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  • Column liquid chromatography  (86)
  • Triticum aestivum  (60)
  • Springer  (146)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (146)
  • 1992  (146)
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  • Springer  (146)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (146)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. shelterbelts on crops (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 20 (1992), S. 253-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: allelopathy ; shelterbelt ; soil phytotoxins ; Cicer arietinum ; Lens esculentum ; Triticum aestivum ; Brassica oleracea ; Trifolium alexandrinum ; Eucalyptus tereticornis ; Brassica campestris cv toria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The economic yield of chickpea, lentil, wheat, cauliflower, barseem, and toria in a 12-m-wide strip to the south of 8 ± 1-year-old Eucalyptus tereticornis shelterbelts (three different locations) was reduced by more than half. Among all the crops under study, the yield of chickpea was reduced by the maximum extent. The content of soil phytotoxins was maximum in the litter-free top soil surface, compared to that at 30 or 60 cm depths, at all distances from the Eucalyptus. Maximum content of phytotoxins was found at 1 m from the tree line for all depths. These soil phytotoxins impaired the germination of Lens esculentum, thus indicating an allelopathic effect. It is included that the poor perfornce of crops in the sheltered area is related to an allelopathic effect of the Eucalyptus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053143
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant competition and disease in genetically diverse wheat populations (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 82-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Plant disease ; Genetic diversity ; Frequency-dependence ; Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia striiformis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The direct and indirect effects of plant genetic diversity on epidemics and the influence of disease on plant competition were investigated using the wheat (Triticum aestivum)/stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) system. Replacement series consisting of a susceptible and a resistant wheat genotype or two wheat genotypes susceptible to different races of stripe rust were grown in the presence and absence of the pathogen. Stripe rust severity, number of seed heads, seed yield, and seed weight were determined separately for each wheat genotype in the mixtures and the pure stands. The frequency of susceptible genotypes in a mixture explained up to 67% of the variation in disease severity. However, competitive interactions among plant genotypes sometimes appeared to alter susceptibility and obscured the relationship. In pure stands of single genotypes, disease severity explained between 52 and 58% of the variation in seed yield. In mixtures, coefficients of determination were only 10 and 31%, suggesting a strong influence of plant-plant interactions on seed yield. These results suggest that host-parasite coevolutionary models need to account for the strong effect that specific plant genotype combinations may have on disease severity and plant reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317245
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro pollen maturation and successful seed production in detached spikelet cultures in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 286-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Spikelet culture ; In vitro pollen maturation ; Gametophytic selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two spring wheat genotypes (cv Orofen and Chinese Spring) were compared for their in vitro pollen maturation capacity in detached spikelet cultures in a defined solid medium. Under these in vitro conditions Chinese Spring produced normal trinucleate pollen in 66.8% and Orofen in only 37.5%. In both cultivars the pollen maturation process from the middle uninucleate stage took approximately 3 days longer in vitro than in vivo. The pollen maturation time depended on the microspore developmental stage at the time that the culturing started. The viability, germination capacity, and fertilizing ability of the in vitro matured pollen also differed between the two genotypes. The seed set achieved in vitro (averagely 12.8%) offers promise for the practical application of this method for producing controlled or selected offspring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197380
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular motility, the actin cytoskeleton and germinability in the pollen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Pollen germinability ; Intracellular movement ; Actin cytoskeleton ; Effects of dehydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The tricellular pollen of wheat germinates rapidly on a receptive stigma without the often protracted activation period characteristic of bicellular pollens. This is associated with a high level of hydration in the mature pollen and the absence of a dormancy period. Intracellular movement of organelles continues throughout development; in the mature pollen along pathways related both to the aperture site and the distribution of the amyloplasts in the vegetative cell. The movement pathways reflect the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton, elements of which are already focused upon the germination site at the time of dispersal, a disposition only achieved during rehydration and activation in bicellular pollens. Dehydration after dispersal rapidly arrests movement, disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and leads to loss of germinability. These effects are irreversible, again in contrast to the situation found in bicellular pollens such as those of the Liliaceae, species of which have been shown to be capable of withstanding several cycles of hydration and dehydration while still retaining some capacity for germination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197374
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embryogenic cell suspensions of Triticum aestivum x Leymus angustus F1 hybrids: characterization and plant regeneration (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Cell suspension ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; Leymus angustus ; Plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic cell suspension cultures were established from Triticum aestivum X Leymus angustus F1 hybrids, using compact nodular calli derived from inflorescence segments. Calli originating from leaf segments did not give rise to stable cell suspensions. Growth measurements of the cell suspensions revealed that they continued rapid growth up to 10 days after subculturing. Flow cytometric studies of the cell cycle over a 7 day culture period showed that the majority of cells were in G1 phase while the rest were either in S or G2. During the 7 days of culture, no significant differences in DNA distribution patterns were observed. The cells from suspension cultures produced somatic embryos when they were transferred to different solid media. The embryos germinated and gave rise to plantlets which were successfully rooted and transferred to soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235258
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant regeneration from long term suspension culture-derived protoplasts of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 262-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; embryogenic suspension cultures ; protoplasts ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Highly regenerable callus cultures have been obtained from immature embryos of hexaploid wheat cv. Oderzo. Friable fast growing calli were induced at high frequency. Suspensions were initiated from the most friable callus lines: they became established in about two months. Suspensions consisted of cell aggregates of 30 to 1000 um in diameter. Upon plating on MS hormone-free medium, suspensions regenerated green plantlets, and their regenerative capability was maintained for at least 10 months. Protoplasts were isolated from 7–8 day old suspension cultures with a yield of 4–6×106 protoplasts/g fresh weight cells. Protoplast culture was either in liquid medium or in a bead-type system with agarose beads. First divisions were detected at day 5. At day 14 visible colonies were detected and the plating efficiency was evaluated between 2 and 8% over the initial number of protoplasts plated. Protoplast-derived calli were cultured in the presence of 1 mg/l IAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin and were used for reinitiating new suspension cultures. Upon plating onto MS hormone-free medium, with or without the addition of 0.1 mg/l GA3, calliclones were induced to differentiate. Regeneration of complete plantlets, with shoot and roots took about two months. Plantlets were grown in sterile conditions until 12–15 cm height, and were subsequently transplanted in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235078
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear genes control changes in the organization of the mitochondrial genome in tissue cultures derived from immature embryos of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 515-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although the mitochondrial genomes of the Chinese Spring and Aquila varieties of wheat are normaly similar in organization, this is not so in tissue cultures initiated from their immature embryos where the mitochondrial genomes of both are rearranged and in different, characteristic, ways. However, the mitochondrial genomes of tissue cultures of reciprocal F1 crosses between these varieties were almost identical to one another, showing that nuclear genes control the rearrangement processes. These rearrangements are either due to the appearance of new structures or else result from changes in the relative amounts of subgenomic components. The severe reduction in the amount of certain molecular configurations in tissue cultures from reciprocal crosses is probably due to the presence of dominant information in the Aquila nuclear genome. Data obtained from tissue cultures initiated from F2 embryos of the cross Aquila x Chinese Spring suggest that at least two complementary genes are involved in this control. In contrast, the presence of new molecular arrangements appears to be under the control of a dominant allelic form of a Chinese Spring gene or genes. Thus, this study demonstrates that at least two sets of nuclear genes control the reorganization of the mitochondrial genome which occurs when tissue cultures are initiated from the immature embryos of wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351662
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: Development of soil extract bioassays (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2191-2221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cover crops ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; soybean ; Glycine max ; soil extracts ; germination bioassays ; phenolic acids ; hydroxamic acids ; allelopathy ; slope analysis ; ivy-leaved morning glory ; Ipomoea hederacea ; crimson clover ; Trifolium incarnalum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivyleaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.); and (3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o-glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat-conventionaltill soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length of either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions. Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984946
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A moderately repeated DNA sequence of wheat and rye genomes (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 603-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ARS-related DNA repeat ; DNA sequence ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 371 base pair segment (bordered by Hind III and Eco RI cutting sites) of wheat embryo nuclear DNA has been cloned and sequenced. It is AT-rich (68%), shares some sequence features with autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements, and occurs in approximately 7600 copies per haploid genome. When used as probe for blot hybridization to Hind III-digested wheat DNA, it gives an irregular series of hybridization bands. Essentially the same hybridization pattern was observed for rye DNA. It is concluded that this segment is distributed irregularly but, apparently, according to the same rule in both wheat and rye genomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040678
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of a nuclear tRNATyr gene from Triticum aestivum (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1207-1208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; nuclear tRNATyr gene ; DNA sequence ; transcription ; processing ; splicing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047729
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA in wheat,Triticum aestivum L. (Gramineae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 159-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rRNA ; PCR ; ITS ; DNA sequence ; nucleotide ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029159
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence and organization of a 7.2 kb region of wheat mitochondrial DNA containing the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequences ; ribosomal RNA ; t-elements ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the sequence of a 7.2 kilobase pair DNA fragment containing a copy of the wheat mitochondrial gene (rrn26) that encodes the mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal RNA (26S rRNA). The mature 26S rRNA was determined by direct RNA sequencing to be 3467 nucleotides long, and to share a 5′-terminal pentanucleotide (5′-AUCAU), thought to be important in post-transcriptional processing, with the wheat mitochondrial small-subunit (18S) rRNA. Two other prominent features of the sequence were noted. First, upstream of rrn26 are located two tandem copies of a 70 base pair element containing a putative mitochondrial promoter motif (TCGTATAAAAA). Second, downstream of rrn26 is a sequence element that, if transcribed, would produce and RNA with a secondary structure resembling that of tRNAs but differing sufficiently from the latter structure to preclude any transcript from functioning normally in translation. These upstream and downstream sequence elements may play a role in the expression of rrn26 in wheat mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014506
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The wheat mitochondrial genome contains an ORF showing sequence homology to the gene encoding the subunit 6 of the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 395-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondria ; nad6 ; NADH-ubiquinone reductase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A region of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA of wheat was studied because of its homology with other plant mtDNAs. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 247 amino acids. Comparison of the sequence of the putative polypeptide with the protein sequence data of the Swiss-Prot library reveals homology with subunit 6 of the NADH-ubiquinone complex of mitochondria from Marchantia polymorpha, Podospora anserina, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and of chloroplasts from M. polymorpha and Oryza sativa. No similarity was detected when compared with the subunit 6 of animal mitochondria, probably due to the rapid evolution of the sequence. A single 1.2 kb transcript appears in northern RNA blots. We found 15 edited sites of which only 13 give amino acid changes. This is the first report of a mt nad6 gene in higher plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040599
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in the heat-shock response between thermotolerant and thermosusceptible cultivars of hexaploid wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 941-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genetic differences ; Heat-shock proteins ; Heat-shock response ; DNA polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heat-shock protein (HSP) gene expression in two wheat lines cv ‘Mustang’ (heat-tolerant) and cv ‘Sturdy’ (heat-susceptible) were analyzed to determine if wheat genotypes differing in heat tolerance also differ in in-vitro HSP synthesis (translatable HSP mRNAs) and steady-state levels of HSP mRNA. Several sets of mRNA were isolated from seedling leaf tissues which had been heat-stressed at 37 °C for various time intervals. These mRNAs were hybridized with HSP cDNA or genomic DNA probes (HSP17, 26, 70, 98, and ubiquitin). Protein profiles were compared using in-vitro translation and 2-D gels. The Northern slot-blot data from the heat-stress treatment provide evidence that the heat-tolerant cv ‘Mustang’ synthesized low molecular weight (LMW) HSP mRNA earlier during exposure to heat shock and at a higher level than did the heat-susceptible cv ‘Sturdy’. This was especially true for the chloroplast-localized HSP. The protein profiles shown by 2-D gel analysis revealed that there were not only quantitative differences of individual HSPs between the two wheat lines, but also some unique HSPs which were only found in the ‘Mustang’ HSP profiles. The high level of RFLP between the two wheat lines was revealed by Southern blot hybridization utilizing a HSP17 probe. These data provide a molecular basis for further genetic analysis of the role of HSP genes in thermal tolerance in wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227407
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The modification of a common wheat-Thinopyrum distichum translocated chromosome with a locus homoeoallelic to Lr19 (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 73-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Intergeneric gene transfer ; Allosyndetic recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ‘Chinese Spring’ ph1b and ph2b mutants, as well as the nulli 5B tetra 5D stock were utilized in an attempt to effect homoeologous chromatin exchange between the ‘Indis’ chromosome translocation [derived from Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.) Löve] and chromosome arm 7DL of common wheat. A homoeoallele of Lr19 and linked genes for yellow flour-pigmentation were utilized as markers. Seven selections with recombinations involving the foreign, translocated segment were recovered. Four of these had white endosperms and were leaf-rust resistant. The remaining lines were leaf-rust resistant and had levels of endosperm pigmentation intermediate to those of ‘Indis’ and ‘Chinese Spring’. The recombined translocation segments coding for white endosperm are no longer associated with chromosome 7D. The original translocated segment may, therefore, not be fully homoeologous to 7DL. The recombinants with white endosperm also lack the stem-rust resitance gene Sr25, but retained the segregation distorter locus, Sd-1. However, it seems as though an enhancer locus (or loci) of Sd-1 had been lost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223847
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative evaluation of two methods of selecting locations used for testing spring wheat cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 301-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genotype ; Environment interactions ; Cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary One of the considerations of regional cultivar evaluation programs is to optimize the number of locations used for testing. Although optimization of numbers of locations using cluster analysis has been previously attempted, no objective comparison of methods has yet been made. A new clustering method that uses the pairwise contribution of locations to the cultivar x location mean square as the distance measure (LB) was compared to another method that employs diallel correlations as the distance measure (CL). Data from six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivars grown at 13 locations for five years were used in the initial cluster analysis. Another set of data, from a separate year, consisting of yields of the original 6 cultivars and a set of 12 independent cultivars was then used to check the validity of the original groupings and to compare the two methods. When the 6 original cultivars were considered, the LB technique was found to be superior to the CL. When the 12 independent cultivars were used, neither method was considered to be superior. Because of the lack of flexibility on the part of the LB method, neither technique could be deemed as fully adequate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224275
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dosage response of rye genes in a wheat background (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cerale ; Alien gene expression ; Endosperm protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of hexaploid wheat lines containing zero, two or four doses of rye chromosome arm 1RS was used to investigate the response to changes in dosage by the rye genes when in a wheat background. The quantity of protein produced by the secalin protein genes contained on 1RS was directly related to the number of copies of 1RS present in the line. No response could be detected by representative wheat proteins suggesting that the increase in secalin protein observed was due to an increase in mRNA produced when four copies of the secalin gene was present. These results suggest that increasing the dosage of alien genes introgressed into wheat may be a useful tool for enhancing their expression. Mention of a trade name or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee, warranty or recommendation of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the University of Missouri and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223973
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect spacer size heterogeneity in plant 5S-rRNA gene clusters and to locate such clusters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 684-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: PCR ; 5S-ribosomal RNA ; Non-transcribed spacer ; Triticum aestivum ; Chromosome location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have used the polymerase chain reaction to analyse variation in the size of individual 5S-ribosomal gene spacer sequences. This reaction can be used to demonstrate inter- and intraspecific variation in spacer size, and combined with DNA sequencing it may thus be a valuable taxonomic tool. Two sets of nested polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to amplify the nontranscribed spacer DNA between repeated 5S-rRNA genes. These “universal” primers were used to generate fragments from the genomic DNA from several unrelated monocotyledonous plants. Ribosomal RNA spacer sequences generated in these experiments could also be used to locate 5S-rRNA gene clusters on specific chromosomes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). Three distinct spacer sizes were observed after amplification. These were assigned locations on chromosomes by analysing amplification products of genomic DNA from nullisomic/tetrasomic and ditelosomic wheat stocks. “Large” 508-bp 5S repeats are located on the short arm of chromosome 5B and “short” 416-bp and 425-bp repeat unit variants are located on the short arms of chromosomes 1B and 1D, respectively. No other loci were detected. The spacer fragments were cloned, sequenced, and shown to be homologous to wheat 5S-rRNA spacers previously identified. Spacers of uniform size but with some sequence heterogeneity were shown to be located at each locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226685
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographical variation in heading characters among wheat landraces, Triticum aestivum L., and its implication for their adaptability (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heading characters ; Geographical variation ; Adaptation strategy ; Genetic resource ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heading time and its constituent traits, photoperiodic response, narrow-sense earliness and vernalization requirement, were surveyed for 158 wheat landraces. Wide varietal variation was observed in each character. Nearly half of the variation for each character was explained by a geographical difference in origin. Based on these data and the growing environments in each locality, we analyzed “adaptation strategy”, seen as the adjustment of heading time in terms of differences in the constituent traits, both individually and combined. The difference among localities indicated that wheat landraces had been selected for early heading as an adaptation strategy to water stress and/or high temperature in early summer. This change was caused by a reduction in photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness. The vernalization requirement was also reduced for adaptation to relatively mild winters. Adaptation strategy deduced from the variation within each locality was also different amongst localities. In the central region of wheat evolution, where wide variations existed in both photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, the late-heading trait was achieved by either one of these traits individually or both of them combined. On the contrary, in the eastern and the western regions, wide variation in heading time was achieved by the unique combination of photoperiodic response and narrowsense earliness. A sampling strategy for wheat germ plasm is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229480
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    Isozyme and cytological markers of some Psathyrostachys juncea accessions (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 528-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Psathyrostachys juncea ; Triticum aestivum ; Isozyme markers ; Chromosome banding ; Intergeneric hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Psathyrostachys juncea (synonymous to Elymus junceus; 2n=2x=14, NN) has unique biotic and abiotic attributes that could contribute towards wheat improvement. The effectiveness of such an intergeneric hybridization program depends greatly on being able to establish diagnostic markers of the alien chromosomes. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) analyses of six enzyme systems have identified five biochemical markers — malate dehydrogenase (MDH), esterase (EST), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and β-amylase (β-AMY) — to be of positive diagnostic value; glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) banding profiles were of no definite value in the background of Triticum aestivum cvs ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Seri-82’, the potential recipients of Ps. juncea chromosomes. The Giemsa C-banding karyotype distinctively separates the Ps. Juncea chromosomes from each other and from those of T. aestivum with little banding site polymorphisms prevalent among its accessions analyzed, indicating the usefulness of C-bands as cytological markers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224148
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    Production and cytogenetic analysis of BC1, BC2, and BC3 progenies of an intergeneric hybrid between Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell. and tetraploid Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 698-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Backcross derivatives ; Chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ and Agropyron cristatum 4x (2n= 5x=35, ABDPP genomes) with a high level of homoeologous meiotic pairing between the wheat chromosomes were backcrossed 3 times to wheat. Pollination of the F1 hybrid with ‘Chinese Spring’ resulted in 22 BC1 seeds with an average seed set of 1.52%. Five BC1 plants with 39–41 chromosomes were raised using embryo rescue techniques. Chromosome pairing in the BC1 was characterized by a high frequency of multivalent associations, but in spite of this there was no evidence of homoeologous pairing between chromosomes of wheat and those of Agropyron. All of the plants were self sterile. The embryo rescue technique was again essential to produce 39 BC2 plants with chromosome numbers ranging from 37 to 67. The phenomenon of meiotic non-reduction was also observed in the BC3 progenies. In this generation male and female fertility greatly increased, and meiotic pairing was fairly regular. Some monosomic (2n=43) and double monosomic (2n=44) lines were produced. Analysis of these progenies should permit the extraction of the seven possible wheat-Agropyron disomic addition lines including those with the added chromosomes carrying the genes involved in meiotic non-reduction and in suppression of Ph activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224171
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    The 5S DNA units of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 183 (1992), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Triticum aestivum ; 5S DNA sequences ; chromosomal5S Dna loci ; wheat evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A collection of 44 cloned 5S DNA units fromTriticum aestivum cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ were grouped into 12 sequence-types based on sequence similarity and the respective consensus sequences were then produced. The relationship between these 12 consensus sequences (T. aestivum S 1-S 8 andT. aestivum L 1-L 4), together with two clones sequenced byGerlach andDyer, and the 5S DNA consensus sequences from diploidTriticum spp. were then determined by numerical methods. Both phenetic and cladistic analyses were carried out. The following wheat 5S DNA sequences were found to group with respective sequences from diploidTriticum spp.:T. aestivum S 4, S 6 withT. tauschii S;T. aestivum S 3 withT. monococcum S andT. monococcum S-Rus 7;T. aestivum L 1 andT. aestivum L-G&D withT. speltoides L;T. aestivum L 2, L 3 withT. tauschii L;T. aestivum L 4 withT. monococcum L andT. monococcum L-Rus 12. The analyses suggested that 5 out of the 65S Dna loci present in wheat were identified at the sequence level. The locus that could not be identified in this analysis was the5S Dna-B 1 locus. A group ofT. aestivum sequences (T. aestivum S 1, S 7, S 8, S-G&D) were found to be distinct from the other 5S DNA sequences in the data base. The existence of the distinct group of 5S DNA sequences suggests that there is a gap in our current understanding of wheat evolution with respect to the5S Dna loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940802
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    2-Bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene: A useful fluorescent labelling reagent for HPLC analysis of carboxylic acids (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Fatty acids and bile acids ; Fluorogenic precolumn derivatization ; 2-Bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The use of 2-bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene as a fluorogenic labelling reagent in pre-column derivatization for the HPLC separation of biologically active carboxylic acids (fatty acids and bile acids) has been investigated. The compound reacts (30 min. at 70°C) with carboxylic acids to give fluorescent esters that can be separated by reversedphase HPLC and detected at λ ex. 300 nm, λ em. 460 nm. The experimental conditions for the derivatization and chromatographic separation are discussed. Applications to the determination of valproic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in pharmaceutical formulations are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276844
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    HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of valproic acid and other common anticonvulsant drugs in human plasma or serum (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 37-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Valproic acid ; Simultaneous determination of anticonvulsants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The derivatizing procedure of Moody et al. [20] for valproic acid has been simplified and applied to the simultaneous HPLC determination of valproic acid (VPA), barbital (B), primidone (PRM), phenobarbital (PB) and carbamazepine (CBZ) in serum or plasma of epileptic patients. The sample is deproteinized with acetonitrile containing esterification agents and an aliquot of the supernatant is heated to 70°C for 15 min with 4-bromophenacyl bromide. The reaction mixture is analysed on a C18 column at ambient temperature, with gradient elution and with detection at 205 nm. The time required for the chromatographic analysis is 13 min; identification is based on retention time and quantification is by peak area determination with an internal standard. The calibration curves show good linearity in the range 6.25 to 100 mg/L. The detection limits at a signal: noise ratio ≥3, ranged from 1 mg/L for B and CBZ to 2–3 mg/L for PRM, PB and VPA. The method described for the simultaneous determination of the five drugs in the same plasma pool, correlated well with isocratic HPLC methods specific for each drug. The simultaneous procedure described allows a reproducible (CVs≤6.5% within run) and rapid (25 min for sample preparation: 13 min for chromatographic run) therapeutic monitoring of patients treated with VPA and two or more antiepileptic drugs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276848
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  • 25
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    Porous polymer packings from vinyl ether derivatives for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Porous polymer spherical packings ; Vinyl ether ; Alkali resistance ; No abnormal adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Spherical, porous-polymer particles for column packing in high-performance liquid chromatography were prepared by suspension copolymerization of alkylvinyl ether with triethyleneglycol divinyl ether. The hydrophobicity of the packings was easily adjusted by changing the monomer ratio. The packings showed the usual reversed-phase liquid chromatographic properties, but did not sho abnormal retention, tailing and broadening of peaks and irreversible adsorption of ionic and aromatic substances, owing to the lack of ionic or aromatic groups. In addition, the packings were stable in alkaline solutions because of the relative alkali stability of C−O−C bonds as compared with CO−O and Si−O−C bonds in conventional packings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276845
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    Comparison study between indirect photometric and direct conductivity detection for anion exchange chromatography using naphthalenesulfonate derivatives as mobile phases (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Anion exchange ; Indirect photometric and direct conductivity detection ; Naphthalenesulfonate ; Inorganic anions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Indirect photometric and unsuppressed direct conductivity detection modes are examined using naphthalene mono-, di-, and tri-sulfonate as mobile phases for the separation of several anions such as F−, Cl−, NO2 −, Br−, NO3 −, SO4=,I−, and SCN− using a commercial anion exchange column. With all three mobile phases, conductivity detection shows better sensitivities and detection limits than indirect photometry. Conductivity detection is 5 to 16 times more sensitive than indirect photometry for all analytes. Detection limits achieved using these mobile phases are, for example, 0.04 ng and 0.1 ng for chloride ion with conductivity and indirect photometry, respectively. Both detection modes give wide linear ranges extending from at least 100 ppm to the detection limit of each anion which is generally about 0.02 ppm. Sulfur oxide anions such as dithionate and tetrathionate are separated using flow programming with naphthalenetrisulfonate as the mobile phase in less than 20 minutes. With both detection modes, desired chromatographic performance of these three eluents is achieved without pH adjustment of the mobile phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276846
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    An enhanced liquid chromatographic method for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural determination in UHT milk (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Heat-treated milk ; Milk quality indicators ; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An enhanced method of HPLC for the determination of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde (HMF) in fluid milk was perfected. Its resolving capacity permitted the specific separation of this compound. The real concentration (μmol/l) of HMF was determined and not the HMF value, as in the colorimetric analysis, where an intermediary coloured compound (HMF-TBA) is utilised. The optimum pH condition (pH=4.0–4.2) for the mobile phase to prevent overlapping between the HMF peak and the peaks of the other compound (α and β) that coeluted with the HMF and also the optimum organic solvent content (3% or 7%) were established. This is a sensitive, quick and safe method for the determination of HMF in fluid milk.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276850
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    Ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography of arsenic species on polymeric styrene-divinylbenzene packed columns with an alkaline aqueous mobile phase (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 581-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Arsenic compounds ; Polymeric styrene divinylbenzene phase ; Ion-pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The resolving power of an ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography method, on a polymeric stationary phase (PRP-1) with an alkaline aqueous mobile phase (pH=9) containing tetrabutylammonium cation as ion-pairing agent, is compared with a traditional ion-pairing system using an octadecyl-modified silica column and a neutral aqueous mobile phase (pH=7.3). This chromatographic system (PRP-1 column) provides a rapid means for the determination of two of the most important arsenic species, arsenobetaine and arsenite. Addition of methanol (5%) to the aqueous mobile phase allows the differentation of arsenobetaine from the system peak when using UV detection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262252
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    Comparison of provitamin A determination by normal-phase gravity-flow column chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gravity-flow column chromatography ; Provitamin A determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The provitamin A content of some food samples was determined by methods involving MgO: Hyflosupercel gravityflow column chromatography (GFCC) and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the quantitation being done by external standardization (HPLC-ES) or internal standardization (HPLC-IS) with Sudan. The results obtained with α- and β-carotene in carrots, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin in papaya and β-carotene in tomato and kale agreed well, showing that any of the these techniques can be used, provided the analysis is done under optimum conditions. Good separation of the different provitamins using GFCC depends on the analyst's skill and visual acuity. HPLC-ES required a constant supply of provitamin standards, thus the varying purity of commercially available standards and the high instability of these compounds could pose grave problems. Due to the stability of Sudan, HPLC-IS appeared to be the method of choice although passage of the extract through a MgO: Hyflosupercel minicolumn was required prior to injection to separate chlorophylls, dihydroxy- and polyoxycarotenoids which would otherwise elute with Sudan. Nonconformity of the Sudan structure to those of the provitamins did not effect the quantitative results. The chromatographic separation, identity and quantification of the provitamins could be more easily established by using HPLC-IS, complemented with GFCC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275893
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    Diastereoselective and enantioselective chromatography of the pyrethroid insecticides allethrin and cypermethrin (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Chiral separations ; Allethrin ; Cypermethrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Liquid and gas chromatographic separations of the pyrethroid insecticides allethrin and cypermethrin have been investigated with various achiral and chiral stationary phases. Diastercomeric and enantiomeric selectivity was observed for cypermethrin on a Pirkle-type chiral LC stationary phase, but very strong interactions and therefore long retention times prevented the separation of allethrin on this phase. Trans-allethrin isomers were separated on a chiral β-cyclodextrin RP-HPLC column while cypermethrin showed some difficulties on this phase due to isomerization. Diastereomeric but no enantiomeric selectivity by GC was achieved for cypermethrin with an apolar DB 5 capillary. GC separation of the diastereomers was used to study the selective photodegradation of cypermethrin isomers after forestry applications. Chiral β-cyclodextrin-based GC phases showed some enantioselectivity for cis- and trans-allethrin isomers. A separation of the eight isomers into six partially resolved peaks was achieved by GC with a coupled column consisting of chiral permethylated β-cyclodextrin and DB 1701 as stationary phases. This combination was used to characterize allethrin formulations intended for indoor use and to investigate allethrin products formed by ozonolysis of thin films of the insecticide.
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    Estimation of diuretic drugs in biological fluids by HPLC (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Diuretics ; Screening and determination of diuretics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This critical review of different methods proposed for the determination and screening of diuretics is directed mainly, because of its potential application, towards highperformance liquid chromatography.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275902
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    Peak recognition technique by a computer program copying the human judgement (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 218-224 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Peak ; Pattern recognition ; Prediction interval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It is still difficult to determine peaks and peak boundaries properly, though peak recognition is very important for the precision of quantitative data. A new computer program overcomes these problems using a method which is adapted from human judgements. The algorithm was developed for HPLC but can also be used in other fields of analytical chemistry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276186
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    High performance liquid chromatography of raw sugars and polyols using bonded silica gels (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Diol silica gels ; Carbohydrates ; Evaporative light scattering detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Bonded silica columns have been evaluated for their ability to separate carbohydrates and polyols. Mobile phases consisting of dichloromethane/methanol produced the best separations in comparison with the acetonitrile/water mixtures commonly used with amino columns. Of all the bonded phases tested, LiChrospher Diol silica provided the best separations, and selectivities were not very different from those obtained on the most popular system using an amino bonded phase and acetonitrile/water as eluent. In addition, diol columns with a dichloromethane/methanol eluent offer excellent stability with no Schiff’s base formation of reducing sugars. Using an evaporative light scattering detector, low limit detection is obtainable (20 ng of glucose from a column) and gradient elution is quite feasible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275911
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    Retention of some ring-substituted aniline derivatives by porous graphitized carbon. Dependence on physico-chemical parameters (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 356-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Porous graphitized carbon ; Ring-substituted aniline derivatives ; Electronic interactions ; Principal component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention characteristics of 22 aniline derivatives were determined on a porous, graphitized-carbon column in unbuffered acetonitrile-water and methanol-water mixtures. Each aniline derivative gave symmetrical peaks in each eluent without buffers. Good linear correlations were found between the log k′ and the concentration of the organic component in the eluent. The slope and intercept values differed according to the type of organic modifier and the charcter, number and position of substituents, indicating the different selectivities of methanol and acetonitrile and the good separating power of the column. Multivariate mathematical-statistical calculations proved that the retention of ring-substituted aniline derivatives is mainly governed by electronic parameters and the hydrogen acceptor capacity of substituents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275918
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    Determination of furosine in milk samples by ion-pair reversed phase liquid chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 374-376 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Ion-pairing ; Furosine ; Pyridosine ; Milk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An ion-pair, reversed-phase, liquid chromatographic procedure using UV detection for quantitation of furosine is described. The standard plot was linear (r〉0.999) over a 5 ng range. An authentic synthesised sample of furosine was used for calibration. Commerical milk samples were analyzed by the described procedure.
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    Optimisation of data handling and detection conditions for automated chromatographic assay software (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 361-368 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Automated peak detection ; Discrete Fourier transform ; Frequency acquisition and filtering ; Peak detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The principle of automated chromatographic peak detection and analysis software is summarized, and critical steps are systematically studied. As the only parameter to be entered is the acquisition frequency, evaluation of its effect on software performance is discussed. In the case of relatively noisy chromatograms, it is shown experimentally that numerous points per peak have to be taken, leading to quite fast computer acquisition procedures. The use of discrete Fourier transform filtration techniques can modify peak shapes and a comparative study evaluates the relative errors induced in the shapes and characteristics of the chromatographic profiles. Optimisation of filtering conditions is achieved and it is shown that for a filter position only 2% of the Nyquist frequency no deformation occurs in the chromatographic profile. Detection of the start and finish of chromatographic peaks is optimized according to a simple four step iterative procedure. In the case of simulations, the difference between the values used to simulate peaks and those calculated by the software are less than 1%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275919
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    Simultaneous determination of 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorouracil and its main metabolites in body fluids by HPLC (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 413-417 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Fluoropyrimidine drugs ; Pharmacokinetics of doxifluridine ; Chemotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the pro-drug 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5′-dFUR), its metabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and some fluorinated pyrimidines involved in the metabolic activation process of 5-FU. The method has been used to monitor the bioavailability of 5′-dFUR and 5-FU in patients undergoing anticancer chemotherapy. Serum sample treatment involves addition of internal standard (5-bromouracil), protein precipitation with saturated ammonium sulphate solution and liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate-isopropanol (90 ∶ 10 v/v). Urine is simply diluted with mobile phase and injected. The average recovery from serum (at 0.5 μg/mL level) was 95.0%±1.4 for 5′-dFUR and 86.3%±3.5 for 5-FU. A linear response extending over four decades of concentration was observed. Detection limits in the low ng/ mL range were obtained using a 250 μL sample size and a 20 μL injection volume. Within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were below 4 and 10%, respectively.
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    Total and individual determination of carbamate pesticides by use of an integrated flow-injection/HPLC system (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 449-453 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Flow injection analysis ; Combined flow injection/HPLC ; Carbamate pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An integrated flow injection (FI)/HPLC system for the total and individual determination of carbamate pesticides (propoxur, carbofuran and carbaryl) is proposed. The determination is based on the alkaline hydrolysis of the analytes and subsequent coupling with diazotized sulphanilic acid to yield the monitored dyes with or without a prior separation step by HPLC in a C18 column. The calibration curves obtained are linear in the μg/ml range and r.s.d. values are between 0.5 and 3.7% in all instances. Injection of the sample into the FI manifold allows the total pesticide content in the sample to be screened. The manifold thus acts as a post-column reactor/detector of the chromatograph for samples with high overall carbamate content, which are also injected into the HPLC instrument. The performance was checked with contaminated water samples.
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    Evaluation of the enantioselectivity towards β-blocking agents of the α1 glycoprotein type chiral stationary phase: Chiral AGP®glycoprotein type chiral stationary phase: Chiral AGP® (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 454-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; α1 glycoprotein ; Enantioseparation ; β-blocking agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The enantioselectivity of the α1 glycoprotein chiral stationary phase, Chiral AGP® has been evaluated for a number of β-blocking agents. A correlation has been found between the retention behaviour on this stationary phase and the hydrophobicity of the compounds. The separation factor α is higher for compounds that are well retained. Retention, and thus α, are also controlled by pH and the percentage of organic modifier in the mobile phase.
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    Isocratic HPLC separation of aromatic hydrocarbons and fluorine-containing compounds using perfluoroalkyl polymer packings (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 473-477 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Perfluoroalkylated polymer-gel packings ; Aromatic and fluorine-containing compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Porous, perfluoroalkylated polymer-gels for column packings in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were prepared by suspension polymerization of heptadecafluorodecyl arcylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The packings showed no abnormal retention for ionic or aromatic compounds, due to the lack of ionic or aromatic groups. In addition, the packings showed no excessive retention for strongly hydrophobic compounds which is often the case with long-chain, alkylated silica gels and polymer gels. This is due to the extremely low surface energy of perfluoroalkyl groups. Therefore, perfluoroalkylated polymer gels enable isocratic HPLC separation of solutes with significantly different hydrophobicity.
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    Comments on the paper “correlation between retention in liquid chromatography and the adsorption energy” by J. Kloubek (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 485-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Porous glass ; Surface free energy ; Film pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262332
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    Correlation between retention in liquid chromatography and the adsorption energy (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 33 (1992), S. 478-484 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Porous glass adsorbents ; Surface free energy ; Oriented adsorption of hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the specific capacity factor (k/S, where k is the capacity and S is the surface area of the sorbent, in m2) in the liquid chromatography of aromatic hydrocarbons and the adsorption energy (-°GA) has been investigated. The previously published results, based on the calculation of the work of adhesion (WSA) from contact angles, were re-examined and a new hypothesis on interactions at interfaces was employed. Direct proportionality has been found between k/S and-°GA, which allows prediction of the chromatographic behavior of adsorbates on sorbents. The surface free energy components were calculated in order to determine-°GA in terms of the work of adhesion. The dispersion component of the surface free energy of glass was obtained from the adsorption isotherm of n-octane and it was found that the hydrocarbon molecules are adsorbed in an oriented position. The contact angles of liquids on the outer surface of porous solids do not yield reliable values of WSA and of the surface free energy components. A higher intermolecular attraction increases WSA and decreases the contact angle in pores.
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    A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of adenosine and some metabolites in the brain tissue of rats (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 563-567 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Adenosine and some metabolites ; Extraction from brain tissue ; Quantitative determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An analytical procedure has been developed for the assay of adenosine and some metabolites in brain tissue extracts of rats. This paper reports the extraction method, the technique adopted to avoid enzymatic transformations and the chromatographic conditions for the identification and quantitation of these nucleosides and bases. Peaks in the chromatograms of brain tissue extracts were identified by retention times, absorbance ratios of reference compounds and by enzymatic peak-shift.
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    Influence of silica gel surface purity on the coverage density of chemically bonded phases (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 573-580 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Chemically bonded phases (CBP) ; Surface heterogenity ; Surface purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The surface chemistry of eight silica-gels with different siliceous matrix structures have been described. The influence of surface impurities on the chemical modification process (coverage density) with monooctadecylsilane has been studied. The surfaces of the adsorbents, before chemical modification, were cleaned by extraction with 20% HCl. Bare and modified materials were characterized using different physico-chemical methods e.g.: SIMS, CP/MAS NMR, porosimetry, pH measurement, elemental analysis and chromatography (GC & HPLC). The presence of trace amounts of different metallic elements creating new adsorption centers on the surfaces of the packings, have been demonstrated. Moreover, it has been shown that washing of silica gel adsorbents increases the coverage density of alkylsilyl ligands and improves the chromatographic properties of prepared packings.
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    Zone electrophoretic sample treatment coupled on-line with column liquid chromatography for the determination of basic and acidic compounds in biological samples (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 581-588 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Zone-electrophoretic sample treatment ; Basic and acidic compounds ; Biological samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A modified valve arrangement for zone-electrophoretic sample treatment (ZEST)-which is coupled on-line with column liquid chromatography — is used to pretreat biological (plasma) samples. Carry-over of plasma proteins depends on the pH of the electrophoresis buffer. The determination of propranolol, metoprolol, cromolyn and salicylic acid demonstrates that both basic and acidic analytes can be isolated from the plasma matrix with high selectivity. Analogous piperazines, with different protein binding properties, were used to study the influence of protein binding on the recovery. It is shown that high protein can cause a decreased recovery.
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    HPLC analysis of the main oxindole alkaloids fromUncaria tomentosa (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 597-600 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Oxindole alkaloids ; Uncaria tomentosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The main oxindole alkaloids from the root bark ofUncaria tomentosa were separated by reversed phase HPLC with an acetonitrile/methanol/phosphate buffer solvent gradient. UV detection was carried out at 245 nm. The chromatographic parameters for the separation of the alkaloids were optimized by studying the impact of the pH value of the mobile phase and the column temperature on the separation efficiency of the analytical system. The best separation was achieved with a mobile phase pH of 6.6 and a column temperature of 15°C. The method developed is suitable for the qualitative characterisation and quantitative determination of oxindole alkaloids in crudeUncaria tomentosa extracts and phytopharmaceuticals.
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    Indirect stereoselective determination of enantiomers of furprofen in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 618-620 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Enantiomers of furprofen ; Human plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive and stereoselective liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the S and R enantiomers of furprofen in human plasma has been developed. The assay is based on derivatization with S(−)-1-phenylethylamine with formation of two diastereoisomeric derivatives and on their separation and quantitation using HPLC with uv detection. The method is linear from 25 to 600 ng ml−1 of both enantiomers, with a variation coefficient below 10.8%, and a detection limit of 20 ng ml−1. This procedure is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.
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    Solute-micelle association constants and correlation of octanol-water coefficients with hydrophobicity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by micellar chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 627-635 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Micelle-solute association constants ; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ; Octanol/water partition coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Sodium dodecyl sulphate, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether were investigated as mobile phases in the micellar liquid chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of environmental concern. A wide range of surfactant concentrations were used and the retention parameters and distribution coefficients calculated. The trends in the retention data for the PAHs are discussed and several conclusions are presented concerning the partition coefficients when these surfactants are present in the mobile phase. Comparisons are made between the structural features of the compounds and their capacity factors, and the octanol/water partition coefficients are correlated with hydrophobicity for the PAHs studied.
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    Retention characteristics of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in normal phase HPLC. II. Chloro-substituted PAHs (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Normal phase separations ; Chloro-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Coupled column system ; Environmental samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention behaviour of chloro-substituted PAHs on several commercial normal bonded phase HPLC columns has been investigated. Chloro-substitution was shown to generally decrease the retention on stationary phases like amino-, diol- and nitrophenylpropyl-modified silica. Dimethylaminosilica exhibited more complex retention characteristics towards chloro-substituted PAHs. On this stationary phase, the position of the chlorine substituents on the aromatic solute seemed to be of greater importance for retention than on the amino-, nitro- and diolsilica. For some chloro-PAHs, the retention was shown to increase with the number of chloro-substitutions, probably due to the large affinity of the electron-rich nitrogen in the stationary phase for the electron deficient π-system of the chloro-PAHs. Chloro-substituted PAHs were strongly retarded on the electron donating 2-(1-pyrenyl)-ethylsilica (PYE) stationary phase. However, the molecular shape of the chloro-derivatives had a large influence on retention, which was considerably decreased for some nonplanar chloro-derivatives of chrysene and benz(a)anthracene. A two-dimensional back-flush HPLC method, consisting of a combination of a nitrophenylsilica column and a PYE column of matched lengths, was shown to be useful for clean-up of chloro-substituted PAHs in environmental samples.
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    A column switching technique for the determination of lidocaine and its metabolites in horse urine (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 143-145 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Column switching ; Lidocaine ; Horse urine analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid method is described for the determination of lidocaine and its metabolites in horse urine using a column switching technique and HPLC analysis. This procedure offers a sensitive assay without the need for time consuming extractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02276127
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    Cystine and cysteine analysis as the same phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives by HPLC in protein hydrolyzates (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 132-136 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Cysteine, cystine ; Phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives ; Protein hydrolyzates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new approach is described, and a novel explanation presented, for the high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cystine and cysteine as their phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives. PTC cystine and cysteine have been eluted with the same retention times and molar responses, most probably due to electrophilic attack of phenylisothiocyanate on cystine resulting in the scission of the disulfide bond yielding two moles of cysteine. Further, total PTC cystine and cysteine have been measured both in model solutions and in standard protein hydrolyzates (lysozyme, bovine albumin, ribonuclease) with the same linearity as the other ineteen amino acids. The reproducibility of the measurements, at the 250–750 pmole level, proved to be 4.1% (Relative Standard Deviation %) or less.
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    Retention behaviour of crown ethers and actinomycin D in reversed-phase HPLC (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 155-158 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Retention ; Crown ethers ; Actinomycin D ; Metal cation complexation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention of crown ethers in reverse-phase HPLC has been determined by their bonding ability with cations present in the eluent. The dependence of retention of crown ethers on cation concentration exhibits an inflection and makes it possible to calculate stability constant for the crown ether-cation complex. It is shown that in 75% MeOH retention of antitumor antibiotic, actinomycin D, depends on [Na+] and not on [K+] at concentrations of K+ from 5×10−7 to 10−1 mol l−1. Hence, actinomycin D may be classified as an ionophore-antibiotic.
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    Liquid chromatographic retention and separation of phenols and related aromatic compounds on reversed phase columns (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 146-154 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Phenolic compounds ; Optimisation of isocratic separations ; River water samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Isocratic column liquid chromatographic systems with UV absorbance detection at 280 nm have been developed for the separation of 29 phenolics and related compounds. The selectivity was investigated on silica-, carbon- and polymer-based separation columns for the separation of phenolic type of components. The effects of various acetonitrile/buffer mixtures, and pH of the mobile phase, and their impact on the retention of the phenols was assessed. Tables of retention times on the four columns for the 29 phenols with two different acetonitrile/buffer mixtures, together with the retention times at three pHs from 6.5 to 2.3 with varying levels of organic modifier on the LiChrospher RP 18 column are presented. As an application, the analysis of real river water samples from the Ebro river is described using a solid phase extraction step prior to injection into the chromatographic system.
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    Microcolumn liquid chromatography on carbon sorbents (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 173-176 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Carbon packing materials ; Aromatic compound separation ; Eluent effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention volume dependences on the molar volume were found for aromatic compounds using liquid microcolumn chromatography. The contributions of the functional groups in molecules of these compounds to the total retention value were calculated from the capacity factor values. The comparison of capacity factor values for carbon sorbents and octadecyl-silicagel has shown that for several microcolumn separations the carbon sorbent column has a better selectivity and resolution than the octadecyl-silicagel column.
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    Synthesis of acceptor bonded phases for donor-acceptor liquid chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 177-181 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Synthesis of bonded stationary phases ; Acceptor ligands ; Normal phases ; PAHs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of several electron-acceptor stationary phases has been reviewed the materials evaluated for their capacity to separate polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemically bonded phases were obtained by the same procedure; the organosilane moiety is monofunctional and the HPLC behaviour is compared under identical conditions. Examples of PAHs separations are given.
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    Silanol group effect in C18 bonded phases in HPLC (1992)
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 182-184 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; C18 bonded phase ; Residual silanol groups ; Metal 5-Br-PADAP complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary If any residual (free) silanol groups remain at the surface of silica gel after bonding treatment, they may affect the retention of solutes since the dissociated groups (≡SiO−) will attract cations. The silanol group effect on the retention of cationic solutes will increase with increasing pH of the mobile phase but the effect will decrease with increasing hydrophobic-ion concentration at the C18 surface because such ions can mask the residual silanol groups. A method for the separation of metal complexes with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-diethylaminephenol (5-Br-PADAP) has been developed. The hydrophobic ion in the MeOH/H2O mobile phase was tetrabutylammonium (TBA).
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    Michael Tswett's columns: Facts and speculations (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 342-346 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; History of chromatography ; Calcium carbonate stationary phase ; Chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Although Michael Tswett is the originator of chromatography, little is known about the performance of his chromatographic systems. His descriptions of the separation of plant pigments are detailed but nevertheless difficult to interprete by today's chromatographic theory. By our own experiments with the system calcium carbonate/benzene it was found that the separation factor of chlorophyll a and b is approx. 1.6 which means that less than 100 theoretical plates are necessary for separation. Tswett's columns with 50 μm particles and 2–3 cm of bed height presumably exceeded this plate number. His separations could have been impaired by mass overload and by a volume flow rate which was two orders of magnitude faster than the optimum.
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    Factors influencing retention and resolution of substituted alkylbenzenes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (1992)
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 347-356 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Isomeric substituted alkylbenzenes ; Retention and resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention data of isomeric xylenes, ethyltoluenes and diethylbenzenes, and of mesitylene, benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were obtained on a reversedphase column using methanol-water and ethanol-water mobile phases at four different temperatures. This database was used to relate the dependence of solute retention and resolution on the polarity of the mobile phase, solute dipole moment, and column temperature. The additivity of the free energy of the transfer of solute molecules or solute segments from the stationary phase to the mobile phase, was examined for the isomeric compounds. For this, the logarithm of the net retention volume was substituted for the free energy. Deviations from the additivity of free energies indicate that the separation of isomeric substituted alkylbenzenes is governed by their differential interactions with both the polar mobile phase and nonpolar stationary phase. Among the disubstituted alkylbenzenes,ortho-isomers favor the mobile phase more andpara-isomers tend to prefer the stationary phase more. Themeta-isomers are found to follow the additivity rule closely. These trends are amplified as the polarity of the mobile phase is increased indicating that these isomers are resolved better in water-rich mobile phases. These findings are substantiated by analogous results from gas-liquid chromatographic retention data, estimation of dipole moment effects, and examination of the entropic and enthalpic contributions to the net retention volume.
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    Direct determination of Benzo[a]pyrene in oil distillates by on-line two-dimensional HPLC with column switching (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 376-380 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Column switching ; Polycyclic aromatics ; Oil distillates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A selective and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]p) in oil fractions by means of column switching is described. The diluted oil samples were injected directly onto a silica column with isooctane as eluent. After fast elution of the main part of the sample matrix, the B[a]p containing fraction was transferred on-line to a dinitro-aryl-modified silica column for final separation with isooctane/tetrahydrofuran. A detection limit of 50 ppt B[a]p was found when using fluorescence detection.
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    Gradient high performance liquid chromatography of block copolymers of styrene andt-butyl methacrylate II. Association phenomena in mixtures of block copolymer with polystyrene (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Precipitation chromatography of polymers ; Block copolymers of styrene-butyl methacrylate ; Association phenomena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Block copolymers of styrene andt-butyl methacrylate can be analysed by methanol/tetrahydrofuran gradients on C18 or phenyl bonded phase columns. On both of these columns, retention increases with styrene content of the samples. At 50°C, the retention of PS or a block copolymer containing 45% styrene was longer on the phenyl than the C18 columns. This indicates the contribution of adsorption to retention on phenyl bonded phase columns. Lowering the temperature from 50 to 30°C caused earlier elution of part of the sample from the phenyl phase. On a C18 phase the same drop in temperature improved the shape of the peak, which also started later than at 50°C. This effect of temperature is generally observed in polymer retention due to an adsorption mechanism, whereas increasing retention with decrease in temperature is characteristic of a precipitation mechanism. The block copolymer investigated contained 15% free polystyrene precursor which could not be separated from the block copolymer under the conditions employed. The addition of 20% PS homopolymer with a molecular weight similar to that of the styrene block in the copolymer showed that the polystyrene eluted together with the block copolymer, whereas the addition of PS homopolymer with a much higher molecular weight caused an extra peak at the expected elution time.
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    Multidentate phenyl-bonded phases in high-performance liquid chromatography (1992)
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 381-385 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Molecular recognition ; Multidentate phenyl-bonded phases ; PAHs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary New multidentate phenyl-bonded phases (MPBPs) were synthesized and evaluated the chromatographic retention behaviour with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sample probes in high-performance liquid chromatography. The new MPBPs show different retention characteristics from the previously synthesized MPBP, designated TP. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the retention mechanism is still the same as the TP phase: the size and shape of the solute molecule can be recognized by a cavity-like space formed by the methyl groups and phenyl rings of MPBPs.
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    Comparison and evaluation of HIC columns of different hydrophobicity (1992)
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 391-397 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Hydrophobic interaction ; Stationary phases ; Salt effect ; Proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention and selectivity in hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) depend both on the type of stationary phase and on the mobile phase. In the last few years various high performance packing materials and columns have been introduced for HIC resulting in a range of different retentions and selectivity. We have investigated the effect of the stationary phase on the retention of various proteins. The retention of some solutes of different hydrophobicities were measured on three commercial HIC columns (TSK-Phenyl, Synchropack-Propyl, CAA-HIC) under isocratic conditions using water-methanol mixtures as eluent. The log kw values determined according to the literature were devalues determined according to the literature were dependent on the type and structure of the stationary phase and indicated a much less hydrophobic character for these columns than that obtained for reversed phase columns. Gradient separations were then carried out on a standard protein mixture using ammonium sulfate and sodium citrate to change the gradient time. In order to compare the effect of the stationary phase and the two salts investigated apparent capacity factors (kg) were determined and plotted against the gradient time obtained for the three columns in the two eluent system. It was shown that the type of stationary phase had a significant effect on the retention of proteins. In addition, the effect of the mobile phase composition, i.e. salt type, was considerably different on the various stationary phases. In order to exploit the potential of HIC to modulate selectivity for the separation of proteins, the combined effect of the stationary phase and the type of salt should be taken into account.
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    Chromatographic characteristics of porphyrine ether glycerides (1992)
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    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 431-432 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Thin-layer chromatography ; Porphyrine ether glycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Efficient TLC and HPLC conditions for the separation of a newly synthesized class of compounds, porphyrine ether glycerides, have been established. Supplementary physico-chemical characteristics are given for this group of solutes.
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    Integrated FIA/HPLC method for preconcentration and determination of transition metal ions (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 445-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Flow injection analysis ; Combined methods ; Transition metal ions ; Aqueous samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An automatic method based on the combination of a flow injection (FI) manifold with a liquid chromatograph has been developed for the enrichment and determination of transition metal ions in water samples. Alternatively, the FI configuration can be used as a screening system for the determination of the total concentration of heavy metals. Two-parameter expressions for calibration graphs involving preconcentration time and concentration of the analytes were established for both the FIA and the integrated FIA/HPLC methods. The preconcentration time depends on the concentration level of the analytes in the samples. The method is linear in the range 2–200 ng/ml, with r.s.d. values between 1.5 and 5.0. It has been applied to the determination of copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, cadmium and manganese in synthetic water samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290233
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    Comparison of HPLC and solid phase clean-up methods for identification of PCBs in cod-liver oil by HRGC/MS-SIM technique (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 421-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; PCBs in cod-liver oil ; GC/MS identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A group of non-planar PCBs (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) was identified in a cod-liver oil product by using high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS) in electron impact (EI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) modes. The cod-liver oil samples were prepared either in a cyano column by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or by a solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up procedure that included e.g. purified charcoal treatment. The two methods of sample preparation were evaluated on the basis of the detectabilities of the congeners. The GC/MS-SIM method allowed quantitative monitoring of congeners nos. 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180 at low concentration levels. Detection limits were 1.2 pg and 130 fg (m/z 292.00) in EI and NCI modes, respectively. The determination levels in EI and NCI were 1.8 pg and 290 fg in HPLC followed by HRGC/MS and 170 pg and 27 pg in SPE followed by HRGC/MS. The linear range was from 5.0 pg/μl to 1.0 ng/μl and from 1.0 pg/μl to 1.0 ng/μl in EI and NCI modes, respectively. In addition, the co-planar PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs were also screened and two of the chlorinated furanes were identified by HRGC/MS-NCI after separation from non-planar PCBs by SPE. In this case the only congeners that could be quantified were 2,3,4,7,8-PCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HCDF, the detection limit for them being 740 fg (m/z 351.90) with NCI. SPE allows the separation of the planar and non-planar compounds, but LC separation is more effective for separation of the compounds of interest from the matrix. LC clean-up is easier and faster to perform than SPE clean-up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268378
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    Separation of stereoisomers of tetramethylcalix[4]arenoctol and derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Calix[4]arenes ; Host-guest chemistry ; Separation of stereoisomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A high performance liquid chromatographic procedure on 5 μm RP-18 was developed for the separation of the four possible cis-trans isomers of tetramethyl-calix[4]arenoctol, and of their octaacetates, and their octamethyl ethers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290235
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    HPLC separation of molecular species of intact sphingomyelin, utilizing multivariate design and optimization (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 529-533 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Sphingomyelin ; Molecular species separation ; Experimental design and optimization ; Chemometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An improved method has been developed for the separation of molecular species of intact sphingomyelins from natural sources (chicken egg yolk, bovine brain, and bovine milk) by high performance liquid chromatography with light-scattering detection. The method was developed and optimized using a novel multivariate optimization strategy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290247
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    High-performance liquid chromatography of carbohydrates in enzymic hydrolysate of waste paper (1992)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 534-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Carbohydrates ; Enzymic hydrolysate ; Waste paper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Waste paper was pretreated with 5M sulfuric acid at 28°C to give a gel-like solution which was then hydrolyzed with cellulase, purified fromTrichoderma viride, to form carbohydrates. The determination of the carbohydrates was accomplished using an aminopropylbonded silica HPLC column and an RI detector. The detection limits were 20 ppm; xylose, glucose, and cellobiose were the major components. Salts from the buffer solution may affect the activity of cellulase. The analysis of carbohydrates can be performed under acid conditions. HPLC analysis of carbohydrates from enzymatic hydrolysis is reliable and successful.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290248
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    5S ribosomal gene clusters in wheat: pulsed field gel electrophoresis reveals a high degree of polymorphism (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 232 (1992), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: 5S ribosomal genes ; Triticum aestivum ; Pulsed field gel electrophoresis ; Genetic fingerprinting ; Hypervariability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The long-range structure of 5S rRNA gene clusters has been investigated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by means of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Using aneuploid stocks, 5S rRNA gene clusters were assigned to sites on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 513 and 5D. Cluster sizes were evaluated and the copy number of 5S DNA repeats was estimated at 4700-5200 copies for the short repeating unit (410 bp) and about 3100 copies for the long repeat (500 bp) per haploid genome. A comparison of wheat cultivars revealed extremely high levels of polymorphism in the 5S rRNA gene clusters. With one restriction enzyme digest all varieties tested gave unique banding patterns and, on a per fragment basis, 21-fold more polymorphism was detected among cultivars for 5S DNA compared to standard restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected with single copy clones. Experiments with aneuploid stocks suggest that the 5S rRNA gene clusters at several chromosomal sites contribute to this polymorphism. A number of previous reports have shown that wheat cultivars are not easily distinguished by isozymes or RFLPs. The high level of variation detected in 5S rRNA gene clusters therefore offers the possibility of a sensitive fingerprinting method for wheat. 5S DNA and other macro-satellite sequences may also serve as hypervariable Mendelian markers for genetic and breeding experiments in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279999
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    Genetic control of a response to the segregation distortion allele, Sd-1d, in the common wheat line ‘Indis’ (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 89-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cuckoo effect ; gametocidal chromosome/gene ; preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A translocated chromosome segment, derived from Thinopyrum distichum, carries the leaf rust resistance allele Lr19d and a segregation distorter allele, Sd-1d. In translocation heterozygotes, male and female gametophytes lacking the translocation are aborted, the severity of the effect depending on the genotype of the hybrid. The selective abortion of the gametophytes with a normal chromosome 7D appears to be based on the absence of the translocated chromosome rather than the presence of the normal chromosome. The magnitude of the gametocidal response, elicited by Sd-1d, is under multigenic control. A number of chromosomes, the individual effects of which are generally small, may act to suppress or promote the response. Chromosome arms 2AL, 2BL, 5BL and 5DL of ‘Chinese Spring’ were found to reduce sensitivity to the presence of the gametocidal chromosome. Chromosome 3B of ‘Inia 66-1’ also reduce the gametocidal response while chromosome arm 6DS of ‘Chinese Spring’ may promote the effect
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029663
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    Genetic analysis and selection for wheat yield in drought-stressed and irrigated environments (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 89-96 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stress tolerance ; genetic variance ; genetic correlation ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in the southern Great Plains of the U.S.A. are exposed to a wide range of moisture conditions due to large fluctuations in the amount and frequency of rainfall. Yield stability under those conditions is therefore a desirable trait for wheat breeders. Our primary objective was to quantify various genetic parameters for grain production in drought-stressed and irrigated environments. We also attempted to predict and measure yield responses when selection is practiced in either drought-stressed or irrigated environments, or both. Seventy F2-derived lines from the cross, TAM W-101/Sturdy, were evaluated at Goodwell, OK, under irrigated and naturally drought-stressed conditions in 1987 and 1988. Genetic variance and heritability estimates were higher in the irrigated environment than in the drought-stressed environment. The genetic correlation coefficient for yields in the two environments was 0.20±0.16, indicating that selection of widely adapted genotypes requires testing in both environments. Based on the genetic variance/covariance structure of this particular population, the linear index which maximized the combined expected gain in both environments was 0.66Y1 + 0.34Y2, in which Y1 and Y2 are yields in the irrigated and drought-stressed environments. This index is not expected to apply across all populations; rather, it further supports the hypothesis that testing in either environment alone (drought stressed or irrigated) may not be most effective for increasing either mean productivity or yield under drought stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037933
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    Genotypic differences in wheat Al tolerance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminium ; root growth ; screening ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aluminium tolerance of 83 genotypes from Croatian and Yugoslav Triticum aestivum germplasm was evaluated in nutrient solutions having Al3+ activities of 0, 12.5 and 25 μM. Relative root length (25 μM Al3+/0 Al) of various genotypes ranged from 2 to 97% (from very sensitive to tolerant to Al). No genotype with Al tolerance close to that of very tolerant cultivar Atlas-66 was found. Soil, climatic, fertilization, and liming effects that wheat plants giving seeds for the nutrient solution Al-tolerance screening had been subjected to during their growth cycle did not influence the Al-tolerance ranking. Significant correlation was found between screening wheat for Al tolerance in nutrient solutions and in acid Pseudogley soil amended with five rates of limestone in a greenhouse experiment. Seed protein concentration was significantly related to the Al-tolerance ranking (r2 = 0.962). Such a significant correlation was not obtained in a case of rheological and other quality characteristics of seeds. Al-tolerant wheat genotypes identified in this study will be used in breeding for improved Al tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037936
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    Pre-emptive breeding to control wheat rusts (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 103-113 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: durable resistance ; genetic diversity ; pathogenic variation ; pre-emptive breeding ; Puccinia spp. ; resistance breeding ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pre-emptive or anticipatory breeding for resistance is breeding for resistance to future pathotypes. It is assumed that these will be derivatives of currently frequent pathotypes that need to mutate with respect to single host resistance genes in order to attack widely-grown cultivars. Success in this approach depends on relevant knowledge of the pathogenicity phenotypes and host resistance genes that occur throughout the wheat-growing areas. Because durability of resistance cannot be assumed, resistance breeding strategies are usually supported with the maintenance of genetic diversity to provide buffering against extreme crop losses in the event of significant pathogenic changes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023916
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    Role of chromosome 3A in stomatal resistance of winter wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 59-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; stomatal resistance ; chromosome 3A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf stomatal resistance, through transpiration and photosynthesis control, constitutes a major factor of productivity and adaptation in wheat. The aim of the investigations reported here was to identify chromosomal effects on the expression of the maximum stomatal resistance, determined under optimum conditions of irradiance and water supply. Leaf stomatal resistance was measured, on wheat grown in pots under natural and well-watered conditions, using a LI-COR LI-6200 portable photosynthesis system under a saturating light〉1400 μmol m-1 s-2. Reciprocal sets of chromosome substitution lines between two hard red winter wheat cultivars, Wichita and Cheyenne, were used to identify the chromosomes involved in the expression of this trait. The two parental cultivars were significantly different for the parameter investigated. Chromosome 3A appeared to be involved in the expression of the stomatal resistance value under optimum conditions. Taking into account the relationships previously established between this parameter and some agronomic traits, chromosome 3A might be involved directly in productivity-determining processes or in the adaptation to water conditions, in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036088
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    Relationship between cold resistance, heading traits and ear primordia development of wheat cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heading time ; narrow-sense earliness ; photoperiodic response ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalization requirement ; winter hardiness ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For breeding early heading wheat cultivars with resistance to frost damage which are well adapted to dry areas of West Asia and North Africa, the relationships between winter hardiness, ear primordia development and heading traits, i.e. veernalization requirement, photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, were assessed using a total of 30 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in an experiment in Syria. The results of artificial freezing tests indicated that cultivars with good winter hardiness were to be found only in the winter wheat cultivars which required 50 or more days of vernalization treatment. These winter wheat cultivars did not initiate internode elongation without vernalization even at 95 days after planting. Thus their ear primordia were still underground and were protected from frost injury at this stage. Photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were not associated with winter hardiness and earliness of internode elongation, but were related to the number of days to heading after planting. This indicated the possibility for breeding early heading cultivars with winter hardiness and tiller frost avoidance by combining high vernalization requirement, short narrow-sense earliness and neutral response to photoperiod.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023545
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    Past, present and future opportunities in breeding for disease resistance, with examples from wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 3-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; yellow (stripe) rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; septoria ; Septoria tritici ; S. nodorum ; eyespot ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; resistance genetics ; pathogen variation ; durable resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This introductory chapter contains some general comments about plant breeding and breeding for disease resistance. The use of disease resistant crop plants is an environmentally favourable method of controlling disease but the process of breeding for disease resistance is subject to several constraints. Among them is the variability of pathogens in relation to host resistance. Some parts of this variation can be resolved into gene-for-gene interactions, but the boundaries within which such interactions can be detected are not sharp. The discussion of this variation is illustrated by reference to some important diseases of wheat, especially yellow rust, septoria and eyespot. The objective of obtaining durable resistance is discussed and some contributions of new genetical and molecular techniques to breeding for resistance are considered. It is suggested that new technology will enhance breeding for disease resistance but that established techniques of plant breeding will remain relevant and important.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023908
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    Effects of variations in soil water potential, depth of N placement, and cultivar on postanthesis N uptake by wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen harvest index ; nitrogen uptake efficiency ; soil water potential ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the influence of soil water potential, depth of N placement, timing, and cultivar on uptake of a small dose of labeled N applied after anthesis by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Understanding postanthesis N accumulation should allow better control of grain protein concentration through proper manipulation of inputs. Two hard, red spring-wheat cultivars were planted in early and late fall each yr of a 2-yr field experiment. Less than 1 kg N ha−1 as K 15NO3 was injected into the soil at two depths: shallow (0.05 to 0.08 m) and deep (0.15 to 0.18 m). In both years an irrigation was applied at anthesis, and injections of labeled N were timed 4, 12, and 20 days after anthesis (DAA). Soil water potential was estimated at the time of injection. Mean recovery of 15N in grain and straw was 57% of the 15N applied. Recovery did not differ between the high-protein (Yecora Rojo) and the low-protein (Anza or Yolo) cultivars. Mean recovery from deep placement was 60% versus only 54% from shallow placement (p 〈 0.01). Delaying the time of injection decreased mean recovery significantly from 58% at 4 DAA to 54% at 20 DAA. This decrease was most pronounced in the shallow placement, where soil drying was most severe. Regressions of recovery on soil water potential of individual cultivar x yr x planting x depth treatments were significant only under the driest conditions. Stepwise regression of 15N recovery on soil water potential and yield parameters using data from all treatments of both years resulted in an equation including soil water potential and N yield, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.64. The translocation of 15N to grain was higher (0.89) than the nitrogen harvest index (0.69), and showed a highly significant increase with increase in DAA. This experiment indicates that the N uptake capacity of wheat remains reasonably constant between 4 and 20 DAA unless soil drying is severe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009127
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    Control of relative growth rate by application of the relative addition rate technique to a traditional solution culture system (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: relative addition rate ; relative growth rate ; traditional solution culture ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relative addition rate (RAR) technique allows the nutritional control of plant relative growth rate (RGR) by the provision of nutrients at exponential supply rates. The technique, however, was developed with technologically sophisticated aeroponic systems. In this paper, we report on experiments used to adapt the RAR technique to a conventional solution culture system. A background concentration requirement of 36 μM nitrogen (N), with other nutrients supplied in proportion to N, was necessary to produce a constant RGR of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) at a low RAR. Solution pH changes were reduced by increasing the percentage of NH4 in the nitrogen supply, but the plants exhibited dry weight reductions and symptoms of toxicity above 30% NH4. For wheat, a ratio of 25/75 NH4/NO3 was optimum for minimizing pH changes within the nontoxic range. A test of the effectiveness of the RAR technique using this background concentration and NH4/NO3 ratio showed that RGR increased with RAR with a linear slope of 0.55 and an intercept of 0.07 d-1. Although the relationship between growth rate and nutrient supply was less than the one-to-one dependence of RGR on RAR that has been obtained with more sophisticated apparatus, application of the RAR technique to a conventional solution culture system still affords considerable control of RGR and presents a simple method for growing plants at different levels of nutrient stress and at distinct RGRs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010181
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    Wheat growth responses of cultivars to H+ concentration (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soils ; low pH ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shoot length (cm), shoot fresh weight (g/pot), root length (cm), and root fresh weight (g/pot) were measured on six cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Saluda, C9733, Gore, Stacy, FL301, and FL302) grown at pH 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, or 4.0 for 14 days in ‘white quartz flintshot’ sand. Plants were watered on alternate days with pH-adjusted buffer solutions. All measured plant parameters decreased as H+ concentration increased from pH 6.0 to 4.0. Decreased lengths of shoots and roots were similar among the cultivars as the pH decreased. This indicated a uniform response of wheat cultivars to excess H+ concentration in the soil solution; however, the decrease in shoot and root length was only about 50% as large as was previously reported for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.].
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    Preliminary results from a microscopic examination on the effects of aluminium on the root tips of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 83-87 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; electron microscope ; light microscope ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root tips from aluminium (Al) tolerant (Waalt) and Al sensitive (Warigal) wheat (Triticum aestivum (L). Thell.) cultivars exposed to low concentrations of Al (10 μM) for 10, 24 and 72 hours were examined under the light and electron microscope. After fixing and embedding, longitudinal and transverse thin and ultrathin sections were cut. There was no evidence of Al damage to the root tips of the Al tolerant cultivar under both the light and electron microscope. For the Al sensitive cultivar, Al had no observable effect on the root tips 10 hours after Al addition when examined under the light microscope. When examined under an electron microscope, electron dense globular deposits were observed between the cell wall and cell membrane of the epidermal cells. There was not obvious damage to the cell cytoplasm. Two or 3 days after Al addition, light microscopy showed that the cells in the root tips had become swollen and extensively vacuolated. The tissues appeared disorganised and degenerate, particularly in the epidermis and outer cortical cells. The electron microscope also revealed a thickening of the cell wall. The cell wall was broken down, particularly in the epidermis in the region 4–6 mm from the root tip. The tissue in the meristematic area was largely intact.
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    Selecting zinc-efficient cereal genotypes for soils of low zinc status (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Avena sativa ; genotypic differences ; grain zinc ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; zinc concentration ; zinc deficiency ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Deficiencies of zinc are well known in all cereals and cereal-growing countries. From physiological evidence reported elsewhere, it would appear that a critical level for zinc is required in the soil before roots will either grow into it or function effectively; it is likely the requirement is frequently not met in deep sandy, infertile profiles widespread in southern Australia. Because fertilizing subsoils is impractical, this paper presents arguments for breeding cereal varieties with root systems better able to mobilise zinc from soil sources of low availability. Other agronomic arguments are presented in support of breeding for zinc efficiency. Significant genetic variation for this character is described for wheat, barley and oats. Linkage to other efficiency traits (e.g., manganese) is poor suggesting independent mechanisms and genetic control not linked to gross root system geometry. Zinc efficiency traits for sandy and clayey soils appear to be genetically different. Zinc-efficient genotypes absorb more zinc from deficient soils, produce more dry matter and more grain yield but do not necessarily have the highest zinc concentrations in tissue or grain. Although high grain zinc concentration also appears to be under genetic control, it is not tightly linked to agronomic zinc efficiency traits and may have to be selected for independently. High grain zinc is considered a desirable quality factor which not only contributes to the seedling vigour of the next generation but could increase the nutritional value of the grain in areas where a high dependence on grains for food may result in zinc deficiency in humans.
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    Use of the gene pools of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and Aegilops squarrosa for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum), through chromosome-doubled hybrids (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1992), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides ; wild emmer wheat ; Aegilops squarrosa ; synthethic hexaploid wheat ; breeding common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Novel amphiploids or synthetic hexaploid wheats, derived from eleven accessions of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (wild emmer wheat, AABB, 2n=28) and eight accessions of Aegilops squarrosa (goat grass, DD, 2n=14) were studied. Most amphiploids were normal, vigorous and fertile. Among amphiploids a wide variation for morphological characteristics was observed. The glumes were found very tenacious and the rachis tough, or nearly so. First metaphase of meiosis proved to be quite regular; however, some aneuploid offspring occurred in successive generations. In F1 hybrids between T. aestivum (common wheat, AABBDD, 2n=42) ‘Chinese Spring’ and the synthetic hexaploids the rate of chromosome association was lower than in both parents, and significant differences were observed between amphiploids. Multivalents occurred in very low frequencies in these F1 hybrids. The rate of chromosome association in a hybrid between two synthetic hexaploids was found to be very low. The results are discussed in terms of genetic interactions and structural differences between the genomes of the respective species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041274
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    Variation observed among bread wheat Wants found in durum fields on Rhodes in 1987 (1992)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 39 (1992), S. 3-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum durum ; durum wheat ; variation ; Rhodos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bread wheat plants contaminating two adjacent durum wheat fields near Tholos, Rhodos, could be classed in two groups. The origin of these two groups is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052649
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    The effect of water supply on the response of subterranean clover, annual medic and wheat to superphosphate applications (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 161-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Bicarbonate soil test for phosphorus ; Medicago polymorpha ; relative effectiveness ; residual value ; superphosphate ; Trifolium subterraneum ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water supply on the response of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), annual medic (Medicago polymorpha) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) to levels of phosphorus (P) applied to the soil (soil P) was studied in four glasshouse experiments. P was applied as powdered superphosphate. In one experiment, the effect on plant yield of P concentration in the sown seed (seed P) was also studied. There were two water treatments: the soil was returned to field capacity, by watering to weight, either daily (adequate water, W1) or weekly (water stress, W2). In three experiments: (i) P concentration or content (P concentration × yield) in plant tissue was related to plant yield, and (ii) soil samples were collected before sowing to measure bicarbonate-extractable P (soil test P) which was related to subsequent plant yields. Compared with W1, water stress consistently reduced yields of dried tops and the maximum yield plateau for the relationship between yield and the level of P applied, by up to 25 to 60% in both cases. Compared with W1, the effectiveness of superphosphate for producing dried tops decreased for W2 by 11 to 45%, for both freshly-applied and incubated superphosphate. Consequently in the field, water supply, which varies with seasonal conditions, may effect plant yield responses to freshly — and previously — applied P fertilizer. Seed P increased yields, for W1, by 40% for low soil P and 20% for high soil P; corresponding values for W2 were 20 and 12%. Consequently proportional increases due to seed P were smaller for the water-stressed treatment. The relationship between yield and P concentration or content (internal efficiency of P use) differed for W1 and W2, so that the same P concentration or content in tissue was related to different yields. Estimating the P status of plants from tissue P values evidently depends on water supply, which in the field, differs in different years depending on seasonal conditions. The relationship between yield and soil test P differed for W1 and W2. Predicting yields from soil test P can only provide a guide, because plant yields depend on both P and water supply, which in the field may vary depending on seasonal conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051171
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    Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic cell suspensions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 28 (1992), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: plant regeneration ; protoplast ; somatic embryo ; suspension ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the early formation of somatic embryos followed by plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from an embryogenic wheat cell suspension, which was initiated from small granular (0.2 to 1 mm in size) embryogenic calli. These granular calli formed embryogenic cell suspensions within 20 days in liquid culture, and were selected gradually from young inflorescence-derived nodular embryogenic calli of the winter wheat cv. Kehong 1041. The division frequency of protoplasts was 11 to 16%, and the frequency of differentiation into plants was about 0.001% (number of plants formed divided by the total number of protoplasts plated). About 20% of somatic embryos present in the culture formed directly from protoplast-derived cells within 15 days of cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039918
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    Crossability percentages of bread wheat landraces from Sichuan Province, China with rye (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The crossabilities of 177 landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Sichuan Basin and its adjacent mountain ranges with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. 16 landraces possess a higher crossability than Chinese Spring, 34 landraces have a similar and 127 landraces have a lower crossability than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. Most landraces with high crossability occur in Qinling Mountain and Dabashan Mountain Ranges in north of Sichuan and the valleys of Minjiang River, Fujiang River and Jialinjiang River in Sichuan Basin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035540
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    The response of field-inoculated wheat cultivars to mixtures of Septoria tritici isolates (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Mycosphaerella graminicola ; Septoria tritici ; septoria tritici blotch ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat cultivars of diverse genetical background and response to Septoria tritici were inoculated during 2 years in the field with single or mixtures of isolates. Significant reductions in pycnidial coverage were recorded for mixtures of 2 or 5 isolates relative to the virulent isolate ISR8036 under the moderate 1989/1990 epidemic. The interactions between cultivars and all possible combinations among ISR398A1, USR8036 and the 1:1. mixture of the 2 isolates were highly significant. Cultivars exposed to mixtures of isolates expressed differential response in pycnidial coverage compared to the single isolate response. The coverage in the mixtures was significantly less than that of the arithmetic mean between the two isolates. Under the severe 1990/1991 epidemic pycnidial coverage on cultivars inoculated with the mixture of the same 2 isolates did not differ statistically from that of ISR8036, yet, ISR398A1 differed from ISR8036 and the isolate mixture. Losses in 1000-kernel weight for 12 wheat cultivars which were repeated during the 2-trial-years were significantly lower in the isolate mixture relative to that of ISR8036. The suppression of symptoms in isolate mixture relative to the expected expression of the most virulent component may be indicative of differential aggressiveness of isolates regardless of their virulence. The phenomenon may affect screening and selection procedures in breeding for resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035543
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    Is somaclonal variation a reliable tool for spring wheat improvement? (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic performance ; somaclonal variation ; tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seed progeny of tissue culture regenerants of a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. HY320) was evaluated for key agronomic traits for three years under field conditions. Initially, 27 regenerant families were tested in hill plots. Among-family and within-family variation was generally highly significant (p 〈 0.01) and nonsignificant, respectively. The variation observed among regenerants on the basis of hill plot testing was not duplicated in subsequent four-row plot experiments. On average, regenerant families yielded 28 and 5% less than the control in dryland and irrigated tests, respectively. Low yielding regenerants tended to produce fewer, lighter kernels per spike. Higher grain protein levels among regenerants were associated with low yields (r=0.85). This study demonstrated that putative somaclonal variation arising from tissue culture failed to produce genotypes agronomically superior to the parental cultivar, HY 320.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039402
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    The role of Lr34 in imparting durable resistance to wheat leaf rust through gene interaction (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 9-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; leaf rust ; Puccinia recondita ; adult plant resistance ; durable resistance ; substitution lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The leaf rust responses of wheat lines carrying the complementary genes Lr27 and Lr31 and the same genes in a Chinese Spring background which contains Lr34, indicate that Lr34 interacts with the complementary genes to give enhanced levels of field resistance to leaf rust. Lr34, particularly in combination with other genes, is considered to be an important gene for imparting a high degree of durable resistance to leaf rust. Its similarity to Sr2, an adult plant gene for resistance to stem rust and its association with adult plant resistances to stem and stripe rusts are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035541
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    Enhanced leaf rust resistance in wheat conditioned by resistance gene pairs with Lr13 (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rust resistance ; gene interaction ; Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; leaf rust ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf rust resistance gene Lr13 is present in many North American hard red spring wheat cultivars that have shown durable resistance to leaf rust. Fifteen pair-wise combinations of Lr13 and seedling leaf rust resistance genes were developed by intercrossing near isogenic Thatcher lines. In both seedling and adult plant tests, homozygous paired combinations of specific resistance genes with Lr13 had enhanced resistance relative to either parent to rust isolates that had intermediate avirulent infection types to the additional genes. In field tests, homozygous lines were more resistant than either parent if the additional leaf rust gene conditioned an effective level of resistance when present singly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026802
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    Genetic analysis of resistance to bacterial leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. undulosa in bread wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 35-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: black chaff ; Triticum aestivum ; Xanthomonas translucens ; inheritance ; resistance ; bacterial stripe ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf streak or black chaff of wheat was studied under field conditions, with an artificial epidemic of Xanthomonas campestris pv. undulosa. A complete series of crosses between five parents, differing in reaction to X. c. pv. undulosa, was generated. Disease was recorded at two different stages of growth. No evidence of cytoplasmic effect was found from the comparison between reciprocal F1 crosses. The study of the F3 generations attested that five genes were involved in resistance to bacterial leaf streak. Separate analyses carried out for the two scoring dates were mutually consistent: genotypes, number of genes, and their action and relative importance were verified. The genes differed in strength of expression of resistance. One of the two strongest genes, Bls1, is present in all three superior parents, Pavon 76, Mochis T88 and Angostura F88. Resistance was not complete, and proved to be stable over the season.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023506
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    Analysis of adaptation of barley, triticale, durum and bread wheat under Mediterranean conditions (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; barley ; bread wheat ; durum wheat ; triticale ; small grain cereals ; regression analysis ; stability parameters ; crop x environment interaction ; specific instabilities ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; Hordeum vulgare, x Tritico secale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Yield data obtained from a comparative small grain cereals trial, grown for five consecutive growing seasons at a total of 23 environments in Cyprus, were subjected to regression analysis. Within each environment, yield trials consisted of a standard set of three cultivars or elite lines of barley, triticale, durum and bread wheat. The regression coefficient (b) of crop mean on the environmental index (I) and the mean square deviation from regression (sd2) were calculated for each crop. Each crop tended to have its own characteristic value of sd2 and its magnitude was an excellent indicator of specific crop-environment interaction. The causes of large sd2, for two of the four crops, were the susceptibilith of barley to lodging, when favourable conditions were encountered at high yielding environments, and triticale dependence on late season precipitation. Durum wheat and triticale had an average response to different yielding environments (b〉1.19) and both were significantly different from those of bread wheat (1.08) and barley (0.54). Hence, barley, bread and durum wheat are specifically adapted to low, average and high yielding Mediterranean environments, respectively. The cultivation of triticale at the expence of durum wheat is not feasible. Furthermore, interactions between crops and environments demonstrated by the regression parameters, should constitute the basis for decision making, regarding crop adaptation in a region. The average yield in all environments should not be considered as a proper criterion for adaptation. In this study, triticale had a similar mean grain yield (3,842 kg/ha) to that of bread wheat, but was significantly higher yielding than barley or durum wheat (5 and 7%, respectively).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022193
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    Genetic effects of Vrn genes on heading date and agronomic traits in bread wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Vrn genes ; heading date ; yield components ; vernalization ; growth habit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Vrn1, Vrn2 and Vrn3 genes have different values of effects on heading date and related yield components. The genetic background and environment do not affect the ranking of Vrn genotypes according to earliness within near-isogenic line sets; however, they do influence the level of differences between heading dates of particular genotypes and between effect values, respectively. The frequencies of defined Vrn genotypes in the global set of spring bread wheat cultivars are associated with grain weight per plant predicted on the basis of Vrn gene effects averaged over backgrounds and over environments. Peculiarities of backgrounds and environments alter the grain yield ranges of Vrn genotypes. For early photoperiod-insensitive wheats, planted in stress conditions at grain filling, the highest yield was predicted for double dominant Vrn genotypes with Vrn3. This gene is rarely used by the breeders in middle latitudes and its wider adoption is encouraged.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022199
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    Dough mixing tolerance in non-1BL/1RS translocation wheats (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dough mixing tolerance ; dough un-mixing time ; sticky dough problem ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The dough mixing tolerances of a number of non-1BL/1RS translocation wheat breeding lines and cultivars were measured using dough un-mixing time as the measure of mixing tolerance. For three different sets of wheats a large range in mixing tolerance was found. Wheats with short dough un-mixing times quickly broke down in the mixer to produce sticky doughs. Wheats with long dough un-mixing times possessed doughs which were more cohesive at optimum development, and therefore more resistant to breakdown by mechanical shear forces. Selection for dough mixing tolerance would ensure the breeding of wheat cultivars more suited for usage in high speed mechanical dough developers, and the modern food processing industry. Dough mixing tolerance, as measured by dough un-mixing time, was considerably influenced by flour protein content, and the environment. The incorporation of alien germplasms into wheat such as 1BL/1RS, and VPM-1, which produce sticky doughs, would be facilitated by selection for dough mixing tolerance, as measured by dough un-mixing time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025302
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    The importance of initial seed size in wheat plant response to salinity (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 197-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blade area ; grain yield ; leaf appearance rate ; phyllochron ; salt stress ; sand cultures, tillers ; Triticum aestivum ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Large initial seed size frequently confers distinct advantages on cereal crops in terms of seedling vigor, hardiness, improved stand establishment, and higher productivity. This study was conducted to determine if these advantages inherent in the plants grown from large seeds persist when the crop is subjected to salinity stress. Two hard red spring wheat cultivars, ‘Yecora Rojo’ and ‘Anza’ were grown in greenhouse sand cultures from seed of two size classes that differed in weight by a factor of 2. The cultures were irrigated four times daily with complete nutrient solutions to which NaCl and CaCl2 (2:1 molar ratio) were added to achieve osmotic potentials of −0.05. −0.55, and −0.70 MPa with electrical conductivities of 1.8, 12.8, and 15.8 dS m-1, respectively. In response to both salinity and small initial seed size, the following plant characteristics decreased: leaf appearance rate, blade area, tillers per plant, spikelets per spike and seeds per spike. Plants grown from large seeds out-yielded those from small seeds by 8, 37, and 27% for Yecora Rojo and by 15, 30, and 23% for Anza at osmotic potentials of −0.05, −0.55 and −0.70 MPa, respectively. Compared to the corresponding nonsaline controls, the yield of Yecora Rojo grown at −0.55 MPa was 51% for the plants from large seed and 35% from the small seeds. For Anza salinized at −0.55 MPa, these values were 49 and 40%, respectively. Exploitation of the benefits derived from large initial seed size may be a cost-effective management strategy for improving wheat productivity in salt-affected areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029071
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    Transfer of water from roots into dry soil and the effect on wheat water relations and growth (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought stress ; roots ; soil moisture ; transpiration ; Triticum aestivum ; water potential ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This investigation was performed to study the effect on plant water relations and growth when some of roots grow into dry soil. Common spring water (Triticum aestivum) plants were grown from seed in soil in 1.2 m long PVC (polyvinyl chloride) tubes. Some of the tubes had a PVC partition along their center so that plants developed a split root system (SPR). Part of the roots grew in fully irrigated soil on one side of the partition while the rest of the roots grew into a very dry (-4.1 MPa) soil on the other side of the partition. Split root plants were compared with plants grown from emergence on stored soil moisture (STOR) and with plants that were fully irrigated as needed (IRR). The experiment was duplicated over two temperature regimes (10°/20°C and 15°/25°C, night/day temperatures) in growth chambers. Data were collected on root dry matter distribution, soil moisture status, midday leaf water potential (LWP), leaf relative water content (RWC) and parameters of plant growth and yield. Some roots were found in the dry side of SPR already at 21 DAE (days after emergence) at a soil depth of 15 to 25 cm. Soil water potential around these roots was -0.7 to -1.0 MPa at midday, as compared with the initial value of -4.1 MPa. Therefore, water apparently flowed from the plant into the dry soil, probably during the night. Despite having most of their roots (around 2/3 of the total) in wet soil, SPR plants developed severe plant water stress, even in comparison with STOR plants. Already at 21 DAE, SPR plants had a LWP of -1.5 to -2.0 MPa, while IRR and STOR had a LWP of -0.5 MPa or higher. As a consequence of their greater plant water stress, SPR as compared with IRR plants were lower in tiller number, ear number, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total biomass, plant height and grain yield and had more epicuticular wax on their leaves. It was concluded that the exposure of a relatively small part of a plant root system to a dry soil may result in a plant-to-soil water potential gradient which may cause severe plant water stress, leading to reduced plant growth and yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009550
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    Expression of 17 rye (Secale cereale L.) traits in a range of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) genetic backgrounds (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; bread wheat ; durum wheat Secale cereale ; rye ; gene expression ; alien introduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Expression of 17 rye traits in 24 bread wheat x rye and 8 durum wheat x rye crosses was studied, using a self-compatible, homozygous, dwarf rye. Rye showed epistasis for hairiness on the peduncle in all the crosses of Triticum aestivum and T. durum wheats with rye. Dark greenness of leaves of rye was expressed in all the durum wheat x rye and in some of the bread wheat x rye crosses. Similarly, absence of auricle pubescence, a rye trait, was expressed in most of the durum wheat x rye crosses but not in the bread wheat x rye crosses, indicating the presence of inhibitors for these traits frequently on the D genome and rarely on the A and/or B genome of wheat. Most of the wide hybrids resembled rye fully or partially for intense waxy bloom on the leaf-sheath and for the absence of basal underdeveloped spikelets. Similarly, most of the amphihaploids resembled rye for the anthocyanin in the coleoptile, stem and node. The presence of some inhibitors on A and/or B genome of wheat was indicated in some of the wheat genotypes for the expression of rye traits viz. intense waxy bloom, anthocyanin in node and absence of basal underdeveloped spikelets. Enhancement in the level of expression of the intensity and length of bristles on the mid-rib of the glume of the hybrids might be due to wheat-rye interaction. Less number of florets/spikelet as in rye showed variable expression in different wheat backgrounds. Some other rye traits like absence of auricles, terminal spikelet and glume-awn were not expressed in the wheat background. The expression of some of the rye genes might have been influenced by their interaction with Triticum cytoplasm and/or the environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022256
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    Genetic analysis of in vitro wheat somatic embryogenesis (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; somatic embryogenesis ; wheat tissue culture genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A spring wheat genotype which produces somatic embryos in vitro, after short and long-term culture, was tested for its ability to sexually transmit this embryogenic trait. Reciprocal crosses were performed between a embryogenic line and a nonembryogenic variety. Immature embryos were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium plus 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, gelled with 5.5 g/l agarose. Somatic embryogenesis was not expressed in the F1's. In contrast, from several hundred immature embryos of the F2 generation of one cross, 10.7% and 1.6% expressed somatic embryogenesis in short and long-term cultures respectively. These percentages of embryogenic: non-embryogenic fits a model of a few complementary genes. The embryogenic capacity of the F2 genotypes depends on the presence of recessive alleles at these gene loci. The long-term wheat somatic embryogenesis capacity requires a more complex mechanism than the short-term one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024553
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    Somaclonal variation in winter wheat: frequency, occurrence and inheritance (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tissue culture ; somaclonal variation ; plant breeding ; Triticum aestivum ; mutation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants were regenerated from immature embryo cultures of 35 winter wheat genotypes. A total of 7142 R2 spike lines from 1593 R1 plants were assessed in the field for somaclonal variants of morphological traits in 1985/86, 1986/87 and 1987/88. Selected variants were studied for their possible genetic basis. Populations of R1 plants were highly variable due mainly to the physiological disturbances resulting from the in vitro processes. Overall somaclonal variation frequencies were 14.2% on the R1 plant basis and 5.3% on the R2 spike basis. Spectra of the variants were similar in the different R2 populations with predominant variants being altered negatively in plant height, maturity, awnedness, and spike and plant types. Over 90% of the variants were observed in some spike progenies of individual regenerants, while the others appeared in all spike progenies of the regenerants and in progenies of different regenerants derived from the same explant embryos. Both uniform R2 variant families and spike lines were found in addition to the segregating variants, which constituted the majority. On average, in a variant family and line, 18 and 14% of their component lines and plants varied, respectively. Inheritability was demonstrated for the variations in both segregated and uniform variant families and spike lines. Of 134 variant selections tested, about 70% was classified inhernable. Both recessive and dominant gene mutations at one, two or three loci were evident in some of the variants as suggested by segregation data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023532
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the Russian wheat aphid on osmotic potential and fructan content of winter wheat seedlings (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: winter wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Russian wheat aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; coldhardiness ; fructan ; osmotic potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of an autumn Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), infestation on winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., was investigated using osmotic potential, fructan content and field survival measurements to estimate coldhardiness. An average infestation of 147 aphids per plant, under simulated hardening conditions, increased the osmotic potential of ‘Froid’ and ‘Brawny’ (more or less coldhardy varieties, respectively) seedlings by 0.236 and 0.345 MPa, respectively. A natural field infestation averaging 9.7 aphids per plant reduced fructan contents of Froid and Brawny seedlings by 22.60 and 59.10 g kg-1 dry wt., respectively. Similar trends occurred after a natural freeze period. Field survival and yield results indicate that the autumn infestation reduced the winter survivability of Brawny by 54% and reduced grain yields by 1217 kg ha-1; survival and yield of infested Froid were not significantly affected. PI 372129, a D. noxia resistant winter wheat genotype was not affected by an infestation in regard to these parameters. These studies suggest that coldhardiness in Froid and Brawny was reduced by D. noxia though only the less hardy Brawny had a significantly reduced winter survivability and grain yield. Therefore, the effects of an autumn D. noxia infestation on some winter wheat genotypes may interact with a winter climate and increase the potential for winterkill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022194
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