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  • Triticum aestivum  (108)
  • Springer  (108)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (108)
  • 1993  (59)
  • 1991  (49)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (108)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Meteorological Society
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Nature Publishing Group
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (108)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of systemic insecticide to measure antixenosis to aphids in plant choice experiments (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; antixenosis ; plant resistance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Antixenose gegenüberRhopalosiphum padi (L.) in den drei Weizensorten Timmo, Moghan 2 und Ommid, von denen die zwei letzteren Sorten aus dem Iran stammen, wurde unter Verwendung des systemischen Insektizids Pirimicarb gemessen. Jeweils zwei Pflanzen aus verschiedenen Sorten wurden als Paar verwendet (in allen Kombinationen der drei Sorten), pro Paar ein Topf mit Pirimicarb gegossen, und zwanzig Blattlaüse über Blattflächen von beiden Sorten gekäfigt. Ähnliche Versuche wurden auch ohne Insektizid ausgeführt. Beide Methoden zeigten deutliche Antixenose von Moghan 2 und Ommid in Vergleich mit Timmo. Die Insektizidmethode zeigte auch eine Bevorzugung von Moghan 2 gegenüber Ommid, ein Resultat, das mit der schon bekannten relativen Antibiose dieser zwei Sorten übereinstimmte, während sich ohne Insektizid kein solcher Unterschied erwies. Die statistische Analyse solcher Versuche mit einem Insektizid, die eine Modifikation der Berechnung des erwarteten Werts mit dem χ2 Test enthält, ist beschrieben.
    Notes: Abstract Antixenosis in three wheat varieties (Timmo, Moghan 2 and Ommid) toRhopalosiphum padi (L.) was measured by pairing plants of any two varieties with one plant of each pair treated with a soil drench of the systemic insecticide pirimicarb. Aphids were then allowed access to equivalent leaf areas from the two plants in a leaf cage. The results were compared with similar choice experiments without insecticide. By either technique, the two Iranian varieties (Moghan 2 and Ommid) showed antixenosis in comparison with Timmo. The statistical analysis of the data, using a heterogeneity χ2 test, is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163315
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three inhibitor types from wheat endosperm are differentially active against α-amylases of Lepidoptera pests (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: LepidopteraEphestia kuehniella ; α-amylase ; Triticum aestivum ; endosperm ; α-amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Crude α-amylase preparations from seven Lepidoptera pests were susceptible to inhibition by salt-soluble proteins of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm. Protein fractions that corresponded to tetrameric, dimeric, and monomeric wheat α-amylase inhibitors, were decreasingly effective against the insect α-amylase activity. To further confirm these results, purified inhibitors were tested against an α-amylase preparation fromEphestia kuehniella (Zeller). This preparation showed decreased activity when increasing amounts of an heterotetrameric inhibitor (reconstituted from its isolated subunits WTAI-CM2, -CM3 and -CM16) were assayed. Activity was only partially inhibited by homodimeric (WDAI-1, synonym 0.53; WDAI-2, synonym 0.19) and monomeric (WMAI-1, synonym 0.28) inhibitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381546
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydroxamic acids affecting barley yellow dwarf virus transmission by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cereals ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Aphididae ; barley yellow dwarf virus ; hydroxamic acids ; DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), a hydroxamic acid (Hx) occurring in wheat, was shown to deter feeding by the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), and to reduce BYDV transmission to the plant. Dual choice tests with wheat leaves showed the preferential settlement of aphids on leaves with lower levels of DIMBOA. Electric monitoring of aphid feeding behaviour showed that in seedlings with higher DIMBOA levels fewer aphids reached the phloem and they needed longer times to contact a phloem vessel than in those with lower levels. When aphids carrying BYDV were allowed to feed on wheat cultivars with different DIMBOA levels, fewer plants were infected with BYDV in the higher DIMBOA cultivars than in the lower ones. Preliminary field experiments showed a tendency for wheat cultivars with higher Hx levels to be more tolerant to infection by BYDV than lower Hx level ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187969
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential expression of the psbB and psbH genes encoding the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-protein and the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II during chloroplast development in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Light regulation ; psbN ; Triticum aestivum ; Etioplast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of a region of wheat chloroplast DNA containing the psbB gene for the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-binding protein of photosystem II has been determined. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 508 amino acid residues which is predicted to contain six hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions. The psbB gene is located 562 bp upstream of the psbH gene for the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II. A small open reading frame of 38 codons is located between psbB and psbH, and on the opposite strand the psbN gene, encoding a photosystem II polypeptide of 43 amino acid residues, is located between orf38 and psbH. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the 5′ ends of transcripts were located 371 and 183 bp upstream of the psbB translation initiation codon. Predominant transcripts of 2.1 kb and 1.8 kb for psbB and 0.4 kb for psbH were present in RNA isolated from etiolated and greening wheat seedlings. Immunodecoration of Western blots indicated that the 47 kDa polypeptide was absent, or present in very low amounts, in dark-grown tissue and accumulated on greening, whereas the 10 kDa polypeptide was present in similar amounts in both dark-grown and greening seedlings. The 10 kDa polypeptide was phosphorylated in vitro by incubating wheat etioplast membranes with [γ3 2P] ATP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336487
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryopreservation of immature spring wheat zygotic embryos using an abscisic acid pretreatment (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Triticum aestivum ; abscisic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) zygotic embryos were successfully cryopreserved, without the addition of exogenous cryoprotectants, using only an abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment. Optimum survival was obtained when embryos were cultured in vitro for 10 days on semisolid Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L (±) ABA prior to cryopreservation. The embryos resumed growth within three days when returned to MS medium devoid of ABA but containing 2mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calli produced from these embryos exhibited normal plant regeneration on auxin-free media. Changes in dw/fw ratio, as well as the esterified fatty acid and sucrose concentrations correlated positively with the development of tolerance to cryopreservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241941
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant regeneration from isolated microspores of Triticum aestivum (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; microspore culture ; ovary co-culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat microspores were isolated, without prior anther culture, from a range of genotypes and cultured to regenerate self-fertile plants. Microspores were isolated using a microblender and competent microspores were enriched by gradient centrifugation. The use of maltose as the sole carbohydrate in the culture medium and co-culture of microspores with wheat or barley ovaries were critical for development of microspore-derived embryos. Results were also improved when spikes were pretreated by emersion of the basal ends of detached heads in water at 25°C for 2d. This procedure leads to highly reproducible production of plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239096
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence analysis of wheat mitochondrial transcripts capped in vitro: definitive identification of transcription initiation sites (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Transcription ; Guanylyltransferase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To identify transcription initiation sites in wheat mitochondria, the nascent 5′-ends of transcripts were specifically labeled by incubation of wheat mitochondrial RNA with [α-32P]GTP in the presence of the enzyme guanylyltransferase. After separation of the resulting capped transcripts by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, individual RNAs were recovered and directly sequenced. Four RNA sequences obtained in this way were localized upstream of the protein-coding genes atpA, coxII, coxIII and orf25. Comparison of mRNA and gene sequences allowed precise positioning of transcription initiation sites for these four genes. Sequence similarities immediately upstream of these sites define a conserved motif that we suggest as a candidate regulatory element in wheat mtDNA. The relationship between this motif and putative mitochondrial promoters in other plant species is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326239
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of a recombining-repeat-sequence family in the mitochondrial genomes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cerele ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Recombining-repeats ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial genomes of wheat and rye each contain a three-member family of recombining repeat peat sequences (the “18S/5S repeat”) that encode genes for 18S and 5S rRNAs (rrn18 and rrn5) and tRNAfMet (trnfM). Here we present, for wheat and rye, the sequence and boundaries of the “common sequence unit” (CSU) that is shared between all three repeat copies in each species. The wheat CSU is 4,429 base-pairs long and contains (in addition to trnfM, rrn18 and rrn5) a putative promoter, three tRNA-like elements (“t-elements”), and part of a pseudogene (“ψatpA c”) that is homologous to chloroplast atpA, which encodes the α subunit of chloroplast F1 ATPase. The rye CSU is somewhat smaller (2,855 base pairs) but contains much the same genic and other sequence elements as its wheat counterpart, except that two of the three t-elements as well as ψatpA c are found in only one of the three downstream flanks of the 18S/5S repeat, outside the CSU boundaries. In interpreting the seuuence data in terms of the evolutionary history of the 18S/5S-repeat family of wheat and rye, we conclude that (1) the wheat-rye form of the 18S/5S repeat most likely originated between 3 and 14 million years ago, in a lineage that gave rise to wheat and rye but not to barley, oasts, rice or maize; (2) the close linkage (1-bp apart) between trnfM and rrn18 is similarly limited in its taxonomic distribution to the wheat/rye lineage; (3) the trnfM-rrn18 pair arose via a single mutation that inserted a sequence block containing trnfM immediately upstream of rrn18; and (4) the presence of a putative promoter upstream of rrn18 in all wheat and rye repeats is consistent with all three repeat copies being transcriptionally active. We discuss these conclusions in the light of the possible functional significance of recombining-repeats in plant mitochondrial genomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351504
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A large DNA repeat of the dispersion pattern common to wheat and rye genomes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 919-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ARS-related element ; dispersed repeat ; genomic DNA sequence ; molecular evolution ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Hind III-generated fragment of wheat embryo nuclear DNA has been cloned and sequenced. The cloned fragment corresponds to a 1241 bp long, moderately repeated (60 000 copies/genome) segment of the genomic DNA. The repeat is AT-rich (67%), contains an open reading frame for 151 amino acids and several nucleotide blocks resembling the consensus domain of autonomously replicating sequences. Southern blot hybridization analyses indicate that the repeat is scattered through the wheat genome. A sequence homologous to this repeat occurs also in rye embryo nuclear DNA where it shows the same dispersion pattern as that observed for the wheat repeat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027123
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Identification of three Wx proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein ; two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Wx locus ; waxy mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nullisomic analysis of waxy (Wx) protein of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. “Chinese Spring” using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that threeWx loci,Wx-A1, Wx-B1, andWx-D1, located on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AL, and 7DS, produce three distinct Wx subunit groups, subunit group-A (SGA), SGB, and SGD, respectively. SGA has a higher molecular weight and a more basic isoelectric point (pI) than the other two. SGB and SGD have the same molecular weight but a slightly different pI range. Owing to the detection of these three subunit groups, we were able to identify the expression of three waxy genes in wheat endosperm and to find two types of mutants among Japanese wheat cultivars, one lacking SGA and the others SGB. These results suggest the possibility of breeding a waxy wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02399821
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Isolation and analysis of a cDNA clone encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; small-subunit ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone from hexaploid bread wheat, encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, has been isolated from an endosperm cDNA library. The cDNA insert has an open reading frame which encodes a protein of 473 amino acids (52.1 kDa). The presence of a chloroplast/amyloplast transit peptide of 22 amino acids is proposed. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits a high degree of homology with the small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase proteins from rice (with 90% of identical amino acids) and potato (with 86% of identical amino acids) and contains conserved sequence elements which are thought to represent the substrate binding and allosteric activator sites. The genes are organised as single-copy loci on chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D in the wheat genome and are highly expressed during grain development. Homologous transcripts are expressed in leaves and roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021416
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of the wheat chloroplast petB and petD genes encoding apocytochrome b-563 and subunit IV of the cytochrome bf complex (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 745-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast genes ; cytochrome b6 ; introns ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023441
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cDNA clone encoding the waxy protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1099-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; waxy protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016086
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Determination of the transmission frequency of chromosome 4S l of Aegilops sharonensis in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 519-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops sharonensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transmission of chromosome 4S l from Aegilops sharonensis was observed in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds. Chromosome 4S l was transmitted at a very high frequency (at least 97.8%) in all crosses. The genetic background appears to only have a small effect on transmission. The frequency of transmission of chromosome 4S l was the same in each genetic background through both the male and female gametes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219443
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed set after pollination with in-vitro-matured, isolated pollen of Triticum aestivum (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 576-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pollen culture ; Pollen maturation ; Pollination ; Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature pollen of two varieties of Triticum aestivum, at the stage right after the first pollen mitosis, was isolated from individual anthers and cultured in microcultures of microliter droplets. In a specifically designed medium, some of the pollen grains developed to maturity. These were applied to excised stigmas on agar, where they produced pollen tubes. Application to flowers in vivo led to seed set. Pollen was matured in vitro from a variety that produced a different protein banding pattern on SDS-PAGE as compared to the variety that was pollinated. The protein banding in the produced seeds showed the hybrid pattern, demonstrating that the seeds were not produced by self-pollination in this in-breeding species but by pollination with the in-vitro-matured pollen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226721
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of HSP-70 cognate proteins from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 615-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HSP-70 ; BiP/GRP-78 ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Chaperone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Animal and plant cells contain a family of constitutively expressed HSP-70 cognate proteins that are localized in different subcellular locations and are presumed to play a role in protein folding and transport. Utilizing antibodies raised against the yeast endoplasmicreticulum-localized HSP-70 cognate termed BiP/GRP-78, as well as antibodies raised against the Escherichia coli HSP-70 protein DnaK, we have identified and characterized a large family of closely related proteins in wheat. One protein band of 78 kDa that is apparently closely related to yeast BiP was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. This band cross-reacted with the yeast BiP but not with the DnaK-specific antibodies. The yeast BiP antibodies also recognized a cytoplasmic protein of 70 kDa that is probably related to the HSC-70 cognate proteins. These two proteins were further confirmed as HSP-70 cognates by their ability to bind to an ATP-agarose column. Probing of proteins from purified wheat mitochondrial preparations with the yeast BiP and DnaK-specific antibodies showed that this organelle contained a family of HSP-70-related proteins. The yeast BiP antibodies recognized two mitochondrial proteins of 60 and 58 kDa, but failed to detect any protein in the size rang of 70 to 80 kDa. However, the presence of immunologically distinct proteins of 90 and 78 kDa, as well as of lower molecular weight from this family in the mitochondria, was shown by probing with the DnaK-specific antibodies. A new protein of 30 kDa, cross-reacting with anti-yeast BiP antibodies, was detected only in developing seeds, close to their maturity. The evolution of HSP-70 cognate proteins in wheat as shown in this study is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226799
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  • 17
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    Characterization of variability and relationships among components of partial resistance to leaf rust in CIMMYT bread wheats (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 674-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Puccinia recondita tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Rust resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A study of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germ plasm developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) showed highly significant phenotypic variability for each component of partial resistance (namely, uredial appearance period, latency period, uredial number and uredial size) to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. All of the wheat genotypes displayed longer uredial appearance and latency periods and decreased uredial number and uredial size when compared to the susceptible check cultivar ‘Morocco’. Positive correlations between uredial appearance period and latency period, and uredial number and uredial size, and negative correlations between uredial appearance and latency periods and uredial number and uredial size, inclusive, suggested that the components of partial resistance were either tightly linked or under pleiotropic genetic control. Compared to ‘Morocco’, all entries had slow disease progress in the field and variation occurred in the germ plasm for the area under the leaf rust progress curve. Disease progress was negatively correlated with uredial appearance and latency periods, whereas a positive correlation was observed with uredial number and uredial size. Certain genotypes displayed high levels of partial resistance resulting in low disease incidence in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227310
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  • 18
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    Characterization of wheat/Aegilops ventricosa introgression and addition lines with respect to the Mv genome (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aegilops ventricosa ; DNA probes ; Introgression lines ; Addition lines ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Stable wheat-Aegilops introgression lines with 42 chromosomes (H-93), derived by repeated selfing from a cross (Triticum turgidum x Aegilops ventricosa) x T. aestivum, have been characterized using the following DNA probes and isozyme markers: (1) single or low-copy DNA fragments from Ae. ventricosa; (2) known cDNA probes corresponding to α1-thionin, monomeric α-amylase inhibitor, the CM3 subunit of tetrameric α-amylase inhibitor, and sucrose synthase from wheat; (3) anonymous cDNA probes from wheat that have been mapped by Sharp et al. (1989); (4) isozyme markers corresponding to aconitase, shikimate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and endopeptidase. Meiotic metaphases of appropriate hybrids involving selected H-93 lines have been investigated by the Giemsa C-banding technique. The substitution of whole chromosomes [(5A) 5Mv; (4D) 4Mv; (5D) 5Mv; (7D) 7Mv] and chromosomal segments (1Mv; 3Mv; 5Mv; 7Mv) from the Mv genome of Aegilops ventricosa has been demonstrated. The distribution of selected markers among putative wheat-Ae. ventricosa addition lines has also been investigated. The 7Mv addition has been characterized for the first time, while the identity of the previously reported 5Mv and 6Mv additions has been confirmed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222079
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  • 19
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    Restriction fragment patterns of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA of Dasypyvum villosum (L.) candargy and wheats (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 44-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. durum ; Aegilops longissimum ; Dasypyrum villosum ; Endonuclease ; Cytoplasm donor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships and cytoplasmic types, restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNAs isolated from two different accessions of Dasypyrum villosum (L.) candargy were compared with those of tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum Desf., PI265007), hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv Chinese Spring), Aegilops longissimum (S. and M., in Muschli) Bowden and Hordeum vulgare L. T. aestivum and T. durum had identical restriction patterns for their cp and mtDNAs in digestions with four different enzymes. Likewise, no differences were found between the restriction fragment patterns of two accessions of D. villosum. But, there were distinct differences in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment patterns between D. villosum and tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. A. longissimum (G609) showed a similar pattern to those wheats for PstI digestion of cpDNA. Organellar DNA from Hordeum vulgare (cv Himalaya) showed a distinctly different restriction pattern from those of wheat and D. villosum. These results suggest that D. villosum is unlikely to be the donor of cytoplasm to wheats, and its cytoplasmic organelles were also different from those of A. longissimum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223742
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  • 20
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    Characterisation of the wheat Mr 15000 “grain-softness protein” and analysis of the relationship between its accumulation in the whole seed and grain softness (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 589-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Grain softness ; Friabilin ; Milling quality ; Triticum aestivum ; Seed storage-proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Mr 15000 protein associated with water-washed wheat starch granules from soft wheats was shown to be heterogeneous: it could be divided into a fraction containing one or moreα-amylase inhibitor subunits and a fraction largely composed of a previously uncharacterised polypeptide(s) referred to as the “grainsoftness protein” (GSP). The major N-terminal sequence and sequences of peptides derived from protease digests of GSP are reported. An antiserum specific for GSP was used to show that GSP accumulated in both hard and soft wheat grains, but the GSP in soft grains associated more strongly with starch granules than the GSP in hard grains. A positive correlation between grain softness and accumulation of GSP in the seed was demonstrated for a range of cultivars. This differs from the qualitative relationship, based on the isolated starch fraction, between GSP and grain softness that has already been reported. Analysis of wholemeal extracts with the antiserum demonstrated that the accumulation of GSP in the seed was dependent on the short arm of chromosome 5D, which also encodes theHa locus. In addition, examination of near-isogenic lines differing in hardness indicated that the gene(s) controlling GSP was (were) linked with theHa locus. The findings indicate that GSP may be the product of theHa locus and thus be the major factor that determines the milling characteristics of bread wheats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838714
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    Hybridization between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 312-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron michnoi ; Intergeneric hybrid ; Chromosome pairing ; Self-fertile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (2n=4x=28, PPPP) were obtained by embryo culture. Their spike characteristics were similar to those of common wheat but, unlike their parents, they were long-awned. The average meiotic chromosome pairing at MI of F1 hybrids was: 6.39 I +3.75 rodII+8.64 ringII+0.81 III+0.30 IV+0.04 V, the bivalent and multivalent formation of which was much higher than expected from the genomic formulae. It is especially worthwhile to note that the F1 hybrids were self-fertile, self set being 0.15%, and seeds were easily obtained from the backcross of f1 plants with hexaploid and tetraploid wheats; here the seed set was more than 20.0%. The polyploid taxa and the position of A. Michnoi in Agropyron are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228669
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    Cytological analysis on the distribution and origin of the alien chromosome pair conferring blue aleurone color in several European common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) strains (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 551-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Triticum monococcum ; blue aleurone color ; Chromosome substitution/translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Meiotic chromosome pairing and Giemsa C-banding analyses in crosses of several European blue-grained wheat strains with Chinese Spring double ditelosomic and other aneuploid lines showed that Triticum aestivum Blaukorn strains “Berlin,” “Probstdorf,” “Tschermak,” and “Weihenstephan” are chromosome substitutions, in which the complete wheat chromosome 4A pair is replaced, whereas the strains “Brünn” and “Moskau” are 4B substitutions. The alien chromosome pair in all of these strains is an A genome chromosome (4A) from diploid Triticum monococcum or T. boeoticum not present in common tetraploid and hexaploid cultivated wheats. The Blaukorn strain Weihenstephan “W 70a86” possesses, in addition to a rye chromosome pair 5R compensating for the loss of part of chromosome 5D, a 4A/5DL translocation replacing chromosome pair 4B of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219448
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    Production of multiple wheat-rye 1RS translocation stocks and genetic analysis of LMW subunits of glutenin and gliadins in wheats using these stocks (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye translocations ; Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Glu-3 loci ; Gli-1 loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A triple (1AL.1RS/1BL.1RS/1DL.1RS) and three double (1AL.1RS/1BL.1RS, 1AL.1RS/1DL.1RS, 1BL.1RS/1DL.1RS) wheat-rye 1RS translocation stocks were isolated from a segregating population using the Gli-1, Tri-1 and Sec-1 seed proteins as genetic markers. These stocks carried 42 chromosomes and formed the expected multivalents (frequency of 14–25%) at metaphase 1. They gave floret fertility ranging from 40–60%. These stocks were subsequently used to determine the genetic control of low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits in ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Gabo’ by means of two-step one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. All of the B subunits and most of the C subunits of glutenin were shown to be controlled by genes on the short arms of group-1 chromosomes in these wheats. The other C subunits were not controlled by group-1 chromosomes. The triple translocation line served as a suitable third parent in producing test-cross seeds for studying the inheritance of the LMW glutenin subunits and gliadins in wheat cultivars, e.g. ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Orca’. The segregation patterns of the LMW glutenin subunits in these cultivars revealed that the subunits were inherited in clusters and that their controlling genes (Glu-3) were tightly linked with those controlling gliadins (Gli-1). The LMW glutenin patterns d, d and e in ‘Orca’ segregated as alternatives to the patterns a, a and a in ‘Chinese Spring’ controlled by Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3 loci on chromosome arms 1AS, 1BS and 1DS, respectively, thus indicating that these patterns were controlled by allelic genes at these loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225011
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    Thinopyrum bessarabicum: biochemical and cytological markers for the detection of genetic introgression in its hybrid derivatives with Triticum aestivum L. (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Thinopyrum bessarabicum ; Protein-isozyme markers ; Chromosome banding ; Intergeneric hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14, JJ) with its unique property of salt tolerance provides a potential means for the transfer of this important and complex trait into cultivated wheat through intergeneric hybridization. To accomplish this, diagnostic markers for detecting the presence of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in a wheat background have to be established. The C-banded karyotype of Th. bessarabicum distinctly identifies individual Th. bessarabicum chromosomes and separates them from those of Triticum aestivum. Also, seven protein/isozymes, i.e., malate dehydrogenase, high-molecular-weight glutenin, Superoxide dismutase, grain esterase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, β-amylase and α-amylase, were identified as being positive markers specific to Th. bessarabicum; these were also expressed in the T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum amphiploid. These diagnostic biochemical markers could be useful in detecting and establishing homoeology of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum intergeneric hybrid derivatives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222103
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    Genetics of gliadins coded by the group 1 chromosomes in the high-quality bread wheat cultivar Neepawa (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 389-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gliadin loci ; Group 1 chromosomes ; Recombination ; Electrophoresis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance and biochemical properties of gliadins controlled by the group 1 chromosomes of the high-quality bread wheat cultivar Neepawa were studied in the progeny of the cross Neepawa x Costantino by six different electrophoretic procedures. Chromosome 1B of Neepawa contains two gliadin loci, one (Gli-B1) coding for at least six ω- or γ-gliadins, the other (Gli-B3) controlling the synthesis of gliadin N6 only. The map distance between these loci was calculated as 22.1 cM. Amongst the chromosome 1A gliadins, three proteins are encoded at the Gli-A1 locus whereas polypeptides N14-N15-N16 are controlled by a remote locus which recombines with Gli-A1. Six other gliadins are controlled by a gene cluster at Gli-D1 on chromosome 1D. Canadian wheat cultivars sharing the Gli-B1 allele of Neepawa were found to differ in the presence or absence of gliadin N6. The electrophoretic mobilities of proteins N6 and N14-N15-N16 were unaffected by the addition of a reducing agent during two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamid-gel electrophoresis, suggesting the absence of intra-chain disulphide bonds in their structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222107
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    Use of RFLP markers for the identification of alleles of the Pm3 locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 959-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Mildew resistance ; Pm3 locus ; Near-isogenic lines ; RFLP marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to genes for resistance to powdery mildew (Pm) in wheat using a series of ‘Chancellor’ near-isogenic-lines (NILs), each having one powdery mildew resistance gene. A total of 210 probes were screened for their ability to detect polymorphism between the NILs and the recurrent parent. One of these restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers (Xwhs179) revealed polymorphism not only between the NILs for the Pm3 locus, but also among NILs possessing different alleles of the Pm3 locus. The location of the marker Xwhs179 was confirmed to be on homoeologous chromosome group 1 with the help of nullitetrasomic wheat lines. The linkage relationship between this probe and the Pm3 locus was estimated with double haploid lines derived from a cross between wheat cvs ‘Club’ and ‘Chul’ (Pm3b). The genetic distance was determined to be 3.3±1.9 cM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211048
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    Prospective companion cells differentiate into abnormal sieve elements in colchicine-treated roots ofTriticum aestivum (1993)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 176 (1993), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Roots ; Companion cells ; Colchicine ; Abnormal sieve elements ; Plastids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Companion cells (CCs) of seminal roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flank protophloem sieve elements (PSEs) on their inner side. In roots growing in the presence of 2 mM colchicine prospective CCs are induced to differentiate into abnormal sieve elements. The most convincing evidence that they deviate from their programmed developmental sequence is the deposition of dense crystalloid inclusions within their plastids, a feature characterizing sieve elements of gramineous species. These plastids, however, are ultrastructurally different from those of normal and abnormal PSEs in that they contain only one kind of crystalloid inclusion, exceptionally dense stroma, swollen vesicular structures and plastoglobuli. Mitochondria accumulate in large groups and appear unusually swollen and deformed. Walls develop abnormal thickenings which are deposited irrespective of the position of plasmodesmata. Nuclei become polyploid and appear highly lobed, but degenerate similarly to those in normal sieve elements. Aggregates of paracrystalline material occur in the cytoplasm between the nucleus and cell wall. The end walls display features characterizing developing sieve plates, callose is deposited around plasmodesmata, but sieve pores are not formed. Aberrant CCs may reach “maturity” and co-exist with colchicine-affected PSEs. Their arrangement may be similar to or differ from that of normal phloem poles. Not all cells in CC files are induced to deviate into abnormal sieve elements, nor does their development occur in sequence. Because developmental changes also occur in polyploid cells, which result from colchicine blocked cell divisions, it is concluded that cell division is not a prerequisite for cell differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378952
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    Identification of three Wx proteins in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein ; two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Wx locus ; waxy mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nullisomic analysis of waxy (Wx) protein of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. “Chinese Spring” using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that threeWx loci,Wx-A1, Wx-B1, andWx-D1, located on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AL, and 7DS, produce three distinct Wx subunit groups, subunit group-A (SGA), SGB, and SGD, respectively. SGA has a higher molecular weight and a more basic isoelectric point (pI) than the other two. SGB and SGD have the same molecular weight but a slightly different pI range. Owing to the detection of these three subunit groups, we were able to identify the expression of three waxy genes in wheat endosperm and to find two types of mutants among Japanese wheat cultivars, one lacking SGA and the others SGB. These results suggest the possibility of breeding a waxy wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553602
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    An advisory model for control of Puccinia recondita in winter wheat (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 275-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; brown rust ; monitoring ; epidemiology ; yield loss ; disease management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974223
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    Molecular cytological evidence for gradual telomere synthesis at the broken chromosome ends in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 106 (1993), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Chromosome breakage ; Gametocidal gene ; Healing ; Telomere repetitive sequence ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Telomere formation of the normal and broken chromosomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, was investigated byin situ hybridization using the biotin-labeled probe of telomere repetitive sequences (pAtT4) ofArabidopsis thaliana with subsequent amplification by an antibody. After double and triple amplification, prominent signals appeared at all the telomeric regions of the normal chromosomes. Prominent signals also emerged at the broken ends of the telocentric and deletion chromosomes that had passed through more than one generation since the appearance. However, broken ends that had passed through only the stages of gametogenesis, fertilization, embryogenesis and root development did not show complete signals such as found in normal telomeres. These findings indicate that a certain time or stage is required for synthesis of the telomeric repetitive sequences with a complete length. Nevertheless, because the broken ends without complete telomere sequences were also healed, restoration of the normal complement of telomere sequences is not necessary for healing of broken ends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344591
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    Manganese nutrition and accumulation of phenolics and lignin as related to differential resistance of wheat genotypes to the take-all fungus (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; lignin ; manganese ; Mn-efficiency ; phenolics ; roots ; resistance mechanisms ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Differential resistance of four Triticum aestivum L. genotypes to isolates of take-all fungus (Gaeuman-nomyces graminis var. ritici Walker) was tested in a complete factorial experiment set up in a growth chamber using Mn-deficient Wangary sand amended with four rates of Mn. Mn-efficient cultivars produced more dry matter at low supply of Mn. Fertilization with Mn significantly increased its accumulation in roots and shoots. The most sensitive measure of take-all infection was the total length of root stellar lesions; these lesions were reduced by Mn fertilization and were shorter in Mn-efficient genotypes. The resistance-enhancing effect of Mn was the most obvious in the Mn-inefficient genotype (Bayonet) and the least obvious in the Mn-efficient one (C8MM). Phenolics biosynthesis in roots was clicited by fungal infection, especially in the case of the highly virulent isolate. The weakly virulent isolate increased phenolics concentration in roots much more if no Mn was added, indicating that the resistance-enhancing effect of Mn may not be directly exerted through the effects on phenolics biosynthesis. Lignin concentration in roots decreased due to Mn fertilization, while no effect of take-all infection was noted. It appears that biosynthesis of phenolics and lignin in wheat roots has a low Mn requirement which can be satisfied at environmental Mn concentrations below those necessary for optimum plant growth. ei]Section editor: A C Borstlap ei]Section editor: H Lambers
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    Effect of various metal ions on growth of two wheat lines known to differ in aluminium tolerance (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; analog ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; scandium ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), scandium (Sc) and lanthanum (La) on growth of an Al-tolerant and an Al-sensitive line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were measured in solution culture. The concentrations of nutrients in the basal nutrient solution were (μM) 500 Ca, 100 Mg, 300 K, 600 N (150 NH4, 450 NO3), 600 SO4, 2.5 P, 3 B, 2.5 Fe, 0.5 Zn, 0.5 Mn, 0.1 Cu at a pH of 4.7. The major solution nutrient concentrations were maintained at the nominal concentration with monitoring, frequent additions and weekly renewal. Differentiation in yield between the Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive line only occurred in the presence of Al indicating that, in the long term, none of the other metals tested could be used as an analog for Al. The visual symptoms in the roots of Cu toxicity (in both lines) and Al toxicity (in the sensitive line) were similar. The solution concentration (μM) at which yield of the roots of the tolerant line was reduced by 50% was, in order of increasing tolerance, Cu 0.5, Sc 1.1, La 7.1, Ga 8.6, Al 15, Zn 19, Fe 84, B 490 and Mn 600.
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    Genotype-environment interaction and correlation between vegetative and grain production measures of potassium use-efficiency in wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown under potassium stress (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ratio ; harvest index ; potassium ; Triticum aestivum ; utilization index ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient use-efficiency (NUE) is commonly measured in relation to vegetative growth without regard for economic productivity of crops whose valued product is reproductive. Although vegetative measures can be useful, particularly in forage crops, their validity in the quantification of NUE in grain crops is questionable. This study was undertaken primarily to examine the relationship between vegetative and economic potassium use-efficiency (KUE) in several wheat (T. aestivum) genotypes under conditions of potassium stress. Genotype environment interaction for vegetative KUE was also examined. Vegetative KUE was assessed as shoot fresh weight, efficiency ratio (VKER) and utilization index (VKUI) whereas economic KUE was evaluated as grain weight, total weight and economic efficiency ratio (EKER). Significant genotype-environment interactions for shoot weight, VKER and VKUI were observed. In some instances interaction was associated with crossovers between genotypes indicating that it can affect selection. Correlations between vegetative and economic measures of KUE were generally nonsignificant, but negative and significant for shoot weight of three-week-old plants and grain weight. It appears that if genotypes differ considerably for harvest index and it is not positively correlated with total biomass, vegetative measures of KUE are unreliable as indicators of economic KUE. Therefore, economic rather than vegetative measures should be used to evaluate KUE in crops whose valued product is reproductive. ei]{gnH}{fnMarschner} ei]{gnH.}{fnLambers}
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    The influence of NO3 - and NH4 + nutrition on the carbon and nitrogen partitioning characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 289-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium assimilation ; carbon partitioning ; nitrate assimilation ; nitrogen partitioning ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The carbon and nitrogen partitioning characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) grown hydroponically at a constant pH on either 4 mM or 12 mM NO3 - or NH4 + nutrition were investigated using either 14C or 15N techniques. Greater allocation of 14C to amino-N fractions occurred at the expense of allocation of 14C to carbohydrate fractions in NH4 +-compared to NO3 --fed plants. The [14C]carbohydrate:[14C]amino-N ratios were 1.5-fold and 2.0-fold greater in shoots and roots respectively of 12 mM NO3 --compared to 12 mM NH4 +-fed wheat. In both 4 mM and 12 mM N-fed maize the [14C]carbohydrate:[14C]amino-N ratios were approximately 1.7-fold and 2.0-fold greater in shoots and roots respectively of NO3 --compared to NH4 +-fed plants. Similar results were observed in roots of wheat and maize grown in split-root culture with one root-half in NO3 --and the other in NH4 +-containing nutrient media. Thus the allocation of carbon to the amino-N fractions occurred at the expense of carbohydrate fractions, particularly within the root. Allocation of 14N and 15N within separate sets of plants confirmed that NH4 --fed plants accumulated more amino-N compounds than NO3 --fed plants. Wheat roots supplied with 15NH4 + for 8 h were found to accumulate 15NH4 + (8.5 μg 15N g-1 h-1) whereas in maize roots very little 15NH4 + accumulated (1.5 μg 15N g-1 h-1) It is proposed that the observed accumulation of 15NH4 + in wheat roots in these experiments is the result of limited availability of carbon within the roots of the wheat plants for the detoxification of NH4 +, in contrast to the situation in maize. Higher photosynthetic capacity and lower shoot: root ratios of the C4 maize plants ensure greater carbon availability to the root than in the C3 wheat plants. These differences in carbon and nitrogen partitioning between NO3 --and NH4 +-fed wheat and maize could be responsible for different responses of wheat and maize root growth to NO3 - and NH4 + nutrition.
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    Development of an ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional status of wheat and cotton (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper deficiency ; cotton ; ELISA ; Gossypium hirsutum ; immunoassay ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out with hydroponically grown wheat and cotton to develop the Cu-requiring protein phenolase as a biomarker of Cu nutrient status. Isozymes of phenolase whose levels were reduced by Cu deficiency were identified by Western blots. A competitive enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that could detect as little as 25 ng of phenolase. The ELISA revealed that Cu-sufficient cotton leaves had about 4-fold more phenolase antigen than did Cu-sufficient wheat leaves. In both species, the level of phenolase was reduced by 2- to 5-fold in leaves of Cu-deficient plants. Because the immunoassay for phenolase protein is rapid, inexpensive, and can be carried out with small amounts of leaf material, it has potential as a tool for assessment of the Cu status of crop plants.
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    Molecular cytogenetic analysis of repeated sequences in a long term wheat suspension culture (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 33 (1993), S. 287-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: cell culture ; karyotype instability ; rDNA ; repetitive DNA ; retroelement ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rapidly growingTriticum aestivum L. (wheat) derived long term suspension culture (named TaKB1), that is probably not regenerable, was analysed for karyotype rearrangements, stability and changes in repetitive DNA. The cell line has an average chromosome number of 21 and the DNA amount of unreplicated cells of TaKB1 measured by flow cytometry is about 30% lower than an unreplicated (1C) bread wheat genome.In situ hybridization of a repetitive DNA sequence (pSc119.2), which occurs as tandemly repeated blocks (heterochromatin) in wheat, shows that chromosomes from the TakB1 line have fewer and weaker subtelomeric locations of the sequence than wheat, suggesting deletions of distal chromosome segments and a reduction in the sites and copy number of the sequence. Thein situ hybridization pattern and chromosome morphology allowed 27 chromosome types to be identified in the cell line. No two analysed cells contained the same chromosome complement, although some chromosome types were present in every cell. Using Southern hybridization the structure and copy number of a retroelement (Wis-2) and its flanking sequence was shown to be the same in the TaKB1 cell line and wheat. Anin situ analysis of rDNA in the TaKB1 cell line (using the probe pTa71) showed a reduction in number of sites and rRNA genes in each cell from that in wheat. Interphase cells of the cell line showed dispersed signal throughout the nucleolus with no evidence for clusters of condensed and inactive rRNA genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02319014
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    Variation for root traits and their genetic control in spring wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; root ; combining ability ; correlation ; dry matter ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat root characters which influence vital plant processes have scarcely been explored for their genetic control. This study was conducted to i) examine the diversity of root traits and associated shoot traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars; ii) study the nature of genetic control of selected traits; and iii) examine associations among root and shoot traits. Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with plants grown in the vermiculite medium in clear plastic tubes. In the first experiment, 42 spring wheat cultivars were grown for three weeks and measurements were taken on root length, leaf length, root number, leaf number, root dry weight, and top dry weight. In the second study, 15F1's originating from a partial diallel mating of six cultivars along with the parents were evaluated for 4 weeks. The data on root length, leaf length, and root number were subjected to diallel analysis according to Griffing's method 4, fixed model. A third experiment consisted of studying 2 F2 populations with 141 plants per population. In the first study the 42 cultivars exhibited a wide range of variation for all six traits. Diallel analysis revealed significant effects of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for root length, leaf length, and root number. Parents with high GCA estimates were identified. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found among root and shoot traits. Analysis of F2's for root length indicated quantitative nature of inheritance of root length.
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    Classification of landraces and improved cultivars of hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum, T. compactum and T. spelta) grown in the USA and described in 1922 (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 33-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum compactum ; club wheat ; Triticum spelta ; spelt wheat ; classification ; genetic diversity ; landraces ; cultivars ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In 1922 Clark, Martin and Ball published descriptions of 207 hexaploid wheat landraces and improved cultivars, collected in the USA: 189 bread wheat accessions (Triticum aestivum), 24 club wheats (T. compactum) and four spelt wheats (T. spelta). After omitting 24 bread wheat accessions with identical descriptions as other accessions, the descriptions were used here to classify the remaining 183 accessions into five clusters on the basis of 10 selected characters. Clusters 1 and 3 include mainly accessions introduced from North and West Europe. These accessions must derive from the European Zeeuwse and Gelderse landrace groups. Hence most of the accessions belonging to these two clusters belong to the North and West European heritage. Cluster 2 includes most of the accesions introduced from Australia and Canada, or belonging to the club wheats. Most accessions from the USSR1 are included in cluster 4. Here we also find Turkey and related landraces. All but one pubescent accessions are included in cluster 5. The wide variation of US wheats, described in 1922, forms the basis of the Foundation Germplasm wheats as defined by Cox (1991). Apparently no hard white winter wheat landraces and cultivars were described.
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    Hybridization barriers between wheat and rye: In vitro pollen assays and electrophoretic survey (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; hybridization ; pollen-tube-growth ; wide-crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five- to seven-day-old ovaries from Triticum aestivum vars Hope (non-crossable), Chinese Spring (CS, crossable) and the chromosomal substitution line Chinese Spring/Hope 5B (CS/H5B) were used to test the hypothesis that an ovarian substance inhibits rye (Secale cereale var Wrens) pollen tube growth. In vitro assays on a semi-solid medium demonstrated that a soluble, dialyzed lysate from Hope or CS/H5B ovaries inhibited rye pollen tube elongation significantly more than a similar lysate from CS ovaries (26%, 13% and 5% respectively compared to controls). When only the 20 longest tubes from each sample were included in the analysis the relationship was maintained (33%, 22% and 15% for Hope, CS/H5B and CS respectively). Heating the Hope lysate at 100° C for 10 min reduced the inhibition from 26% to 14% for all pollen tubes measured (n = 51 per sample) and from 33% to 20% when only the 20 longest pollen tubes per sample were analyzed. Isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) revealed several differences in the polypeptide profiles of soluble lysates from vars Hope, CS and CS/H5B. While two striking differences were observed, a 50 kilodalton (kD) polypeptide with an isoelectric point (pI) of approximately 8.5 and 100 kD polypeptide (pI∼4) from CS lysates which were considerably reduced in lysates of Hope and CS/H5B, none were obviously associated with the Hope 5B chromosome and therefore cross-incompatibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029390
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    The introduction into bread wheat of a major gene for resistance to powdery mildew from wild emmer wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; Erysiphe graminis ; powdery mildew ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A new source of resistance to wheat powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis has been transferred to hexaploid bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, from the wild tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. The donor was crossed to bread wheat and the pentaploid progeny was then self-pollinated. Plants having a near stable hexaploid chromosome complement were selected in the F3 progeny and topcrossing and backcrossing of these to a second wheat cultivar to improve the phenotype was undertaken. Monosomic analysis of early backcross lines showed the transferred gene to be located on chromosome 4A. The gene has been designated Pm16.
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    Crossability of some bread wheat landraces and improved cultivars from western Himalayas with rye (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 137-141 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability ; Himalayas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of 62 bread wheat accessions (14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh and 48 others) was examined with rye. The 3 rye cultivars did not differ in their relative crossability with 4 of the wheat accessions studied. On the other hand, the wheat cultivars differed greatly among themselves in their crossability with rye. Most of the wheat cultivars showed poor (〈10%) crossability. Two of the 14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh were found to be free from the crossability inhibitors as they showed very high (〉50%) crossability, whereas none of the other 48 cultivars studied was so.
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    Induction of a mutation in the male fertility gene of the preferentially transmitted Aegilops sharonensis chromosome 4S1 and its application for hybrid wheat production (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops sharonensis ; male sterility ; preferential transmission ; hybrid wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat plants nullisomic for chromosome 4B are male sterile due to the absence of the male fertility gene Ms1. However, plants in which chromosome 4B has been substituted by the preferentially transmitted chromosome 4S1 of Ae. sharonensis are male fertile due to the compensating effect of Ms4 on the alien chromosome. This substitution line has been mutated and three recessive mutation of Ms4 have been selected. Plants homozygous for these mutations are male sterile. The implication of these mutations for hybrid wheat production is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145628
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    Major gene control of tolerance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to high concentrations of soil boron (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: boron ; inheritance ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic control of tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of soil boron was studied for five genotypes. Each genotype represented one of five categories of response to high levels of boron, ranging from very sensitive to tolerant. Tolerance to boron was expressed as a partially dominant character, although the response of an F1 hybrid, relative to the parents, varied with the level of boron applied. The F1 hybrids responded similarly to the more tolerant parent at low B treatments and intermediate to the parents at higher treatments. Ratios consistent with monogenic segregation were observed for the F2 and F3 generations for the combinations (WI*MMC) × Kenya Farmer, Warigal × (WI*MMC) and Halberd × Warigal. The three genes, Bo1, Bo2 and Bo3, while transgressive segregation between two tolerant genotypes, G61450 and Halberd, suggested a fourth locus controlling tolerance to boron.
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    Pedigree analysis of the origin of manganese tolerance in Canadian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Canada ; genotypic differences ; manganese toxicity ; manganese tolerance ; origin ; pedigree ; screening ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Breeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for tolerance to manganese (Mn) might be in some cases more feasible and economical than use of soil amendments. As part of research on the heritability of Mn tolerance, a study on the level of Mn tolerance in Canadian wheat cultivars and its probable origin was accomplished by analysis of cultivar pedigrees and drawing phylogenetic maps to discern filial relationships. Cultivar tolerance to Mn was determined by relative root weight (RRW) in solution culture in the presence of 500 μM Mn. A total of 91 cultivars were screened, 76 of which were Canadian. These data, together with data from another 28 cultivars reported in the literature, were used to draw two pedigree maps, a map for Canadian cultivars only, and a map for the Mn-tolerant Canadian cultivars Norquay and Laura. Results indicated a range of tolerance to Mn among Canadian cultivars. Manganese tolerance, found in either Canadian or foreign germplasm, and of either recent or older selection or origin, seems to have originated from land races from Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. Tolerance may have been introduced into Canadian germplasm directly by the use of Brazilian cultivars as parents, or indirectly by the introduction of Mexican germplasm with Brazilian parentages. This information will help the plant breeder to develop plant breeding systems, and may also help in the study of the mechanisms for Mn tolerance in wheat.
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    Greenhouse evaluation of red winter wheats for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Diuraphis noxia ; Russian wheat aphid ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (RWA) is responsible for significant economic damage to cereal crops in arid and semi-arid environments. In this research 20 red winter wheats originating from Iran were evaluated for resistance to RWA. Leaf rolling, leaf folding, and leaf chlorosis were measured using 0 to 3 scales. An overall mean damage score was calculated as the average of the three measured damage symptoms. Plants from seven central Asian accessions (PI222666, PI222668, PI225226, PI225267, PI225271, PI243630, and PI243642) had mean damage scores significantly lower (p 〈 0.001) than ‘Stephens’ wheat (RWA susceptible) and not significantly different from ‘Border’ oat (RWA resistant). These results are consistent with previous studies which found a high frequency of resistant wheats collected from the central Asian region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039668
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    Breeding for hard red winter wheat cultivars adapted to conventional-till and no-till systems in northern latitudes (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; cold hardiness ; cultivar x tillage interaction ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Conservation tillage in the Great Plains of North America has increased in recent years, in part, to control soil erosion, increase soil water storage and reduce production costs. No-till production is recommended for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in northern latitudes for the purpose of trapping snow and protecting the crop from freezing temperatures. A 5 year field study was conducted at four North Dakota locations from 1984–85 through 1988–89 to determine if significant cultivar x tillage interactions existed for grain yield of winter wheat. Fourteen hard red winter wheat cultivars were planted in both conventional-till and no-till systems. Significant cultivar x tillage interactions were obtained for grain yield from both a weighted analysis across all environments and from individual analyses of 12 of the 16 environments in which wheat survived under both tillage systems (P〈0.05). Regression of cultivar yield on mean environment yield produced b values that varied little between conventional till and no-till for 10 of the 14 cultivars. The top five yielding cultivars were the same for both tillage systems and had b values 〉 1.0. Although the cultivar x tillage interaction may be a result of differential winter survival rather than tillage per se, this study suggests that selection for winter wheats with superior yield performance can be conducted under either no-till or conventional-till systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035340
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    Genes for resistance to stripe rust in four spring wheat varieties (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 171-181 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in origin and reaction in the seedling stage to pathotype CDL-6 (extant in California) were intercrossed and examined in greenhouse conditions in F1, F2, and F3 generations. Digenic and transgressive segregation was found in all crosses. The four varieties each had infection types (1 immune, 9 susceptible) and putative resistance genes as follows: ‘Anza’, IT 7, YrA; ‘Glennson 81’, IT 2, Yr9; ‘Yecora Rojo’, IT 6, YrC; and ‘Ollanta’, IT 4–6, YrL. ‘Anza’ was classified as susceptible, ‘Yecora Rojo’ and ‘Ollanta’ as intermediate in seedling resistance, and ‘Glennson 81’ as resistant in the seedling stage.
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    In vitro culture variation of wheat and rye caused by genes affecting plant growth habit in vivo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; day-length insensitivity ; semi-dwarfness ; tissue culture response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of genes affecting the ‘plant growth habit’ in wheat (Rht8 and Ppd1) and rye (ct1 and ct2) on tissue culture response was studied using immature embryos. Whereas the semi-dwarfing gene Rht8 seems to promote only a minor effect, the day-length sensitive allele ppd1 determined a major increase in callus growth and regeneration ability. With regards to their tissue culture efficiency, the four alleles studied could be ranked as follows: ppd1〉Rht8〉rht8〉Ppd1. In contrast to wheat, the GA insensitive semi-dwarfing genes of rye (ct1 and ct2) appear not to influence in vitro response.
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    Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 41-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aegilops crassa ; hybrid wheat ; PCMS ; photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triticum aestivum cv. Norin 26 with Aegilops crassa, Ae. juvenalis or Ae. vavilovii cytoplasm (all D2 type) has been studied relative to its photoperiodic response of male sterility and fertility restoration patterns. Alloplasmic lines of ‘Norin 26’ with a D2 type cytoplasm showed almost complete male sterility under long-day conditions (≥15 h), but high male fertility under short-day conditions (≤14.5 h). No significant influence of temperature on reduction in male fertility was observed. Thus, this type of male sterility is called ‘photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility’ (PCMS). The PCMS is expressed in the form of pistillody of stamens. Histological studies revealed that there were incomplete ovule-like structures instead of tapetal cells and pollen grains in the pistillate stamens. The floret differentiation stage of the plant is the stage that is sensitive to photoperiod. The PCMS can be used as a new means for hybrid wheat production, named ‘two-line system’. The PCMS line is maintained and multiplied by self-fertilization under short-day conditions, and hybrid seed can be produced by crossing the PCMS line with a pollinator line under long-day conditions. In contrast to the system of hybrid wheat production using the T. timopheevi cytoplasm, the present system requires only PCMS and pollinator lines.
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    Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aphid infestation ; bird cherry-oat aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; insect resistance ; leaf pubescence ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In Hungary the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is the most frequent aphid species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Estimations of infestation by R. padi as well as measurements of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass were carried out in 26 winter wheat genotypes in conditions of naturally infested and not infested (protected) control plots. The experiment was performed in isolated conditions in two field cages covered by nets. The aphids overwintered on wheat and got into cage, extremely quickly multiplied, therefore there was no need to apply any artificial aphid infestation. Highly significant differences were demonstrated among genotypes in infestation severity of R. padi as well as in losses of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass. The most resistant variety ‘GK Zombor’ had 25% infestation, and the most susceptible one ‘GK Lili’ had 79.2%. The reduction of grain yield of the most tolerant genotypes (‘GK Korány’, ‘Downy’, ‘Mv 4’, ‘Jubilejnaja 50’, ‘Mv 8’, ‘GK Kincsö’ and ‘GK Zombor’) was 26–33%, and that of thousand-kernel mass was 23–30%. The most sensitive genotypes (‘GK Lili’, ‘GK Örzse’, ‘GK Koppány’ and ‘Mv 13’) suffered 58–63% losses in yield, and 40–50% in thousand-kernel mass. A close correlation was found between infestation of R. padi in different wheat genotypes and losses of grain yield (r=0.7572, P〈0.001). Also there were tolerance differences among genotypes even within the same level of infestation. The reductions of thousand-kernel mass correlated very closely with the reductions of grain yield (r=0.9212, P〈0.001), that makes screening possible by reductions of thousand-kernel mass. These results have found application in breeding. The leaf pubescence of the varieties studied did not generally influence the infestation by R. padi.
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    Identification of bread wheat, durum wheat and barley cultivars adapted to dry areas of Southern Italy (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 131-145 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: mediterranean stress ; small grain cereals ; susceptibility index ; yield ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; Hordeum vulgare ; bread wheat ; durum wheat ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Among the cultivars of bread wheat, durum wheat and barley grown in the South of Italy, genetic variation for adaptation to the high temperature and drought stress conditions typical of the Mediterranean environment has been found. The basic data have been extrapolated from 5 years of Italian national network cultivar trials, where 20–30 cultivars were grown in replicated plot trials in 30–50 locations per year, including some where stress strongly affected grain yield. After careful identification of the most representative years and testing sites it was possible to characterise the cultivars on the basis of the grain yield in stress conditions and the Fischer & Maurer (1978) susceptibility index and to find genotypic differences sufficiently repeatable in years. The cultivars giving the best yield under stress associated with low susceptibility indices were in bread wheat: Etruria, Spada, Pandas, Centauro, Oderzo, Costantino and Gladio, in durum wheat: Aldura, Arcangelo, Adamello, Vespro and Capeiti, in barley: Fleuret, Barberousse, Jaidor, Express, Trebbia, Georgie, Dahlia, Criter and Magie.
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    Chromosome location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 1. Mlk and other alleles at the Pm3 locus (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; resistance genes ; Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; monosomic analysis ; allelism tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several wheat cultivars/lines were inoculated with isolates of Erysiphe graminis tritici to identify new genes/alleles for resistance. The wheats were tested with 13 isolates that had been characterized from responses on differential lines with known resistance genes. Gene Mlk which occurs in cultivars ‘Kolibri’, ‘Syros’, ‘Ralle’ and several other European common wheats was found to be an allele at the Pm3 locus and is now designated Pm3d. The mildew resistance in an old Australian wheat, ‘W150’, is conferred by a single gene also allelic to Pm3 and now designated Pm3e. The near-isogenic line ‘Michigan Amber/8*Cc’ possesses another allele now designated Pm3f. A Syrian land variety of common wheat shows mildew resistance that is conditioned by the combination of genes Pm1 and Pm3a. Finally, two accessions of Triticum aestivum ssp. sphaerococcum appeared to possess the Pm3c allele.
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    Selection for biomass yield in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: biomass ; heritability ; response to selection ; selection ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Biomass (above ground plant parts) yield may be a useful selection trait for yield improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to estimate realized heritability of biomass yield and to determine the response to selection for high and low biomass yield in 8 genetically diverse populations of spring wheat under two production systems. Selections were made among the F3 lines. Progenies of the selected lines were evaluated in replicated field tests in the F4 generation under high fertility and low fertility production systems at Rampur, Nepal, in 1991. Fertility level had a significant effect on biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, number of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and harvest index. Selection in the F3 for high and low biomass yield was effective in identifying F4 lines with high and low biomass yield, respectively. Biomass yield differences between high and low selection groups in the F4 generation, expressed as percent of the mean of the low selection group and averaged over the eight populations, were 53.9 and 36.5% higher than the mean of the low selection group under the high and the low fertility production systems, respectively. The corresponding figures for grain yield were 48.8 and 34.9% under the high and the low production systems, respectively. Also, selection for high biomass yield resulted in higher effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike, but lower harvest index. Realized heritability estimates for biomass yield were greater at high fertility (range 0.49 to 0.85) than at low fertility (range 0.22 to 0.44). Biomass yield showed positive genotypic correlations with grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike but a negative correlation with harvest index. The results indicated that selection for high biomass yield should bring about positive improvements in biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike. The correlation between F3 and F4 generations suggested that biomass yield in the F3 generation was a good predictor of biomass yield and grain yield in the F4 generation. Selection for biomass yield in wheat should be made under the standard production system to obtain a realistic response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029638
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    Genetics of adult plant resistance to stripe rust in ten spring bread wheats (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; genetics ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine Mexican spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars derived from CIMMYT germplasm and the U.S. spring wheat cultivar Wheaton were susceptible to the Mexican Puccinia striiformis pathotype 14E14 in seedling growth stage, but displayed different levels of adult plant resistances to the same pathotype when tested in the field. One hundred and eighteen random F2 plant derived F3 and F5 lines from the crosses of these ten adult plant resistant wheats and susceptible cultivar Jupateco 73S were evaluated in the field. The moderate adult plant resistance of Penjamo 62, Lerma Rojo 64, Nacozari 76, Tesia 79, and Wheaton was under monogenic genetic control and was attributed to the adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr18. The moderate resistances of Cleopatra 74, Zaragoza 75, and Apache 81 were also monogenic, but gene Yr18 was absent. Pavon 76 carried two partially effective additive genes; and the adult plant resistance of Tonichi 81 was based on additive interaction involving Yr18 and two additional partially effective genes. Tonichi 81 does not carry any seedling resistance gene, however, the adult plant resistance is highly effective worldwide. This resistance, designated as the Yr18 complex, is of a durable nature. The partial adult plant resistance of Pavon 76 has also remained durable in Mexico and other countries where it is grown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023766
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    Effects of recurrent selection for resistance to scab (Gibberella zeae) in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; recurrent selection ; resistance to scab ; gene pool ; Taigu male-sterile gene Ms2 ; breeding method ; Gibberella zeae ; Fusarium graminearum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Scab caused by Gibberella zeae Petch., in common wheat, is one of the most severe diseases in China. A source population C0, bred for scab resistance, was developed through three cycles of multiple-parent crossing and intercrossing by means of the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2), according to Wu's scheme. Phenotypic recurrent selection methods for increasing the resistance to scab-infection of spikelets and seeds with the male-sterile plants were carried out simultaneously in Nanjing and Shanghai and at Jianyang, Fujian Province, for three cycles. The generations from C0 to C3 and two check cultivars were evaluated, using a randomized block design, under conditions of an artificially induced epidemic of scab during 1988–1990. The results indicate that there were significant differences in the resistance to scab between these generations. On average, the percentages of diseased spikelets and seeds of the male-fertile plants were reduced by 9% and 10%, respectively. The frequency of resistant plants was distinctly enhanced by recurrent selection. Analysis of variance showed that no significant differences existed between cycles of recurrent selection in agronomic characters such as plant height, spikes per plant, spike length, numbers of spikelets and seeds per spike, weight of seeds per spike and 100-kernel weight, days to heading and to maturity. Except for plant height, most of these traits tended to be slightly improved with improvement of resistance in the gene pool. The variance for resistance in the generations was decreased under selection. Recurrent selection for scab resistance using the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2) was both an effective and feasible breeding method for producing this character in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023778
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    The influence of disease complexes involving Leptosphaeria (Septoria) nodorum on detection of resistance to three leaf spot diseases in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; resistance selection ; disease complexes ; pathogen mixtures ; septoria nodorum blotch ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; septoria tritici blotch ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; yellow spot ; tan spot ; Drechslera tritici-repentis ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In controlled inoculation studies with Septoria nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, estimates of the relative proportion of each pathogen demonstrated differences in the responses of cultivars to pathogen mixtures that were not apparent from measurements of diseased leaf areas. Under field conditions estimates of the relative proportion of S. nodorum, P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici varied between field screening locations in Western Australian but also between lines within locations. Lines with known resistance to P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici, but susceptible to S. nodorum, could not be distinguished from susceptible lines on the basis of leaf area diseased or grain weight depression when S. nodorum was present in the disease complex. Such conditions, while suitable for the selection of combined resistance to these pathogens, were unsuitable for identifying resistance to individual pathogens. As symptoms were similar, the proportion of diseased leaf area sporulating with each pathogen provided a means of measuring the variation in disease development induced on lines varying in resistance. Knowledge of the components of disease and their relative importance were essential in understanding varietal response information under mixed infections of these leaf spot pathogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023770
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    Endosperm starch properties in several wheat cultivars preferred for Japanese noodles (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 171-175 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: amylose content ; flour peak viscosity ; Japanese noodle ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To characterize superior genotypes for the white Japanese noodle, endosperm starch properties including amylose content, flour peak viscosity and starch-granule bound Waxy (Wx) proteins were compared using several cultivars preferred for noodle manufacture. Amylose contents from three seasons trials and flour peak viscosity from two seasons trials varied among cultivars. Low amylose content was a common property in the noodle cultivars, whereas a high peak viscosity was not always the case. When the Wx proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a clear reduction in the amount of low molecular weight protein or a lack of the high molecular weight protein occurred in the noodle cultivars. Segregation of Wx proteins was detectable in a B1F1 population, indicating that the Wx protein analysis has a potential as a surrogate of selecting low amylose genotypes in early generations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034154
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    Searching for DNA introgressed from wheat and for wheat-like grain proteins in a rice x wheat hybridization derivative (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: intergeneric introgression ; Oryza sativa, prolamins ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; X Oryticum oryzoides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The DNA of a putative rice x wheat hybridization derivative (X Oryticum oryzoides) from China, the DNA of its parental rice cultivar and the DNA of a wheat line were digested with ten different restriction endonucleases, resolved by agarose electrophoresis, Southern blotted and hybridized using genomic wheat DNA as a probe. Phenol extracted, ethanol and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide precipitated DNA of the putative hybrid showed a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) different from that of the parental rice. When the DNA was further purified by Qiagen chromatography, the RFLP differences were not detected. Hence the apparent RFLP differences were probably due partial digestion of the less pure DNA preparations by the restriction endonucleases. No real introgressed fragments from wheat genome could be shown. The HpaII/MspI sites were more frequently digested with MspI than with HpaII in rice and hybridization derivative DNA, but the sites were evidently more frequently methylated in wheat DNA. Thus, in terms of methylation of the DNA, the hybridization derivative was much more like the rice parent than the wheat parent. The hybridization derivative showed a single endospermal protein (mass 19 kg mol-1) not detected in the parental rice cultivar. This minor protein was soluble in buffered 50% isopropanol and precipitable with methanol. The results indicate that there are no or only short introgressed sequences from wheat in the rice/wheat derivative, a result which might be considered in breeding efforts with the hybrid derivative.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034155
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    Differential responses of bread wheat characters to high temperature (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 197-203 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; high temperature tolerance ; yield component ; selection criteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Agronomic and yield data were collected from two trials each containing 16 bread wheat genotypes, planted two years under late sowing conditions of high temperature (above 30° C) and one year under a normal sowing time environment. The aim was to study the character response and yield correlations with yield components and other characters under high temperature conditions with full irrigation. The results show that yield, seeds per spike, biomass, and plant height are more thermo-sensitive than spike number per square meter, 1000 kernel weight, and test weight. The grain-filling rate was more temperature-sensitive than days to anthesis and duration of grain-filling. Simple phenotypic correlation analysis indicated that yield was highly and positively correlated with seeds per spike, biomass, and harvest index (HI), independent of seasons and genotypes under high temperatures. The seeds per spike accounted for variation of yield ranging from 35.2 to 78.1%. Effect of earliness on the yield under high temperature was highly dependent on the temperature regime during the heading stage. Grains per spike, biomass, HI, and test weight could be considered potential selection criteria for yield under high temperature. Analysis of yields under normal and late sowing conditions failed to reveal any association between the yield potential in normal sowing date and the performance of varieties under high temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034158
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    Genetic analysis of resistance to Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica (Mitra)) in bread wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bread wheat ; combining ability ; inheritance ; Karnal bunt ; resistance ; Tilletia indica ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An analyis of an F1-based incomplete diallel was conducted involving 11 parents with different levels of resistance to Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica (Mitra)). It demonstrated that general combining ability (GCA) and thus additive or additive × additive gene effects were very important in the inheritance of resistance, accounting for 86.9% of the variation. Further analysis concentrated on F3 lines derived from individual random F2 plants from crosses with resistant varieties having the highest negative GCA effects. It was shown that the varieties Weaver and W499 have single dominant genes of resistance, which are different from each other, and which differ from a single allelic gene in varieties K342 and Cruz Alta. The majority of the crosses did not demonstrate a relationship between Karnal bunt infection and the number of days to heading. Resistant F3 lines varied in the number of days to heading from 80 to 100.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033765
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    Monosomic analysis of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance in Triticum aestivum line PI137739 (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 117-120 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Russian wheat aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; monosomic analysis ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), has become an important pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States. The aphid causes a phytotoxemic reaction in wheat evidenced by local and systemic chlorosis and rolling of infested leaves. Developing resistance in wheat cultivars to D. noxia is an essential factor in controlling the damage caused by this pest. Several sources of genetic resistance to D. noxia have been identified in wheat germplasm. Monosomic analysis of the monogenic resistant T. aestivum accession PI137739 has shown that the gene (Dn1) for resistance is carried on chromosome 7D. It appears that chromosome 7B may carry a second resistance gene for D. noxia that might be a source of minor or complementary gene action for resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033775
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    Silicon accumulation and water uptake by wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 191-199 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: durixerollic calciorthid soil ; evapotranspiration ; plant water relations ; silicon transport soil ; temperature ; Triticum aestivum ; uptake ; water balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Silicon (Si) content in cereal plants and soil-Si solubility may be used to estimate transpiration, assuming passive Si uptake. The hypothesis for passive-Si uptake by the transpiration stream was tested in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Stephens) grown on the irrigated Portneuf silt loam soil (Durixerollic calciorthid) near Twin Falls, Idaho. Treatments consisted of 5 levels of plant-available soil water ranging from 244 to 776 mm provided primarily by a line-source sprinkler irrigation system. Evapotranspiration was determined by the water-balance method and water uptake was calculated from evapotranspiration, shading, and duration of wet-surface soil. Water extraction occurred from the 0 to 150-cm zone in which equilibrium Si solubility (20°C) was 15 mg Si L−1 in the Ap and Bk (0–58 cm depth) and 23 mg Si L−1 in the Bkq (58–165 cm depth). At plant maturity, total Si uptake ranged from 10 to 32 g m−2, above-ground dry matter from 1200 to 2100 g m−2 and transpiration from 227 to 546 kg m−2. Silicon uptake was correlated with transpiration (Siup=−07+06T, r2=0.85) and dry matter yield with evapotranspiration (Y=119+303ET, r2=0.96). Actual Si uptake was 2.4 to 4.7 times that accounted for by passive uptake, supporting designation of wheat as a Si accumulator. The ratio of Si uptake to water uptake increased with soil moisture. The confirmation of active Si uptake precludes using Si uptake to estimate water use by wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011197
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    The contribution of different regions of the seminal roots of wheat to uptake of nitrate from soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 155-158 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate uptake ; root activity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A technique was developed to determine the physiological activity of defined sections of seminal roots of wheat grown in sand. Wheat plants were grown for 2 weeks in narrow columns of N-deficient sand to which all other nutrients had been added. The columns were split longitudinally and 15N-labelled nitrate, in an agar medium, supplied to 2 cm sections of root. Shoots and roots were analysed after 24 h to determine the uptake of 15N. Three sections were examined on either the secondary or tertiary seminal root: 1 cm from the seed (basal segment), 35 cm from the seed (middle segment) and 4 cm from the root apex (apical segment). Total uptake was greatest from the basal and middle segments, declining by 50% from the apical segment. However, uptake per unit root length, including exposed sections of lateral roots, was not significantly different along the root.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025007
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    Genotypic differences in phosphorus efficiency of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 293-296 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: efficiency ; genotypic differences ; phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to evaluate whether breeding and selection for high yielding capacity did change the P requirements of modern wheat cultivars, the response of two wheat cultivars to different levels of P supply was investigated. A traditional cultivar ("Peragis") and a modern cultivar ("Cosir") were cultivated in a C-loess low in available P and high in CaCO3 in 120 cm high PVC pots. Shoot and root growth at different developmental stages was compared. The grain yield of the modern cultivar Cosir was higher at limiting and non-limiting P supply and, therefore, this cultivar can be considered as more P-efficient than the traditional cultivar. From the results it can be concluded that the main factors contributing to the higher P efficiency of the modern cultivar are (i) efficient use of assimilates for root growth characteristics which enhance P acquisition: smaller root diameter, and longer root hairs, (ii) efficient remobilization of P from vegetative plant organs to the grains, and (iii) lower P requirement for grain yield formation because of lower ear number per plant but higher grain number per ear.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025040
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    Effect of phosphorus supply to the surface roots of wheat on root extension and rhizosphere chemistry in an acidic subsoil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium tolerance ; cation-anion balance ; phosphate translocation ; split-root ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedlings of two cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in tolerance to aluminium (Al) were grown using a split-root sand/soil culture technique. Each culture tube was divided horizontally into a surface (0–150 mm) compartment and a subsurface (150–250 mm) compartment separated by a root-permeable paraffin wax barrier. Thus phosphorus (P) supplied to surface roots could not percolate or diffuse into the soil in the subsurface compartment. The soil in the subsurface compartment was divided into ‘rhizosphere’ and ‘non-rhizosphere’ zones using a porous (5 μm) membrane. Root growth of both cultivars into the subsurface zone was enhanced by increased P supply to surface roots, but did not conform to known relationships between root growth and soil pH, extractable-Al, or pH, Al or P concentrations in soil solution. Concentrations of Al in soil solution in the rhizosphere were greater than those in solution in the bulk soil. Concentrations of Al reactive with pyrocatechol violet (30s-RRAI) in the rhizosphere soil solution were generally greater than those in non-rhizosphere soil. With the Al-sensitive cultivar, root dry weight and length increased as concentrations of RRAl in the rhizosphere soil solution increased. Increased concentrations of Al in rhizosphere soil solutions were not related to the presence of organic ligands in solution. The effect of P in promoting root penetration into the acidic subsurface stratum was not related to differential attainment of maturity by the plant shoots, but appeared to be related to the effect of P in enhancing the rate of root growth. Thus, suboptimal supply of P to the surface roots of a plant, even at levels sufficient to preclude development of nutritional (P) stress symptoms, may seriously reduce tolerance to Al, and hence diminish the ability of roots to penetrate into acidic subsoils.
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    Biological activity and chemical isolation of root saponins of six cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 83-94 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aglycone ; allelopathy ; arabinose ; bioassay ; Bromus secalinus ; dormancy rating ; Medicago sativa ; saponins ; thin-layer chromatography (TLC) ; Trichoderma viride ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat, cheat and Trichoderma viride bioassays were used to establish the relationship between the content of biologically active saponins in the roots and the degree of winter dormancy and/or time of six cultivars of alfalfa over the period January to August, 1988. Wheat and cheat bioassay results indicated no significant difforences among cultivars, whereas T. viride was inhibited most by extracts of roots collected during months with high rainfall and rapid growth. Cheast seedling roots were inhibited 8–10% more than those of wheat seedling roots indicating that alfalfa root saponins were more effective as allelopathic compounds in preventing growth of cheat than that of wheat alone. An average of 14 different saponins per cultivar were separated by thin-layer chromatograms. Saponins, and the aglycones produced by acid hydrolysis of the May samples, were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The conclusion is that the amount, structure, and type of saponins present in alfalfa roots vary with time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014781
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    Promotion of growth of wheat seedlings by a sterile red fungus in relation to plant density and soil fertility (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 306-308 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth promotion ; sterile red fungus ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Enhancement of shoot and root growth of wheat seedlings by a sterile red fungus was evident even when sufficient nutrients were supplied and density of plants per pot was increased (from 15 to 30 plants per pot of 400 g soil). It is likely that production of hormonal-type substances by these fungi may be involved in the phenomenon observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010922
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    Distribution of magnesium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to supply (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 183-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diagnosis ; distribution ; magnesium deficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to describe the distribution of magnesium (Mg) and its retranslocation within wheat, in order to develop diagnostic procedures for Mg deficiency. Plants were grown in solution culture with both constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 μMMg) and discontinued supply (40 μM and 160 μM decreased to nil). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was halted. However, initial deficiency symptoms occurred on young leaves under constant but inadequate supply, contrasting with previous reports. Magnesium concentrations were also lower in young leaves compared to old leaves. Symptoms of yellowing and necrosis occurred if the leaf tissue contained 〈1194 μgg−1, irrespective of leaf age. The minimum Mg concentration in whole shoots associated with maximum shoot weight was 932 μgg−1; for the youngest emerged blade (YEB) it was 861 μgg−1. Symptoms were apparent on the young leaf before a reduction in shoot weight was measurable. The concentration of Mg in the YEB and whole shoot were better related to solution Mg concentration than was the Mg concentration in the old leaf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150049
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    Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; drought resistance ; yield ; selection ; grain filling ; kernel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis. Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F2 through F1 when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F2 base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation. Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145637
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    Gliadin allele composition of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars (1991)
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    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gliadins ; APAGE ; multiple allelism ; variation ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The complete gliadin allele composition of 57 Yugoslav common winter wheat cultivars was studied. Large differences were found in gliadin genotypes among cultivars bred at different Yugoslav breeding centres as well as between early and recent wheats bred in the Novi Sad breeding centre. Yugoslav wheats have limited variation in gliadin alleles, of which Gli-A1a, Gli-B1b, Gli-B1l, Gli-D1b, Gli-A2e, Gli-B2b, Gli-D2a are shown to be the most frequent. Examples of favoured alleles to new cultivars are described. 40% of the studied wheat cultivars have natural biotypes differing in gliadin allele composition. The frequency of cultivars with the biotypes differs greatly among breeding centres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023005
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    Comparison of resistance of triticale, wheat and spelt to septoria nodorum blotch at the seedling and adult plant stages (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adult plant resistance ; seedling resistance ; Septoria nodorum ; septoria nodorum blotch ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. spelta ; spelt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On average, the cereal species studied were susceptible to septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), except for spring triticale on leaf and head and winter titicale on leaf, that appeared to be significantly more resistant, than the other ones. In all three species the SNB response of the adult plants was to a limited extent only predicted by the reaction on first leaf seedlings. In most cases it was impossible to predict the response to SNB of adult plants on the basis of seedling reaction. Correlations between the adult plant stage and the seedling stage, or detached seedling leaves, appears not to be sufficient for use in practical breeding work. A reversal of reaction to SNB was even found between the above growth stages in studied spring and winter wheat varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022558
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    Combining ability analysis for harvest index in winter wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; harvest index ; diallel analysis ; genotypic and phenotypic correlations ; assimilate partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cereal breeders have used harvest index (HI) as a selection criterion in segregating generations to identify physiologically superior lines with improved partitioning of total assimilate into grain. Information on combining ability for HI of the hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of the Southern Great Plains is not available. A study was undertaken to examine HI of seven genetically diverse winter wheat parents, evaluate their general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, and study correlations of HI with several agronomic traits. The seven parents were crossed in a half-diallel mating design to produce 21 crosses. The F1's, their F2 progenies, and the parents were evaluated in replicated field tests at Stillwater and at Lahoma, OK. The combining ability analysis was performed using Griffing's Method 4, Model 1. The results showed significant variation among parents for HI. The GCA and the SCA effects were mostly inconsistent between generations and between environments. However, parents with consistently high HI and positive GCA estimates were identified. The progeny with high HI mostly resulted from parents with high GCA estimates. The correlations between HI and agronomic traits indicated that improvement in HI should also result in high grain yield, early maturity, and short plant height.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021243
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    Additive and epistatic effects of allelic variation at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit loci in determining the bread-making quality of breeding lines of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunits ; bread-making quality ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation has been studied between the high molecular weight glutenin (HMWg) subunit alleles and the bread-making quality of 226 lines of winter wheat (T. aestivum L.), grown in The Netherlands. The lines represented a wide range of genetic backgrounds, and had not been selected for quality, in contrast to the established varieties used by other authors. The variation in HMWg subunit genotypes accounted for about 20% of the total variation in loaf volume among the lines. Most important was the allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus. The Glu-D1 allele encoding the subunits 5+10 was superior to its allelic counterpart, encoding 2+12. The difference in average of loaf volume between groups of lines containing 5+10 or 2+12 was negatively related with protein content of the flours. When protein content was below 9.2%, no effect of allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus was present. Epistatic effects between the Glu-I loci also contributed to the variation in loaf volume of the lines: i.e. the effect of allelic variation at Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 depended on the allele present at the Glu-D1. The contribution of the epistatic effects was about half the contribution of the additive effects, and should therefore be included in predictive models for bread-making quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021248
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    Measurement of response to vernalization in Australian wheats with winter habit (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; intrinsic earliness ; photoperiod ; vernalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Development in wheat is strongly controlled by sensitivity to vernalization and photoperiod, and to a lesser degree by non-vernalizing temperature and intrinsic earliness. A method to measure effect of vernalization in wheats with winter habit is described. Twenty seven wheats with winter habit and eight with spring/facultative habit were studied, comprising breeding lines and cultivars with maturities suited to south-central New South Wales. Effect of vernalization on the development of these wheats was quantified by integrating responses to vernalizing treatments of differing duration. Intrinsic earliness was measured as time for vernalized seedlings to grow to ear emergece in an 18h photoperiod with day/night temperature of 21/16°C, and response to photoperiod as the difference in time to ear emergence between 9 and 18h daylengths. Integrated response to vernalization is sensitive to both cumulative and thresh-hold responses and is applicable to wheats of all habit type. Integrated response to vernalization and intrinsic earliness were positively associated within wheats with winter habit. Wheats were largely of restricted origin, so that there were few allelic differences at Vrn loci to disrupt this association, which suggests intrinsic earliness may modify response to vernalization. Though integrated response to vernalization was measured with artificial treatments, it was strongly associated with ear emergence for wheats with winter habit when grown at a site in New South Wales.
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    Genes for leaf rust resistance in Indian and Pakistani wheats tested with Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 27-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; slow rusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in 71 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars from India and Pakistan were postulated. In total, 9 known and one unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combination: Lr1 (in 20 cultivars), Lr3 (5), Lr10 (21), Lr11 (1), Lr13 (43), Lr17 (5), Lr23 (14), Lr26 (2), Lr27 + Lr31 (2), and the unknown gene in 2 cultivars. Additional temperature-sensitive seedling resistance appeared to occur in 27 cultivars. This resistance in at least 15 cultivars appeared to be due to Lr34. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for these 27 cultivars indicated variable levels of adult plant resistance. Several other cultivars with high seedling infection types to one or more of the predominant field pathotypes were also partially resistant in the field. High levels of adult plant resistance occurred in some cultivars even in the absence of known seedling resistance genes with major effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040475
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    Influence of race and post infection temperature on two components of partial resistance to wheat leaf rust in seedlings of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Adult plant resistance ; infection frequency ; latency period ; partial resistance ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; race-specificity ; temperature sensitivity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Components of partial resistance, infection frequency and latency period, were determined in 71 winter and spring wheat genotypes in the seedling stage, after infection with three races of leaf rust (‘Felix 3B’, ‘Clement B’ and ‘Betuwe 85C’) at three different day/night temperature regimes (24/18°C, 18/12°C and 12/6°C). The genotypes were split into two groups and two separate experiments were carried out. Five genotypes, SVP 84039, Akabozu, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso, conferred a low infection frequency and a long latency period and Westphal 12A a long latency period, indicating a relatively high level of partial resistance. The correlation coefficient between infection frequency and latency period was low. Race-specificity was not found. There was a significant temperature effect on the latency period. In the second experiment the temperature x genotype interaction was significant. Temperature-response functions of transformed data demonstrated that the latency periods of four relatively resistant genotypes, Westphal 12A, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso and of Sarno and Mirela were most sensitive to temperature. The range between the genotypes with the longest and the shortest latency period was highest at 12°C. Therefore, low temperature regimes are preferred to distinguish differences in level of partial resistance.
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    An investigation of the relationship between the F1 potential and the measures of genetic distance among wheat lines (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 165-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; choice of parents ; distance analysis ; standardized potence ; character selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three groups of characters selected using three methods were used to calculate genetic distance among two groups of winter wheat lines using Euclidean distance based on principal components. These wheat lines were then clustered by the unweighted pair-group arithmetic average method. The relationship between genetic distance and standardized potence was seemingly influenced by genetic materials. In order to obtain promising crosses, it is advisable to select parents from intercluster rather than intracluster materials. The results suggested that the repeatability method was better than the conventional and weighting methods for selecting characters for distance analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022817
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    Response of different wheat tissues to increasing doses of ethyl methanesulfonate (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 26 (1991), S. 141-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: calluses mutagenesis ; embryo mutagenesis ; EMS somatic effect ; immature ; embryo mutagenesis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutation experiments require careful selection of a mutagen with characteristics suited to the tissue source and mutagenesis objective, and an appropriate treatment regime. The objectives of the present investigation were:-to compare the ability of immature embryos to initiate calluses and calluses derived from immature embryos to survive and grow after being treated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6% (v/v) and-to compare these results with those published for seed mutagenesis. To determine if the response of tissue source to EMS treatment varied with genotype, tissues from two spring wheat cultivars, ‘Angus’ and ‘Pavon 76’, were used. The combined analysis of variance detected highly significant differences (p≤0.01) among doses. The higher the dose, the lower the tissue survival in each tissue source. No significant differences were detected between cultivars, tissue sources, in the cultivar by dose interaction, tissue source by dose interaction, tissue source by cultivar interaction, or tissue source by cultivar by dose interaction. Hence, both cultivars and tissue sources responded similarly to EMS doses. The predicted LD20 are 0.35%±0.08% for the immature embryo treatment, and 0.36%±0.10% for the callus treatment. The predicted LD50 are 0.82%±0.13% for the immature embryo treatment, and 0.77%±0.13% for the callus treatment. These results were very similar to published results for seed mutagenesis, hence seed mutagenesis research may be applicable to immature embryo and callus mutagenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039935
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    Wheat anther culture: effect of genotype and environmental conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 233-236 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; cultivars ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-two cultivars and lines of winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied, most for the first time, for their anther culture response. The response was genotype dependent. Plants grown in the field gave higher callus induction frequency than those grown in the greenhouse and the controlled environment chamber. Donor plants grown in a season of low drought stress as compared to a season of severe drought stress resulted in a higher frequency of callus induction. Spherical microcalli were observed in two wheat genotypes in some of only those anthers that were placed with only one loculus in contact with the medium. Wheat lines that were more responsive to anther culture were identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033482
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    Inhibitory effect of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) residue on growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart Solms.) II. Relative effect of flower, leaf, stem, and root residue (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2663-2670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parthenium hysterophorus ; Eichhornia crassipes ; Triticum aestivum ; biomass ; inhibitory activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative effect of residue of leaf, flower, stem, and root of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on growth of water hyacinth was studied. The inhibitory activity of the residue as shown by its effect on biomass and healthy leaf number (HLN) of treated plants was in the order: leaf and flower 〉stem 〉root. Total phenolic acids in the medium after 72 hr of suspending the plant part residue were maximum in flower followed by leaf, root, and stem, successively. The dry leaf powder (DLP) and dry flower powder (DFP) at and above 0.50% (w/v) and dry stem powder (DSP) at 1.00% (w/v) killed water hyacinth in about one month. Dry root powder (DRP) at the highest dose (1.25% w/v) reduced the growth of the treated plants drastically, but the plants recovered after about one month. The DSP at 0.50% (w/v) and DRP at 0.25–0.75% (w/v) supported growth of treated plants, probably due to lower levels of inhibitors, allowing utilization of constituents of the residue as nutrients. Using wheat seedlings as a reference material, it was observed that in aquaculture at different levels of parthenium plant parts residue, water hyacinth plants were much more sensitive to inhibitory activity. Thus, water hyacinth is suggested as a material for bioassay of inhibitory activity of the parthenium plant residue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980699
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    Characterization of stem rust resistant derivatives of wheat cultivar Amigo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Introgression ; leaf rust ; Puccinia spp. ; rust resistance ; species-specific probes ; stem rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Originally developed for resistance to greenbug derived from Insave rye, Amigo wheat carries two genes for resistance to stem rust. One of these genes is associated with a rye chromosome 1RS segment carrying the Sec-1 protein marker and presumably greenbug resistance. The second gene which is genetically linked to leaf rust resistance is associated with an Agropyron-derived segment. Rust tests in Canada confirmed that these genes were Sr24 and Lr24. In contrast to Agent and certain 3D/Ag derivatives from Dr. E.R. Sears, the Amigo source of Sr24/Lr24 freely recombined with white seed colour during backcrossing.
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    Associations and genetics of three components of slow rusting in leaf rust of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; slow rusting resistance ; leaf rust ; brown rust ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Forty F6 lines, the two parental lines, and a susceptible check cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were inoculated in the young flag leaf stage with leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and evaluated for latent period, receptivity, and uredinium size in a greenhouse experiment. Genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlations between latent period and uredinium size were −0.81 and −0.62, respectively. A negative correlation (rg=−0.50, rp=−0.41) was found between latent period and receptivity and a positive correlation (rg=0.28, rp=0.26) between uredinium size and receptivity was found. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final rust severity (FRS) obtained from a subsequent field study with common entries were negatively correlated with latent period and positively correlated with uredinium size. Correlations of receptivity with both AUDPC and FRS were not significant. The distributions of F6 family mean uredinia size and latent period were continuous between slow rusting and fast rusting parents: however, the distribution for receptivity was discrete. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 63%, 57%, and 47% for uredinium size, latent period, and receptivity, respectively. Estimates of the minimum number of effective factors were three for latent period and three or four for the uredinium size and receptivity. The components are controlled by closely linked genes or due to pleotropic effects of the same gene.
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    Metaphase-I analysis of a Triticum aestivum x T. monococcum hybrid by the C-banding technique (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: A genome ; C-banding ; meiosis ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum monococcum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The meiotic pairing behaviour at metaphase I of a Triticum aestivum×Triticum monococcum hybrid has been studied by means of the C-banding technique to ascertain the homology between the chromosomes in the A genome of the two species. The technique allowed the A and B genome chromosomes and the 2D, 3D and 5D chromosomes to be identified. Differences in the level of chromosome pairing in the A genome were noted. The T. monococcum 4A chromosome did not pair with any of the T. aestivum chromosomes in any of the metaphase I cells analysed. Two reciprocal translocations between the 2B and 2D chromosomes on one side and the 2A and 3D on the other side have been identified. The usefulness of the C-banding technique in the study of chromosome homology among species related to wheat is discussed.
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    Intergenotypic competition and border effect in bread wheat and barley (1993)
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    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 19-31 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; grain yield ; plot size ; variety trials ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A coordinated series of experiments aimed to estimate border effect and intergenotypic competition was carried out on bread wheat and barley in Italy and Germany. The performance of the varieties grown in alternate rows 14–17 cm apart proved to be strictly dependent on the bordering variety. The varieties grown in adjacent plots consisting of eight rows showed significant border effects: the two external rows yielded up to 40% more than the two innermost, and the two 30 cm end hills facing the alleys yielded 29% more than the central part of the plot. Is has been suggested that in variety trials the first 30–40 cm at both ends of each plot should be removed mechanically. In spite of the border effect detected in the outer rows of the plots, the varieties similarly exploited the extra space available at the borders, and the space of 30 cm left between adjacent plots seems to be sufficient to dilute the intergenotypic competition at plot level to an extent only marginally affecting variety performance. In conclusion, grain yield based on whole plot (8 rows, 6–10 m2) appears to provide a good estimate of ‘true yield’, providing that it is based on the actual area of the plot, including the uncropped strip between adjacent plots. By contrast, the reduction of plot size to 1–3 rows is not feasible without introducing considerable bias into the estimation of the yield potential of the varieties.
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    Allelic variation at Glu-1 loci in some Yugoslav wheat cultivars (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; glutenins ; alleles ; sedimentation value ; wheat ; quality score ; high molecular weight glutenins ; Triticum aestivum ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The high molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin extracted from flour of 36 Yogoslav wheat cultivars were separated by SDS-PAGE to identify their alleles, and the frequency of each allele was calculated. Eleven alleles from the three Glu-loci were recognized, three at the Glu-A1 locus, six at the Glu-B1 locus and two at the Glu-D1 locus. The most frequent allele was “a” (55.5%) from Glu-D1, which controls synthesis of subunits 2+12. The Glu-1 quality score varied from 4 (KG-III/27, KG-75, Morava and KG-101/7) to 10 (Lepenica). The mean Glu-1 quality score of cultivars and lines from Kragujevac was 6.8, for cultivars from Zagreb 7.2, and for cultivars from Novi Sad was 7.9. Most of the genotypes with a quality score of 8 or above, had high sedimentation values (Zeleny test). There were no significant differences in allelic composition at the Glu-1 loci among wheat genotypes from Kragujevac, Novi Sad and Zagreb.
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    Reaction of triticale, wheat and rye accessions to graminaceous Fusarium spp. infection at the seedling and adult plant growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Fusarium spp ; pathogenicity ; head blight ; seedling resistance ; adult plant resistance ; grain yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pathogenicity of 20 isolates of 12 Fusarium species recovered from triticale seed against seedlings of 14 varieties of winter cereals (triticale, wheat, and rye) was tested. The most pathogenic inoculum was a mixture of isolates (a composite isolate) of all the species. The following species were individually the most pathogenic: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum, and F. graminearum. Winter triticale was more resistant to seedling blight than rye but more susceptible than wheat. Also reactions of 31 winter and 12 spring varieties of cereals to head inoculation with a composite isolate of 4 Fusarium spp. (F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum) was studied. In comparison to other cereals of similar type winter and spring wheat appeared to be the most susceptible while winter rye reaction was comparable to winter triticale. Spring and winter triticale varieties responded to head infection intermediately. There was no significant correlation between seedling and head reactions to infection with Fusarium spp. for winter rye and triticale. For winter wheat a negative trend was found. The above findings imply that screening of cereals at the seedling stage can not be used to predict the resistance to head blight. Nevertheless, resistance at the stage is highly desirable to prevent excessive damage of the crops due to the seedling blight incited by Fusarium spp..
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    Inheritance of stripe rust (yellow rust) resistance in the wheat cultivar Carstens V (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 71 (1993), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Puccinia striiformis ; resistance genes ; stripe rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; yellow rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Carstens V, one of the wheat cultivars used to differentiate races of Puccinia striiformis (stripe rust or yellow rust) in Europe, was crossed with stripe rust susceptible cultivars and cultivars with genes for resistance to the disease to determine the genetic basis of its stripe rust resistance. Seedlings of the parents and F1, F2, and F3 progeny were evaluated for resistance to North American races of P. striiformis. Based on those evaluations, Carstens V has three genes for resistance to North American race CDL-21, two genes for resistance to races CDL-17, CDL-20, and CDL-29, and one gene for resistance to race CDL-27. The genes that confer resistance to race CDL-17 also confer resistance to race CDL-21. The three genes were either dominant or recessive depending upon the race used in the test and the cultivar used in the cross. None of the genes in Carstens V are the same as the genes for resistance in Cappelle Desprez, Chinese 166, Clement, Compair, Heines Peko, Hybrid 46, Minister, Nord Desprez, Triticum spelta album, and Vilmorin 23.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023473
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    Long-term association of locations for testing spring bread wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: pattern analysis ; genotype x environment interaction ; grain yield ; mega-environments ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery (ISWYN) has been distributed annually since 1964 and the results provide a base for investigating relationships among locations. Ordination and clustering of locations was conducted using 26 years of grain yield data. Ordination and clusters based on the discrimination of germplasm were compared with ‘mega-environments’, which are groupings of locations defined by CIMMYT on the basis of climatic factors and perceptions of major biotic and abiotic stresses. Discrepancies among mega-environmental groupings, clusters and ordinations may identify locations for which major stresses affecting wheat yield are yet unidentified. Major environmental discriminators were latitude and the presence or absence of stress, although there was little association of locations due to limited moisture availability. We identified two major spring wheat environments, typified as Asian and European, and suggest the mega-environmental classification does not explain all significant associations among locations. Location groupings based on discrimination of germplasm should be considered in parallel to mega-environments on a regular basis and we propose breeding for a base of broadly adapted germplasm to which specific stress tolerances are incorporated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023777
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  • 89
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    Height, competition and yield potential in winter wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: compensation ; competition ; height ; Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationship between plant height, competitive ability and yield performance was examined for six cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) in southern Alberta. Competition significantly reduced grain yield, heads.m-2 and kernels.m-2. Competition also reduced heads.plant-1 and kernels.head-1 but did not affect plants.m-2 or kernel weight. For yield and other area-based yield components, multiple regression showed that interference by competitors was increased by reducing the height of the neighbouring cultivar and by increasing both competitor height and the ratio of competitor height to cultivar height. Intensities of yield interference in pure stands of the six cultivars were predicted by substituting their height into this multiple regression model. These predictions showed a one-to-one relationship (b=1.01; p〈0.01; R2=0.85) with pure stand grain yields, indicating that reduced inter-plant interference is a yield-positive trait that is inevitably present in high yielding cultivars. For plant-based yield components (heads.plant-1, kernels.head-1 and kernel weight), cultivar-specific compensation between traits maintained a balance between the number and the size of heads and kept kernel weight constant. These responses to optimize the development of viable kernels modified or obscured the effect of competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033761
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  • 90
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    Copper supply and the leaf emergence rate of spring wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 457-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; development ; leaf emergence ; nutrient deficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Copper deficiency can delay flowering and plant maturity. However, the effect of copper deficiency on the rate of leaf emergence has not been quantified. We tested the hypothesis that low copper supply decreases the rate of leaf emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Gamenya). Copper foliar sprays are commonly applied to wheat. We examined the response of the rate of leaf emergence to a foliar application of copper sulphate. Wheat was grown in root cooling tanks (20°C) in the glasshouse. Soil copper treatments were applied as solutions of CuSO4.5H2O at three rates: Cu0=no added Cu, Cu400=400 μg Cu per 3 kg pot, and Cu1600=1600 μg Cu per pot. An additional treatment of a foliar spray of CuSO4.5H2O (0.4 mg Cu per plant) was applied to Cu0 and Cu400 plants 45 days after sowing (5.5 leaves on the main stem). Leaves on the main stem were counted and the rate of leaf emergence was estimated from the regression of number of emerged leaves against thermal time (base 0°C). The phyllochron was calculated as 1/rate of emergence. Leaves on Cu0 and Cu400 plants took longer to emerge than on Cu1600 plants, with the phyllochron of Cu1600 plants being 130 compared to 137 for the Cu400 plants and 158 for the Cu0 plants. The foliar application of CuSO4 at the 5–6 leaf stage resulted in a decrease in the phyllochron of the Cu0 plants to 127, but no change in that of the Cu400 plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025082
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  • 91
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    Comparison of media for their aptitude in wheat anther culture (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 35 (1993), S. 59-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: amino acids ; anther culture ; culture medium ; maltose ; bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Different media were evaluated with anthers of five spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for their ability to produce embryos and green plants in anther culture. Our first experiment showed that the addition of a combination of 19 amino acids significantly increased the number of embryos and green plants obtained. The mean number of green plants per 100 anthers for the two genotypes in this experiment, HY320 and B723, went from 28.2 without amino acids in the medium, to 46.7 with addition of amino acids. Our second experiment with the genotypes HY320, Wim and Laval-19 showed that liquid medium with Ficoll is more efficient for anther culture (9.9 green plants/100 anthers) than solid (0 green plants), gelationous media (2.5 green plants/100 anthers) or liquid medium with Membrane Rafts (0 green plants; Hoechst Celanese Corp.). Our third experiment revealed that the effect of replacement of sucrose by maltose varied with the genotype of the donor plant. Maltose partially inhibited the androgenesis of three responsive genotypes, HY320, Wim and Reliance (40.3 green plants/100 anthers instead of 43.9 with sucrose), while maltose significantly increased the androgenesis of the recalcitrant genotype Laval-19 (10.8 green plants/100 anthers instead of 5.4 with sucrose). An amino acid x maltose interaction was also observed. Amino acids without maltose increased androgenesis, but the addition of maltose to the amino acid-enriched medium eliminated this positive effect of the amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043940
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  • 92
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    In vitro techniques for selecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Fusarium-resistance. I. Double-layer culture technique (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium resistance ; Fusarium spp. ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; double-layer technique ; in vitro selection ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Calluses of spring and winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) were selected for Fusarium resistance in vitro, using the double-layer culture technique. Potato-dextrose agar medium in vials was inoculated with mycelia of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. After one week, fungal cells were killed by autoclaving and the agar medium containing the thermostable toxic metabolites was overlayered with MS callus-growing medium. Later, wheat calluses were placed on the upper medium for 4–5 weeks, and from the surviving calluses plants were regenerated. R2 seedling populations from self-fertilized R1 plants of 4 varieties were tested for Fusarium resistance by artificial infections in the greenhouse, and 3% of the regenerated R2 plants have been found to be more resistant than the original cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039671
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    Changes in physiological attributes of the dry matter economy of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) through genetic improvement of grain yield potential at different regions of the world (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Biomass ; grain yield ; grain yield components ; harvest index ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The understanding of the changes produced by plant breeding on wheat grain yield and on its determinants, through the study of the behaviour of cultivars released at different times during the breeding process, could be a useful tool to define future selection criteria. The aim of this paper was to examine the genetic improvement effects on bread wheat grain yield potential and on its major physiological determinants in different countries. Generally, it seems that the genetic improvement produced important increases in harvest index, but it did not produce important changes in total biomass. The genetic gain in grain yield ranged from 0.58 g m-2 year-1 (India) to 5.84 g m-2 year-1 (Mexico); reflecting important differences among genetic improvement programmes. However, when the comparisons were made in relative values, the difference was much lower, ranging from 0.16% year-1 to 0.90% year-1, for the previously mentioned countries, respectively. Most of the regions showed relative genetic gains of around 0.45% year-1. Similar patterns of relative genetic gains in harvest index were found. Half of the total gain in grain yield in the past was due to genetic gain in grain yield potential. However, it is expected for the future, that further increases in grain yield will rely more on genetic gain than on technologic gain. Thus, a discussion about possible strategies in future breeding programmes of bread wheat is attempted throughout the paper. The changes in grain yield were mostly associated with changes in number of grains per m2 rather than with changes in individual grain weight. It appears that the source: sink ratio during the grain-filling period was very high in old cultivars, whereas the source: sink ratio in modern cultivars is more balanced. Further increases in number of grains m-2 could be compensated by a reduction in individual grain weight, if simultaneous improvement in source strength during grain-filling is not achieved. The crop attributes which have been changed together with the mentioned traits are discussed and alternative selection criteria are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035338
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    Production and cytogenetic analysis of the intergeneric hybrids between nine Elymus species and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Elymus species ; genome ; germplasm resources ; intergeneric hybridization ; meiosis ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybridizations were performed between Triticum aestivum L. (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and twelve Elymus species, ten tetraploids (2n=4x=28, SSYY) and two hexaploids (2n=6x=42, SSHHYY and SSYY??), namely, E. pendulinus (Nevski) Tzvelev, E. altissimus (Keng), Löve, E. anthosachnoides (Keng) Löve, E. brevipes (Keng) Löve, E. dolichatherus (Keng) Löve, E. parviglumis (Keng) Löve, E. pseudonutans (Keng) Löve, E. tibeticus (Melderis) G. Singh, E. semicostatus (Nees ex Steud.) Melderis, E. caucasicus (C. Koch) Tzvelev (tetraploids), and E. tsukushiensis Honda and E. tschimganicus (Drobov) Tzvelev (hexaploids). The hybrid seed sets in different combinations varied from 4.8%–72.2%, and embryo yields ranged from 3.2%–36.7%. Nine combinations produced adult hybrid plants, eight pentaploids and one hexaploid, through embryo rescue. The production of hybrid plants varied from 1.2%–30%. Chromosome pairing was analysed at metaphase I in the parental species and the hybrids. Average meiotic configurations of 33.51 I+0.74 II+0.03 III+0.001 IV were observed amongst the pentaploid hybrids although there was a large variation, and 31.42 I+5.21 II+0.04 III was recorded in the hexaploid hybrid. It is concluded from the study that: 1) very little pairing occurred between the ABD genomes in T. aestivum and the different genomes in the tetraploid Elymus species. even though the pairing behaviour varied in different combinations; 2) the hexaploid combination had distinctly higher chromosome pairing than the other pentaploid combinations, which could be due either to a low degree of homoeology between the T. aestivum and E. tschimganicus genomes or that the latter species contains, certain gene(s) which increase the meiotic pairing between genomes from the same parental species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035343
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    Crossability percentages of bread wheat landraces from Shaanxi and Henan provinces, China with rye (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The crossability percentages of 118 landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Shaanxi and Henan provinces, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. 14 landraces possess a higher crossability percentage than Chinese Spring, 30 landraces have a similar to and 74 landraces have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. Most landraces with high crossability percentage occur in south part of Shaanxi, and the west and southwest of Henan, their geographical distribution in these regions fits up with that in the Sichuan province.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022718
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    Agronomic and quality characters of near-isogenic lines of wheat carrying genes for stem rust resistance (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; near-isogenic lines ; linkage drag
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two sets of near-isogenic lines of wheat carrying single genes for stem rust resistance were grown in yield tests to determine whether the resistance genes were deleterious. One set was based on the cultivar Marquis and the second set on a susceptible, day-length insensitive line, LMPG. The results indicated that the effects of resistance genes vary with different genes and different environments. However, there appeared to be a tendency for resistance genes to reduce yield. In most cases the reductions were too small to be of much concern to wheat breeders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024152
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    The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit compositions of Chinese bread wheat varieties and their relationship with bread-making quality (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; glutenin sub-units ; bread-making quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The composition of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin encoded by Glu-1 in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was determined for 99 varieties bred in China. Seventy-nine varieties were homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunit composition. The majority of the remainder were heterogeneous at one Glu-1 locus, with two varieties heterogeneous at two loci. One variety carried a pattern of subunits not encountered in previous studies. The majority of varieties, as in previous studies, carried subunits 7+8 or 7+9 encoded by Glu-B1. In contrast, there was a relatively high occurrence of subunits 2+12 at Glu-D1. It was shown that a high proportion, 69%, of the potential variation in bread-making quality, as assessed by SDS-sedimentation volume, was accounted for by variation in the composition of the HMW subunits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029874
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    Productivity and adaptive capacity of winter wheat landraces and modern cultivars grown under low-fertility conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; landrace ; semidwarf ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; fertilization ; genetic improvement ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In recent decades, most winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding in the United States has been done in field nurseries in which the soil receives ample fertilization. To determine the effects of these breeding efforts on productivity under low-fertility conditions, we evaluated twenty-nine winter wheat genotypes (seven Asian landraces; thirteen standard-height U.S. cultivars released between 1874 and 1971; and nine semidwarf cultivars released between 1977 and 1988) under severe fertility stress at three Kansas, USA locations. Experiments included fertilized and unfertilized treatments. The modern, semidwarf cultivars yielded 18% and 20% more, on average, than landraces and standard-height cultivars under low and high fertility, respectively; however, only the latter difference reached the 5% significance level. At only one location (Hays) was there a significant genotype X fertility interaction: there, 89% of the semidwarf cultivars, only 8% of the standard cultivars, and 57% of the landraces responded to fertilization. The regression coefficient of mean grain yield (unfertilized) on year of introduction or release for standard and semidwarf cultivars was zero, indicating that a century of breeding has produced no genetic improvement in performance under these low-fertility conditions. Although we found that the usual yield advantage of modern cultivars is not expressed under very low fertility, we saw no evidence that older cultivars are superior under those conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029637
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    Crossability percentages of bread wheat collections from Tibet, China with rye (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 127-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The crossability percentages of 282 accessions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected in Tibet, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. Five collections have a similar to and 277 accessions have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. The accessions with high crossability percentage occur along the highway near Lhasa. No landraces with higher crossability than Chinese Spring and rare landraces with similar crossability to Chinese Spring indicated that the landraces in Tibet region are different from those in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Henan provinces in the distribution frequency of high crossability, and there is no distribution of recessive kr4 alleles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029649
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    Components of adult plant resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adult plant resistance (APR) ; area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) ; infection frequency (IF) ; latency period (LP) ; partial resistance (PR) ; P. recondita f.sp. tritici ; sporulating leaf area (SLA) ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Winter wheat genotypes were tested for resistance in the field by assessing the percentage sporulating leaf area after infection with wheat leaf rust. The disease level in the first field trial was too low for selection. In the second field trial a low sporulating leaf area was found on several genotypes showing a susceptible infection type. These genotypes possibly have partial resistance. Six genotypes possibly possess adult plant resistance, as they showed a resistant infection type and a low sporulating leaf area. The latency period, infection frequency and uredosorus size of sixteen genotypes were determined in the greenhouse after infection with two races of leaf rust at two temperature regimes. The temperature × genotype interaction, found for latency period and infection frequency, was mostly influenced by the cultivars Cerco, Tundra and Miller. Adult plant resistance was postulated for four genotypes whereas another four appeared to have partial resistance. Only one of the sixteen genotypes (Apexal) possessed adult plant resistance and two genotypes (Arminda and Cappelle Desprez) showed partial resistance in the field as well as in the greenhouse.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029650
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