter of pollen embryogenesis in bread wheat, ABA alone cannot maintain the sporophytic differentiation of microspores subjected to inhibitory regimes of light in vitro. Whether or not light acts directly or indirectly in suppressing EcMt gene expression and pollen embryogenesis remains unknown.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092766
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of wheat physical maps with barley linkage maps for group 7 chromosomes (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 618-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Comparative maps ; Deletion lines ; Molecular-tagged chromosome regions (MTCRs) ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Comparative genetic maps among the Triticeae or Gramineae provide the possibility for combining the genetics, mapping information and molecular-marker resources between different species. Dense genetic linkage maps of wheat and barley, which have a common array of molecular markers, along with deletion-based chromosome maps of Triticum aestivum L. will facilitate the construction of an integrated molecular marker-based map for the Triticeae. A set of 21 cDNA and genomic DNA clones, which had previously been used to map barley chromosome 1 (7H), were used to physically map wheat chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. A comparative map was constructed to estimate the degree of linkage conservation and synteny of chromosome segments between the group 7 chromosomes of the two species. The results reveal extensive homoeologies between these chromosomes, and the first evidence for an interstitial inversion on the short arm of a barley chromosome compared to the wheat homoeologue has been obtained. In a cytogenetically-based physical map of group 7 chromosomes that contain restriction-fragment-length polymorphic DNA (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, the marker density in the most distal third of the chromosome arms was two-times higher than in the proximal region. The recombination rate in the distal third of each arm appears to be 8–15 times greater than in the proximal third of each arm where recombination of wheat chromosomes is suppressed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223288
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromosomal location of genes for stem rust resistance derived from ‘Waldron’ wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1158-1163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia graminis ; Aneuploid ; Cytogenetics ; Monosomics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The chromosomal locations of genes for resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.: Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar ‘Waldron’ (WDR) were determined by monosomic analyses. Wheat lines WDR-B1, -C2, -E4, and -F1,which have single genes for resistance to stem rust derived previously from WDR sel. ‘Little Club’, were crossed onto a complete set of 21 ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomics. The F2 and backcross-F1 (BC1F1) seedlings from each of the 84 crosses were tested for reaction to culture 111-SS2 (CRL-LCBB) of stem rust, and a few selected segregants were analyzed cytologically for chromosome number. The F2 from 2 crosses of WDR-C2, -E4 and -F1 and the BC1F1 from 2 crosses of WDR-F1 were tested also with culture Or11c (CRL-QBCN). Significant deviations from disomic ratios towards monosomic ratios in the F2 and BC1F1 were used to determine which chromosomes carried the genes for resistance. Cytological analyses of certain BC1F1 and susceptible F2 plants were used to help identify the location of the genes for rust resistance. WDR-B1 has a gene, herein designated Sr41, for resistance on chromosome 4D. WDR-C2 has a gene on chromosome 7 A that may be the same as one previously designated SrWld2. WDR-E4 has a gene on chromosome 2A, possibly SrWld1, which is effective against most or all North American stem rust cultures. WDR-F1 has a gene on chromosome 6B that is the same as or similar to Sr11.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222937
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Protein evolution in dynamically managed populations of wheat: adaptive responses to macro-environmental conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 932-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Genetic resources ; Dynamic conservation ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Artificial population ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Dynamic management of genetic resources aims to conserve genetic variability between different populations evolving in contrasting environments. It is thus of importance to determine whether differences appearing between populations are stochastic or if they come about from adaptation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) was used to study genetic differentiation of 11 wheat populations evolving since 1984 in a multi-site network covering the major cultivation area of wheat in France. Gels were scanned and protein-spot intensities were measured through image analysis. As it was not possible to assay each individual, populations were characterized using pooled extracts from several plants. In the first step, two parents among the 16 parental lines involved in the initial wheat composite-cross population were exhaustively studied to identify a set of polymorphic spots against which the entire set of evolved populations could be compared. This analysis confirmed the efficiency of gel image-processing to determine the composition of pooled extracts. Of the 48 spots used to investigate population differentiation, 15 showed significant differences at the P〈0.05 level. Populations that evolved independently at the same location showed similar differentiation, even when their cultivation methods were different. These results suggest that natural selection acted strongly on the evolution of the populations, and that responses to selection were determined primarily by macro-environmental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050644
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) 4. Gene Pm 24 in Chinese landrace Chiyacao (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 950-953 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Wheat landrace ; Triticum aestivum ; Powdery mildew resistance ; Monosomic analysis ; Gene location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Chinese wheat landrace Chiyacao exhibited a response pattern different from that of the cultivars/lines possessing documented Pm genes after inoculation with 106 isolates of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici. To characterize this resistance and to determine the chromosomal location of the gene or genes present, we crossed the landrace to susceptible cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ and also to a set of 21 ‘Chinese Spring’ monosomic lines. Monosomic F1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate and to produce F2 seeds. Seedlings of F2 plants and their parents were inoculated with isolates nos. 5 and 12 of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici. The results revealed that one major dominant gene is located on chromosome 6D of Chinese common wheat landrace Chiyacao. The new gene is designated Pm 24.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050646
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DNA content of wheat monosomics at interphase estimated by flow cytometry (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1300-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Flow cytometry ; Triticum aestivum ; DNA analysis ; Monosomics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Two complete, independently maintained sets of 21 monosomic wheat lines derived from cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ were analyzed for their DNA content at the G1 stage with flow cytometry. The DNA content of individual chromosomes was estimated by subtracting the value of a monosomic line from that of euploid wheat. Our data show that the estimated 2C DNA of individual wheat chromosomes in 21 monosomics at the G1 stage ranges from about 0.58 pg in chromosome 1D to approximately 1.12 pg in chromosome 3A. The A genome (2C=6.15 pg) seems to contain more DNA than the B (2C=6.09 pg) and D (2C=5.05 pg) genomes. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (α=0.01) in DNA content both among homoeologous groups and among genomes. Our estimates of interphase DNA content of wheat chromosomes from monosomic lines were poorly correlated to the chromosome sizes at metaphase (r=0.622, P≤0.01). This poor correlation might be due to differential coiling among chromosomes during cell division, possible bias of fluorochrome binding to heterochromatin, or heterogeneity among monosomic lines. Finally, flow cytometry may aid but cannot replace cytological checks in aneuploid maintenance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050696
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetic diversity in Eastern U.S. soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) based on RFLPs and coefficients of parentage (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 472-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Genetic diversity ; RFLP ; Coefficient of parentage ; Triticum aestivum ; Gene pool
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Genetic diversity in a set of 11 red and 11 white wheat lines from the Eastern U.S. soft wheat germplasm pool was measured using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay and coefficients of parentage (COP) analysis. On average, 78% of all bands revealed by three enzymes with 48 RFLP clones were monomorphic. Average pairwise genetic similarity (GS) was 0.97 when data from all enzymes were pooled. Probe Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) indexes ranged from 0 to 0.73 with a mean of 0.2. Fewer than 55% of the probes revealed any polymorphism. The frequency of polymorphism in the Eastern U.S. soft white winter (SWW) wheat gene pool was much lower than that observed in the Eastern U.S. soft red winter (SRW) wheat gene pool. SWW lines formed a single group on a dendrogram based on cluster analysis of RFLP-derived GS estimates, while SRW lines did not form a single group. COP values for all pairs of the Eastern U.S. soft wheat lines ranged from 0.02 to 0.9 with a mean of 0.21. SWW wheat lines traced to 53 ancestral lines and had an average COP of 0.51. The SRW wheat gene pool had more complex parentages (mean COP=0.15 and a total of 65 ancestral lines). COPs were correlated with RFLP-based GS for all line pairs (r=0.73, P〈0.01). However, correlations between the two similarity measures were substantially lower when the SRW and SWW wheat gene pools were considered individually (r values of 0.23 and 0.28, respectively). The actual GS among unrelated lines in the U.S. Eastern soft wheat gene pool appears to be higher than that observed for unrelated landraces from Southwest Asia (0.96 vs. 0.905), suggesting that the ancestral landrace parents of this gene pool were themselves drawn from a base population where inbreeding, i.e., F, was greater than zero.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050439
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RAPDs as molecular markers for the detection of Aegilops markgrafii chromatin in addition and euploid introgression lines of hexaploid wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 934-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; RAPD ; Addition lines ; Leaf rust ; Powdery mildew
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Aegilops markgrafii contains resistance genes to powdery mildew, leaf rust and stripe rust, and also has high crude protein and lysine contents, which can be useful for wheat improvement. These important traits are localized on different chromosomes. Disomic Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines and euploid introgression lines showing leaf-rust and powdery mildew resistance were screened with RAPDs to detect chromosome-specific markers which can accelerate the breeding process. RAPD markers for all six available disomic addition lines were obtained. The additional chromosomes B, C, D, E, F and G were identified by three, three, three, two, one and seven primers, respectively. All three chromosome-B-specific RAPD markers demonstrated the presence of alien chromatin in the leaf-rust-resistant 42-chromosome introgression lines as well as in the segregating progeny. The three chromosome-C-identifying primers also demonstrated the presence of that chromosome in powdery mildew-resistant euploid introgression lines. The substitution lines (5A)5C and (5D)5C with different genetic backgrounds for both parents, in comparison to the lines mentioned above, showed the chromosome C-specific band with only two of the three primers. The chromosome F-specific primer and a primer evident on all the Ae. markgrafii chromosomes analysed did not generate the expected fragments on the chromosome Fdel addition line, indicating that the markers are located on the deleted part of chromosome F.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050498
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Wheat lines monogenic for resistance to stem rust from the wheat cultivar ‘Waldron’ (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 1164-1168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia graminis ; Allelism ; Inheritance ; Segregation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The Triticum aestivum L. cultivar ‘Waldron’ has long lasting resistance to most North American stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.) isolates. The objective of this research was to develop wheat lines monogenic for resistance to stem rust from ‘Waldron’ using allelism tests and tests for reaction to a series of ten stem rust cultures having a range of virulences. Twelve lines homozygous for single resistance genes were selected as parents of a diallel cross to test for allelism among genes for resistance. We identified 6 lines or groups of lines (WDR-A1, the WDR-B1 and WDR-B2 group, the WDR-C1 and WDR-C2 group, WDR-D1, the WDR-E1, WDR-E2, WDR-E3, and WDR-E4 group, and WDR-F1) that carried different single genes for resistance from ‘Waldron’. A seventh line (WDR-G1) probably has two genes for resistance, one in common with WDR-C1 and WDR-C2. The gene in the WDR-E group is probably the same as SrWld1, and the one in WDR-F1 the same as Sri11. ‘Waldron’ probably has two or more genes for resistance to stem rust that previous genetic studies did not detect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222938
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cytologically based physical maps of the group 3 chromosomes of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 780-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Physical mapping ; RFLP ; Cereals ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cytologically based physical maps for the group 3 chromosomes of wheat were constructed by mapping 25 Triticum aestivum deletion lines with 29 T. tauschii and T. aestivum RFLP probes. The deletion lines divide chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D into 31 discrete intervals, of which 18 were tagged by marker loci. The comparison of the consensus physical map with a consensus RFLP linkage map of the group 3 chromosomes of wheat revealed a fairly even distribution of marker loci on the long arm, and higher recombination in the distal region.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220959
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Standard karyotype of Triticum umbellulatum and the characterization of derived chromosome addition and translocation lines in common wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 150-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): C-banding ; Genomic in situ hybridization ; Triticum aestivum ; T. umbellulatum ; Chromosome addition and translocation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A standard karyotype and a generalized idiogram of Triticum umbellulatum (syn. Aegilops umbellulata, 2n = 2x = 14) was established based on C-banding analysis of ten accessions of different geographic origin and individual T. umbellulatum chromosomes in T. aestivum — T. umbellulatum chromosome addition lines. Monosomic (MA) and disomic (DA) T. aestivum — T. umbellulatum chromosome addition lines (DA1U = B, DA2U = D, MA4U = F, DA5U = C, DA6U = A, DA7U = E = G) and telosomic addition lines (DA1US, DA1UL, DA2US, DA2UL, DA4UL, MA5US, (+ iso 5US), DA5UL, DA7US, DA7UL) were analyzed. Line H was established as a disomic addition line for the translocated wheat — T. umbellulatum chromosome T2DS·4US. Radiation-induced wheat — T. umbellulatum translocation lines resistant to leaf rust (Lr9) were identified as T40 = T6BL·6BS-6UL, T41 = T4BL·4BS-6UL, T44 = T2DS·2DL-6UL, T47 = ‘Transfer’ = T6BS·6BL-6UL and T52 = T7BL·7BS-6UL. Breakpoints and sizes of the transferred T. umbellulatum segments in these translocations were determined by in situ hybridization analysis using total genomic T. umbellulatum DNA as a probe
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221010
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biochemical and molecular diagnostics of Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosomes in Triticum aestivum germ plasm (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 952-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; Thinopyrum bessarabicum ; Protein/isozyme markers ; In situ hybridization ; Alien disomic additions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, JJ) is a self-fertile salt-tolerant grass species, and its hybridization with Triticum aestivum to achieve the transfer of this attributes has been promoted. For the detection of alien introgression, development of diagnostic markers of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the wheat background has emerged as an important aspect in our intergeneric hybridization program. Six proteins/isozymes-high-molecular-weight glutenins, superoxide dismutase, grain esterase, β-amylase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and α-amylase —were identified as positive markers for detecting the presence of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the advanced backcross derivatives of T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum//n* T. aestivum. Fluorescent in situ hybridization further enabled the detection of complete and translocated arms of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in the T. aestivum background. These diagnostic markers served for tentatively characterizing a distinct set of Th. bessarabicum disomic additions to wheat (2n=44) and have facilitated establishing the homoeology of these added chromosomes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222908
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hessian fly-resistance gene transferred from chromosome 4Mv of Aegilops ventricosa to Triticum aestivum (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 858-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Aegilops ventricosa ; Triticum aestivum ; Mayetiola destructor ; Hessian fly ; Resistance gene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  A new Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) resistance gene from Aegilops ventricosa and its transfer to hexaploid wheat is described. The 4D(4Mv) substitution line H-93-33 derived from the cross [(Triticum turgidum H-1-1×Aegilops ventricosa no. 11)×Triticum aestivum H-10-15] was highly resistant to the Spanish population tested. Resistance seemed to be inherited as a single dominant factor in the F2 generation resulting from a cross of H-93-33 with its susceptible parent (H-10-15). Resistance in Ae. venticosa no. 10 was located on chromosome 4Mv using Mv wheat/Ae. ventricosa addition lines. The resistance gene transferred from Ae. ventricosa no. 11 to H-93-33 (H27) is allelic with respect to that of Ae. ventricosa no. 10 and is non-allelic with respect to the genes H3 and H6 from Monon and Caldwell respectively. The assignment of H27 gene to chromosome 4Mv is further supported by its linkage to a gene encoding isozyme Acph-Mv1, previously located on chromosome 4Mv in the line H-93-33. A new marker from homoeologous chromosome group 4 (Amp-Mv2) present in H-93-33 and the 4Mv addition line is described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050487
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The development of a nuclear male sterility system in wheat. Expression of the barnase gene under the control of tapetum specific promoters (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Transformation ; Nuclear male sterility ; DNA-integration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Nuclear male sterility within Triticum aestivum is considered as the ideal basis for the development of a hybridization system for wheat. We engineered nuclear male sterility in wheat by introducing the barnase gene under the control of tapetum-specific promoters derived from corn and rice. A biolistic-mediated transformation method, based on the use of the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitor niacinamide, was set up which enriched for low-copy integrations (1–3 copies). Most of these copies were not linked and segregated in the next generation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050540
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm collecting expedition to Mexico in 1993, with special reference toSolanum bulbocastanum Dunal andS. cardiophyllum Lindley (1995)
    Springer
    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): subspecies ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A joint Mexico/United States expedition collected wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm in Mexico between August 1–31, 1993. The purpose of the expedition was to expand germplasm and herbarium collections ofS. bulbocastanum andS. cardiophyllum. Collections were made from west-central to southern Mexico, and comprised 19 true seed and 37 tuber collections (45 collections in total) of 9 species and two putative natural hybrids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358068
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Risk from genetically engineered and modified marine fish (1997)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 6 (1997), S. 59-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Schlagwort(e): Sparus aurata ; transgenic ; ecologicalrisk ; release ; genetic modification ; fish
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In support of the emerging industries of warmwater marine fish mariculture, genetic engineering and classical genetic improvement programmes have been initiated for a variety of exclusively marine fish. These programmes have the potential to perturb allele and genotype frequencies, or introduce novel alleles and genes into conspecific wild populations. Despite concerns to the contrary, the following hypothesis remains to be falsified: ‘laboratory induced allele frequency/genotype changes and novel alleles or genes have a negligible probability of being selectively favoured in wild populations under natural selection, and accordingly, without sustained large scale releases, have little potential for ecological impact’
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018457100476
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov., a new amphisphaeriaceous ascomycete inhabiting senescent and fallen leaves of mangrove (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ; ecology ; Lanceispora amphibia ; mangrove ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov. in the Amphisphaeriaceae is described from senescent and fallen leaves ofBruguiera gymnorrhiza in mangrove forests in the Southwest Islands, Japan. The fungus produces immersed ascomata in leaf tissue, cylindrical asci with an apical ring staining blue with iodine, and oblanceolate ascospores with a septum above the middle. Studies on the fungal succession on the mangrove leaves revealed thatL. amphibia infects senescent leaves on the tree and inhabits intertidal fallen leaves, showing the highest frequency of occurrence at the late stage of decomposition. In culture the optimal conditions for hyphal growth were 20 ppt salinity and 30°C, and those for sexual reproduction were 10 ppt salinity and 25°C. Growth at 0 ppt (fresh water) was depressed. The fungus has amphibious habits, growing on the tree and in intertidal water; and it is adapted to the high osmotic conditions in leaf tissues of the mangrove tree and to the subtropical, brackish water environment of mangrove forests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02460855
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Taxonomical studies on ovariicolous ustomycetes on caryophyllaceae I.Ustilago jehudana andUstilago moenchiae-manticae (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): Bauhinus ; Microbotryum ; taxonomy ; Ustilago ; ustomycetes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A study of the type specimen ofUstilago jehudana resulted in the correction of the diagnosis. The sori are localized in the host gynoecium but not in the anthers. Morphological characters of the sori and ustospores of the later describedU. moenchiae-manticae are identical with these ofU. jehudana. Ustilago moenchiae-manticae is reduced here to a synonym ofU. jehudana. The smut is reported as new to Bulgaria on a new host, viz.,Moenchia erecta. A new combination,Bauhinus jehudanus, is proposed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464090
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Atkinsiella dubia and its related species (1995)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): Atkinsiella dubia ; Halocrusticida ; Japan ; marine fungus ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Atkinsiella dubia, isolated from the mantle of abalone (Haliotis sieboldii), is described and illustrated as a new record from Japan. The fungus was also obtained from the gills of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Six other species of the genusAtkinsiella have hitherto been reported from various aquatic animals. The fungus is distinguished from the other six species by the morphology of its mycelia and the process of zoospore production. The most distinctive feature is that zoospores in the first motile stage ofA. dubia encyst in zoosporangia, unlike the other species. We therefore proposeHalocrusticida gen. nov. (Lagenidiales, Haliphthoraceae) for the other six species ofAtkinsiella. A key to species of the genusHalocrusticida is provided.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268628
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A synopsis of the genusScleromitrula (=Verpatinia) (Ascomycotina: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 55-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): discomycetes ; ITS rDNA phylogeny ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The systematics ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia of the family Sclerotiniaceae is reevaluated on the basis of morphological, cultural and molecular criteria.Scleromitrula shiraiana, Verpatinia species andCiborinia candolleana share gross morphological, microanatomical and cultural features which clearly distinguish them from the closely relatedCiborinia andRutstroemia species. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S gene) of nuclear ribosomal DNA demonstrate that the stipitate-capitate specimens ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia species plus the stipitate-cupulateCiborinia candolleana constitute a monophyletic clade separate from a clade including the type species ofCiborinia. Scleromitrula is emended to includeS. shiraiana, the new speciesS. rubicola, C. candolleana, and specimens formerly assigned toVerpatinia. A key to the accepted species ofScleromitrula is provided.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464969
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. (Ceratobasidiales) from Iriomote Island, Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 71-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): Ceratobasidiaceae ; Japan ; taxonomy ; Ypsilonidium bananisporum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. belonging to Ceratobasidiales is described and illustrated. This fungus has all the characteristics of the genusYpsilonidium including reticulate-hypochnoid basidiomes, broad hyphae branching at right angles, broadly clavate basidia with two sterigmata, and basidiospores germinating by repetition. It differs from all hitherto known species in the genus by producing suballantoid to banana-shaped basidiospores, measuring 19.5–22×5.5–6 μm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464970
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Myxomycetes from Israel IV (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 87-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): Israel ; Mycomycetes ; Physarales ; Stemonitales ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ten taxa of myxomycetes growing mainly withEucalyptus, oak and pine are described. They were found in Upper Galilee, Mt. Carmel and Central parts of the country and all are new to Israel.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464974
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mycoleptodiscus terrestris from black pepper roots in the Dominican Republic (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 91-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): hyphomycetes ; identification ; taxonomy ; Tuberculariaceae ; Tuberculariales
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Mycoleptodiscus terrestris from black pepper roots in the Dominican Republic is described together with some notes and photomicrographs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464975
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microsphaeropsis rugospora, a new species from Japanese soil (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 429-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): coelomycete ; Japan ; Microsphaeropsis rugospora ; soil fungus ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract In an exploratory survey of soil-borne mitosporic fungi as producers of secondary metabolites useful to the pharmaceutical industry, a pale yellow pycnidial coelomycete was encountered and isolated on potato-dextrose agar. The fungus was characterized as follows: rapid growth on common media, conidiomata which are non-pulvinate, semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, glabrous, with a slightly papillate ostiole; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; discrete, ampulliform, monophialidic conidiogenous cells; and onecelled, dark brown, globose, thick-walled, rugose conidia which germinate very easily. In accordance with this profile, our isolate is included in the genusMicrosphaeropsis Höhnel. (Morgan-Jones, 1974a, b; Sutton, 1977, 1980; Morgan-Jones and White, 1987; Heiny et al., 1992; Katumoto, 1992). However, it proved to be sufficiently different from all described species ofMicrosphaeropsis to warrant its description as a new species.
    Notizen: Abstract A new species ofMicrosphaeropsis (Sphaeropsidales, Coelomycetes),M. rugospora, is described and illustrated. This fungus is characterized by its rapid growth on common media such as oatmeal and potato-carrot agars; semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, papillate pycnidias; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; monophialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells; and one-celled, dark brown, globose conidia ornamented with distinct tubercles. The holotype was isolated from the cultivated soil in Tanegashima Island, southern Japan.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461683
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The pollinium ofLoroglossum hircinum (Orchidaceae) between pollination and pollen tube emission (1995)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 196 (1995), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Orchidaceae ; Loroglossum hircinum ; Compound pollen ; pollinium ; pollen tubes ; generative cell ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The structure of the massulae composing the pollinium ofLoroglossum hircinum was studied before pollination and 12 and 24 hours afterwards. The grains are grouped in tetrads closely packed in massulae. The exine is only present on the outside of the massulae. The intine consists of two layers: a compact layer surrounding the pollen grain and a looser layer surrounding the pollen grain and a looser layer surrounding the tetrad. Twelve hours after pollination, pollen volume and the space between the tetrads increase due to vacuolization. Twenty-four hours after pollination, pollen volume and tetrad spacing are higher due to vacuolization and some grains have emitted pollen tubes. Pollen growth due to vacuole formation, and the absence of common walls between adjacent tetrads lead to crumbling of the massulae. The mature pollen grain does not have apertures: the site of pollen tube emission is determined after pollination. The first grains to germinate are those in the centre of the massula. The vegetative cell nucleus is the first to enter the pollen tube; the generative cell elongates and undergoes the second haploid mitosis shortly after entering the pollen tube.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982955
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetic relationships between peanut and wild species ofArachis sect.Arachis (Fabaceae): Evidence from RAPDs (1995)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Fabaceae ; Arachis ; Arachis hypogaea ; RAPD ; systematics ; evolution ; germplasm resources
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Twenty-six accessions of wildArachis species and domesticated peanuts,A. hypogaea, introduced from South America were analyzed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The objective of the study was to investigate inter- and intraspecific variation and affinities among species of sect.Arachis which have been proposed as possible progenitors for the domesticated peanut. Ten primers resolved 132 DNA bands which were useful for separating species and accessions. The most variation was observed among accessions ofA. cardenasii andA. glandulifera whereas the least amount of variation was observed inA. hypogaea andA. monticola. The two tetraploid species could not be separated by using RAPDs.Arachis duranensis was most closely related to the domesticated peanut and is believed to be the donor of the A genome. The data indicated thatA. batizocoi, a species previously hypothesized to contribute the B genome toA. hypogaea, was not involved in its evolution. The investigation showed that RAPDs can be used to analyze both inter- and intraspecific variation in peanut species. Southern hybridization of RAPD probes to blots containing RAPD of theArachis species provided information on genomic relationships and revealed the repetitive nature of the amplified DNA.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984735
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electrophoretic seed albumin patterns and species relationships inVicia sect.Faba (Fabaceae) (1995)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 179-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Fabaceae ; Vicia sect.Faba ; Electrophoresis ; seed albumins ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Electrophoretic analysis of seed albumins (PAGE) covered 173 accessions representing nine species ofVicia sect.Faba. The number of albumin bands recorded in particular species varied from three inV. eristaloides to 23 inV. faba; in total, 38 bands were distinguished in the investigated material. The examined species, exceptV. eristalioides, showed intraspecific variation with respect to the number and relative staining intensity of albumin bands; individual variation was especially marked inV. faba and inV. narbonensis. Hierarchical clustering of the investigated taxa was based onBhattacharyya distances calculated from the electrophoretic data. The taxa grouped in three main clusters.Vicia faba and the rather remotely relatedV. kalakhensis formed one cluster. The second cluster was composed ofV. narbonensis distantly related toV. hyaeniscyamus. The third cluster comprised three subgroups: 1.V. johannis, V. galilaea andV. serratifolia, 2.V. eristalioides, and 3.V. bithynica. The obtained results are discussed with reference to taxonomic relationships inVicia sect.Faba.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984736
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Different levels of morphometric variation in three heterogamous dogrose species (Rosa sect.Caninae, Rosaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 204 (1997), S. 207-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Rosaceae ; Rosa sect.Caninae ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; genetic variation ; hemisexual ; apomixis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Difficulties in delimiting well-defined entities in the dogroses (Rosa sect.Caninae) has resulted in very variable taxonomic treatments. The present study was undertaken to provide a background for taxonomy as well as plant breeding. Morphometric diversity was analysed on seedlings obtained from field collections in South Sweden of three species,Rosa dumalis, R. rubiginosa andR. villosa. A canonical variates analysis showed that the three species are relatively distinct whereas two subspecies ofR. dumalis were less well discriminated. Analyses of variance demonstrated that intraspecific variation is pronounced inR. dumalis and, to a lesser extent, inR. villosa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989206
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Anchusella, a new genus ofBoraginaceae from the Central-Eastern Mediterranean (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 241-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Boraginaceae ; Boragineae ; Anchusella ; A. variegata ; A. cretica ; Lycopsis ; Anchusa ; Mediterranean flora ; macromorphology ; micromorphology ; karyology ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The two closely related speciesLycopsis variegata andAnchusa cretica, formerly placed inAnchusa subg.Rivinia, were compared with the type species ofLycopsis andAnchusa, on the basis of a set of macro and microcharacters. The presence of only two fertile stamens as well as other peculiar characters in flower structure, androecium, gynoecium, pollen and fruit, supports the institution of the new genusAnchusella, consisting ofA. variegata andA. cretica. Karyological and eco-chorological aspects are consistent with morphological data in pointing to the autonomy of this genus, which appears characterized by autapomorphic, advanced traits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01464408
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Revision ofDoniophyton (Compositae, Barnadesioideae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 206 (1997), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Compositae ; Barnadesioideae ; Doniophyton ; Chuquiraga ; Argentina ; Chile ; evolution ; systematics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This revision describes, illustrates and documents morphological variation inDoniophyton (Compositae, Barnadesioideae), restricted to Argentina and Chile. Two species are recognized,D. anomalum andD. weddellii (sp. nova), possessing distinct morphological and chromosomal features, elevational tolerances, and nearly allopatric distributions.Doniophyton weddellii occurs primarily in central to northern Andean Chile and Argentina from 1900–4000 m a. s. l.;D. anomalum is found principally in centralwestern Argentina and south into Patagonia at 0–1800 m a. s. l. Close relationship exists withChuquiraga of subfam.Barnadesioideae. It is hypothesized thatDoniophyton evolved out ofChuquiraga in the high central Andes between Chile and Argentina. It is suggested thatD. weddellii differentiated first, correlating with an aneuploid chromosomal decrease from n = 27 (inChuquiraga) to n = 25. Further evolution and chromosomal decrease to n = 24 resulted inD. anomalum, with accompanying migration into southern Andes and Patagonia. Nomenclatural changes result from examination of protologues and type specimens:Doniophyton anomalum replaces the commonly used nameD. patagonicum, and a new species,D. weddellii, is described for the taxon masquerading under the routinely used superfluous nameD. andicola.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987939
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative HPLC analysis of seed albumins fromVicia faba andV. kalakhensis (Fabaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; V. kalakhensis ; Seed albumins ; HPLC ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Previously reported electrophoretic seed albumin data have shown an unexpected association ofVicia faba withV. kalakhensis. In the present work, seed albumins ofV. faba (subsp.paucijuga and subsp.faba) were compared with those ofV. kalakhensis using ionexchange (IE) and reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two subspecies ofV. faba displayed similar seed albumin profiles. On the other hand, seed albumin profiles ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis showed no major protein peak in common either in IE-HPLC or RP-HPLC chromatograms. The reported differences in seed albumin composition ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis are consistent with other taxonomical data showingV. faba to be genetically distant from the wild relatives.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986078
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electrophoretic seed albumin patterns inVicia species of sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae (Fabaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 239-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Fabaceae ; Vicia ; sect.Hypechusa ; sect.Peregrinae ; Electrophoresis ; seed albumins ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This work is a continuation of electrophoretic investigations aimed at revealing a wild relative ofVicia faba. Electrophoretic analysis (PAGE) of seed albumins covered 52 accessions representing eightVicia species of sect.Hypechusa and two species of sect.Peregrinae. Most of the examined species showed an intraspecific variation due to differences between accessions and/or individual variation within accessions. In spite of the intraspecific variation, marked interspecific differences were recorded. However, none of the investigated species displayed electrophoretic seed albumin patterns similar to those reported earlier forV. faba. Contribution of the obtained results to characterization of the examined taxa is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985444
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Systematics, biological knowledge and environmental conservation (1995)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 4 (1995), S. 183-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Schlagwort(e): biological collections ; conservation ; biodiversity information ; phylogenetic systematics ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Systematics and taxonomy are essential: they respectively elucidate life's history, and organize and verify biological knowledge. This knowledge is built of interrelated concepts which are ultimately accounted for by biological specimens. Such knowledge is essential to decide how much and what biodiversity survives human onslaughts. The preservation of specimens in natural history collections is the essential part of the process which builds and maintains biological knowledge. These collections and the human expertise essential to interpret specimens are the taxonomic resources which maintain accurate and verifiable concepts of biological entities. Present and future knowledge of the complexities and diversity of the biosphere depends on the integrity of taxonomic resources, vet widespread ignorance and disregard for their fundamental value has created a global crisis. Preservation of specimens in natural history collections is chronically neglected and support to study and manage collections is very insufficient. The knowledge held by experienced taxonomists is not being passed on to younger recruits. Neglect of collections has destroyed countless specimens and threatens millions more. These threats to taxonomic resources not only impinge on systematics but all biology: this tragedy jeopardizes the integrity of biological knowledge. The consequences for environmental conservation and therefore humanity are also of dire severity and the biodiversity crisis adds unprecedented weight to the barely recognized crisis in taxonomy and systematics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00137784
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Occurrence of fungal endophytes in cultivars ofTriticum aestivum in South Africa (1995)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): fungal endophytes ; South Africa ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Fungal endophytes were isolated from leaves, roots and stems of four wheat cultivars and a breeding line at three different sampling dates during the 1993 growing season. Of the 55 different fungal taxa encountered, 19 were present at relative importance values of more than 5%. No cultivar-related differences in the assembleges of endophytes were observed.Phoma glomerata was not restricted to only one tissue type, whereasAlternaria alternata, basidiomycete sp. 1,Pleospora herbarum andEpicoccum nigrum occurred primarily in the leaves, andFusarium avenaceum was extremely frequent in roots. In general, colonization by endophytes increased with the age of the plants. Most endophytes were isolated from wheat leaves. Successional colonization of a given tissue type was quantitative rather than qualitative, with a given fungal taxon increasing or decreasing over the period sampled, rather than replacing the fungi initially encountered.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268579
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fusarium nisikadoi, a new species from Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Schlagwort(e): conidial morphology ; form-sectionLiseola ; Fusarium nisikadoi ; Phyllostachys nigra var.henonis ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A new species ofFusarium, F. nisikadoi, isolated fromPhyllostachys nigra var.henonis (bamboo) andTriticum aestivum (wheat) in Japan, is described, illustrated and discussed. This species is differentiated from other known species of the genus by the following characteristics: whitish colony color, long zigzag-like chains of 0–3(-5)-septate clavate conidia, intermixed with pyriform conidia, produced mostly from monophialides and rarely from polyphialides in the aerial mycelium, very long and slender sporodochial conidia, and no chlamydospores. The long chains of septate conidia are known only in this species of the genusFusarium. The conidiophores on the aerial mycelium sometimes proliferate sympodially. The species is tentatively placed in the form-sectionLiseola.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464091
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    How is a species kept together? (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 181-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): Biological species concept ; gene flow ; gene circulation ; Ernst Mayr ; stalemates ; typology ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Over the decades, there has been substantial empirical evidence showing that the unity of species cannot be maintained by gene flow. The biological species concept is inconclusive on this point. The suggestion is made that the unity of species is maintained rather by selection constantly spreading new alleles throughout the species, or bygene circulation. There is a lack in conceptual distinction between gene flow and gene circulation which lies at the heart of the problem. The concept of gene circulation also sheds some new light on the problem of typology and on such a broad concept as evolution. A new species definition is proposed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00852244
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The definitions of species and clade names: A reply to Ghiselin (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): Clade ; class ; definition ; defining property ; individual ; intension ; name ; organism ; ostensive definition ; species ; taxon ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00852247
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A (not-so-radical) solution to the species problem (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 339-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): Species ; lineage ; individual ; class ; evolution ; organism ; population
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract What are species? One popular answer is that species are individuals. Here I develop another approach to thinking about species, an approach based on the notion of a lineage. A lineage is a sequence of reproducing entities, individuated in terms of its components. I argue that one can conceive of species as groups of lineages, either organism lineages or population lineages. Conceiving of species as groups of lineages resolves the problems that the individual conception of species is supposed to resolve. It has added the virtue of focusing attention on the characteristic of species that is most relevant to understanding their role in evolutionary processes, namely, the lineage structure of species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00852472
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Viability explanation (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 435-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): Functional explanation ; morphology ; ethology ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract This article deals with a type of functional explanation, viability explanation, that has been overlooked in recent philosophy of science. Viability explanations relate traits of organisms and their environments in terms of what an individual needs to survive and reproduce. I show that viability explanations are neither causal nor historical and that, therefore, they should be accounted for as a distinct type of explanation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857593
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Are the different hypotheses on the emergence of life as different as they seem? (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 389-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; chance ; determinism ; emergence of life ; evolution ; non-equilibrium thermodynamics ; panspermia ; protometabolism ; reduction ; RNA world ; self-organization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper calls attention to a philosophical presupposition, coined here “the continuity thesis” which underlies and unites the different, often conflicting, hypotheses in the origin of life field. This presupposition, a necessary condition for any scientific investigation of the origin of life problem, has two components. First, it contends that there is no unbridgeable gap between inorganic matter and life. Second, it regards the emergence of life as a highly probable process. Examining several current origin-of-life theories. I indicate the implicit or explicit role played by the “continuity thesis” in each of them. In addition, I identify the rivals of the “thesis” within the scientific community — “the almost miracle camp.” Though adopting the anti-vitalistic aspect of the “continuity thesis”, this camp regards the emergence of life as involving highly improbable events. Since it seems that the chemistry of the prebiotic stages and of molecular self-organization processes rules out the possibility that life is the result of a “happy accident,” I claim that the “almost miracle” view implies in fact, a creationist position.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857591
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    “Just-so” stories about “inner cognitive Africa”: some doubts about Sorensen's evolutionary epistemology of thought experiments (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 12 (1997), S. 207-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; epistemology ; evolutionary epistemology ; naturalized epistemology ; thought experiments ; modality ; utility ; fitness ; adaptation ; reliability ; possible worlds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Roy Sorensen advances an evolutionary explanation of our capacity for thought experiments which doubles as a naturalized epistemological justification. I argue Sorensen”s explanation fails to satisfy key elements of environmental-selectionist explanations and so fails to carry epistemic force. I then argue that even if Sorensen succeeds in showing the adaptive utility of our capacity, he still fails to establish its reliability and hence epistemic utility. I conclude Sorensen”s account comes to little more than a “just-so story”.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017986908266
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Taking the ‘Error’ Out of Ruse‘s Error Theory (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 12 (1997), S. 385-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): morality ; evolution ; error theory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Michael Ruse‘s Darwinian metaethics has come under just criticism from Peter Woolcock (1993). But with modification it remains defensible. Ruse (1986) holds that people ordinarily have a false belief that there are objective moral obligations. He argues that the evolutionary story should be taken as an error theory, i.e., as a theory which explains the belief that there are obligations as arising from non-rational causes, rather than from inference or evidential reasons. Woolcock quite rightly objects that this position entails moral nihilism. However, I argue here that people generally have justified true beliefs about which acts promote their most coherent set of moral values, and hence, by definition, about which acts are right. What the evolutionary story explains is the existence of these values, but it is not an error theory for moral beliefs. Ordinary beliefs correspond to real moral properties, though these are not objective or absolute properties independent of anyone‘s subjective states. On its best footing, therefore, a Darwinian metaethics of the type Ruse offers is not an error theory and does not entail moral nihilism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006577007049
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