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  • wheat  (60)
  • stability  (40)
  • Springer  (100)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (100)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1955-1959
  • 1992  (100)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (100)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of stable matchings as extreme points of a polytope (1992)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Matchings ; stability ; extreme points ; polytope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to extend a modified version of a recent result of Vande Vate (1989) which characterizes stable matchings as the extreme points of a certain polytope. Our proofs are simpler and more transparent than those of Vande Vate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01586041
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phthalocyanine-containing polymers (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 2 (1992), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Phthalocyanines ; polymers ; siloxanes ; conductivity ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The author's work on the incorporation of phthalocyanines into inorganic polymers is reviewed. The synthesis of poly(siloxane phthalocyanines) and the synthesis and characterization of fluoro(phthalocyanine) Group III compounds and their conducting derivatives are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00696537
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical relationships between the ionization of 1,3-dicarbonylic ligands and stability of their Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) 1∶1 chelates (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 1145-1152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Chromium(III) ; β-diketones ; β-diketonates ; chelation ; complexation ; correlation ; stability ; equilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been demonstrated that the logarithm of the stability constant of some monochelated chromium(III) compounds, with structurally similar 1,3-dicarbonylic species, is linearly related to the negative logarithm of the acid ionization constant of the ligand. Graphical and analytical correlations which could be useful in predicting equilibrium constants of chromium(III)-β-diketonates, as well as other first-row transition metal derivatives, have been developed. A quantitative evaluation of the complexes stability has been carried out, providing information about the effects of ligand substituents on the equilibrium constants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651860
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interval stability and interval covering property in finite posets (1992)
    Springer
    Order 9 (1992), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9273
    Keywords: Primary 06A07 ; secondary 05C70 ; Partial order ; interval ; stability ; covering ; Sperner property ; symmetric chains ; NP-completeness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Given a finite ranked posetP, let α(P) be the maximum size of a subset ofP such that no two elements of it belong simultaneously to some interval ofP and let ϱ(P) be the minimum number of intervals covering all elements ofP. We say thatP has the strong interval stability property (resp. the strong interval covering property) if for each subposetP′ induced by consecutive levels ofP, i.e.,P′=P (l)∪...∪P (u), one has α(P′)=max{|P (l)|, |P (u)|} (resp. ϱ(P′)=max{|P (l)|, |P (u)|}). We prove these properties for several classes of posets and discuss some general facts concerning the numbers α(P) and ϱ(P), e.g., NP-completeness and min-max relations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00814408
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stationary waiting time derivatives (1992)
    Springer
    Queueing systems 12 (1992), S. 369-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Perturbation analysis ; stability ; stochastic difference equations ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the stability of waiting-time derivatives when inputs to a queueing system-service times and interarrival times-depend on a parameter. We give conditions under which the sequence of waiting-time derivatives admits a stationary distribution, and under which the derivatives converge to the stationary regime from all initial conditions. Further hypotheses ensure that the expectation of a stationary waiting-time derivative is, in fact, the derivative of the expected stationary waiting time. This validates the use of simulation-based infinitesimal perturbation analysis estimates with a variety of queueing processes. We examine waiting-time sequences satisfying recursive equations. Our basic assumption is that the input and its derivatives are stationary and ergodic. Under monotonicity conditions, the method of Loynes establishes the convergence of the derivatives. Even without such conditions, the derivatives obey a linear difference equation with random coefficients, and we exploit this fact to find stability conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01158809
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Stability of token passing rings (1992)
    Springer
    Queueing systems 11 (1992), S. 7-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Token passing rings ; stability ; substability ; ergodicity ; Markov chains ; Loynes' scheme ; stochastically dominant ; Little's formula ; regenerative processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A sufficient stability condition for the standard token passing ring has been “known” since the seminal paper by Kuehn in 1979. However, this condition was derived without formal proof, and the proof seems to be of considerable interest to the research community. In fact, Watson observed that in the performance evaluation of token passing rings, “it is convenient to derive stability conditions ... (without proof)”. Our intention is to fill this gap, and to provide a formal proof of thesufficient and necessary stability condition for the token passing ring. In this paper, we present the case when the arrival process to each queue is Poisson but service times and switchover times are generally distributed. We consider in depth a gatedl-limited (l≤ ∞) service discipline for each station. We also indicate that the basic steps of our technique can be used to study the stability of some other multiqueue systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01159285
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable steady state of some population models (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 4 (1992), S. 161-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Delay differential equations ; equilibrium ; stability ; limiting equations ; population dynamics ; 34K20 ; 34K25 ; 92A15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Applying an analytical method and several limiting equations arguments, some sufficient conditions are provided for the existence of a unique positive equilibriumK for the delay differential equationx=−γx+D(x t ), which is the general form of many population models. The results are concerned with the global attractivity, uniform stability, and uniform asymptotic stability ofK. Application of the results to some known population models, which shows the effectiveness of the methods applied here, is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048159
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability estimates in inverse scattering (1992)
    Springer
    Acta applicandae mathematicae 28 (1992), S. 1-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 35R30 ; Inverse scattering ; stability ; noisy data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm is given for calculating the solution to the 3D inverse scattering problem with noisy discrete fixed energy data. The error estimates for the calculated solution are derived. The methods developed are of a general nature and can be used in many applications: in nondestructive evaluation and remote sensing, in geophysical exploration, medical diagnostics, and technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047029
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new interpolation procedure for adapting Runge-Kutta methods to delay differential equations (1992)
    Springer
    BIT 32 (1992), S. 634-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L20 ; CR: 5.17 ; delay differential equations ; numerical solution ; Runge-Kutta methods ; interpolation procedures ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with adapting Runge-Kutta methods to differential equations with a lagging argument. A new interpolation procedure is introduced which leads to numerical processes that satisfy an important asymptotic stability condition related to the class of testproblemsU′(t)=λU(t)+μU(t−τ) with λ, μ ε C, Re(λ)〈−|μ|, and τ〉0. Ifc i denotes theith abscissa of a given Runge-Kutta method, then in thenth stept n−1→t n :=t n−1+h of the numerical process our interpolation procedure computes an approximation toU(t n−1+c i h−τ) from approximations that have already been generated by the process at pointst j−1+c i h(j=1,2,3,...). For two of these new processes and a standard process we shall consider the convergence behaviour in an actual application to a given, stiff problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01994847
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    On a class of variational equations transformable to the Gauss hypergeometric equation (1992)
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 53 (1992), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: Monodromy matrix ; Gauss hypergeometric equation ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new class of linear ordinary differential equations with periodic coefficients is found which can be transformed to the Gauss hypergeometric equation, and therefore the monodromy matrices are computable explicitly. These equations appear as the variational equations around a straight-line solution in Hamiltonian systems of the form H = T(p) + V(q), where T(p) and V(q) are homogeneous functions of p and q, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049462
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  • 11
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    Effects of small external forces on the planar oscillation of a cable connected satellites system (1992)
    Springer
    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 53 (1992), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: Artificial satellite ; dissipative forces ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of small external dissipative and disturbing forces on the non-linear planar oscillation of a cable connected satellites system in the central gravitational field of earth have been studied. Typical non-linear oscillation's phenomena arizing from the aforesaid external forces are shown to take place. The presence of these forces enables the application of asymptotic methods of the theory of non-linear oscillations due to Bogoliubov and Mitropolsky to the equation characterizing the non-linear oscillation of the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052610
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Real-time feedback scheduling of flexible manufacturing systems (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 6 (1992), S. 51-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Scheduling ; flexible manufacturing systems ; stability ; feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A genetic manufacturing environment is considered. The emphasis is on small-lot, discrete, and asynchronous type of manufacturing systems rather than high volume and continuous type. Two classes of scheduling policies are proposed to render the machine stable. The policies are of feedback type. The decision is made in real-time and on-line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314697
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  • 13
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    Force control of robots with nonlinearities (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 6 (1992), S. 219-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: Force control ; slip-stick friction ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores two practical issues related to the force control of manipulators. The first issue examined is how system stability is effected by commonly occurring manipulator nonlinearities, such as sampled-data, control signal saturation and slip-stick friction. It is shown that discretely implemented force control algorithms can drive the feedback force controlled manipulator into a limit cycle, even for a very small sampling period that by far satisfies Shannon's sampling theorem. The bounds of stability are enhanced by the presence of control signal saturation and slip stick friction. The second issue investigated is the inclusion of a high gain inner position loop as a means to minimize the unpredictability in the steady state error due to slip-stick friction. In order to support the theoretical conclusions, experiments were performed with the PUMP 560 industrial robot testbed facility developed at Colorado State University.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248017
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  • 14
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    A structural approach to robust stability of polynomials (1992)
    Springer
    Multidimensional systems and signal processing 3 (1992), S. 421-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0824
    Keywords: Convex combination ; polynomial ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A sufficient condition for Hurwitz stability of a convex combination of two stable polynomials is obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940234
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  • 15
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    The current and residual value of superphosphate for lupins grown in rotation with oats and wheat on a deep sandy soil (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; fertilizer effectiveness ; residual value ; lupins ; oats ; wheat ; grain production ; bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a deep pale-yellow sand in a 600 mm per annum rainfall Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, six levels of phosphorus (P) as superphosphate (O up to 546 kg P ha−1) were applied once only, to the soil surface, before sowing lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The lupins were grown in a continuous arable cropping rotation with, in successive years, oats (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupins. Five such rotations were started in the experiment from 1985 to 1989. The experiment continued until the end of 1990. The relationship between lupin seed (grain) yields and the level of P applied was measured in the year of P application for five successive years (1985 to 1989). The relationship had the same general form but it varied between years, largely due to different maximum yields (yield plateaux) in each year. The residual value of superphosphate applied three years previously was measured for lupins on two occasions (1988 and 1989) relative to superphosphate applied in the current year. The residual values was different in the two years. The superphosphate applied three years previously was about 30% as effective as freshly applied superphosphate in 1988, and 12% as effective in 1989. At each harvest, the relationship between grain yield and the P concentration in the grain differed for different species. However, for each species at each harvest, the relationship was similar regardless of when the P was applied in the previous years. Thus each species had the same internal efficiency of P use curve, and yields varied only with P concentration in tissue. Bicarbonate-extractable soil P was determined on soil samples taken in mid-July of 1989 and 1990. These soil test values were related to grain yields at harvest. The relationship between yield and soil test values had the same general form but varied for different species within years and for each species between years. It also varied for each species within years depending on the year the P was applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051283
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  • 16
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    Residual value of superphosphate for wheat and lupin grain production on a uniform yellow sandplain soil (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 331-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; wheat ; lupins ; soil test for phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on a sandplain soil in a low rainfall (326 mm per annum) Mediterranean environment of south-western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate applied in 1986 was measured in three subsequent years relative to freshly-applied superphosphate each year, using grain (seed) yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius). The wheat and lupins were grown in rotation and both crops were grown each year starting in 1986. Bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus was determined on soil samples taken in mid June from where the P treatment was applied in 1986 only. These soil test values were related to the grain yields produced that year. For each level of superphosphate applied in 1986, soil test values decreased with increasing time from application. The relationship between grain yield and soil test values had the same general form within each year for both plant species, but varied between years. For both species, the effectiveness of superphosphate decreased by about 70–80% between the year of application and the first and second years after application, and by a further approximate 10% in the third year. The relationship between grain yield and the level of superphosphate applied became sigmoidal by 1989.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051284
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  • 17
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    Relationship between electroultrafiltration (EUF) extractable nitrogen, grain yield, and optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates for winter wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen fertilizer rate ; electroultrafiltration ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the investigation was to examine whether there exist relationships between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for winter wheat and soil nitrogen fractions extracted by electroultrafiltration (EUF) from autumn samples of the upper soil layer (0–30 cm). Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from grain yield curves of field trials carried out with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates on 19 different sites in 1985/86 and 1986/87. Most soils were luvisols derived from loess, two soils were brown earths and one a pararendzina. Total Nitrogen fertilizer rates were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N/ha applied twice before ear emergence. The final nitrogen rate at ear emergence was the same for all treatments, namely 60 kg N/ha. Optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were derived from the grain yield curve fitted to a modified Mitscherlich equation. The optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates were correlated with the nitrogen fractions extracted by EUF. The regression equation thus obtained showed that NO 3 - , the organic N fraction (EUF Norg), and the EUF Norg-quotient each had a highly significant impact on the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The higher the amounts of EUF-N extracted the lower the optimum nitrogen rate. Substituting the EUF Norg-fraction for total nitrogen concentration in the upper soil layer gave a poorer relationship between the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate and the soil data. In absolute terms the EUF Norg-fraction had by far the greatest impact on calculating the optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate. The investigation shows that the EUF method is a suitable technique for the determination of available soil nitrogen from which optimum nitrogen fertilizer rates can be derived for winter wheat cultivated under soil and climatic conditions typical for cereal growing areas in central Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054392
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  • 18
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    Effect of superphosphate and nitrogen on yield and take-all of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; take-all ; (Gaeumannomyces graminis) ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat was grown continuously in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate and with 4 levels of urea at 3 sites. The incidence and severity of take-all, caused byGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, declined with increasing rates of application of both superphosphate and urea. In both years, the severity of take-all on plants receiving neither superphosphate nor urea was about 40% while at the highest level of superphosphate and urea supply the take-all severity was approximately halved at 22%. There was an increase in grain yield in response to applied superphosphate and urea to the highest level of each nutrient. There was also an increase in the 1,000-kernal weights with superphosphate and urea fertilizer application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064226
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  • 19
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    The phosphorus requirement of different crop species compared with wheat on lateritic soils (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus requirement ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; lupins ; triticale ; superphosphate ; grain yield ; phosphorus in grain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorus (P) requirement for grain production of different crop species (oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), triticale (xTriticosecale), narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius), and sandplain lupins (L. cosentinii) was compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in five field experiments on different lateritic soils in south-western Australia. Seven or eight levels of superphosphate were applied at the start of each experiment. The amount of P required to produce 70% (four experiments) or 90% (one experiment) of the maximum yield was used to compare P requirements. Large differences in the P requirements of the species were obtained. On P deficient soil in 3 experiments, oats required from 50 to 70% less P than wheat, but required 40% more P on a soil with a long history of superphosphate applications. Compared with wheat, in the year of P application, barley required 50% less P in one experiment, had similar P requirements in two experiments, and required 80% more P in another experiment. In the years after P application, barley required 20% less P in two experiments. On an acidic soil triticale required from 50% to 70% less P than wheat, but on less acidic soil it required 100% more P. In the year of P application, narrow-leafed lupins required 800% more P than wheat in one experiment, and 30% more P in the other experiment. In the year of P application, sandplain lupins required 70% less P than wheat in one experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054391
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  • 20
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    Fertilizer value of pig slurries processed by the Promest procedure (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Pig slurry ; processing ; relative efficiency index ; N ; P ; K ; organic carbon ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the Netherlands, pig slurries are processed to improve their fertilizer value as well as handling and application. The relative efficiency index (REI) of N, P and K and the stability of organic carbon (C) in test products of processed pig slurries (PPS) were determined in pot and incubation experiments. The dry and easily manageable PPS were produced according to the Promest procedure. The mineral fraction of total N varied from 60 to 88%. It consisted mainly of nitrate. About 25% of the organic N was rapidly mineralized. The REI of N varied from 66 to 92%. After application REI of P from pelletized PPS varied from 41 to 62% in the first half year. The REI of P in ground but non-pelletized PPS varied from 81 to 100%. The REI of K was estimated to be 100%. PPS contained less easily decomposable organic C than untreated pig slurry due to the anaerobic digestion step in the processing procedure. About 34% of the organic C disappeared as methane and carbon dioxide during processing. It was concluded that processing improved the fertilizer value of PPS compared with that of untreated pig slurry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054395
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  • 21
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    Phosphorus effectiveness in fertilized soils evaluated by chemical solutions and residual value for wheat growth (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Residual P ; P fixation ; Bray P ; Olsen P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen soils from the south east of the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) that had been fertilized with moderate amounts of P (10–40 kgP/ha) during the last 10 years were used to investigate the effect of time on the decline of P availability as measured by three soil tests (Bray 1, Bray 2, Olsen) and the null-point method. Differences in rates of P decline among soils and chemical methods were characterized by an exponential coefficient for time (b 2) in equations which describe the changes of the added P retained by the soil (Pr =ac b1 t b2). The rate of decline of P for the nineteen soils calculated for the soil test methods was ordered decreasingly as: null-point 〉 Olsen 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2. The ability of the chemical methods for assessing the residual value of P for wheat growth (RV) was tested in a pot experiment on seven of the soils that differed in their individual rates of reaction with P. Differences between soils in the rate of reaction with P as measured in the laboratory by the null-point method and by the Olsen test were reflected in different residual values for P fertilizer for wheat plants. Thus the value ofb 2 for these methods was well correlated with the observed residual values. The soil properties commonly associated with the retention of P were not related to the value ofb 2 suggesting that more than one soil property may be involved in the measure ofb 2. The exponent for timeb 2 may be used as an index of the ability of the soil test to reflect the decline of P availability with time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048781
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  • 22
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    A reinforcement connectionist approach to robot path finding in non-maze-like environments (1992)
    Springer
    Machine learning 8 (1992), S. 363-395 
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    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: Connectionism ; reinforcement learning ; robot path finding ; stability ; reactive systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a reinforcement connectionist system which finds and learns the suitable situation-action rules so as to generate feasible paths for a point robot in a 2D environment with circular obstacles. The basic reinforcement algorithm is extended with a strategy for discovering stable solution paths. Equipped with this strategy and a powerful codification scheme, the path-finder (i) learns quickly, (ii) deals with continuous-valued inputs and outputs, (iii) exhibits good noise-tolerance and generalization capabilities, (iv) copes with dynamic environments, and (v) solves an instance of the path finding problem with strong performance demands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992702
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    A Reinforcement Connectionist Approach to Robot Path Finding in Non-Maze-Like Environments (1992)
    Springer
    Machine learning 8 (1992), S. 363-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: Connectionism ; reinforcement learning ; robot path finding ; stability ; reactive systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a reinforcement connectionist system which finds and learns the suitable situation-action rules so as to generate feasible paths for a point robot in a 2D environment with circular obstacles. The basic reinforcement algorithm is extended with a strategy for discovering stable solution paths. Equipped with this strategy and a powerful codification scheme, the path-finder (i) learns quickly, (ii) deals with continuous-valued inputs and outputs, (iii) exhibits good noise-tolerance and generalization capabilities, (iv) copes with dynamic environments, and (v) solves an instance of the path finding problem with strong performance demands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022684924132
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    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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    Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for the barley seed protein CMa: an inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L. ; CM protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The primary structure of the insect α-amylase inhibitor CMa of barley seeds was deduced from a full-length cDNA clone pc43F6. Analysis of RNA from barley endosperm shows high levels 15 and 20 days after flowering. The cDNA predicts an amino acid sequence of 119 residues preceded by a signal peptide of 25 amino acids. Ala and Leu account for 55% of the signal peptide. CMa is 60–85% identical with α-amylase inhibitors of wheat, but shows less than 50% identity to trypsin inhibitors of barley and wheat. The 10 Cys residues are located in identical positions compared to the cereal inhibitor family with a Pro-X-Cys motif present in all.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034972
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    Analysis of the gibberellin-responsive promoter of a cathepsin B-like gene from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 849-856 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: GA regulation ; thiol-protease promoter ; wheat ; aleurone ; particle gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat gene (A121) encoding a protein with sequence similarity to mammalian cathepsin B is regulated by gibberellic acid (GA) in aleurone layers of germinating grains. To analyse the mechanism of A121 regulation, its promoter was fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (GUS) and introduced by micro-projectile bombardment into aleurone layers of oat. With 2.3 kb of promoter sequence, the GUS expression was enhanced by GA treatment. This effect was reversed by abscisic acid (ABA). This result showed for A121, like the α-amylase genes, that the regulation by GA and ABA was at the level of transcription. The GA responsiveness of the promoter was retained with as little as 276 bp of promoter sequence. Sequence comparison with a GA responsive promoter of an α-amylase gene identified the conserved element GCAACGGCAACGATGG which is required intact for full expression of both promoters. However, there was no identifiable similarity in the cathepsin-like promoter with the GA-responsive element of α-amylase promoters with the consensus sequence TAACAAA, suggesting that GA affects more than one mechanism of transcriptional control.
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    Sequence analysis of WIS-2-1A, a retrotransposon-like element from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 991-995 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: retrotransposon-like element ; sequence analysis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract WIS-2-1A, a 8624 bp insertion in the Glu-1A-2 locus of chromosome 1A of wheat, consists of two 1755 bp long terminal repeats enclosing a 5114 bp internal region. No long open reading frames could be found, but inspection of the predicted amino acid sequence showed regions with homology to retrotransposon structures, including a methionine tRNA initiator binding site, a nucleotide binding domain, a protease, an integrase and a polymerase. DNA replication errors have resulted in frame-shifts in the protein coding region, suggesting that retrotransposition of WIS-2-1A, if it occurs, must be mediated by trans-acting factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027169
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    Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the TATA box-binding protein (TFIID) from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 867-872 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: TATA box ; TFIID ; transcription factor ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We isolated a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the TATA-binding factor ‘TFIID’ from a wheat seedling cDNA library. The wheat TFIID transcript of 1.2 kb poly(A)+ RNA was expressed at a low level early in germination, but gradually increased as the seedlings developed. In vitro binding experiments showed that the bacterially expressed wheat TFIID protein could specifically bind to the TATA boxes of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S, wheat histone H3 and adenovirus major late genes with different affinity. A comparison with Arabidopsis TFIID showed the presence of a plant-specific region consisting of 13 amino acids at the divergent amino terminus and a conserved region (182 amino acids) at the carboxy terminus longer than that observed in yeasts (180 amino acids) and animals (181 amino acids).
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in diploid wheat,Triticum speltoides L. (Tausch) Gren. ex Richter (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 157-158 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum speltoides ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029158
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    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in wheat,Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 159-160 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029159
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    Sequence and organization of a 7.2 kb region of wheat mitochondrial DNA containing the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 347-352 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequences ; ribosomal RNA ; t-elements ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the sequence of a 7.2 kilobase pair DNA fragment containing a copy of the wheat mitochondrial gene (rrn26) that encodes the mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal RNA (26S rRNA). The mature 26S rRNA was determined by direct RNA sequencing to be 3467 nucleotides long, and to share a 5′-terminal pentanucleotide (5′-AUCAU), thought to be important in post-transcriptional processing, with the wheat mitochondrial small-subunit (18S) rRNA. Two other prominent features of the sequence were noted. First, upstream of rrn26 are located two tandem copies of a 70 base pair element containing a putative mitochondrial promoter motif (TCGTATAAAAA). Second, downstream of rrn26 is a sequence element that, if transcribed, would produce and RNA with a secondary structure resembling that of tRNAs but differing sufficiently from the latter structure to preclude any transcript from functioning normally in translation. These upstream and downstream sequence elements may play a role in the expression of rrn26 in wheat mitochondria.
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    Dynamical behavior of psb gene transcripts in greening wheat seedlings. I. Time course of accumulation of the psbA through psbN gene transcripts during light-induced greening (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 695-704 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; gene expression ; photosystem 2 ; transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time course of the accumulation of the transcripts from 13 psb genes encoding a major part of the proteins composing photosystem II during light-induced greening of dark-grown wheat seedlings was examined focusing on early stages of plastid development (0.5 h through 72 h). The 13 genes can be divided into three groups. (1) The psbA gene is transcribed as a single transcript of 1.3 kb in the dark-grown seedlings, but its level increases 5- to 7-fold in response to light due to selective increase in RNA stability as well as in transcription activity. (2) The psbE-F-L-J operon, psbM and psbN genes are transcribed as a single transcript of 1.1 kb, two transcripts of 0.5 and 0.7 kb and a single transcript of 0.3 kb, respectively, in the dark-grown seedlings. The levels of accumulation of every transcript remain unchanged or rather decrease during plastid development under illumination. (3) The psbK-I-D-C gene cluster and psbB-H operon exhibit fairly complicated northern hybridization patterns during the greening process. When a psbC or psbD gene probe was used for northern hybridization, five transcripts differing in length were detected in the etioplasts from 5-day old dark-grown seedlings. After 2 h illumination, two new transcripts of different length appeared. Light induction of new transcripts was also observed in the psbB-H operon.
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    The structure of the SF6 molecule and the SF 6 − anion excited states (1992)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 41 (1992), S. 504-510 
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    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: electronic structure ; geometry optimization ; electron affinity ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electronic and geometric structures of the ground state and a number of excited states of the SF6 molecule and the SF 6 − anion have been calculated by the discrete-variation method of the local density-functionals. The anion was found to possess a number of states stable toward the outer electron detachment, and at least one excited state stable toward dissociation. The adiabatic electron affinity (EA) was determined as 3.46 eV at the highest level of theory. This result is correlated to the high EAs of the isovalent compound SeF6 and TeF6; however, it does not agree with the presently accepted experimental estimate of 1.0 ± 0.2 eV for the SF6EA value. The basic anion configuration is octahedral with a S-F bond length of 1.717 Å. The calculated limit for the highest dissociation channel of the ground state SF 6 − → SF 5 − + F is ≈ 1.5 eV lower than the minimum of the total energy of the neutral molecule; this is in good agreement with experimental estimates.
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    The vibration and stability analysis of moderate thick plates by the method of lines (1992)
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 13 (1992), S. 523-531 
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    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: moderate thick plate ; vibration ; stability ; method of lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The method of lines based on Hu Hai-chang's theory for the vibration and stability of moderate thick plates is developed. The standard nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) system for natural frequencies and critical load is given by use of ODE techniques, and then any indicated eigenvalue could be obtained directly from ODE solver by employing the so-called initial eigenfunction technique instead of the mode orthogonality condition. Numerical examples show that the present method is very effective and reliable.
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    Adaptive foraging by predators as a cause of predator-prey cycles (1992)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 6 (1992), S. 56-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: dynamics of adaptation ; optimal foraging ; predator-prey cycles ; stability ; type-2 functional response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When foraging has costs, it is generally adaptive for foragers to adjust their foraging effort in response to changes in the population density of their food. If effort decreases in response to increased food density, this can result in a ‘type-2’ functional response; intake rate increases in a negatively accelerated manner as prey density increases. Unlike other mechanisms for type-2 responses, adaptive foraging usually involves a timelag, because foraging behaviours do not often change instantaneously with changes in food density or risks. This paper investigates predator-prey models in which there are explicit dynamics for the rate of adaptive change. Models appropriate to both behavioural and evolutionary change are considered. Both types of change can produce cycles under similar circumstances, but under some evolutionary models there is not sufficient genetic variability for evolutionary change to produce cycles. If there is sufficient variability, the remaining conditions required for cycles are surprisingly insensitive to the nature of the adaptive process. A predator population that approaches the optimum foraging strategy very slowly usually produces cycles under similar conditions as does a very rapidly adapting population.
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    Effect of cereal-legumechapati diets on absorption and retention of calcium (1992)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 42 (1992), S. 165-173 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Calcium ; absorption ; wheat ; Bengal gram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheatchapati, wheat+Bengal gram (80∶20 and 70∶30)chapatis and casein diets, at 10 percent protein level, were fed to rats for 12 weeks to study the effect on calcium utilization. The supplementation of Bengal gram to wheat diets significantly improved the calcium absorption. The urinary calcium excretion in wheat+Bengal gramchapati diets was significantly less than that of wheatchapati diet fed group. The in vivo45Ca absorption (CPM/100 μl serum) was also less in wheatchapati group as compared to wheat+Bengal gramchapati diets fed groups. The supplementation of legumes to cereals improved the calcium utilization and it may be concluded that there will be no risk of occurance of protein induced hypercalciuria.
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    Effects of rainfall on the use of foliar analysis for diagnosing boron toxicity in field-grown wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 311-314 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron toxicity ; diagnosis ; foliar analysis ; mineral nutrition ; nutrient leaching ; rain ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of rain on foliage elemental composition, especially B, was assessed using samples of wheat collected at three harvests from a field trial conducted in soil containing excessive levels of B. Moderate rainfall substantially decreased both the B concentration and content of whole shoots and young leaves. The change in B concentration due to rain suggests that foliar analysis is unreliable for diagnosing B toxicity. For the other elements examined (Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mg, P, S, Zn), rainfall had little effect.
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    The root activity of cereals and peas when grown in pure stands and mixtures (1992)
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    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 281-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; mixed-cropping ; peas ; root activity ; rooting-depth ; tracers ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lithium was used as a non-radioactive tracer to investigate the root activity of two cereals (wheat and barley), and of two contrasting cultivars of pea (leafy and semi-leafless), both in pure stands and in mixtures. The mixtures included combinations of each cereal with each pea cultivar in single rows, alternative rows and cross-drilled. Total lithium uptake (mg m-2) was higher for wheat than for barley, and higher for semi-leafless pea than for leafy peas. Growing cereals with peas reduced the total lithium uptake by peas, compared with pure stands, especially in alternate-row mixtures. Growing peas with cereals only reduced the total Li uptake by cereals when they were cross-drilled. The Li uptake by wheat, barley and peas generally decreased with soil depth in a similar manner; however, semi-leafless peas absorbed proportionately more Li from close to the soil surface than did leafy peas. Both pea cultivars absorbed more Li at 10–20 cm depth when grown in intimate mixtures with cereals, compared with less intimate mixtures or pure stands. The potential of lithium as a non-radioactive tracer in mixed-cropping studies is briefly discussed.
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    Empirical models to approximate calcium and magnesium ameliorative effects and genetic differences in aluminium tolerance in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 281-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; aluminium tolerance ; calcium ; magnesium ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The activities of inorganic, monomeric aluminium (Al) species in the root environment are important in the toxicity of Al to plant roots, which may be ameliorated by increased activities of basic cations. Additionally, it has been suggested that electro-chemical processes in walls of root cells play a role in Al tolerance. Empirical models were proposed to accomodate genetic and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ameliorative effects on Al toxicity. The models were tested using data from a solution culture study (with ionic strength 1.6 to 8.6 mM) in which wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvv. Warigal (Al-sensitive) and Waalt (Al-tolerant) were grown for 28 d at 0, 10 and 20 μM Al, in factorial combination with 200, 400, 800 and 1600 μM Ca and 100, 200, 400 and 800 μM Mg. There was a poor relationship between relative total dry mass (TDM) (calculated as a percentage of the average TDM of each cultivar in the absence of added Al) and the activity of Al3+ or the sum of the activities of the monomeric Al species in solution. A model based on the ratios of activities of cations in solution, taking valency into consideration, was more successful, accounting for ca 85% of the observed variation in relative TDM. There were no systematic variations between observed values and those estimated by the model.
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    Soil conduciveness to take-all of wheat: Influence of the nitrogen fertilizers on the structure of populations of fluorescent pseudomonads (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; cyanides ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizer ; pseudomonads ; soil conduciveness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field cropped with wheat, a high and low level of soil conduciveness to take-all were induced by applying a nitrogen fertilizer with either calcium nitrate or ammonium sulphate. From these two soils, two representative populations of fluorescent pseudomonads were tested for their in situ behaviour. Take-all index and root dry weight were assessed on plants cropped in soils infested with Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt) and each bacterized with one of the isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads. The bacteria tested can be split into three groups: antagonists which reduce take-all, deleterious isolates which aggravate the disease and neutral without evident effect on the disease. The predominance of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads in the NH4-treated soil and the predominance of deleterious ones in the NO3-treated soil was confirmed after statistical analysis. The microbial impact on take-all must be more considered as the resulting effect of divergent activities of both rhizobacteria types than the only consequences of the presence of antagonistic pseudomonads. All the high cyanogenic pseudomonads were antagonists in situ and were more numerous in the NH4-treated soil than in the NO3-treated soil.
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    Relationships between take-all, soil conduciveness to the disease, populations of fluorescent pseudomonads and nitrogen fertilizers (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ; nitrate ; nitrogen fertilizers ; fluorescent pseudomonads ; root system ; soil conduciveness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Take-all of wheat, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt), is reduced by ammoniacal fertilizers as compared to nitrate sources. This influence of nitrogen on the disease is only observed on nodal roots at flowering. But soil conduciveness to take-all, as measured in a soil bioassay, is modified earlier. Forty days after nitrogen application at early tillering, the NH4-treated soil became less conducive than the NO3-treated one. When nitrogen applications are done at sowing and at tillering, differences in disease propagation between the two soils are enhanced. Results from four years of experimentation show that when the level of natural soil inoculum is high, disease severity is reduced by ammonium, showing an effect on the parasitic phase of Ggt. At a low level of natural inoculum the effect of the source of nitrogen is mainly observed on the percent of infected plants, indicating that the saprophytic and preparasitic phases are affected. Rhizospheric bacterial populations increase from sowing to tillering, but differences on take-all conduciveness after tillering are not correlated with differences in the amounts of aerobic bacteria or fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from soils treated with different sources of nitrogen. Qualitative changes in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. populations, like in vitro antagonism, are more likely to explain differences in soil conduciveness to take-all than are quantitative changes in this group. Nevertheless, the introduction of Ggt in a cropped soil leads to a greater increase in fluorescent pseudomonads populations than in total aerobic bacteria. The delay between reducing soil conduciveness and reducing disease in the field with ammonium nitrogen fertilization, the qualitative change of fluorescent pseudomonads populations and the role of necroses in rhizobacteria multiplication, provide information leading to our representation of a dynamic model based on the differentiation of the wheat root system into seminal and nodal roots.
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    A review of phosphorus efficiency in wheat (1992)
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    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genetic variability ; NIR ; ploidy ; phosphorus ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract More efficient utilization of phosphorus by wheat plants is needed to extend the useful life of the phosphate reserves in the world, to reduce the cost of producing crops, and to improve the value of the grain and the straw produced. In this paper definitions of efficient use of phosphorus by wheat are reviewed, genotypic variation in phosphorus efficiency is reported, some consequences of breeding for greater efficiency are discussed, and ways to select more efficient genotypes are suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012009
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    Genetic control of a response to the segregation distortion allele, Sd-1d, in the common wheat line ‘Indis’ (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cuckoo effect ; gametocidal chromosome/gene ; preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A translocated chromosome segment, derived from Thinopyrum distichum, carries the leaf rust resistance allele Lr19d and a segregation distorter allele, Sd-1d. In translocation heterozygotes, male and female gametophytes lacking the translocation are aborted, the severity of the effect depending on the genotype of the hybrid. The selective abortion of the gametophytes with a normal chromosome 7D appears to be based on the absence of the translocated chromosome rather than the presence of the normal chromosome. The magnitude of the gametocidal response, elicited by Sd-1d, is under multigenic control. A number of chromosomes, the individual effects of which are generally small, may act to suppress or promote the response. Chromosome arms 2AL, 2BL, 5BL and 5DL of ‘Chinese Spring’ were found to reduce sensitivity to the presence of the gametocidal chromosome. Chromosome 3B of ‘Inia 66-1’ also reduce the gametocidal response while chromosome arm 6DS of ‘Chinese Spring’ may promote the effect
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029663
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    Genetic analysis and selection for wheat yield in drought-stressed and irrigated environments (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stress tolerance ; genetic variance ; genetic correlation ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in the southern Great Plains of the U.S.A. are exposed to a wide range of moisture conditions due to large fluctuations in the amount and frequency of rainfall. Yield stability under those conditions is therefore a desirable trait for wheat breeders. Our primary objective was to quantify various genetic parameters for grain production in drought-stressed and irrigated environments. We also attempted to predict and measure yield responses when selection is practiced in either drought-stressed or irrigated environments, or both. Seventy F2-derived lines from the cross, TAM W-101/Sturdy, were evaluated at Goodwell, OK, under irrigated and naturally drought-stressed conditions in 1987 and 1988. Genetic variance and heritability estimates were higher in the irrigated environment than in the drought-stressed environment. The genetic correlation coefficient for yields in the two environments was 0.20±0.16, indicating that selection of widely adapted genotypes requires testing in both environments. Based on the genetic variance/covariance structure of this particular population, the linear index which maximized the combined expected gain in both environments was 0.66Y1 + 0.34Y2, in which Y1 and Y2 are yields in the irrigated and drought-stressed environments. This index is not expected to apply across all populations; rather, it further supports the hypothesis that testing in either environment alone (drought stressed or irrigated) may not be most effective for increasing either mean productivity or yield under drought stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037933
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    Genotypic differences in wheat Al tolerance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminium ; root growth ; screening ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aluminium tolerance of 83 genotypes from Croatian and Yugoslav Triticum aestivum germplasm was evaluated in nutrient solutions having Al3+ activities of 0, 12.5 and 25 μM. Relative root length (25 μM Al3+/0 Al) of various genotypes ranged from 2 to 97% (from very sensitive to tolerant to Al). No genotype with Al tolerance close to that of very tolerant cultivar Atlas-66 was found. Soil, climatic, fertilization, and liming effects that wheat plants giving seeds for the nutrient solution Al-tolerance screening had been subjected to during their growth cycle did not influence the Al-tolerance ranking. Significant correlation was found between screening wheat for Al tolerance in nutrient solutions and in acid Pseudogley soil amended with five rates of limestone in a greenhouse experiment. Seed protein concentration was significantly related to the Al-tolerance ranking (r2 = 0.962). Such a significant correlation was not obtained in a case of rheological and other quality characteristics of seeds. Al-tolerant wheat genotypes identified in this study will be used in breeding for improved Al tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037936
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    Adaptation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to harsh Mediterranean environments (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 29-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; barley ; drought ; heading date ; plant ideotype ; principal component analysis ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Barley adapted to the combined stresses of low winter temperatures and terminal drought requires a medium carly heading date, little affected by environmental fluctuations. Two plant ideotypes that are adapted to terminal drought in Mediterranean environments can be distinguished. The first combines early heading with good early vigour, erect winter growth habit, light plant colour, and ability to recover from cold damage. The second combines medium early heading, prostrate winter growth habit, dark winter plant colour which changes to pale green in spring, and cold tolerance. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between consistency in heading date and plant ideotype, and to identify the usefulness of earliness and plant ideotype as criteria for indirect selection for grain yield under drought. Thirty-six two-rowed entries of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were sown at 15 environments in northern Syria. Average grain yields ranged from 7 to 331 g/m2; the range in average heading date was 20 days. Consistency in date of heading was related to the second ideotype through vernalization requirement. Early heading was positively correlated with grain yield in most of the environments, but especially in low-yielding environments. After eliminating the effect of heading date, the second plant ideotype was advantageous only under harsh conditions. In early generations, selection under favourable conditions for earliness, prostrate winter growth habit, dark winter plant colour, and cold tolerance is a useful alternative for yield testing, to identify material well adapted to environments experiencing low winter temperatures and terminal drought stress. Selection for the first plant ideotype is proposed for Mediterranean environments with mild winters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036084
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    Relationship between cold resistance, heading traits and ear primordia development of wheat cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; narrow-sense earliness ; photoperiodic response ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalization requirement ; winter hardiness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For breeding early heading wheat cultivars with resistance to frost damage which are well adapted to dry areas of West Asia and North Africa, the relationships between winter hardiness, ear primordia development and heading traits, i.e. veernalization requirement, photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, were assessed using a total of 30 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in an experiment in Syria. The results of artificial freezing tests indicated that cultivars with good winter hardiness were to be found only in the winter wheat cultivars which required 50 or more days of vernalization treatment. These winter wheat cultivars did not initiate internode elongation without vernalization even at 95 days after planting. Thus their ear primordia were still underground and were protected from frost injury at this stage. Photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were not associated with winter hardiness and earliness of internode elongation, but were related to the number of days to heading after planting. This indicated the possibility for breeding early heading cultivars with winter hardiness and tiller frost avoidance by combining high vernalization requirement, short narrow-sense earliness and neutral response to photoperiod.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023545
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    Past, present and future opportunities in breeding for disease resistance, with examples from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 3-22 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; yellow (stripe) rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; septoria ; Septoria tritici ; S. nodorum ; eyespot ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; resistance genetics ; pathogen variation ; durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This introductory chapter contains some general comments about plant breeding and breeding for disease resistance. The use of disease resistant crop plants is an environmentally favourable method of controlling disease but the process of breeding for disease resistance is subject to several constraints. Among them is the variability of pathogens in relation to host resistance. Some parts of this variation can be resolved into gene-for-gene interactions, but the boundaries within which such interactions can be detected are not sharp. The discussion of this variation is illustrated by reference to some important diseases of wheat, especially yellow rust, septoria and eyespot. The objective of obtaining durable resistance is discussed and some contributions of new genetical and molecular techniques to breeding for resistance are considered. It is suggested that new technology will enhance breeding for disease resistance but that established techniques of plant breeding will remain relevant and important.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023908
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    The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on black point incidence in soft white spring wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 41-47 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alternaria alternata ; black point ; fertilization ; irrigation ; nitrogen ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agronomic studies were conducted to examine the effect of fertilizer N on black point incidence in Fielder soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.). Black point incidence rose with increases in the amount of N supplied either as fertilizer applied during the growing season in irrigation water or as soil N, specifically nitrate, from fertilizer N application in previous years. A comparison of four different irrigation regimes demonstrated that black point incidence was highest under frequent irrigation (irrigate to field capacity at 75% available moisture) and lowest under conventional irrigation (irrigate to field capacity at 50% available soil moisture). In each irrigation regime, disease incidence increased as N rates were raised from 0 to 120 kg ha-1. A residual fertilizer-N study demonstrated in 1985 and 1986 that black point incidence generally rose with increasing levels of nitrogen from either preplant applications in the spring or soil nitrate from the previous year. However, additions of fertilizer N were shown to slightly reduce black point incidence at soil nitrate levels above 150 kg ha-1. A two-year fertilizer N study demonstrated that in treatments receiving the same amount (90 kg ha-1) of fertilizer N, the amount broadcast as a preplant treatment versus the amount applied in irrigation water in a fertigation treatment had no effect on black point incidence, but all fertilized treatments had significantly higher levels of disease than the unfertilized check.
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    Wheat growth responses of cultivars to H+ concentration (1992)
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    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 55-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soils ; low pH ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shoot length (cm), shoot fresh weight (g/pot), root length (cm), and root fresh weight (g/pot) were measured on six cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Saluda, C9733, Gore, Stacy, FL301, and FL302) grown at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, or 4.0 for 14 days in ‘white quartz flintshot’ sand. Plants were watered on alternate days with pH-adjusted buffer solutions. All measured plant parameters decreased as H+ concentration increased from pH 6.0 to 4.0. Decreased lengths of shoots and roots were similar among the cultivars as the pH decreased. This indicated a uniform response of wheat cultivars to excess H+ concentration in the soil solution; however, the decrease in shoot and root length was only about 50% as large as was previously reported for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.].
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    Comparison of techniques for determining the effect of aluminium on the growth of, and the inheritance of aluminium tolerance in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; genetics ; inheritance ; toxicity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Al on the growth of plants derived from the F3 generation of a cross between Al tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat cultivars, grown in low ionic strength nutrient solutions, were assessed by a number of methods viz; root length and haematoxylin stain after 3 days exposure to Al and plant top and root yields, and root length and visual assessment for Al damage after 4 weeks growth. Of these methods haematoxylin stain (3 days) and visual assessment at 4 weeks identified the same plants as being sensitive or tolerant to Al and clearly segregated the 2 populations. Consequently these 2 methods were used as ‘standard’ techniques to determine the ability of the other methods to distinguish between tolerant and sensitive plants. The ratio of plant top: root yields clearly segregated the 2 populations. The 2 populations could not be clearly distinguished based on plant top or root yields, or on root length either after 3 days or 4 weeks exposure to Al. Within the population of tolerant plants, root length was significantly correlated with root weight (r2=0.86) and top weight (r2=0.71). None of these relationships were significant for the population of sensitive plants. These techniques were applied in a number of separate experiments on the F2 and F3 populations from a Waalt × Warigal cross. The results indicate that Al tolerance in wheat is inherited by a single gene and that this gene has incomplete dominance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011989
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    Preliminary results from a microscopic examination on the effects of aluminium on the root tips of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; electron microscope ; light microscope ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root tips from aluminium (Al) tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat (Triticum aestivum (L). Thell.) cultivars exposed to low concentrations of Al (10 μM) for 10, 24 and 72 hours were examined under the light and electron microscope. After fixing and embedding, longitudinal and transverse thin and ultrathin sections were cut. There was no evidence of Al damage to the root tips of the Al tolerant cultivar under both the light and electron microscope. For the Al sensitive cultivar, Al had no observable effect on the root tips 10 hours after Al addition when examined under the light microscope. When examined under an electron microscope, electron dense globular deposits were observed between the cell wall and cell membrane of the epidermal cells. There was not obvious damage to the cell cytoplasm. Two or 3 days after Al addition, light microscopy showed that the cells in the root tips had become swollen and extensively vacuolated. The tissues appeared disorganised and degenerate, particularly in the epidermis and outer cortical cells. The electron microscope also revealed a thickening of the cell wall. The cell wall was broken down, particularly in the epidermis in the region 4–6 mm from the root tip. The tissue in the meristematic area was largely intact.
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    Increasing salinity tolerance of grain crops: Is it worthwhile? (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; drought ; halophytes ; productivity ; salinity ; salt tolerance ; sunflower ; water-use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The productivity of wheat and barley was compared in soils of different salt concentrations with a limited water supply. Productivity was assessed as total dry weight or dry weight per unit of water used (water use efficiency, WUE). Barley achieved the highest productivity because it used more of the available water and it had a greater WUE for above-ground dry weight. However, when WUE for total organic weight of roots and shoots was determined, or WUE was corrected for grain production, wheat and barley had the same productivity. In two experiments in drying soils with different salt concentrations but the same amount of soil water, wheat and barley had a higher dry weight than salt-tolerant grasses and they were more productive than C4 halophytes and non-halophytes when adjusted for water use. In one experiment, sown at a low plant density, barley and wheat used less water than some halophytes and they completed their life cycle leaving some water behind in the soil. Their higher WUE did not compensate for their lower water use. However, when all species were sown at a high density, wheat and barley were either as productive or more productive than the most salt-tolerant species, including a C4 halophyte, as they used all the available water and had the highest WUE. A sunflower cultivar was similary more productive than a salt-tolerant relative. The contribution that salt-tolerant relatives of wheat, barley and sunflower can make to genetically improving the productivity of these species in dry saline soils is questioned.
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    Physiological and genetic control of the tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of boron and implications for plant breeding (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 251-260 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; genetic variation ; major genes ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and genetic studies have been undertaken to further the understanding of genetic variation in response to high concentrations of B in the soil and so facilitate the breeding of tolerant varieties for cultivation in high B regions. Genetic variation in response to high concentrations of B has been identified for a number of crop and pasture species of southern Australia, including wheat, barley, oats, field peas and annual pasture medics. The wheat variety Halberd, which was the most widely grown variety in Australia during the 1970s and early 1980s, is the most tolerant of the current Australian wheat varieties. The mechanism of tolerance for all species studied is reduced accumulation of B by tolerant genotypes in both roots and shoots. Results from experiments of uptake kinetics indicate that control of B uptake is a non-metabolic process. The response of wheat to high B supply is under the control of several major additive genes, one of which has been located to chromosome 4A.
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    Effects of pre-storage conditions on storage of in vitro cultures of Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott and Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 28 (1992), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: dark ; in vitro storage ; light ; stability ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vitro cultures of Nephrolepis exaltata and Cordyline fruticosa were stored at 5°, 9° or 13°C, at a low irradiance (3–5 μmol m−2 s−1) or in darkness. Prior to storage the cultures were subjected to 18°, 21°, 24° or 27°C and 15, 30 or 45 μmol m−2 s−1 in a factorial combination. The optimal storage conditions for Nephrolepis were 9°C in complete darkness. These cultures were still transferable to a peat/perlite mixture at the end of the experimental period of 36 months. The optimal storage conditions for Cordyline were 13°C and a low light level (±3–5 μmol m-2 s-1). When the pre-storage conditions were normal growth room conditions (24°C and 30 μmol m-2 s-1), in vitro cultures could be stored for 18 months. With the most favourable pre-storage treatment (18°C and 15 μmol m-2 s-1) some cultures still had green shoots after 36 months of storage, but did not survive transfer to peat/perlite. Pre-conditioning before storage was most favourable for Nephrolepis, and not that important, but still favourable, for Cordyline. There was an interaction between pre-storage temperature and pre-storage irradiance. For both species a high irradiance level was less favourable than a low irradiance level when combined with high growth room temperatures.
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    Predictability of streamflow and particulate organic matter concentration as indicators of stability in prairie streams (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 242 (1992), S. 7-18 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: POM ; prairie streams ; predictability ; stability ; stream flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Predictability of stream discharge and particulate organic matter (POM) in the water column was estimated, using Colwell's indices of constancy and contingency, for 6 Texas prairie streams (1 each of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th order with intermittent or perennial discharge). Stream discharge in these 6 prairie streams varied between 0 and 36000 1 s−1, depending on the stream and season. Predictability (P) of discharge in these streams ranged from 0.45 to 0.62, within the range of values expected for North American streams. Predictability of stream discharge was not significantly different between streams. Particulate organic matter concentrations in these prairie streams are relatively low, ranging from 0.25 to 4.00 mg AFDM 1−1. Predictability of POM concentration in these streams was high, ranging from 0.75 to 0.85, and was largely the result of constancy of POM concentrations. Within the different POM size classes, Fine POM (FPOM) had the highest predictability (P = 0.89−0.96). In spite of relatively unpredictable stream discharge, POM remained fairly constant providing a measure of habitat predictability and stability.
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    Foliar chemicals of wheat and related grasses influencing oviposition by Hessian fly,Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1965-1980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hessian fly ; Mayetiola destructor ; Diptera ; Cecidomyiidae ; oviposition stimulants ; wheat ; rye ; barley ; oat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract More than twice the number of mated female Hessian flies,Mayetiola destructor (Say) entered a zone within 1 cm of a paper strip treated with one plant equivalent (PE) of a chloroform extract of wheat foliar waxes compared to a strip treated with solvent only; females also stayed six times longer and laid 10 times more eggs on the strip treated with the wheat extract. Column chromatographic fractionation of the wheat extract and application of these fractions onto filter paper strips showed four fractions elicited significant numbers of eggs to be laid. Single, binary, and tertiary combinations of three of these fractions (two of the four fractions apparently contained similar compounds) were tested. The greatest numbers of eggs were laid on strips treated with the tertiary combination or the binary combination conaining the two most active fractions (3 and 6); three times the number of eggs were laid on strips treated with this binary combination than the sum of eggs laid on strips treated with these two fractions separately. A comparison of grasses and their extracts showed female Hessian flies laid greater numbers of eggs on wheat or rye than on barley or oat. Fractionated barley and oat extracts were tested for activity as for wheat, and a similar pattern was observed, i.e., the greatest numbers of eggs were laid on fractions 3 and 6. Dose-response tests, using these two fractions of wheat, barley, or oat showed the same threshold of activity for fraction 3 for all three extracts, i.e., 2 PE. In contrast, fraction 6 of wheat was active at the lowest dosage tested, 0.25 PE, while the same fraction of either barley or oat was not active until tested at a dosage of 2 PE. It appears that (at least) two chemicals in the foliar waxes of these grasses influence ovipositional behavior of female Hessian flies. Furthermore, given the similar foliar chemistry of these grasses and the strong synergistic interaction between fractions 3 and 6 shown for wheat extract, it is likely that the ovipositional preferences exhibited by female Hessian flies towards these grasses may be explained by quantitative differences in the amount(s) of the active chemical(s) in their respective fraction 6 (most polar fraction tested).
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    Hydroxamic acid glucosides in honeydew of aphids feeding on wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 841-846 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; wheat ; maize ; DIMBOA ; hydroxamic acids ; aphid honeydew
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract DIMBOA glucoside (2-O-/gb-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-7-meth-oxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one), the main hydroxamic acid (Hx) in intact wheat plants, was detected in the honey dew ofRhopalosiphum padi feeding on seedlings of six wheat cultivars that differed in their concentration of Hx, suggesting that the chemical circulates in the phloem. Neither the aglucone (DIMBOA) nor its main breakdown product were found in any of the honeydew samples. Honey dew production by aphids caged on seedlings of the wheat cultivars and DIMBOA glucoside concentrations in the honeydew followed biphasic curves when plotted against Hx concentration, suggesting passive ingestion of the chemical from the phloem at low Hx concentrations and limited ingestion due to feeding deterrency by Hx in mesophyll cells at high Hx concentrations. The presence of plant toxins such as Hx glucosides in the phloem sap, the main ingesta of aphids, and in the mesophyll cells, has major implications for plant defense, through a feeding deterrent effect during stylet penetration, and deterrency (antixenosis) along with antibiosis during feeding.
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    The influence of tillage and cropping-intensity on cereal response to nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 15-19 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Tillage ; crop rotation ; cereal grain ; wheat ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; phosphorus ; no-till
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Efficient fertilizer use is a prerequisite for achieving optimum crop yield while avoiding environmental contamination. Cereal response to nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were determined for 6 years under differing tillage [conventional-till (CT) vs. no-till (NT)] and intensity of cropping (cereal/fallow vs. cereal/cereal). Semidwarf white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) alternated yearly with either fallow or spring cereal [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or spring wheat] on a Typic Haploxeroll soil in a 415 mm rainfall zone. Fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (None), N only (N), N plus S (NS), and N plus S plus P (NSP). Average application rate, when applied, was 109 kg N, 18 kg S, and 11 kg P ha−1. Average cereal yield without fertilizer was 1.82 t ha−1. Nitrogen increased grain yield in 6 of 6, S in 4 of 6, and P in 3 of 6 years, with P and S response significant the remaining years at the 10% probability level. Average yield increases were 1.11 t ha−1 for N, 0.93 t ha−1 for S, and 0.47 t ha−1 for P. The NT/CT yield ratio was 0.60, 0.75, 0.93, and 0.95 with None, N, NS, and NSP addition, respectively, indicating that N and S deficiency were more severe in no-till. Limited increase in the NT/CT ratio with P addition indicated that P deficiency was less affected by tillage. Winter wheat always yielded less under NT than CT regardless of fertility, whereas spring cereals reached equality when fertilized with NSP. Annually-cropped wheat yielded 52, 67, 89, and 90% of wheat after fallow with None, N, NS, and NSP, respectively. Thus N and S, but not P, deficiency was more intense with increased frequency of cropping. Adequate fertility was a prime prerequisite for efficient yield in all systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064223
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    The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plants to take-all in Western Australia (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Manganese ; nitrogen ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L. ; take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five field experiments are described which measured the effect of take-all on grain yield of wheat when 5 levels of manganese fertilizer were applied in a factorial combination with 5 different types of nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, either as ammonium sulphate or ammonium chloride, lowered the severity of take-all. By contrast, sodium nitrate had no effect on the incidence and severity of take-all. Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate were equally effective at controlling take-all, suggesting that the chloride or sulphate ion had little or no effect on the disease. Manganese sulphate decreased take-all severity at two trial sites. Where manganese was deficient, an application of manganese lowered the severity of take-all, had no effect on the incidence and increased the dry matter and grain yields of the wheat plants. There were no beneficial effects of applied manganese if the wheat plants were adequately supplied with soil manganese. The results suggest that take-all is more severe where plants are deficient in either manganese or nitrogen. The work also suggests that manganese deficiency is not necessarily the reason why the wheat plants grown on the acid soils of south-west Western Australia are prone to take-all.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064225
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    The effect of zinc fertilizer on take-all and the grain yield of wheat grown on zinc-deficient soils of the Esperance region, Western Australia (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc fertilizer ; take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) ; wheat ; leaf Zn concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants were grown in field experiments with five levels of zinc (Zn) fertilizer applied to plots in 1983. The plots were continuously cropped with wheat to allow the build up ofGaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici (Ggt). For experiments 1 and 2, there were high levels of Ggt in the second and third years while for experiment 3 there were high levels of Ggt incidence in the third and fourth year of continuous cropping. The Zn status of the wheat plants, grain yield, and the incidence and severity of take-all were measured for every experiment each year. The Zn-deficient wheat plants were more severely infected by Ggt. However, increasing the Zn supply beyond that required for maximum grain yield had no further effects on decreasing the severity of take-all. The Zn concentration in the youngest emerged blade (YEB) suggested that the Zn status of the wheat plant ranged from severely Zn-deficient through marginal deficiency to sufficiency. The Zn-deficient wheat plant was more susceptible to Ggt infection than Zn-adequate plants. The severity of take-all in the final year was still high in Zn-adequate plants, suggesting high levels of applied Zn (11.2 kg Zn/ha in 1983) had no fungistatic effect on Ggt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063295
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    Critical soil level of zinc for wheat grown in alkaline soils (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 31 (1992), S. 253-256 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Alkaline soils ; critical level ; DTPA-Zn ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants were grown to study the effect of Zn application in a screen house experiment involving 19 alkaline soils having a range of DTPA extractable Zn and widely divergent physical and chemical properties. Soil Zn was positively correlated with organic carbon, clay, Olsen's P and Bray's per cent yield (r = 0.54*, 0.67**, 0.54* and 0.84**) respectively. There was a significant increase in the leaf, grain and total dry matter yield of plants due to Zn fertilization but no such effect was obvious in stem. Concentration of Zn in different plant parts increased significantly with its application in all the soils irrespective of the initial Zn status. Statistical method indicated 0.65 mg kg−1 as the critical level of Zn in alkaline soils below which responses to Zn fertilization may be expected in case of wheat.
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    Wheat cultivation in association with Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. field bund plantation — a case study (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 43-51 
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Acacia nilotica var. jaquemontii ; wheat ; bund plantation ; crop yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents the results of a case study conducted to find out the influence of single row bund plantation of Acacia nilotica var. juquemontii on the growth and yield of associated wheat crop under irrigated conditions in Haryana, India. The indications are that the tree line does affect all crop parameters like height growth, shoot numbers, ear length, grain number and grain yield in the vicinity of trees upto 4 m distance from the tree line and establishes that as the distance from the tree line increases the growth and yield of wheat crop also improves. The effect on wheat crop was found more pronounced in the plots laid out towards the middle of the tree line as compared to plots towards the outer border.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122926
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    Performance of wheat as intercrop under poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in Punjab (India) (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 19 (1992), S. 217-222 
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: poplar ; wheat ; yield reduction ; GBH ; agrisilviculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an agrisilvicultural system having poplar (Populus deltoides, clone G-3) as a tree component and wheat crop as an intercrop, wheat yield was studied under five age classes of poplar and compared to wheat yield under pure cropping. A substantial reduction in wheat yield (23.3%) under three-year-old poplar plantation was observed. Maximum MAI (GBH, 20 cm) was recorded in a three-year-old poplar planting. Pruning after the third year permitted some recovery in yield. The reduction in wheat yield was significantly correlated with MAI (GBH) of poplar and occurred even under one-and-two-year-old poplar plantings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118779
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    Lyapunov's direct method in the estimation of the Hausdorff dimension of attractors (1992)
    Springer
    Acta applicandae mathematicae 26 (1992), S. 1-60 
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    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: 58F13 ; Hausdorff measure ; Hausdorff dimension ; strange attractor ; Lorenz system ; Rössler system ; Lyapunov function ; stability ; chaos ; weakly contracting system ; monostability ; frequency theorem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper surveys results of the authors and others conceming estimates for the Hausdorff dimension of strange attractors, particularly in the case of (generalized) Lorenz systems and Rössler systems. A key idea is the interpretation of Hausdorff measure as an analogue of a Lyapunov function.
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    Chemical reactions as dynamical systems on the interval (1992)
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    Journal of statistical physics 66 (1992), S. 1557-1574 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Boltzmann ; chemical kinetics ; stability ; chaos ; entropy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the most general chemical reaction of the typen 1 A 1+...+n N A N ⇌m 1 B 1+...+m M B M whereN,M⩾1,n 1,...,n N andm 1,...,m M are positive integers defining the stoichiometry, andA 1,...,A N andB 1,...,B M are the names of chemicals or ions. We assume that ∑ i=1 N ni=∑ j=1 M mj. The time evolution of the concentrations is given by the law of mass action and leads to a dynamical system (with discrete or continuous time) which is governed by a polynomial map of the interval [B, C], where B⩾0 and C⩽1. We define the physically meaningful range for the parameters of the map, and we show that, within such a range, the map has a unique fixed point, which is stable and a global attractor, with the exception of one particular case, where bifurcation is observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054433
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    Reconsidering the green revolution: Diversity and stability in cradle areas of crop domestication (1992)
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    Human ecology 20 (1992), S. 145-167 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; development ; diversity ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper reconsiders two widely held hypotheses about the effects of the green revolution, that it led to biological simplification and instability. The hypothesis of biological simplification (genetic erosion) is tested with evidence from Andean agriculture, where farmers maintain a significant degree of crop diversity even as they adopt modern crop varieties. The hypothesis of increased instability is tested with evidence from Asia where wheat and rice yields show no general pattern of increased instability. Neither of these hypotheses is confirmed. The conventional wisdom about the green revolution should be reconsidered with emphasis on resilience and variation in modernizing farming systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889077
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    Spatial and temporal trends in stream macroinvertebrate communities: the influence of catchment disturbance (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 241 (1992), S. 173-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: disturbance ; recovery ; fire ; streams ; stability ; macroinvertebrates ; watershed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macroinvertebrate communities of five headwater streams in catchments disturbed by wildfire were compared with five similar streams with no catchment disturbance. Over the five years of observation, communities in disturbed streams were more similar to one another than they were to reference streams. Communities in disturbed streams exhibited more year-to-year variation than reference streams, although some indication of decreasing variation was evident through time, and species richness was greater in reference streams than disturbed streams. No increasing trend in richness over time was observed in disturbed streams. Stability of the relative abundance structure and persistence of dominant taxa through time may be characteristic of temperate streams over moderate time intervals. Local effects of catchment-wide disturbance have persistent effects that alter these trends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028640
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    Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic cell suspensions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 28 (1992), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: plant regeneration ; protoplast ; somatic embryo ; suspension ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the early formation of somatic embryos followed by plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from an embryogenic wheat cell suspension, which was initiated from small granular (0.2 to 1 mm in size) embryogenic calli. These granular calli formed embryogenic cell suspensions within 20 days in liquid culture, and were selected gradually from young inflorescence-derived nodular embryogenic calli of the winter wheat cv. Kehong 1041. The division frequency of protoplasts was 11 to 16%, and the frequency of differentiation into plants was about 0.001% (number of plants formed divided by the total number of protoplasts plated). About 20% of somatic embryos present in the culture formed directly from protoplast-derived cells within 15 days of cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039918
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    Crossability percentages of bread wheat landraces from Sichuan Province, China with rye (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The crossabilities of 177 landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Sichuan Basin and its adjacent mountain ranges with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. 16 landraces possess a higher crossability than Chinese Spring, 34 landraces have a similar and 127 landraces have a lower crossability than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. Most landraces with high crossability occur in Qinling Mountain and Dabashan Mountain Ranges in north of Sichuan and the valleys of Minjiang River, Fujiang River and Jialinjiang River in Sichuan Basin.
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    The response of field-inoculated wheat cultivars to mixtures of Septoria tritici isolates (1992)
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    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 25-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Mycosphaerella graminicola ; Septoria tritici ; septoria tritici blotch ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat cultivars of diverse genetical background and response to Septoria tritici were inoculated during 2 years in the field with single or mixtures of isolates. Significant reductions in pycnidial coverage were recorded for mixtures of 2 or 5 isolates relative to the virulent isolate ISR8036 under the moderate 1989/1990 epidemic. The interactions between cultivars and all possible combinations among ISR398A1, USR8036 and the 1:1. mixture of the 2 isolates were highly significant. Cultivars exposed to mixtures of isolates expressed differential response in pycnidial coverage compared to the single isolate response. The coverage in the mixtures was significantly less than that of the arithmetic mean between the two isolates. Under the severe 1990/1991 epidemic pycnidial coverage on cultivars inoculated with the mixture of the same 2 isolates did not differ statistically from that of ISR8036, yet, ISR398A1 differed from ISR8036 and the isolate mixture. Losses in 1000-kernel weight for 12 wheat cultivars which were repeated during the 2-trial-years were significantly lower in the isolate mixture relative to that of ISR8036. The suppression of symptoms in isolate mixture relative to the expected expression of the most virulent component may be indicative of differential aggressiveness of isolates regardless of their virulence. The phenomenon may affect screening and selection procedures in breeding for resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035543
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    Is somaclonal variation a reliable tool for spring wheat improvement? (1992)
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    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 221-228 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic performance ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seed progeny of tissue culture regenerants of a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HY320) was evaluated for key agronomic traits for three years under field conditions. Initially, 27 regenerant families were tested in hill plots. Among-family and within-family variation was generally highly significant (p 〈 0.01) and nonsignificant, respectively. The variation observed among regenerants on the basis of hill plot testing was not duplicated in subsequent four-row plot experiments. On average, regenerant families yielded 28 and 5% less than the control in dryland and irrigated tests, respectively. Low yielding regenerants tended to produce fewer, lighter kernels per spike. Higher grain protein levels among regenerants were associated with low yields (r=0.85). This study demonstrated that putative somaclonal variation arising from tissue culture failed to produce genotypes agronomically superior to the parental cultivar, HY 320.
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    The role of Lr34 in imparting durable resistance to wheat leaf rust through gene interaction (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; leaf rust ; Puccinia recondita ; adult plant resistance ; durable resistance ; substitution lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The leaf rust responses of wheat lines carrying the complementary genes Lr27 and Lr31 and the same genes in a Chinese Spring background which contains Lr34, indicate that Lr34 interacts with the complementary genes to give enhanced levels of field resistance to leaf rust. Lr34, particularly in combination with other genes, is considered to be an important gene for imparting a high degree of durable resistance to leaf rust. Its similarity to Sr2, an adult plant gene for resistance to stem rust and its association with adult plant resistances to stem and stripe rusts are discussed.
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    Agronomical performance and breeding value of selected strains of diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum monococcum ; Einkorn ; wheat ; breeding ; agronomical performance ; threshability ; floret fertility ; celiac disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty-one germplasm accessions and breeding lines of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum and ssp. sinskajae) were grown at two sites in Italy and evaluated for various field and seed characteristics. Grain yields of germplasm accessions were relatively high (317–3238 kg/ha), but distinctly lower than those of four modern cultivars of tetraploid (T. turgidum ssp. durum) and hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum ssp. Aestivum) included in the experiments as controls. As expected, all Einkorns-including some substantially higher yielding crossbred lines (3415–4362 kg/ha)-were defective for one or more agronomically relevant features. However, a few of the accessions examined were found to contain, as a group, practically all the genes needed to breed monococcums having the main field attributes of a modern wheat cultivar: high yielding capacity, good threshability, large kernel size, earliness, short stature and adequate lodging resistance. Still higher yielding diploid wheats, more responsive to improved growing conditions and of better seed quality, could probably be obtained from crosses with wild monococcums bearing mostly two-seeded florets and with accessions producing less slender-shaped kernels. Some of the Einkorns examined were found to carry minor genes for easy threshing which might enhance the efficacy of the major gene for soft glumes carried by T. monococcum ssp. sinskajae, a partially free-threshing diploid wheat taxon. Seed protein percentage of monococcums was markedly higher than that of durum and bread wheat cultivars even in those cases where their grain yields surpassed those of the polyploid checks. The possibilities offered by diploid wheat in the exploitation of novel endosperm mutants and F1 hybrid vigour, as well as in the fields of celiac disease, crop diversification and resistance to agro-biological stresses are discussed. Breeding priorities and strategies are also proposed.
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    Enhanced leaf rust resistance in wheat conditioned by resistance gene pairs with Lr13 (1992)
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    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rust resistance ; gene interaction ; Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; leaf rust ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf rust resistance gene Lr13 is present in many North American hard red spring wheat cultivars that have shown durable resistance to leaf rust. Fifteen pair-wise combinations of Lr13 and seedling leaf rust resistance genes were developed by intercrossing near isogenic Thatcher lines. In both seedling and adult plant tests, homozygous paired combinations of specific resistance genes with Lr13 had enhanced resistance relative to either parent to rust isolates that had intermediate avirulent infection types to the additional genes. In field tests, homozygous lines were more resistant than either parent if the additional leaf rust gene conditioned an effective level of resistance when present singly.
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    Genetic analysis of resistance to bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. undulosa in bread wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: black chaff ; Triticum aestivum ; Xanthomonas translucens ; inheritance ; resistance ; bacterial stripe ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf streak or black chaff of wheat was studied under field conditions, with an artificial epidemic of Xanthomonas campestris pv. undulosa. A complete series of crosses between five parents, differing in reaction to X. c. pv. undulosa, was generated. Disease was recorded at two different stages of growth. No evidence of cytoplasmic effect was found from the comparison between reciprocal F1 crosses. The study of the F3 generations attested that five genes were involved in resistance to bacterial leaf streak. Separate analyses carried out for the two scoring dates were mutually consistent: genotypes, number of genes, and their action and relative importance were verified. The genes differed in strength of expression of resistance. One of the two strongest genes, Bls1, is present in all three superior parents, Pavon 76, Mochis T88 and Angostura F88. Resistance was not complete, and proved to be stable over the season.
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    Dough mixing tolerance in non-1BL/1RS translocation wheats (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 187-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dough mixing tolerance ; dough un-mixing time ; sticky dough problem ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The dough mixing tolerances of a number of non-1BL/1RS translocation wheat breeding lines and cultivars were measured using dough un-mixing time as the measure of mixing tolerance. For three different sets of wheats a large range in mixing tolerance was found. Wheats with short dough un-mixing times quickly broke down in the mixer to produce sticky doughs. Wheats with long dough un-mixing times possessed doughs which were more cohesive at optimum development, and therefore more resistant to breakdown by mechanical shear forces. Selection for dough mixing tolerance would ensure the breeding of wheat cultivars more suited for usage in high speed mechanical dough developers, and the modern food processing industry. Dough mixing tolerance, as measured by dough un-mixing time, was considerably influenced by flour protein content, and the environment. The incorporation of alien germplasms into wheat such as 1BL/1RS, and VPM-1, which produce sticky doughs, would be facilitated by selection for dough mixing tolerance, as measured by dough un-mixing time.
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    Manganese toxicity: The significance of magnesium for the sensitivity of wheat plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: magnesium ; manganese toxicity ; tolerance ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The tolerance of wheat to manganese was investigated in soil and solution culture. Although no critical toxicity concentration could be identified, growth was reduced when the ratio of magnesium to manganese in the shoots (Rp) fell below 20:1 (mgg−1/mgg−1). In soil, plant growth relative to unstressed plants (Y) could be described by the empirical equation: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeywaiabg2% da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaGyoaiaaiwdacqGHsislcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaa% iMdacaaI1aGaaeyzaiaabIhacaqGWbGaaiikaiabgkHiTiaaicdaca% GGUaGaaGymaiaaiodacaaI5aGaaeOuamaaBaaaleaacaqGWbaabeaa% kiaacMcaaaa!4959!\[{\text{Y}} = 0.95 - 0.95{\text{exp}}( - 0.139{\text{R}}_{\text{p}} )\]In solution culture the value of Rp was related to the ratio of the two ions in the nutrient solution (Rs) according to the expression: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeysaiaab6% gacaqGGaGaaeOuamaaBaaaleaacaqGWbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicda% caGGUaGaaGinaiaaikdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaisdacaaI4a% GaaeiiaiaabMeacaqGUbGaaeiiaiaabkfadaWgaaWcbaGaae4Caaqa% baGccaGGPaaaaa!47B6!\[{\text{In R}}_{\text{p}} = 0.42 + 0.48{\text{ In R}}_{\text{s}}\]The magnesium concentration in the nutrient solution for optimum growth at a given concentration of manganese was given by: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeysaiaab6% gacaqGGaGaae4waiaab2eacaqGNbGaaeyxaiabg2da9iaaikdacaGG% UaGaaGioaiaaiMdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiwdacaaI0aGaae% iiaiaabMeacaqGUbGaaeiiaiaabUfacaqGnbGaaeOBaiaab2faaaa!4A0B!\[{\text{In [Mg]}} = 2.89 + 0.54{\text{ In [Mn]}}\]Magnesium increased the tolerance of plants to high concentrations of manganese in shoot tissue and also increased the ability of the plant to discriminate against manganese ions in translocation of nutrients from roots to shoots.
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  • 79
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    Alteration of the structural attributes of a compact clay loam soil by growth of a perennial grass crop (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bulk density ; epoxy resin impregnation ; image analysis ; macroporosity ; nitrogen ; stability ; strength ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil aggregate stability, organic matter content, pH, bulk density, strength, and macropore attributes were assessed in order to evaluate the influence of grass root growth in a field sward. The amount of grass grown was varied by varying the quantity of applied nitrogen fertilizer: following one year with a uniform application rate, nitrogen fertilizer was applied over the subsequent three years to a compact soil at zero (N0), moderate (N1) and high (N2) rates. Differences in herbage production were evident in the three years of the contrasting nitrogen treatments. An index of soil aggregate stability increased in response to the increased grass growth promoted by heavier applications of nitrogen, but both bulk density and vane shear strength were unchanged. Binary images of the soil solid and pore space showed that for each treatment the largest volume of macropores occurred close to the surface, particularly in N0 where there was more pore space than in either N1 or N2. Analysis of the pore structure attributes of the binary images revealed further differences between treatments, in particular, at 40–80 mm depth, the soil in treatment N0 had fewer and smaller pores, and greater distance between pores, than the soil in the N1 and N2 treatments. The larger macropore volume in N1 and N2 constituted a major portion of the air-filled porosity when the soil was relatively wet. It was concluded that the root growth in the intensively cropped grassland was conducive to maintenance of a relatively stable and porous soil structure. An attendant increase in soil acidity close to the soil surface was a disadvantage of the larger nitrogen inputs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009310
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  • 80
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    Associative N2 fixation and root exudation of organic acids from wheat cultivars of different aluminium tolerance (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium tolerance ; Azospirillum brasilense ; N2 fixation ; rhizosphere ; root exudation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three wheat cultivars with different tolerances against free aluminium were grown monoxenically in association with Azospirillum brasilense. In situ nitrogen fixation, measured with the acetylene reduction assay, was higher by the aluminium-tolerant cultivars than by the sensitive cultivar. The transfer of fixed nitrogen to the host plant, determined by the 15N dilution technique, was also significantly higher in the aluminium-resistant wheat plants. The total accumulation of fixed nitrogen in the host plants due to an A. brasilense inoculation varied from approximately 13% to 17% of the total nitrogen in the root and 2.9% to 3.9% of the nitrogen in the shoot. The quantity and quality of exudates released in liquid nutrient solution were analysed separately for two of the wheat cultivars, one aluminium-tolerant and one aluminium-sensitive. After 29 days of growth the aluminium-tolerant plants exudated significantly higher total amounts of carbon than aluminium-sensitive plants. No differences between the two cultivars existed in the carbon exudation rate per gram dry root. Much higher concentrations of low molecular dicarboxylic acids i.e. succinic, malic and oxalic acid, were found in the exudates of aluminium-tolerant plants. Dicarboxylic acids are potential chelating compounds for positively charged metals such as aluminium and they may play an important role in protecting the plant against aluminium incorporation. They are also very suitable substrates for Azospirillum spp. It is therefore suggested that these factors may be causing the higher associative nitrogen fixation rates which was found in the aluminium-tolerant wheat cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009307
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    Root biomass fraction as a function of growth degree days in wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass partitioning ; model ; optimal conditions ; phenology ; relative growth degree day ; root fraction ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root, underground and above-ground biomass were measured on various wheat cultivars from 1986 to 1988 in the south-east of France. The results are expressed as root: total (f r) or underground: total (f u) biomass fractions. Observed f r and f u values are in good agreement with previous results. f r and f u decrease steadily from emergence to maturity, with an exponential tendency. When using cumulative growth degree days since emergence relative to cumulative growth degree days until ear emergence (θ✻) as time scale, f r and f u can be expressed as simple functions of θ✻% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaWGMb% addaWgaaqaaiaadkhaaeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqa% aiaacQcaaaaamiaawIcacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaG% imaiaaiwdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiwdacaaI4aGaamyzamaa% CaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaac6cacaaI0aGaaGioaiabeI7aXn% aaCaaameqabaGaaiOkaaaaaaaakeaacaWGMbaddaWgaaqaaiaadwha% aeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqaaiaacQcaaaaamiaawI% cacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaGymaiaaikdacqGHRaWk% caaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiIdacaaI4aGaamyzamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0% IaaGOmaiaac6cacaaIYaGaaGioaiabeI7aXnaaCaaameqabaGaaiOk% aaaaaaaaaaa!610D!\[\begin{gathered} f_r \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = 0.05 + 0.58e^{ - 1.48\theta ^* } \hfill \\ f_u \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = 0.12 + 0.88e^{ - 2.28\theta ^* } \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \] The incremental root biomass partitioning coefficient, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySde2aaS% baaSqaaiaadkhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaiikaiaadsgacaWGxbWaaSba% aSqaaiaadkhaaeqaaOGaai4laiaadsgacaWG0bGaaiykaiaac+caca% GGOaGaamizaiaadEfadaWgaaWcbaGaamiDaaqabaGccaGGVaGaamiz% aiaadshacaGGPaaaaa!4834!\[\alpha _r = (dW_r /dt)/(dW_t /dt)\], which describes the net increase in root biomass dW r over time dt relative to the increase in total biomass (dW r) over the same time period, has been derived from f and the relative growth rate. Its time course is accurately represented by% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdegdda% WgaaqaaiaadkhaaeqaamaabmaabaGccqaH4oqCdaahaaWcbeqaaiaa% cQcaaaaamiaawIcacaGLPaaakiabg2da9iabgkHiTiaaicdacaGGUa% GaaGymaiaaiwdacqGHRaWkcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiAdacaaIZaGaamyz% amaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGimaiaac6cacaaI5aGaaGioaiabeI% 7aXnaaCaaameqabaGaaiOkaaaaaaaaaa!4D15!\[\alpha _r \left( {\theta ^* } \right) = - 0.15 + 0.63e^{ - 0.98\theta ^* } \] Under our experimental conditions, with no severe water stresses or nutrient deficiencies, and for our sampling frequency, around 2 weeks, the development scale θ✻, is the main factor governing the time courses of f r, f u and αr.
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    Transfer of water from roots into dry soil and the effect on wheat water relations and growth (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought stress ; roots ; soil moisture ; transpiration ; Triticum aestivum ; water potential ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This investigation was performed to study the effect on plant water relations and growth when some of roots grow into dry soil. Common spring water (Triticum aestivum) plants were grown from seed in soil in 1.2 m long PVC (polyvinyl chloride) tubes. Some of the tubes had a PVC partition along their center so that plants developed a split root system (SPR). Part of the roots grew in fully irrigated soil on one side of the partition while the rest of the roots grew into a very dry (-4.1 MPa) soil on the other side of the partition. Split root plants were compared with plants grown from emergence on stored soil moisture (STOR) and with plants that were fully irrigated as needed (IRR). The experiment was duplicated over two temperature regimes (10°/20°C and 15°/25°C, night/day temperatures) in growth chambers. Data were collected on root dry matter distribution, soil moisture status, midday leaf water potential (LWP), leaf relative water content (RWC) and parameters of plant growth and yield. Some roots were found in the dry side of SPR already at 21 DAE (days after emergence) at a soil depth of 15 to 25 cm. Soil water potential around these roots was -0.7 to -1.0 MPa at midday, as compared with the initial value of -4.1 MPa. Therefore, water apparently flowed from the plant into the dry soil, probably during the night. Despite having most of their roots (around 2/3 of the total) in wet soil, SPR plants developed severe plant water stress, even in comparison with STOR plants. Already at 21 DAE, SPR plants had a LWP of -1.5 to -2.0 MPa, while IRR and STOR had a LWP of -0.5 MPa or higher. As a consequence of their greater plant water stress, SPR as compared with IRR plants were lower in tiller number, ear number, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total biomass, plant height and grain yield and had more epicuticular wax on their leaves. It was concluded that the exposure of a relatively small part of a plant root system to a dry soil may result in a plant-to-soil water potential gradient which may cause severe plant water stress, leading to reduced plant growth and yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009550
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    The impact of genotype x soil texture interaction on the efficiency of selection for yield in maize (Zea mays L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: population improvement ; maize ; Zea mays ; honeycumb selection ; adaptability ; stability ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study was undertaken to investigate the implications of genotype x soil texture interaction on response to selection in maize. Mass honeycomb selection for yield was applied for 11 cycles from the F2 of the single cross maize hybrid F68×NE2 in a field B with silty-clay-loam soil texture. Response to selection compared to the original single cross hybrid was estimated both in absence of competition and under solid stand in the selection field B and in a nearby field A differing in soil texture (clay-loam). A strong crossover type of interaction occurred both under solid stand and in the absence of competition in the two tests the improved population outyielded the hybrid in field B in the two densities, but lagged behing the hybrid in field A. The results suggest that interaction between genotype and soil texture might affect efficiency of selection detrimentally unless provision is taken for parallel selection early in the crop improvement program in fields differing in soil texture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035547
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    Somaclonal variation in winter wheat: frequency, occurrence and inheritance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tissue culture ; somaclonal variation ; plant breeding ; Triticum aestivum ; mutation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants were regenerated from immature embryo cultures of 35 winter wheat genotypes. A total of 7142 R2 spike lines from 1593 R1 plants were assessed in the field for somaclonal variants of morphological traits in 1985/86, 1986/87 and 1987/88. Selected variants were studied for their possible genetic basis. Populations of R1 plants were highly variable due mainly to the physiological disturbances resulting from the in vitro processes. Overall somaclonal variation frequencies were 14.2% on the R1 plant basis and 5.3% on the R2 spike basis. Spectra of the variants were similar in the different R2 populations with predominant variants being altered negatively in plant height, maturity, awnedness, and spike and plant types. Over 90% of the variants were observed in some spike progenies of individual regenerants, while the others appeared in all spike progenies of the regenerants and in progenies of different regenerants derived from the same explant embryos. Both uniform R2 variant families and spike lines were found in addition to the segregating variants, which constituted the majority. On average, in a variant family and line, 18 and 14% of their component lines and plants varied, respectively. Inheritability was demonstrated for the variations in both segregated and uniform variant families and spike lines. Of 134 variant selections tested, about 70% was classified inhernable. Both recessive and dominant gene mutations at one, two or three loci were evident in some of the variants as suggested by segregation data.
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    Crossability of tetraploid and hexaploid wheats with ryes for primary triticale production (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum spp. ; triticale ; x Triticosecale ; wheat-rye crossability ; primary triticale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of wheat and rye was investigated during thirteen crop cycles in two contrasting locations to 1) evaluate tetraploid and hexaploid wheat parents in crosses with rye, 2) identify genotypes with high crossability and 3) assess the impact of environment on seed development. The majority of the tetraploid wheats crossed with rye had seed set around 20%, but very low embryo viability. Several wheat genotypes with seed set above 50% were identified. The hexaploid wheats crossed with rye showed poor seed set, but plant recovery was relatively high. The majority of the hexaploid wheats with highest seed set (20–30%) were from China. The results suggest differences in crossability between the rye populations, and wheat species by rye interactions. The crossability of the tetraploid and hexaploid wheats was affected by climate in the two locations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023084
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    Variations in the content of starch-granule bound protein among several Japanese cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; starch-granule bound (Wx) protein ; amylose content ; Japanese noodles ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The starch-granule bound proteins of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and six related species were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They showed almost the same molecular weight, 61 kD. The amount of the starch-granule bound protein varied among Japanese wheat cultivars although the variation was not as wide as that for rice. The amount of this protein of Kanto 107 and Kanto 79 was about 40% of that of Norin 98. In addition, wheats with lower starch-granule bound protein also possessed lower amylose content.
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    Segregation of genetic markers among wheat doubled haploid lines derived from wheat x maize crosses (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: doubled haploid ; genetic marker ; wheat ; wheat x maize crosses ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat doubled haploid (DH) lines were produced from the F1 hybrid, Fukudo-komugi x Oligo Culm, through intergeneric crosses between wheat and maize. F2 plants and 203 DH lines were analyzed for the segregation of the eight genetic markers, namely, grain proteins, grain esterases, GA-insensitivity and glume traits. The segregation in the F2 plants fitted to the expected ratios. No deviation was observed among the DH lines, either, except for the glume pubescence. The result indicates the absence of correlation between the markers investigated and the efficiency of embryo formation in the DH lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022576
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    Adaptation and yield stability of selected lines of Lathyrus spp. under rainfed conditions in West Asia (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chickling ; Lathyrus ; G×E interactions ; adaptation ; stability ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sixteen promising lines (selections) of Lathyrus spp. (chicklings), comprising 11 L. sativus, four L. ochrus, and one L. cicera, were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Syria. Two locations in each of four years were treated as separate environments, to give eight environments altogether. Genotype x environment (G×E) interactions were analysed using linear regression. There was considerable variation in herbage and seed yields within both lines and environments. Genotype x environment interactions were present for both herbage and seed yields; a little over half was accounted for by the linear regression. The non-linear component was also significant, although it was smaller than that of the linear component. The most stable herbage and seed yields were obtained from L. sativus. Two selections, 347 and 311, origmating from Syria and Turkey respectively, combined both high herbage and seed yields with wide adaptation and stability, and could be considered the most widely adapted lines. Other lines were identified as suitable for favourable and unfavourable environments; in particular, all four lines of L. ochrus have great potential in frost-free climates. The importance of genotype x environment interactions in future breeding strategies is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023512
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    Evaluation of Triticum aestivum germplasm from Croatia and Yugoslavia for aluminium tolerance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Al tolerance ; Croatia ; genetic variation ; gene pool ; root growth ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aluminium tolerance of 90 genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. germplasm from the breeding programmes of eight Croatian and Yugoslav institutions was evaluated in nutrient solutions having Al3+ activities of 0, 12.5 and 25μM. Overall distribution of Al tolerance of wheat genotypes was skewed toward lower tolerance rankings. Average Al tolerance differed among gene pools created at different breeding institutions. Genotypes tolerant enough to be useful in the breeding programmes aimed at selecting cultivars with improved Al tolerance are identified in germplasm from four institutions. No correlation was found between chemical characteristics of soils used over the years by breeding institutions for their field trials and the Al-tolerance ranking of the corresponding germplasm material.
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    Functional properties of ficoll and their influence on anther culture responses of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 30 (1992), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; ficoll ; liquid medium ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ficoll in liquid culture media have been contradictory in previous reports. The objective of this study was to determine the functional properties of ficoll in potato 4 (P4) liquid induction medium and their influence on anther culture responses of wheat. Ficoll addition significantly (p≤0.01) reduced callus production from the anthers of spring wheat cv. Pavon 76. The reduction was directly related to the concentration of ficoll added within the range of 50 to 200 g l-1 medium. Although the addition of ficoll significantly (p≤0.01) increased the percentage of regenerable calli and the ratio of green vs. albino plants, the final yield of green plants per 100 anthers was significantly lower. Consistent results also were obtained with four other spring wheat genotypes (Chris, Butte 86, WA 6916, and Edwall). Ficoll concentration affected the density, viscosity, and osmolality of the liquid media. The higher medium density caused by ficoll addition increased the percentage of floating calli, as well as the percentage of regenerable calli and the ratio of green vs. albino plants. However, the increased medium viscosity by ficoll addition significantly (p≤0.01) reduced callus production. Ficoll addition also increased medium osmolality, which affected callus production by interacting with the sugar concentration of the induction media. Using response functions, the estimated maltose concentration for maximum callus production was 105 g l-1 for the standard P4 media, compared with 68 g l-1 for the ficoll-containing P4 media. These results clearly demonstrate that ficoll addition to the liquid P4 induction medium containing high sucrose concentration (90 g l-1) is deleterious to the maximum production of green plants from wheat anther culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040004
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  • 91
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    Degradation of Synthetic Salmon Calcitonin in Aqueous Solution (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 1521-1523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: salmon calcitonin ; stability ; kinetics ; peptide ; degradation ; pH–rate profile ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015839719618
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  • 92
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    Effect of Surfactant Phase in Perfluorocarbon Emulsification Efficiency (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 406-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: centrifugation ; emulsification ; perfluorocarbon ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of preparation temperature on the emulsification efficiency of perfluoro-3-butyltetrahydrofuran (FC-75) was investigated. Polyoxyethylene (POE) oleyl ether surfactants were used as the emulsifier(s) in a range of HLB values of 7.5 to 9.5. The emulsions were prepared by paddle mixing as a method of low-shear emulsification. After centrifugation of the resulting O/W emulsions, the volume of FC-75 which separated was utilized as a measure of the emulsification efficiency. In general, emulsions prepared at temperatures where the surfactant was in a lamellar-to-isotropic surfactant solution transition, Lα→ L3, displayed a better emulsification efficiency than those prepared with other surfactant phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015807422517
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  • 93
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    The Influence of Sucrose, Dextran, and Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as Lyoprotectants for a Freeze-Dried Mouse IgG2a Monoclonal Antibody (MN12) (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 266-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: monoclonal antibody ; lyophilization ; freeze-drying ; stability ; formulation ; cyclodextrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of lyophilization on the stability of a monoclonal antibody (MN12) was investigated. MN12 was freeze-dried in different formulations [without lyoprotectant or in the presence of sucrose, dextran, or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)] and under varying conditions (with or without secondary drying). Subsequently, the monoclonal antibody was stored for 18 or 32 days at various temperatures (4, 37, or 56°C). For comparison, solutions of MN12 were stored under the same conditions. Regardless of the lyoprotectant used, precipitation and a concomitant reduction of the antigen-binding capacity by about 10% were observed upon recon-stitution of lyophilized MN12. HPβCD proved to be the most effective stabilizer to prevent degradation of lyophilized MN12 during storage. Compared with MN12 solutions, HPβCD-containing lyophilized MN12 cakes were more resistant to heat-induced charge alterations and loss of antigen-binding capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018905927544
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  • 94
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    Application of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (ES-MS) for the Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Fc Subunits (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 945-951 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: glycosylation ; mass Spectrometry ; monoclonal antibody ; protein characterization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015817403321
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  • 95
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    Analysis of Hydroxyurea in Capsules and Aqueous Solution and Stability Study with Capillary Gas Chromatography and Thermionic (N–P) Specific Detection (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: capillary gas chromatography ; analysis ; stability ; urea derivative ; capsules ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method for the analysis of hydroxyurea (HU) in solutions, powder, or capsules by use of capillary gas chromatography with N–P thermionic specific detection is described. Upon injection of an HU solution in a methanol and acetone mixture, the drug formed pyridine which was well separated from the internal standard (thiotepa) on a 30-m fused-silica, SE-30 capillary column with temperature programming. The peak height ratio versus concentration standard curves were linear with correlation coefficient ranging between 0.9942 and 0.9993. The coefficients of variation at 5, 25, and 50 µg/L were 7.2, 5.7, and 5.5%, respectively. Hydroxyurea was extracted from powder or capsule formulations with a mixture of methanol and acetone (50:50, v:v), and the percentage found of the label claim for 10 capsules ranged between 96.7 and 104.9 (mean = 100.1; CV = 2.7%). Further, this assay was used to examine the stability of hydroxyurea in aqueous solutions at 4, 23, and 45°C, and the apparent first-order rate constants observed at these temperatures were 0.06407, 0.08113, and 0.1293 day-1, respectively; the activation energy was 3011 cal · K-1 mol-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018996130753
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  • 96
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    An Electrically Modulated Drug Delivery Device. III. Factors Affecting Drug Stability During Electrophoresis (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 312-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: controlled drug delivery system ; chronotherapeu-tics ; electrically modulated ; electrophoresis ; degradation of propranolol hydrochloride ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of factors affecting the stability of propranolol HC1 during electrophoretic control were investigated. It was found that significant degradation of propranolol HC1 and hydrolysis of water occurred when a current of 15 mA was used with platinized electrodes. This degradation was thought to be due to decomposition of propranolol HC1 at the electrodes. Degradation could be significantly reduced by using uncoated platinum electrodes and currents in the range of 0 to 2.5 mA, while still allowing control of drug delivery rates. Electrode reaction processes were found at high ionic strengths and high drug concentrations but were not thought to be associated with drug decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015826532087
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  • 97
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    Solid-State Stability Testing of Drugs by Isothermal Calorimetry (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 939-944 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: calorimetry ; microcalorimetry ; stability ; kinetics, solid state ; degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique has been developed to calculate rapidly the solid-state room-temperature degradation rate of drugs and drug candidates. The technique utilizes measurements of the initial rate of heat output at several elevated temperatures by isothermal calorimetry and the degradation rate of the compound determined at a single elevated temperature by chromatography. The activation energies and degradation rates at 25°C calculated by conventional methods and by isothermal calorimetry are compared and discussed. The compounds studied were phenytoin, triamterene, digoxin, tetracycline, theophylline, diltiazem, and several proprietary ICI compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015865319250
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  • 98
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    Directional derivatives of optimal solutions in smooth nonlinear programming (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 73 (1992), S. 27-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Sensitivity ; stability ; nonlinear programming ; calmness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a smooth nonlinear program subject to perturbations in the right-hand side of the constraints. We do not assume that the unique solution of the original problem satisfies any qualification hypothesis. We suppose instead that the direction of perturbation satisfies the hypothesis of Gollan. We study the variation of the cost and, with the help of some second-order sufficiency conditions, obtain some conditions satisfied by the first term of the expansion of the solution. These conditions may vary depending on the existence of a Lagrange multiplier for the original problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940076
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  • 99
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    Comparison of stability and control characteristics of two twin-lift helicopter configurations (1992)
    Springer
    Nonlinear dynamics 3 (1992), S. 199-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Twin-lift helicopter ; nonlinear model ; stability ; feedback linearization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The stability and control characteristics of two twin-lift helicopter configurations are analyzed in this paper. In order to address the issue of configuration selection from a handling qualities viewpoint, their open-and closed-loop characteristics are compared. The two twin-lift configurations considered are the twin-lift with spreader bar and twin-lift without spreader bar. The nonlinear models describing the dynamics of these two configurations in the lateral/vertical plane are derived. The open-loop characteristics of the two systems are compared by linearizing the nonlinear models about a symmetric hovering equilibrium condition. The closed-loop characteristics of the two systems are compared using nonlinear controllers based on feedback linearization schemes. The performance of the resulting closed-loop systems in carrying out a typical twin-lift mission is evaluated through nonlinear simulation. Also, the effects of helicopter performance degradation and measurement errors on the overall system performance are discussed. [B] Matrix multiplying the control vector in the nonlinear model [B1] Matrix multiplying the control vector in the linear model [C] Matrix defining vector of variables to be controlled [C1] Damping matrix CijElement of the damping matrix e Parameter used in the linear model = M 1 h 1/I 1=M 2 h 2/I 2,/ft {f} Vector independent of controls in the nonlinear model g Acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec2 h1, h2Distance of tether attachment point to the center of gravity for helicopters 1 and 2, ft h Parameter used in the linear model, =h 1=h 2, ft h′ Distance between rotor hub and the helicopter center of gravity, ft h h/l′ H Distance of the load from the spreader bar c.g., ft H1, H2Length of tethers 1 and 2, ft IRMass moment of inertia of spreader bar, slug-ft2 I1, I2Roll moments of inertia of helicopters 1 and 2, slug-ft2 k′ Non-dimensional hub control moment coefficient KDDerivative gains KIIntegral gains KPProportional gains [Ki] Stiffness matrix KijElement of the stiffness matrix l′ Parameter used in the linear model, =H 1=H 2, ft L Spreader bar length, ft
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122302
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  • 100
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    On the stability of multi-layered fluids. Part I: analysis (1992)
    Springer
    Flow, turbulence and combustion 49 (1992), S. 307-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1987
    Keywords: stability ; linear-stability analysis ; multi-layered flow ; Orr-Sommerfeld equations ; interfacial conditions ; generalized eigenvalue problem ; air-water flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The linear stability of the Poiseuille flow of multi-layered different fluids, described mathematically by a system of Orr-Somerfeld differential equations, is investigated. A spectral method is used to rewrite this system into a generalized eigenvalue problem, which can be solved with the QZ-algorithm. Special attention is paid to the tractibility of the interfacial conditions of the stability problem. Since we will limit ourselves to a linear stability analysis, the analytical treatment of the interfacial conditions is simplified. Some results related to simple flow configurations are presented. The origin of certain regions of interfacial instability is explained by simple analytical reasoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419978
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