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  • Hymenoptera  (47)
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  • Springer  (92)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heritable differences in the response of the braconid waspMicroplitis croceipes to volatile allelochemicals (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid behavior ; heritable traits ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; allelochemical ; flight response ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The heritable nature of differential responses by Microplitis croceipes(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to airborne allelochemicals was investigated. Four isofemale lines were tested for three generations in a flight tunnel. Flight response was found to be strongly dependent on the familial origin, with two highly responsive lines being clearly differentiated from two less responsive ones. Each isofemale line could also be recognized by typical behaviors that suggested that M. croceipesfemales may inherit independent characters of sensory acuity to plant and to host chemicals and of learning ability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052110
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rubbing behavior and morphology of van der Vecht's gland inBelonogaster petiolata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 85-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Belonogaster petiolata ; rubbing behavior ; sternal gland ; ant predation ; defensive allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the social wasp, Belonogaster petiolata,rub the secretion of van der Vecht's gland, located on their terminal gastral sternite, onto the nest pedicel. In bioassays, the secretion was repellent to two species of ants, while shortchain acids were effective releasers of rubbing behavior. Rubbing was associated with pedicel enlargement and departure from the nest in preemergence colonies. Its frequency was high where wasps were often exposed to ants and low where ants were rare or absent. Rubbing also decreased significantly from the pre-to the postemergence stage of the colony cycle. In both stages, subordinate foundresses rubbed more often than queens or workers. These observations support the hypothesis that rubbing behavior and the secretion of van der Vecht's gland function in chemical defense of the nest against ant predation. The general morphology of the gland in B. petiolataresembles that of the four other independent-founding polistine wasp genera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049197
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerial prey caching by solitary ground-nesting wasps: A test of the predator defense hypothesis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: antipredator behavior ; prey caching ; Ammophila ; Formica ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many solitary ground-nesting wasps in the families Pompilidae and Sphecidae excavate nests after capturing prey for provisions. These wasps generally cache their immobilized prey temporarily during nest excavation, frequently by suspending the prey in a plant (”aerial caching”). Here I test the hypothesis that aerial caching by Ammophila spp. wasps (Sphecidae) functions to reduce prey theft by generalist predators, Formica spp. ants. Foraging ants removed baits placed on the ground more rapidly than baits suspended in plants; mean half-lives for ground and aerial baits were 14.5 and 145.7 min, respectively (mean values for experiments 1–3). Ant foraging activity decreased during the midday. Ant interference with nesting activities of Ammophila spp. also decreased during the midday, paralleling observed fluctuations in ant foraging activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417915
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in ant aggression and kin discrimination ability within and between colonies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 359-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: ant ; aggression ; kin discrimination ; Rhytidoponera confusa ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant variation in aggressiveness and kin discrimination ability occurs between different laboratory colonies of the ant Rhytidoponera confusa.Different colonies show consistently high (or low) levels of aggression toward nonnestmates over 4–19 weeks. Earlier studies excluded colony size and the natural presence or absence of the queen in colonies and differences in hunger as possible sources of variation. The present study excluded the number of larvae in colonies and the time of the light period of the light cycle when recognition tests were carried out. Highly significant variation occurs between the kin discrimination ability of individual workers in any particular colony. Approximately 28% of the workers in colonies of R. confusashowed very poor kin discrimination. Much of the colony's kin discrimination is carried out by a small number of highly aggressive workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052114
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of eight Yponomeuta-species as hosts of Diadegma armillata (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343526
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging behavior of Campoletis sonorensis in response to Heliothis virescens and cotton plants (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 47-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; cotton ; potential host community location ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les comportements d'évaluation de l'effectif d'hôtes potentiels et de la position des hôtes par C. sonorensis (Hyméno.: Iccheumonidae) ont été quantifiés pour déterminer les séquences significatives des événements comportementaux. La localisation de la colonie potentielle d'hôtes est apparue comme une séquence régulière des événements comportementaux. Une fois que le parasitoïde a localisé une colonie potentielle, on a constaté que la recherche au hasard des hôtes se poursuit jusqu'à ce qu'il ait la démonstration qu'il s'agit d'une plante attaquée. La localisation par le parasitoïde d'un hôte certain a consitué une autre séquence régulière des événements comportementaux terminant la localisation de l'hôte. L'influence de pieds de coton intacts, de pieds abîmés mécaniquement et de pieds occupés par des chenilles du 3ème stade de l'hôte et de plantes dont les chenilles ont été retirées juste avant l'expérience a été déterminée en modifiant la composition du complexe hôte/plante. Des femelles naïves de C. sonorensis ont montré en présence de pieds de coton intacts apparemment toutes les séquences comportementales de vol impliquées dans la localisation d'une colonie potentielle d'hôtes. Une fois que le parasitoïde a atteint la colonie potentielle d'hôtes, la présence de dégâts de l'hôte n'a pas modifié le temps passé sur la plante, mais a modifié le temps consacré à la prospection.
    Notes: Abstract Wind tunnel flight behavior of inexperienced female Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) in response to its larval host Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding on the host plant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is described. The flight behavioral sequence was determined by quantification of frequencies of observed behaviors and probabilities of first-order behavioral transitions. Comparison of inexperienced C. sonorensis flights to undamaged and damaged cotton indicated that stimuli from undamaged plants alone are adequate to elicit the complete flight behavioral sequence observed in response to H. virescens feeding on cotton. Parasitoid foraging behavior was also analyzed after landing on the stimulus. This behavior appeared to be random in its initial stages, but became sequential after location of evidence of a host. Analysis of foraging on undamaged and 3 treatments of damaged cotton resulted in the determination that parasitoids tend to remain on damaged plants longer than undamaged plants although no significant difference was detected. C. sonorensis spent a greater percentage of their time foraging on host damaged plants than on undamaged plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188227
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The short term response to eutrophication abatement (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 199-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; ecosystem ; chlorophyll-a ; mathematical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compare results of a new model for predicting the short term inter annual changes in chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in lakes after reductions in total phosphorus (TP) to predictions made by least squares regression models. In the new method, slopes of chl-a/TP graphs (both axes in mg · m−3) are depicted in frequency diagrams and used to extract information on the expected, short term chl-a/TP response. The short term response for nine shallow (〈 10 m deep) and nutrient rich lakes to changes in TP was found to be: Chl-a = 0.49 · TP + 17.3, and for nine deep, P-limited lakes: Chl-a = 0.08 · TP + 3.5. If the TP-reduction is known to be greater than 10 mg · m−3, the expected slope increases to 0.58 for shallow lakes and to 0.26 for deep lakes. The slope, 0.58, is 8% lower than the slope for the long term response calculated by regression for the shallow lakes. For deep lakes the slope, 0.26, is 2 to 3 times higher than that calculated by regression, indicating that reductions in TP for deep lakes give greater effects than least squares regression equations suggest. We have also calculated the reduction in TP which will give about 80% probability that a reduction in chl-a will be observed next year. For shallow, P-limited lakes this reduction is about 30 mg · m−3 (5% of average initial in-lake TP concentration), and for deep lakes about 14 mg · m−3 (35% of average initial in-lake TP concentration).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877280
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical mixing in Überlinger See, western part of Lake Constance (1990)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 52 (1990), S. 256-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Vertical mixing ; stratification ; phosphorus ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Depth variable vertical eddy diffusion coefficients for heat (K z) were calculated from continuously measured temperature profiles in Überlinger See (western part of Lake Constance). The temperatures were averaged over vertical intervals of 10 m yielding 14 discrete values (maximum depth of Überlinger See: 147 m). A linear fit from 10 June to 29 September 1987 was used to smooth the significant temperature fluctuations caused by internal seiches of Lake Constance. Assuming horizontal homogeneity for the smoothed data the Gradient-Flux-Method was applied to compute vertical diffusion coefficientsK z at different depths using the depth variable volumes and surfaces of the 14 layers. The resulting mean diffusion coefficients for the period from June to September are 0.04 cm2/s near the thermocline and up to 0.8 cm2/s in deeper strata (accuracy: ± 50%). It is shown that horizontal mixing between Überlinger See and Obersee (main lake) alters the computation ofK z by less than 50%. A relationship betweenK z and stability (Brunt-Väisälä) frequencyN is found which corresponds well to the theory of internal wave induced turbulence. Combining the diffusion coefficients with measured phosphorus profiles, a phosphorus flux from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion of (0.7 ± 0.4) mg P m−2 d−1 was calculated, corresponding to about 20% of the average external loading per area of Lake Constance in 1986.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877283
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diapause termination and thermal requirements for postdiapause development inAphelinus mali at constant and fluctuating temperatures (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diapause termination ; postdiapause development ; development threshold ; thermal constant ; Aphelinus mali ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'achèvement de la diapause en conditions naturelles ou simulant l'hiver, les effets des températures inférieures à zéro sur le développement après la diapause et les relations entre la vitesse de développement après la diapause et les températures constantes ou en thermopériodes ont été examinés sur des populations néerlandaises d'A. mali (Hymenop.; Aphélinidae). Les taux d'achèvement de la diapause de larves hivernantes étaient semblables en conditions naturelles ou simulées. La plupart des larves ont terminé leur diapause la dernière semaine de février. Quelques larves femelles sont restées en diapause jusqu'à fin mars. L'exposition pendant 2 semaines des larves sorties de diapause à −10 °C ne compromet pas leur survie ou leur taux de développement après la diapause. Les larves ayant diapause peuvent terminer leur développement et les adultes émerger des pucerons momifiés aux températures constantes comprises entre 12 et 24 °C. Bien que quelques larves achèvent leur développement à 10 °C, peu émergent. La température seuil théorique de développement après la diapause (to) a été de 9,4 °C et la constante thermique (K), 136,5 degrés-jours. Pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences, les valeurs de K étaient respectivement: 121,4 et 134,8. Le nombre d'unités thermiques pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences était le même à température constante ou avec une thermopériode.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause termination under natural and simulated overwintering conditions, the effect of subzero temperature on postdiapause development and the relationship between postdiapause development rate and constant and fluctuating temperatures was studied in a Dutch population ofAphelinus mali Hald. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The rate of diapause termination was similar in larvae overwintering under natural and simulated conditions. Most larvae had terminated diapause by the last week of February. Some female larvae may have remained in diapause until the end of March. The exposure of postdiapause larvae to −10°C for two weeks did not affect their survival or postdiapause development rate. PostdiapauseA. mali larvae could complete development and the adults emerge from their mummified aphid hosts at constant temperatures from 12 to 24°C. Although some larvae completed postdiapause development at 10°C, few emerged. The theoretical threshold temperature (to) for postdiapause development was 9.4°C and the thermal constant (K) 136.4 degree-days. K was 121.4 and 134.8 for first and 50% emergence, respectively. The number of heat units accumulating above 9.4°C to 1st and 50% emergence was similar under constant and fluctuating temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579615
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evasion of encapsulation by parasitoid correlated with the extent of host hemocyte pathology (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; hemocytes ; inhibition of encapsulation ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera hosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ichneumonide Campoletis sonorensis Carlson, endoparasitoïde larvaire, se développe dans de nombreuses espèces de Lépidoptères. Son statut de généraliste est dû, notamment, à son aptitude à déjouer les défenses immunitaires de ses hôtes, c.a.d. la formation d'une capsule d'hémocytes autour de l'oeuf ou de la larve parasite. Cependant, chez le noctuide Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, C. sonorensis est encapsulé dans 40% des larves qu'il parasite. Nous avons étudié la population hémocytaire de deux catégories de larves de S. frugiperda, celles qualifiées de ‘résistantes’ à C. sonorensis, et qui arrêtent son développement, et celles ‘susceptibles’ où le parasitoïde échappe à l'encapsulation. Cinq types d'hémocytes ont été identifiés: les prohémocytes (PR), les sphérulocytes (SP), les granulocytes (GR), les plasmatocytes (PL) et les oenocytoïdes (OE). Chez les hôtes susceptibles et résistants, le parasite provoque une baisse identique de la concentration totale des hémocytes dans l'hémolymphe (THC). Par contre, les PLs sont davantage affectés chez les hôtes susceptibles que chez ceux résistants au parasitoïde. Les résultats montrent que, chez les hôtes susceptibles, 1) le nombre des PLs dans l'hémolymphe est davantage diminué, et 2) leur aptitude d'adhérence in vitro est davantage inhibée. Il existe donc une corrélation positive entre le degré de pathologies qui affectent les PLs de l'hôte et l'incapacité de celui-ci à encapsuler le parasitoïde. Ceci tend à démontrer le rôle-clé des PLs dans la réaction immunitaire d'encapsulation chez S. frugiperda, comme chez de nombreux insectes. De plus, ce résultat renforce l'hypothèse selon laquelle C. sonorensis éviterait l'encapsulation en agissant sur les hémocytes de l'hôte, et plus particulièrement sur les PLs. Inversement aux PLs, les GRs sont moins abondants dans l'hémolymphe des hôtes qui encapsulent C. sonorensis. Les GRs pourraient donc participer à la formation de la capsule hémocytaire. Il est possible que plusieurs facteurs contribuent à protéger C. sonorensis de l'encapsulation. Néanmoins, les pathologies affectant les hémocytes des hôtes parasités sont probablement une manifestation majeure de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Les effets de C. sonorensis sur les hémocytes des larves parasitées peuvent être reproduits chez des larves saines, en leur injectant de ‘venin’ extrait des glandes du calyx des femelles parasitoïdes. Ces sécrétions provenant de la glande du calyx, et normalement injectées dans l'hôte lors de l'oviposition, sont probablment responsable, au moins en partie, de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Ces résultats peuvent être comparés à ceux obtenus chez l'hôte Heliothis virescens Fabricius (lépidoptère, noctuide) qui n'encapsule jamais C. sonorensis. Bien que le parasitoïde provoque les mêmes effets pathologiques sur les hémocytes des hôtes de S. frugiperda et d'H. virescens, on constate que l'effet apparait quelques heures après l'oviposition chez H. virescens, contre 48 heures post-oviposition chez S. frugiperda. Ce délai pourrait contribuer à la résistance immunitaire de certaines larves de S. frugiperda, ‘résistantes’, à C. sonorensis.
    Notes: Abstract The egg and larval stages of the generalist endoparasitoid Campoletis sonorensis Carlson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which normally avoid the hemocytic reaction of many Lepidopteran host species, are encapsulated in 40% of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. The effect of parasitism on inhibiting the spreading ability of S. frugiperda plasmatocytes in vitro is more pronounced in susceptible larvae which fail to encapsulate the parasitoid than in resistant ones permitting parasitoid development. This suggests that induction of plasmatocyte pathology is relevant to the successful evasion of encapsulation by the parasitoid. Some granular cells disappear from the hemolymph of the parasitized resistant larvae, which implicates their involvement in the encapsulation reaction. Calyx fluid of C. sonorensis injected into host larvae produced effects on host hemocytes identical to natural parasitism. Several mechanism may cooperate to protect the parasitoid from encapsulation. The pathological reactions by the host plasmatocytes is one main manifestation of the ‘immunosuppressive’ parasitoid effect. Results are discussed in regard to the known effects of C. sonorensis on Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval hemocytes which are totally unable to respond with a successful cellular defense reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188222
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  • 11
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    Determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine in high-purity aluminium (1990)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 101 (1990), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: aluminium analysis ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; chlorine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Multi-step procedures for the determination of phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine are described and tested against established methods and on reference materials. Phosphorus is separated as hydrogen phosphide, extracted as phosphomolybdic acid, reduced to molydenum blue and measured photometrically (detection limit 0.05 μg/g). Sulfur is separated after reduction as hydrogen sulfide or by means of pyrohydrolysis and measured by ICP-OES (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). Chloride can be measured by ion chromatography after pyrohydrolytic separation (detection limit 0.1 μg/g). The determination of sulfur was also successfully tested on copper and steel samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01244179
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  • 12
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    Share of agriculture in nitrogen and phosphorus emissions into the surface waters of Western Europe against the background of their eutrophication (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulphur ; nutrient balances ; surface waters ; North Sea ; Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; hypertrophication ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, their relationship to each other (DIN/DIP) as predisposing (nutrient) factors, as well as prevailing weather as a triggering factor all work together to induce the primary production and hence the eutrophication (hypertrophication) process in surface waters. Sulfate likewise is a decisive predisposing factor influencing the eutrophication process by reducing N availability but increasing P availability and thus acting towards an N limitation of the primary production. This is one of the reasons why marine (coastal) waters and estuaries often exhibit N limitation with respect to primary production, while freshwater ecosystems often tend to exhibit P limitation. Within the N and P balance of agriculture of some countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, FRG, UK and Sweden for N, resp. Netherlands, FRG and GDR for P) more the level than the efficiency of the N and P applications indicates the extent of the nutrient surplus. Despite 59–73% N utilization in plant production, the rate of 13–23% for agriculture as a whole equals to the 12–21% efficiency of N use in animal production. The varying N surplus in agriculture in the separate countries of 124 to 465 kg N ha−1 a−1 is determined almost exclusively by the level of the N application and not by its efficiency. The situation is similar for P: In spite of P utilization in plant production of 59–76%, P utilization in total agriculture is only 11–38%, or comparable to the P efficiency within animal production of 10–34%. The differing P excess balance of 55 to 88 kg P2O5 ha−1 a−1 is influenced by the level of the P application. The N and P efficacy of total agriculture hence is determined almost completely by that of animal production, since 83–95% (N basis) and 76–94% (P basis) of the total plant production (on top of the nationally varying levels of N and P use via imported feeds) are fed to animals — with the low N and P utilization cited above. Agriculture's share of the N and P emissions into surface water of several countries/regions in Western Europe (FRG, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway) ranges from 37 to 82% resp. 27 to 38%. Its share in the flus into the North Sea catchment basin will be about 60% for N and 25% for P related only to the anthropogenic material carried by the rivers. Agriculture's share in the atmospheric N emissions into the North and Baltic Seas can be estimated at about 65% or 55%, resp. while the remaining approx. 35% or 45%, resp. are traceable primarily to anthropogenic burning processes. For agriculture the priority lies in limiting N emissions into surface water caused by leaching, erosion and NH3 emissions, and reducing P emissions mainly through soil conservation (protection against erosion) and water protection. As regards N this means a demand for comprehensive protection of groundwater and atmosphere differentiated according to the potential for losses or the risk of losses on a site, also outside the protection zones. As regards P only those areas can be included in the demand for reduction of emissions that are actually threatened by erosion or surface runoff. Plenty of short-term and long-term measures are available to agriculture to reduce N and P emissions. Especially the long-range measures (such as creating nutrient balances on farms and fields, the integration of animal and plant production, maintaining maximum livestock densities according to the ability of areas to absorb nutrients, altered feeding programs in animal nutrition, changes in livestock keeping (slurry→deep litter), increasing the internal and external recycling of N and P) are capable of bringing about a satisfactory degree of success within the next 20 to 30 years.
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    The effect of level of nitrogen nutrition upon mineral content and removal in grasses and wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Grass ; wheat ; nitrogen nutrition ; dilution curve ; mineral content ; mineral removal ; phosphorus ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The important effect of nitrogen in changing the patterns of mineral content and mineral removal is analysed for grass swards and wheat. Different models are proposed; accumulated dry matter developed throughout a growing period is shown to be an excellent reference for assessing the evolution of the plant mineral content and the mineral removal the growing crop. Applications in diagnosing mineral nutrition status and optimising fertilizer use are proposed and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048760
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    The poison gland of the antMyrmicaria eumenoides and its role in recruitment communication (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: alarm recruitment ; evaporation kinetics ; age polyethism ; (+)—limonene ; alkaloid ; hexanoic nitrile ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Myrmicinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antMyrmicaria eumenoides is a significant arthropod predator. For rapid attraction of large numbers of nestmates to newly discovered food sources the ants use an efficient recruitment communication system based on the poison gland secretion. Workers exhibit age-based division of labour. Young workers perform brood-care; their poison gland reservoir develops and reaches its final size of ≈ 0.5 µl at an age of ≥ 6 weeks, when they become foragers. The secretion deposited during combat with enemies or prey is composed of equal amounts of both a high volatile and a low volatile fraction. Within the high volatile fraction (+)—limonene is the main component (97%) and is the only olfactory trigger to alert ants in the vicinity and to recruit them to places of combat, where they assemble. Ants respond to synthetic (+)—limonene in exactly the same way as to the poison gland secretion when applied at the same airborne concentrations. Further components of the high volatile fraction are four additional monoterpene hydrocarbons and hexanoic nitrile. The high volatile and the low volatile fraction of the poison gland secretion each have dual functions: The low volatiles, of which the main component is an alkaloid, serve as a fixative and extend the effective period of the limonene signal by modifying its evaporation kinetics. On the other hand the high volatile recruitment signal (+)—limonene is also the solvent for the alkaloid and enhances its spreading on the surface of the cuticle of arthropod enemies or prey.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240580
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    Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatile ; semiochemical ; synomone ; volatile attractant ; tritrophic ; host location ; parasitoid behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis ; Ichneumonidae ; Netelia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325231
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    Utilisation d'un microdébitmètre à haute résolution pour les mesures de turbulence par avion (1990)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 132 (1990), S. 457-479 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Turbulence ; mesures aéroportées ; fluctuation de pression ; presso-corrélations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons décrit dansBardeau et al. (1987), la réalisation, le fonctionnement et les tests d'un microdébitmètre basé sur l'anémométrie à fil chaud. Il a été particulièrement montré que cet appareil était bien adapté aux mesures de pression et pression différentielle avec une grande sensibilité et une très faible constante de temps. Nous présentons ici les applications qui ont été faites de ce capteur aux mesures à haute résolution à bord d'avions instrumentés pour la recherche atmosphérique. L'avion utilisé était spécialement équipé pour les mesures de turbulence et permettait donc l'acquisition d'un grand nombre de paramètres indispensables à l'analyse des données de ce capteur. Dans les applications aéronautiques qui ont été faites, le capteur a surtout été utilisé en tant que variomètre. Les comparaisons avec les mesures standards d'altitude par pression et couplages pression-données inertielles montrent que cet instrument pourrait apporter une contribution intéressante dans le domaine de la mesure à haute fréquence des fluctuations de pression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876923
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    Experiments inducing prospective polar body nuclei to participate in embryogenesis of the sawfly Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera) (1990)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1990), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Athalia rosae ; Hymenoptera ; Thelytoky ; Automixis ; Gynandromorph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mature eggs dissected from ovaries of unmated females of Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), if placed on a filter-paper soaked with distilled water, are activated and develop to haploid males. Occasionally, however, diploid females develop from these artificially activated eggs. Treatment of mature unfertilized eggs dissected from diploid females with ice-cold temperatures immediately before activation and with a high temperature (36° C) upon and immediately after activation resulted in the production of diploid males, diploid females, triploid females and gynandromorphs at high frequency. The same treatment of mature unfertilized eggs dissected from triploid females resulted in the production of only triploid survivors. These results, together with the results on the segregation of a marker mutation, yellow fatbody (yfb), appear to indicate that meiotic divisions were complete in the treated eggs, and that all four nuclei became potentially capable of participating in development with or without automictic fusion.
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    Andrena wilkella male bees discriminate between enantiomers of cephalic secretion components (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 429-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enantiomer discrimination ; male patrolling ; odor marking ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Andrena wilkella ; bee ; EAG ; spiroacetal ; absolute configuration ; 2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diastereomers of the spiroacetal, 2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro [5.5]undecane, represent main components of the cephalic secretion from males of the solitary bee,Andrena wilkella. The major compound proved to be of high enantiomeric purity, showing (2S,6R,8S) configuration. Only the naturally occurring enantiomer attracted patrolling males in the field; its antipode was behaviorally inactive and in a racemic mixture did not inhibit response. The (E,Z) diastereomers were also found to be almost inactive. EAG studies gave the same result as the behavioral tests. The biological function of the spiroacetal is discussed in view of the evolution of the mating behavior inA. wilkella.
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    Novel internally branched, internal alkenes as major components of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the primitive australian antNothomyrmecia macrops Clark (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2623-2635 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Internally branched alkenes ; internal alkenes ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; Nothomyrmecia macrops ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; ants ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Internally mono- and dimethyl branched, internal alkenes, which constitute most of the cuticular hydrocarbon present on workers of the primitive Australian antNothomyrmecia macrops Clark, have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. They are the first such alkenes reported from insects. Also present are alkanes with similar carbon skeletons. The hydrocarbon patterns of three separateNothomyrmecia colonies were very similar.
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    Chemical communication in the dacetine antDaceton armigerum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1207-1219 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Dacetini ; Daceton armigerum ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; poison gland ; pygidial gland ; sternal gland ; mandibular gland ; trail communication ; alarm communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to previous assumptions,Daceton armigerum, the largest ant in the myrmicine tribe Dacetini, employs trail communication. We identified two anatomical sources of trail pheromones: Trails drawn with poison gland contents can last for more than seven days. Trails drawn with the newly discovered sternal glands (in the VIth and VIIth abdominal sternites) are effective but relatively short-lived. In addition, our bioassays revealed that the contents of the mandibular glands elicit alarm behavior, and secretions from the pygidial gland release attraction. When tested with artificial poison gland trails from seven other myrmicine species,Daceton did not exhibit trail following behavior. We confirmed, however, previous findings thatAtta respond toDaceton poison gland trails andSolenopsis followDaceton Dufour's gland trails.
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    An allelochemical elicits arrestment inApanteles kariyai in feces of nonhost larvaeAcantholeucania loreyi (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2009-2017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apanteles kariyai ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Acantholeucania loreyi ; Pseudaletia separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2,5-dialkyltet-rahydrofuran ; arrestant ; allelochemical ; antimone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the larval parasitoidApanteles kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal pellets ofAcantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with anA. loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However, such stinging did not result in any offspring. The allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is identical to a kairomone of the hostPseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast toA. loreyi, P. separata is a suitable host forA. kariyai, and oviposition inP. separata results in offspring production. The allelochemical mediating the interaction betweenA. loreyi andA. kariyai is discussed in the context of current allelochemical terminology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020512
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    Chemistry of male mandibular gland secretions ofPhilanthus triangulum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2135-2143 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Philanthus triangulum ; Hymenoptera ; Sphecidae ; Philanthinae ; beewolf ; (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol ; 10-nonadecen-2-one ; nonadecenal ; eicosenal ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the European and African beewolf,Philanthus triangulum, possess a sex specific mandibular gland secretion that is used for marking plant stems in mating territories. The secretion is composed of 90% (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol plus small amounts of 10-nonadecen-2-one, nonadecenal, octadecanoic and octadecenoic acids, and eicosenal. The chemistry of this secretion differs markedly from the secretions of North AmericanPhilanthus, which consist of a larger number of components that possess different chemical functionalities and are more volatile. We postulate that the chemical differences betweenP. triangulum and its New World relatives reflect phylogenetic differences plus a possible reduced necessity for species isolating mechanisms inP. triangulum.
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    Internest aggression and identification of possible nestmate discrimination pheromones in polygynous antFormica montana (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2217-2228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nestmate discrimination ; polygynous ants ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; multivariate analysis ; aggression ; prairie ants ; class distinction ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Polygynous ant species often monopolize patchily distributed habitats and tolerate neighboring conspecifics while aggressively attacking other ant species. We determined that internest aggression occurs in the polygynous ant,Formica montana. We report for the first time the identities of cuticular hydrocarbons ofF. montana and present results of their possible role in nestmate recognition. Cuticular hydrocarbons contribute differentially to class discrimination, certain hydrocarbons being more class distinct.
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    Surface lipids of social waspPolistes melricus say and its nest and nest pedicel and their relation to nestmate recognition (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2229-2241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polistes metricus ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; social wasps ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; nestmate recognition ; nest pedicel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In eight replicate laboratory tests wherePolistes metricus adults were allowed to choose between their own nest, a second nest, and neither nest, they selected their own nest 66% of the observed time. When the surface hydrocarbons had been extracted from the nests, the wasps chose their own nest only 8% of the time, but after the hydrocarbons were reapplied to the surface of the respective nests, they selected their own nest 47% of the time. These changes are significant. The cuticular lipids were analyzed from individualP. metricus adult females collected from 13 colonies. Surface lipids were recovered from the paper and pedicels of their nests. Eighteen hydrocarbons were identified in these lipid fractions. The major components of the wasp cuticular lipids weren-heptacosane,n-nonacosane, methylhentriacontane, and methyltritriacontane. Factor analysis revealed that extracts of pedicels are all similar in composition, while cuticle and paper extracts vary, sometimes similarly according to colony identity.
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    Semiochemicals for use with parasitoids: Status and future (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3067-3089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid behavior ; parasitoid manipulation ; foraging environment ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelochemicals are known to serve important roles at all steps in the host-searching sequence of parasitoids. We discuss the various roles of these allelochemics and the type of information needed to develop their use in pest control, which to date has been very limited. Rapid advancements are being made with respect to airborne chemicals and longer-range foraging behavior. Moreover, recent discoveries have shown that genetic diversity in parasitoid populations and phenotypic plasticity of individuals, together with their physiological state, often result in substantial variations in the response to chemical cues. Successful application of semiochemical-parasitoid systems will require management of these intrinsic parasitoid variables as well as management of the foraging environment. We illustrate emerging technology for such an application. For the immediate future, the development of this technology will allow us to: (1) define the genetic and phenotypic foraging profiles important to consistent and efficient parasitoid foraging, and (2) establish the proper propagation and release procedures and monitoring bioassays necessary to ensure appropriate behavioral and physiological qualities of released organisms. For the long term, we envision technology for comprehensively manipulating the pest/crop environment in ways that would provide foraging stimuli and other needs important to retention and efficiency of parasitoids.
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    Effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic compound, on net P, K, and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root system (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2429-2439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; ferulic acid ; split root ; phosphorus ; potassium ; water ; net uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Since distribution of allelopathic compounds in soils is highly variable, injurious effects by such compounds should be related to the frequency of contact with roots. Experiments were conducted to determine how P, K, and water uptake of cucumber seedlings were affected as the fraction of roots in contact with ferulic acid (FA) was increased. Seedlings were grown in Hoagland's nutrient solution for 14 days and then transferred to 0.5 mM CaSO4 solution for 24 hr before being placed into a split-root culture system. The containers in the system were filled with 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4 and CaSO4 or 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4, CaSO4, and ferulic acid (FA). Net uptake of P by seedlings (milligrams per seedling) decreased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of K (milligrams per seedling) and water (milliliters per seedling) by seedlings decreased linearly as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of P, K, and water by seedlings was reduced 57, 75, and 29%, respectively, when the whole root system was exposed to FA. Net P and K uptake of roots (milligrams per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA decreased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively, as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. Net P and K uptake of roots in contact with ferulic acid increased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively. Net water uptake of roots (milliliters per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA increased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the frequency of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net water uptake of roots in contact with FA did not show a trend. Transpiration (milliliters per square centimeter) was reduced in a linear manner as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. A very slight compensation by roots not in contact with FA for roots in contact with FA was observed for net water uptake rates. No compensation for P and K uptake rates was observed.
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    Esterase isozymes in a solitary bee,Megachile rotundata (fab.): Characterization, developmental multiplicity, and adult variability (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 347-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterases ; Megachile rotundata ; Hymenoptera ; allozymes ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the biochemical characterization and genetic variation of cytosolic esterases in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile rotundata (Fab.). Esterase isozymes were separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and characterized by inhibition with eserine sulfate, EDTA, paraoxon, andp-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Based on inhibition patterns and substrate specificity, there are major differences between adults and immature forms and more subtle differences between male and female adults. M. rotundata esterases are largely organophosphate sensitive and the two major adult allozymes were highly variable within the population examined. Differences in esterase expression between life stages with respect to niche and the occurrence of diploid males are discussed.
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    Esterase isozymes in a solitary bee,Megachile rotundata (fab.): Characterization, developmental multiplicity, and adult variability (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 347-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterases ; Megachile rotundata ; Hymenoptera ; allozymes ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the biochemical characterization and genetic variation of cytosolic esterases in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile rotundata (Fab.). Esterase isozymes were separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and characterized by inhibition with eserine sulfate, EDTA, paraoxon, andp-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Based on inhibition patterns and substrate specificity, there are major differences between adults and immature forms and more subtle differences between male and female adults. M. rotundata esterases are largely organophosphate sensitive and the two major adult allozymes were highly variable within the population examined. Differences in esterase expression between life stages with respect to niche and the occurrence of diploid males are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02401424
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    Rapid multiplication of potatoes in the warm tropics: rooting and establishment of cuttings (1990)
    Springer
    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 13-21 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: hormones ; media ; phosphorus ; rooting depth ; solar radiation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To expand potato production in developing countries using cuttings as a source of good quality planting material, requires simple low cost methods to root and establish them. Experiments at a warm tropical site in the Philippines, to determine appropriate methods, showed that simple media ranging from fine sand to clay subsoil mixed with rice hulls enabled rooting which was not improved by hormones. Nitrogen rich media, such as volcanic soil or compost with additional P, were best for developing cuttings into strong transplants but there were no major differences in root and shoot development from cuttings differing in size and age. Tuberizations was favored by increasing the number of nodes buried in the media. Low solar radiation of 7 MJ/m2/day enabled high cutting survival up to root initiation, after which higher radiation supported larger root and shoot production.
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    Modelling phosphorus fluxes in the hypertrophic Loosdrecht Lakes (1990)
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    Aquatic ecology 24 (1990), S. 69-89 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: model ; eutrophication ; phosphorus ; P/C ratio ; lake ecosystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic, deterministic model is presented to simulate the phosphorus cycle and plankton growth in the shallow, hypertrophic Loosdrecht Lakes (The Netherlands) before and after restoration measures. Besides inorganic phosphorus (SRP) in both the surface water and the interstitial water, the model comprises three algal groups, zooplankton, fish, detritus, zoobenthos and upper sediment (all modelled both in carbon and in phosphorus). Within the model system, the phosphorus cycle is completely closed. Carbon and phosphorus are described independently, so that the dynamics of the P/C ratios can be modelled. Sediment processes are described in a simplified form. Simulated values are largely within the range of observed ones. The detrital fraction of the seston (=phytoplankton+detritus) varies from 50–60% in summer to about 90% in winter. SRP in the surface water is very low during most of the year. Sensitivity for external phosphorus input is larger for algal and detrital P than for algal and detrital C and chlorophyll-a. So the P/C ratio of the seston decreases following restoration measures, as is observed in the lakes, while the much higher P/C ratios of zooplankton and fish remain constant. Phosphorus mobilisation from the sediment decreases with decreasing external input. Adaptation of the model system to the reduced loading takes place within about two years. Sources of uncertainty in the model include the limited knowledge on selective grazing as well as on mortality and mineralisation processes.
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    Studies on carrageenans and effects of seawater phosphorus concentration on carrageenan content and growth ofAgardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft and Wynne (Rhodophyceae, Solieriaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 3-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: seaweed ; Agardhiella ; carrageenan ; phosphorus ; cultivation ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gas liquid chromatography, chemical analyses, and infrared and13C-NMR spectroscopies indicated that phycocolloids extracted fromAgardhiella subulata had a dominant ι-carrageenan feature with less deviant ι-carrageenan and υ-carrageenan. The presence of methylated galactose and a small contamination by xylose were registered. Unattached plants were cultivated for 4 weeks in tanks receiving seawater enriched with 53.5 µM nitrate and 0 to 20 µM phosphate (Pi) week−1. The growth was phosphorus (P)-limited up to a tissue P content of 0.14 ± 0.03% dry weight. Maximal specific growth rate and carrageenan content were observed with enrichments of 6 µM Pi and 3 µM Pi, respectively. Hence carrageenan production was promoted in the range of 3–6 µM Pi. Further Pi enrichment was useless. This phenomenon, observed with P nutrition, is comparable to the ‘Neish effect’ in nitrogen nutrition studies.
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    Phenomenological theory of probability distributions in turbulence (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of scientific computing 5 (1990), S. 199-221 
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    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Turbulence ; probability distributions ; temperature fluctuations ; vorticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A phenomenological theory of single-point probability distributions in turbulence is presented. Expressions for the probability distribution functions are derived and analyzed for a decaying passive scalar, temperature fluctuations in Bénard convection and vorticity fluctuations in both stationary and decaying homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. The predictions of the theory are compared with the results of physical and numerical experiments.
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    Effect of silicon on the growth and phosphorus uptake of rice (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 115-119 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: inorganic P ; organic P ; P/Fe ; P/Mn ratios ; phosphorus ; rice ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to measure the effect of silicon on phosphorus uptake and on the growth of rice at different P levels. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) was cultured in Kimura B nutrient solution without and with silicon (1.66 mM Si) and with three phosphorus levels (0.014 mM P, low; 0.21 mM, medium; and 0.70 mM, high). Shoot dry weight with Si (+Si) in solution increased with increasing P level, while shoot weight without Si (−Si) was maximum at 0.21 mM P, suggesting that +Si raised the optimum P level for rice. +Si increased shoot weight more when P was low or high than when P was medium. The concentration and amount of inorganic P in shoots increased with increasing P level. +Si did not significantly decrease P uptake by rice at 0.014 mM P, however, uptake at 0.21 and 0.70 mM P was 27 and 30 percent less than uptake with −Si, respectively. In −Si with 0.21 and 0.70 mM P, inorganic P in shoots was more than double the concentration in shoots grown in +Si solutions. The Si concentration in shoots decreased slightly with increasing P level, although Si uptake was not significantly affected by P. +Si decreased the uptake of Fe and Mn by an average of 20 and 50 percent, respectively, thus P/Mn and P/Fe ratios increased in the shoot when P was low. From the results above, the beneficial effect of Si on the growth of rice was clearly shown when P was low or high. This effect may have resulted from decreased Mn and Fe uptake, and thus increased P availability within P deficient plants, or from reduced P uptake when P was high.
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    Lime-aluminium-phosphorus interactions and the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; aluminium toxicity ; Leucaena yield ; lime ; phosphorus ; phosphorus uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of lime and P addition on the amounts of soil extractable P and Al, and on the growth of the tropical legume Leucaena leucocephala were investigated in a factorial experiment under controlled climate conditions using 4 (Koronivia, Nadroloulou, Batiri, and Seqaqa) highly-weathered, acid (pH initially 3.9 to 4.9) soils from Fiji. Resin-extractable P increased with lime addition and then decreased above pH 5.5, whereas M KCl-extractable Al decreased to undetectable levels at or above pH 5.2. Plant growth was usually adversely affected at low and high pH, even in the presence of added P. The pH (in M KCl) at which maximum growth occurred in the 4 soils varied from approximately 4.4 to 5.2; values somewhat lower than those reported in the literature. Changes in dry matter yield with increasing soil pH were strongly influenced by P status and a positive lime × P interaction was obtained with 3 of the 4 soils. Above pH 5.2, liming decreased the yield of both tops and roots, for reasons which are discussed in part II. The data obtained for extractable soil P and plant P concentrations indicate that P deficiency is a major problem on these soils.
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    Lime-aluminium-phosphorus interactions and the growth of Leucaena leucocephala (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; aluminium toxicity ; aluminium-induced P deficiency ; chemical composition ; Leucaena ; lime ; Lolium perenne L ; perennial ryegrass ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of lime and P on the chemical composition of the tropical legume Leucaena leucocephala were studied in a controlled climate laboratory experiment using 4 (Koronivia, Nadroloulou, Batiri, and Seqaqa) highly-weathered, acid soils from Fiji. For all soils, changes in the concentration of P in the Leucaena tops followed trends similar to the yield response curve, i.e., the concentration of P was highest at the soil pH at which maximum growth occurred. The concentration of Al in plant tops increased on either side of the pH of maximum growth, but Al uptake by the whole plant (tops plus roots) declined steadily with increasing pH. Although complete major (except P) and minor nutrients were added regularly, there was variation in the uptake of nutrients with pH. Poor growth at low pH values was attributed to an Al-induced P deficiency within the plant and at high pH to a soil P deficiency and, to a smaller extent, to the increased concentration of Al in the plant tops.
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    Plant community dynamics in a semi-arid ecosystem in relation to nutrient addition following a major disturbance (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 91-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: disturbance ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; nutrient enrichment ; phosphorus ; secondary succession ; species richness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of annual additions of mineral N and P (100 kg ha−1) on plant species composition and annual aboveground net primary production (ANPP) were investigated during the first three years following disturbance in a semi-arid ecosystem. Additions of N reduced richness of perennial plant species during years 2 and 3, while P reduced the number of perennial species only in year 3. From year 1 to year 2, annual and biennial species richness declined in all treatments while ANPP of annual species increased greatly. Added N increased ANPP of annual species while it decreased ANPP of most perennial species relative to the unfertilized control treatment. Community similarities were higher for the control and native vegetation than for other pairs of treatments using both species presence and plant production data. Nitrogen additions have retarded but not completely arrested secondary succession in this system.
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    Twig and foliar nutrient concentrations in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus supply in a eucalypt (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) and an understorey legume (Bossiaea laidlawiana Tovey and Morris) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 265-275 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: eucalypt ; foliar analysis ; legume ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; plant nutrients ; plant analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity of tissue nutrient concentrations to changes in plant age and the supply of P and N was compared between leaves and associated twigs in two forest species. In a young regrowth stand, tissues were sampled on three occasions from the mid-crown position of karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell.) and Bossiaea laidlawiana Tovey and Morris, a major understorey legume. Leaves and twigs were also sampled from young plants of B. laidlawiana growing in a mature eucalypt stand to which P treatments had been applied. Nitrogen application increased N concentrations in twigs of karri and B. laidlawiana, but not in leaves. Phosphorus application increased P concentrations in both leaves and twigs of karri but the average increases were proportionally greater in twigs (65%) than in leaves (36%). Over the sampling period, P concentrations in leaves declined, while those in twigs were relatively stable. In B. laidlawiana, P supply also had a larger effect on P concentrations in twigs than in leaves. Addition of 200 kg P ha−1 increased average P concentrations in twigs by 109% in the regrowth stand and by 215% in the mature stand while the corresponding increases in leaves were only 11% and 27%. Concentrations of other nutrients in both species were also affected by N and P application, the most notable being a decline in the concentrations of the minor nutrients, Zn and Cu, with increased P supply. The increased N concentrations in twigs of karri, and the increased P concentrations in tissues of both species, were associated with responses of karri to added N and P, and of B. laidlawiana to added P. This indicates that tissue concentrations of N and P were generally below critical concentrations where N and P were not applied. The results show that for these species twigs may be a better tissue than leaves for diagnosing deficiencies or predicting N and P requirements. The ratio of P concentrations in twigs to P concentrations in leaves also increased with added P. It is suggested that this ratio may be a useful index if it reduces the variability caused by sampling position within the crown or genetic differences between plants.
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    Temporal and spatial variability in soil nutrient status of a former beach plain (1990)
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    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; labile organic P ; nitrate ; N mineralization ; phosphorus ; Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma ; soil nutrient availability ; soil nutrient pools ; spatial variation ; temporal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As part of a research project on the variation in life-history characteristics within a population of Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma, seasonal and spatial variability in the availability of macronutrients (N, P, and K) were examined on a small scale in the 0–25 cm soil depth at a primary beach plain site, embanked since 1966. On the basis of distinct differences, among other things, in plant biomass, an a priori division into three different types of microhabitat occurring in a mosaic distribution pattern was made: an overall low-lying area (subsite 1) with slightly elevated patches of 0.5 to 1.5 m in diameter (subsite 2) and rather large patches, 20 to 40 m in diameter, of sea buckthorn shrubs, with small and relatively open spots (subsite 3) in the transitional zone from lower area into scrub. All three subsite types were studied within a total area of approximately 2000 m2. Three methods of analysis were applied: an inventory survey (sampling once at the start of the growing season), an analysis of the seasonal variation (sampling at approximately monthly intervals during the period April-November), and an assessment of nitrogen mineralization potentials in the laboratory (sampling once at the beginning of the growing season). All three procedures clearly demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the availability of nutrients over very short distances, i.e. a pronounced spatial variability among subsites. Particularly the availability of N and P appeared to have increased at the subsites 2 and 3, when compared to subsite 1. This small-scale differentiation in soil properties has occurred in an essentially homogeneous parent material (e.g. in texture and carbonate content) over a period of about 20 years. Besides a spatial variability, statistically significant temporal fluctuations were observed in the availability of N, P, and K. Relative fluctuations of mineral N (as indicated by the range/mean ratio) were especially large at the subsites 2 and 3.
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    The production of floral oils byMonttea (Scrophulariaceae) and the function of tarsal pads inCentris bees (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 209-222 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Monttea ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil-flowers ; oil-bees ; Flora of Argentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant species that secrete oil as their primary floral reward are rare and sporadically found in the angiosperms. We report here thatMonttea, a genus previously unsuspected of being an oil-plant, produces lipids from trichome elaiophores on the inside of the lower (anterior) lip. The discovery of the production of oils by species of this S. American genus explains the occurrence of unusual dual-function collecting structures in ArgentineCentris (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) and explains the presence of oil-collecting bees in regions where oil-secreting flowers were previously thought to be absent. The behavior of these centridine pollinators onMonttea flowers parallels that of oil-collecting bees onDiascia (Scrophulariaceae) in S. Africa.
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    Effect of rice based six multiple cropping sequences under two cycles of crop rotations on yield and fertility status of soil (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 251-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop rotations ; copper ; fertilizers ; iron ; manganese ; phosphorus ; potassium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of various crop rotations, of high yielding varieties of cereals, pulses, fodders, tubers and oilseeds, on the performance of the crops and the fertility status of the soil over two crop-rotation cycles. The yields of rice (Oryza saliva L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and onion (Allium cepa) crops were found to be decreasing. The yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea coss), were not affected, while the yield of moong (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) showed a tendency to increase. Rotations which included berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) increased the organic carbon content of the soil and there was a slight lowering of the pH with the highest application of phosphatic fertilizer. The accumulation of available potassium was greater in the treatments where the highest amount of fertilizer was applied. The available nitrogen content of the soil increased with application of nitrogen and the balance sheet of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium showed a positive trend. The continuous cropping of high yielding varieties showed a reduction in the available zinc and iron status of the soil, whereas available manganese and copper increased. The available micronutrients, except manganese, did not correlate significantly with soil pH.
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    Aluminum-mycorrhizal interactions in the physiology of pitch pine seedlings (1990)
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    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 7-18 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum ; ectomycorrhizae ; phosphorus ; Pinus rigida ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; sand culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminum (Al) in the rhizosphere adversely affects plant nutrition and growth. Although many conifer species, and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) in particular, have evolved on acidic soils where soluble Al is often high, controlled environment studies often indicate that Al interferes with seedling growth and nutrient relations. Under normal field conditions, conifer roots grow in a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and this association may modulate the effects of Al on root physiology. To investigate the influence of mycorrhizal infection on Al toxicity, pitch pine seedlings were grown with or without the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius and were exposed to low levels of Al in sand culture. Aluminum at 50 μM reduced nonmycorrhizal seedling growth and increased foliar Al concentrations, but did not alter photosynthetic gas exchange or other aspects of seedling nutrition. Nonmycorrhizal seedlings exposed to 200 μM Al exhibited decreased growth, increased transpiration rates, decreased water use efficiency, increased foliar Al and Na levels, and reduced foliar P concentrations. Seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius exhibited unaltered growth, physiological function, and ionic relations when exposed to Al. The fungal symbiont evidently modulated ionic relations in the rhizosphere, reducing Al-P precipitation reactions, Al uptake, and subsequent root and shoot tissue Al exposure.
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    Response of Stylosanthes guianensis to endomycorrhizal fungi inoculation as affected by lime and phosphorus applications (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 283-289 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum ; liming ; phosphorus ; Stylosanthes guianensis ; tropical soil ; vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 3 different species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. cultivated in a sterilized acid and dystrophic soil (Quartzipsament), with 4 levels of lime (0; 0.27; 0.63 and 1.10 meq Ca2+/100 g air-dried soil, as Ca(OH)2) and 2 P levels (0 and 20 mg P/kg soil, as KH2PO4) was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Plants were harvested 40, 60, and 80 days after planting. Stylosanthes guianensis was highly mycotrophic, especially in soil without P fertilization. Mycotrophism was highest in plants inoculated with Acaulospora scrobiculata in soil receiving no P fertilizer and with 0.63 meq Ca2+/100 g air-dried soil. Shoot growth increment was as high as 5129% at the third harvest. Inoculation with Glomus macrocarpum presented intermediate results, whereas inoculation with Gigaspora margarita had no significant effect on plant growth. Root per cent colonization and shoot dry weight, as well as root percent colonization and shoot to root ratio were significantly correlated. The occurrence of S. guianensis in very acid and dystropic soils, containing toxic levels of Al3+, requires the association with VAM fungi for the plant tolerate such conditions.
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    Response of mesquite to nitrate and salinity in a simulated phreatic environment: Water use, dry matter and mineral nutrient accumulation (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 185-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; copper ; desert ; ground water ; iron ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Prosopis glandulosa ; rooting patterns ; sodium ; symbiotic nitrogen fixation ; trace metals ; water table ; water use efficiency ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mesquite plants (Prosopis glandulosa var. Torreyana) were grown in 2-m long columns 20 cm in diameter, and provided with a constant, stable ground water source 10 cm above the sealed base of the column. Ground water contained 0, 1 or 5 mM nitrate, or a mixed salt solution (1.4, 2.8, or 5.6 dS m-1) with the ionic ratios of ground water found in a field stand of Prosopis at Harper's Well (2.8 dS m-1). Water uptake in the highly salinized columns began to decrease relative to low salt columns when soil salinity probes 30 cm above the column base read approximately 28 dS m-1, a potential threshold for mesquite salt tolerance. Prosopis growth increased with increasing nitrate, and decreased with increasing salinity. Water use efficiency was little affected by treatment, averaging approximately 2 g dry matter L-1 water used. Most fine roots were recovered from a zone about 25 cm above the ground water surface where water content and aeration appeared to be optimal for root growth. Root-shoot ratio was little affected by nitrate, but increased slightly with increasing salinity. Plant tissue P concentrations tended to increase with increasing salinity and decrease with increasing N, approaching potentially deficient foliage concentrations at 5 mM nitrate. The whole-plant leaf samples increased in sodium concentration both with added salt and with added nitrate. Foliar manganese concentrations increased with increasing salt in the absence of nitrate. Concentrations of sodium in leaves were low (〈10 g kg-1), considering the high salt concentrations in the ground water. Prosopis appears to exclude sodium very effectively, especially from its younger leaves. Although Prosopis is highly salt tolerant, the degree to which it utilizes soil nitrate in place of biologically fixed N may lower its salinity tolerance and affect its nutrient relations in phreatic environments.
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    Effects of N and P nutrition on spike development in spring wheat (1990)
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    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf area ; nitrogen ; mineral nutrition ; phosphorus ; photoperiod ; Triticum ; wheat ; spikelet initiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of N and P on the number of spikelets of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), grown in nutrient solution, were studied under 8 h and 16 h photoperiods. The effect of P was apparent only at a high rate of N supply and the effects of N were increased significantly at a high rate of P supply. Increasing N supply increased the number of spikelets due to a promotion of the rate of spikelet initiation. It also increased the leaf-blade area and the dry matter weight of the plants at the stage of terminal spikelet initiation. These effects of N were much greater under the short photoperiod than under the long photoperiod. The practical significance of these findings for winter-grown wheat in temperate regions is pointed out.
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    Phosphorus eutrophication research in the lake district of south western Friesland, The Netherlands. Preliminary results of abiotic studies (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 191 (1990), S. 75-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; hydrology ; polder lake ; modelling ; loading ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The water quality of the lakes in south western Friesland is influenced by a rather complex hydrology. The purpose of the abiotic part of the eutrophication project, started in 1984 and focused on phosphorus, is to model hydrology and phosphorus dynamics, in order to compare scenarios for policy and management. A brief survey is given of the preliminary results of the abiotic studies: hydrology, water quality, external loading from surrounding polders, sedimentary phosphorus and internal loading. The two largest lakes, Tjeukemeer and Slotermeer, are compared regarding these processes.
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    Interactions between sediment and water in a shallow and hypertrophic lake: a study on phytoplankton collapses in Lake Søbygård, Denmark (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 191 (1990), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton collapses ; hypertrophic ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Short-term changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass have occurred 1–3 times every summer for the past 5 years in the shallow and hypertrophic Lake Søbygård, Denmark. These changes markedly affected lake water characteristics as well as the sediment/water interaction. Thus during a collapse of the phytoplankton biomass in 1985, lasting for about 2 weeks, the lake water became almost anoxic, followed by rapid increase in nitrogen and phosphorus at rates of 100–400 mg N M−2 day−1 and 100–200 mg P m−1 day−1. Average external loading during this period was about 350 mg N m−2 day−1 and 5 mg P m−2 day−1, respectively. Due to high phytoplankton biomass and subsequently a high sedimentation and recycling of nutrients, gross release rates of phosphorus and nitrogen were several times higher than net release rates. The net summer sediment release of phosphorus was usually about 40 mg P m−2 day−1, corresponding to a 2–3 fold increase in the net phosphorus release during the collapse. The nitrogen and phosphorus increase during the collapse is considered to be due primarily to a decreased sedimentation because of low algal biomass. The nutrient interactions between sediment and lake water during phytoplankton collapse, therefore, were changed from being dominated by both a large input and a large sedimentation of nutrients to a dominance of only a large input. Nitrogen was derived from both the inlet and sediment, whereas phosphorus was preferentially derived from the sediment. Different temperature levels may be a main reason for the different release rates from year to year.
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    An assessment of the importance of emergent and floating-leaved macrophytes to trophic status in the Loosdrecht lakes (The Netherlands) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 191 (1990), S. 257-263 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic macrophytes ; eutrophication ; lake restoration ; phosphorus ; aerial photography ; shallow lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential importance of the six major emergent and floating-leaved macrophyte species in recycling of sediment phosphorus in the Loosdrecht lakes was studied. Representative plant samples were collected at the time of maximum biomass, and analysed for biomass and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Species cover was determined by aerial photography. Total cover in the seven lakes studied ranged between 2 and 26 percent. For the four main species, biomass per unit area increased with lake trophic status. Consistent differences in C, N and P contents per unit biomass were not observed. Although cover values were small, significant amounts of C, N and P were contained in the macrophytes when compared with maximum sestonic content. Potential P loads from macrophyte decay were calculated. In Lake Loosdrecht, the P load represented 15 percent of current external P inputs. The potential importance of macrophyte decay to P recycling in the other lakes is greater. Decay of macrophyte species at the end of the growing season appears to affect autumnal nutrient and chlorophyll a levels in the water column of some lakes. The re-establishment of submerged species following lake restoration may increase the importance of this pathway in the lakes.
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    Factors influencing phosphate exchange across the sediment-water interface of eutrophic reservoirs (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 192 (1990), S. 233-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediments ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The results of a survey of the sediment chemistry of 7 East Anglian reservoirs are presented as part of a regional study on the assessment and control of eutrophication. The influence of water quality (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature) on phosphate (PO4) adsorption by sediment from hypertrophic Ardleigh Reservoir is also examined. Extractable phosphate-P (extr.-P) varied between 92 and 383 mg kg−1 dry matter. Extractable P varied between 5.3 and 16.6% of the total phosphate-P (Tot. P) content and increased with the concentration of dissolved reactive phosphate-P (DRP) in the overlying water column. Organically complexed iron (organic Fe) was the determinand which correlated most closely with phosphate adsorption capacity, PAC (r = 0.8). Organic Fe was also related inversely to Extr. P. The rate and extent of PO4 adsorption by Ardleigh Reservoir sediment increased with the initial concentration of DRP and adsorption equilibria were reached after 24 h. The equilibrium DRP concentration, [DRP], was 0.7 mg P 1−1 under aerobic conditions indicative of a high potential for PO4 exchange. The rate and extent of PO4 adsorption was greater at 7 °C than at 22 °C PO4 adsorption increased markedly with dissolved oxygen status. Ardleigh sediment exhibited a marked buffering capacity to a change in pH; however, PO4 adsorption was greatest at an equilibrium pH of 5.6 and decreased progressively either side of this pH value. Options for the artificial control of sediment PO4 release are discussed in relation to the seasonal variation in sediment PO4 exchange observed for Ardleigh Reservoir.
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    Studies on decomposition ofCeratophyllum demersum litter under laboratory and field conditions: losses of dry mass and nutrients, qualitative changes in organic compounds and consequences for ambient water and sediments (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 194 (1990), S. 91-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: submerged macrophyte ; Ceratophyllum demersum ; litter ; decomposition ; pyrolysis mass spectra ; residual mass ; carbon ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of decomposition ofCeratophyllum demersum litter over a 17-day period under controlled conditions of temperature and oxygen (5, 10 and 18 °C; aerobic and anaerobic) and over a 169-day period in the field (Lake Vechten, The Netherlands). Litter, water and sediment were sampled on the 0, 2, 4, 7 and 17th day under controlled conditions and on the 0, 17, 49, 127 and 169th day in the field. The litter was analyzed quantitatively for dry mass, ash, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and qualitatively of organic composition by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The water was analyzed for the elemental concentrations of organic carbon (total and dissolved), nitrogen (total, ammonia and particulate) and phosphorus (total and orthophosphate) and for the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and bacteria. The sediment was analyzed for the elemental concentrations of nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus, and for bacterial numbers. The pattern of litter mass loss fitted an exponential model fairly well. Mass decreased faster under controlled aerobic than under anaerobic conditions and the decrease was stimulated by increasing temperature, relatively more in the range of 5 to 10 °C (by 20%) than in the range of 10 of 18 °C (by 2%). The residual mass ranged from 73 to 43% of initial under controlled aerobic conditions and from 84 to 65% under anaerobic conditions after 17 days. It decreased far less in the field, to 38% of initial mass in the field after 169 days. The litter initially lost a carbohydrate fraction by leaching in all treatments. The protein content decreased initially as well but increased subsequently at increasing temperature stimulated under anaerobic conditions. The changes in organic composition were correlated with those in nitrogen but not with those in carbon and phosphorus contents. The organic composition of litter incubated in the field differed from that of litter incubated in the laboratory. The field residues contained less proteinaceous material than the laboratory residues. The changes in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the litter showed different patterns. The carbon concentration generally increased, the nitrogen concentration initially dropped and increased subsequently, and the phosphorus concentration initially dropped and remained relatively constant subsequently. Chemical immobilization of the decomposition process may have occurred in the laboratory, but was unlikely in the field. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus left the litter initially largely in particulate form and were recovered in the water. The ratio dissolved: total nutrient concentration was lower under controlled aerobic than under anaerobic conditions. Increasing temperature stimulated bacterial use of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen. A rapid nutrient flow occurred from macrophyte litter, via water to sediment. The phytoplankton biomass in the water was greatly stimulated by substances freed from the decomposing litter. Diatoms increased generally relatively more than green algae, predominating alternatively with green algae under aerobic conditions and continuously under anaerobic conditions. Bacterial numbers in the water initially increased, partly due to transgression of bacteria from the sediment-water interface to the water and partly due to an actual increase in community biomass. The bacteria returned largely to the sediment-water interface, stimulated by increasing temperature, as most of the substrate readily usable by them had left the litter in the litter-bag and was associated with the upper sediment layers. It is feasible that the annual die-off of theC. demersum population of Lake Vechten barely affects nutrient cycling in the lake, because the contribution to the nutrient pools of the lake when fully mixed is only small. However, small particles originating from decomposingC. demersum litter may influence the lake considerably by decreasing water transparency and serving as a food source for filter-feeders and detritivorous macrofauna.
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    Gull contributions of phosphorus and nitrogen to a Cape Cod kettle pond (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 202 (1990), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gulls ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; eutrophication ; excretion ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient excretion rates and the annual contribution of P from the feces of the gullsLarus argentatus andL. marinus (and of N fromL. argentatus) to the nutrient budget of Gull Pond (Wellfleet), a soft water seepage lake, have been estimated. Intensive year-round gull counts by species were combined with determinations of defecation rate and the nutrient content of feces to quantitatively assess the P loading rates associated with regular gull use of this coastal pond on a seasonal and annual basis. Total P loading from gulls was estimated to be 52 kg yr−1, with 17 kg fromL. argentatus and 35 kg fromL. marinus, resulting from about 5.0 × 106 h yr−1 and 1.7 × 106 h yr−1 of pond use. This compares with P loading estimates of 67 kg yr−1 from upgradient septic systems, 2 kg yr−1 from precipitation and 3 kg yr−1 from unpolluted ground water. Fifty-six percent of annual gull P loading was associated with migratory activity in late fall. Estimated annual N loading byL. argentatus was 14 kg TKN, 206 g NO3-N, and 1.85 g g NH3-N.
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    Hydrologic processes in a southern Ontario wetland (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 208 (1990), S. 221-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: wetlands ; groundwater ; phosphorus ; eutrophication ; hydrology ; mass balance ; evapo-transpiration ; storm modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 12 month investigation on the hydrology of a southern Ontario wetland was completed. The mass flux of water and concentrations of total phosphates, ortho-phosphates, and chlorides were measured in all components of the hydrologic budget; over 800 grab samples were analyzed. The study showed that both groundwater recharge and discharge could occur within a wetland; data on these opposing flows must be quantified in order to develop effective long-term wetland management strategies and to accurately determine nutrient budgets. The study concluded that theoretical formulae may greatly underestimate summer evapotranspiration rates for hydrophyte dominated marshes. Storm inputs of physio-chemical parameters were found to be very significant, accounting for 32 to 51 percent of the total surface water loadings; failure to measure and/or model these inputs would have greatly distorted the study findings. Finally, since flow rates and concentrations of the chemical parameters were less variable at the wetland outflow, it was concluded that the wetland moderates event response inputs into stable response outputs. Over the study period total phosphate imports were double that of total phosphate exports while the ortho-phosphate discharge from the wetland was 22 percent more than the inputs. This indicates that the wetland is transforming sediment-bound phosphate to plant available ortho-phosphate, thus contributing to downstream eutrophication problems.
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    Responses of a eutrophic pond community to separate and combined effects of N:P supply and planktivorous fish: a mesocosm experiment (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 208 (1990), S. 161-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; bluegill ; plankton ; mesocosm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment of factorial design consisting of three levels of nutrient supply (no nutrient addition and additions of nitrogen and phosphorus in ratios of 10:1 and 45:1) cross-classified with two levels of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) (presence and absence). Nutrient supply significantly affected total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), TN: TP ratio, turbidity, Secchi depth, phytoplankton chlorophyll, filamentous blue-green algae, periphyton chlorophyll, Asplanchna and non-predatory rotifers. The presence of bluegill significantly increased TP, turbidity, diatoms, unicellular green algae, colonial blue-green algae, filamentous blue-green algae, periphyton chlorophyll, Asplanchna and non-predatory rotifers, and decreased Secchi depth, cladocerans, cyclopoid copepodids, copepod nauplii and chironomid tube densities. Nutrient supply and fish effects were not independent of each other as shown by significant nutrient × fish interaction effects for TP, Secchi depth, filamentous blue-green algae, periphyton chlorophyll, Asplanchna and non-predatory rotifers.
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    Gull contributions of phosphorus and nitrogen to a Cape Cod kettle pond (1990)
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    Hydrobiologia 202 (1990), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gulls ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; eutrophication ; excretion ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient excretion rates and the annual contribution of P from the feces of the gulls Larus argentatus and L. marinus (and of N from L. argentatus) to the nutrient budget of Gull Pond (Wellfleet), a soft water seepage lake, have been estimated. Intensive year-round gull counts by species were combined with determinations of defecation rate and the nutrient content of feces to quantitatively assess the P loading rates associated with regular gull use of this coastal pond on a seasonal and annual basis. Total P loading from gulls was estimated to be 52 kg yr−1, with 17 kg from L. argentatus and 35 kg from L. marinus, resulting from about 5.0 × 106 h yr−1 and 1.7 × 106 h yr−1 of pond use. This compares with P loading estimates of 67 kg yr−1 from upgradient septic systems, 2 kg yr−1 from precipitation and 3 kg yr−1 from unpolluted ground water. Fifty-six percent of annual gull P loading was associated with migratory activity in late fall. Estimated annual N loading by L. argentatus was 14 kg TKN, 206 g NO3-N, and 1.85 g g NH3-N.
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    Trophic response to phosphorus in acidic and non-acidic lakes in Nova Scotia, Canada (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 191 (1990), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; trophic response ; phytoplankton ; acid lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty lakes (oligotrophic or eutrophic) with a wide range of acidity (pH 3.5 to 7.6) show a typical trophic response to total phosphorus with respect to algal biomass (OECD relationship), irrespective of their acidity. Zooplankton abundance is also related to total phosphorus, except for an outlier lake which is very acidic and eutrophic. This lake, however, has an abundant benthic and pelagic insect fauna and shows an overall ‘normal’ trophic response to phosphorus. In three lakes where planktonic primary production at light optimum (P maxwas measured, it was highest in the most acid lake (pH 4.4) which has the largest total phosphorus concentration.
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    Pore water dynamics in the sediment of a shallow and hypertrophic lake (1990)
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    Hydrobiologia 192 (1990), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: pore water ; pH ; phosphorus ; seasonal variations ; internal loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal variations in pore water with main stress on pH and phosphate were investigated in the sediment of the shallow and hypertrophic Lake Søbygaard, Denmark. The purpose was to evaluate factors affecting the internal phosphorus loading. Pore water was obtained by in situ incubation of ceramic cups, sampled anaerobicaly from a fixed position in the sediment. The method is evaluated. During summer, pH and phosphate concentrations increased in the upper 8–10 cm of the sediment. Increased pH was most pronounced in the upper 5 cm, where pH increased to between 9 and 10. This is believed to be caused by the photosynthetically elevated pH in the above lake water. Phosphate concentrations increased with depth, from 0–2 mg P 1−1 in the upper 5 cm to 3–6 mg P 1−1 in 6–10 cm depth. Average phosphate gradient in the upper 6–8 cm was 1.0 mg P 1−1 cm −1 in the summer decreasing to 0.2 mg P 1−1 cm t‐1 in the autumn/winter. In spite of low redox potential, Fe(II) was not present in the upper 20 cm. The seasonal variation in pore water phosphate is believed mainly to be due to the variations in pore water pH inducing a substitution of phosphate ions with hydroxyl ions on ironhydroxides during summer. A considerable sedimentation of organic bound phosphorus and decomposition in the sediment is also considered important. Phosphorus release from the sediment is facilitated by bio- and gas turbation and by the frequent occurrence of resuspension caused by windaction. Net release rate is highly variable during the season. The summer average is 40 mg P m−2 d−1.
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    Development and application of a technique for estimating nutrient deficiency in soft sediments (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 203 (1990), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient limitation ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A diffusion enrichment technique is presented which allows for chemical enrichment of soft surficial and shallow subsurface sediments and subsequent measurement of O2 production. The sediment is enriched by inserting a perforated tube containing dialysis tubing filled with a nutrient/agar mixture. O2 production by surficial sediment is measured using an inverted, translucent, polyethylene chamber over the sediment. The inside of the chamber contains a collapsible bag connected to the water outside the chamber. When water overlying the sediment is withdrawn from a sampling port, it is displaced with water from outside the chamber, thus preventing contamination of water samples with pore water from below. The technique was tested by enriching near-shore sediments in a large oligotrophic lake with inorganic N and P. NHinf4/p+ additions significantly stimulated benthic primary production as measured by 02 production, whereas enrichment with POinf4/3- had no effect.
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    The cumulative effect of wetlands on stream water quality and quantity. A landscape approach (1990)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 10 (1990), S. 105-141 
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: cumulative ; flow ; GIS ; landscape ; lead ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; suspended solids ; watershed ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A method was developed to evaluate the cumulative effect of wetland mosaics in the landscape on stream water quality and quantity in the nine-county region surrounding Minneapolis—St. Paul, Minnesota. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to record and measure 33 watershed variables derived from historical aerial photos. These watershed variables were then reduced to eight principal components which explained 86% of the variance. Relationships between stream water quality variables and the three wetland-related principal components were explored through stepwise multiple regression analysis. The proximity of wetlands to the sampling station was related to principal component two, which was associated with decreased annual concentrations of inorganic suspended solids, fecal coliform, nitrates, specific conductivity, flow-weighted NH4 flow-weighted total P, and a decreased proportion of phosphorus in dissolved form(p 〈 0.05). Wetland extent was related to decreased specific conductivity, chloride, and lead concentrations. The wetland-related principal components were also associated with the seasonal export of organic matter, organic nitrogen, and orthophosphate. Relationships between water quality and wetlands components were different for time-weighted averages as compared to flow-weighted averages. This suggests that wetlands were more effective in removing suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia during high flow periods but were more effective in removing nitrates during low flow periods.
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    The role of rock weathering in the phosphorus budget of terrestrial watersheds (1990)
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    Biogeochemistry 11 (1990), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phosphorus ; stream chemistry ; weathering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Residual soils (saprolites) developed on crystalline rocks appear to form by an essentially isovolumetric process (i.e. without dilation or compaction). Isovolumetric geochemical analysis of a suite of saprolite samples developed on a common parent rock can be used to estimate the relative rates of long-term losses of P and Si during weathering. Using the export of dissolved Si in rivers as a weathering index, one can then estimate the rate of P release due to chemical weathering by means of the P-Si loss ratio in saprolite. For three basins where data are available (Liberty Hill, SC; Amazon River, Brazil: Rio Negro, Brazil) estimated P weathering release rates are 163, 457, and 242 moles P km−2 yr−1 respectively. These compare to precipitation inputs of 684, 700 and 630 moles P km−2 yr−1 and total river exports of 256, 4490 and 820 moles P km−2 yr−1, respectively. The Rio Negro shows a near perfect balance between the input of P via precipitation and chemical weathering and the riverine output of dissolved and suspended P. This system, however, raised the unsolved problem of the source that supports the atmospheric P input.
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    A comparison of phosphorus immobilization in sediments of freshwater and coastal marine systems (1990)
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    Biogeochemistry 9 (1990), S. 277-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phosphorus ; sediment loading ; marine vs freshwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which sediments of aquatic systems immobilize or release phosphorus can affect dramatically the P content of overlying waters. Data from 48 different aquatic systems suggests that there may be a major difference between fresh- and salt-water systems in this immobilization. Under oxic conditions (water overlying sediments had dissolved oxygen 〉 0.5 mg/L) P is strongly immobilized in sediments of most fresh-water systems. In sediments of most salt-water systems P is released from sediments and behaves, essentially, as a conservative tracer of benthic decomposition. This difference in P cycling is large enough to have an influence on the often cited difference in phytoplankton nutrient limitation between fresh- and salt-water systems.
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    Semiochemicals and learning in parasitoids (1990)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3119-3135 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Learning ; odor ; semiochemicals ; parasitoid ; biological control ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence that parasitoid responses to semiochemicals, important stimuli in the host location process, are influenced by experience. This paper focuses on the role of learning, in particular associative learning, in responses to odors. Emphasis is placed on associative learning during the adult stage, the influence of preadult experience is discussed briefly. New data on learning in the speciesLeptopilina heterotoma are given. It is demonstrated that females can learn to respond to a novel odor, which they subsequently use in microhabitat selection. Learning was shown to be associative whereby host products (contact kairomone) or an oviposition experience could function as the reinforcers (reward). The effect of learning seemed stronger when parasitoids were rewarded with an oviposition experience. The paper concludes with a discussion on the application of parasitoid learning in pest management.
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    A kairomone forTrichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) isolation, identification, and synthesis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; hydrocarbons ; kairomone ; kinesis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Trichogramma nubilale ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kairomone that effects host-seeking behavior inTrichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis, an egg parasitoid of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was isolated from moth scales of the European corn borer. The kairomone was identified as a mixture of 11,15-, 13,17-, and 15,19-dimethylnonatriacontanes. The three dimethylnonatriacontanes were synthesized, and bioassays showed that the 13,17 isomer was the most active in terms of klinokinetic and retention effects. The 11,15 isomer and the 15,19 isomer had some effect on klinokinesis, but they failed to effect retention of the wasps. The 13,17-dimethylnonatriacontane is considered to be the most important component of the kairomone.
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    Neotropical ant gardens II. Bioassays of seed compounds (1990)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2993-3013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ant ; ant-garden ; benzothiazole ; Camponotus ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; chemical mimicry ; epiphyte ; 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene-methanol ; 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone ; 2-hydroxy-6-methyl-benzoic acid ; methyl ester ; 1-(2-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)ethanone ; 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone ; limonene ; 6-methyl-methylsalicylate ; 6-MMS ; seed dispersal ; symbiosis ; tropical forests ; vanillin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of volatile compounds occur on the seeds of taxonomically unrelated ant-garden epiphytes in western Amazonia. In field trials in southeastern Peru, we assayed the responses of ant-garden ants (Camponotus femoratus) to these and structurally similar compounds applied to artificial “seeds” made from zeolite molecular sieves. Benzothiazole,2, present on seeds of eight ant-garden epiphytes, repelled ants over the range of concentrations tested, as did 1-(2-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)ethanone,3, occurring on seeds of six ant-garden epiphytes. 2-Hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, methyl ester (methyl-6-methylsalicylate, 6-MMS),1, found on seeds of at least nine ant-garden epiphytes, was mildly repellent at high concentration, but stimulated excitement, seed handling, and (rarely) seed carrying at lower concentrations. Vanillin,5, a seed compound of four ant-garden epiphytes, and limonene,6, a monoterpene from seeds of three ant-garden epiphytes, both stimulated excitement, alarm, seed handling, and (rarely) seed carrying. Identified from seeds of seven ant-garden epiphytes, 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone,4, elicited little or no response. Among 70 compounds tested (mainly aromatic compounds), those found on seeds of ant-garden epiphytes or having structural features in common with such compounds were the most attractive to the ants. Although not present on epiphyte seeds, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol,10, consistently stimulated seed transport to the nest in one year, but did so only rarely in subsequent years. Some of the volatile compounds on seeds of ant-garden epiphytes probably play a role in ant attraction to epiphyte seeds, but evidence remains ambiguous. Finally,Ca. femoratus responded to one test compound [1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone,60] (absent from epiphyte seeds) by descending from the vegetation to the ground.
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    Chemicals involved in honeybee-sunflower relationship (1990)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3053-3065 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sunflower ; Helianthus annuus ; honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; foraging behavior ; aroma ; nectar ; plant chemicals ; conditioning ; olfactory discrimination ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We present a review of work on the plant chemicals involved in the honeybee-sunflower model system. Combined behavioral and chemical analyses were conducted under natural and controlled conditions. First the distribution of forager bees' visits on two pairs of sunflower genotypes producing a different level of hybrid seed yield was recorded under pollen-proof tunnels. Mirasol parental lines producing high seed yields were visited at random, whereas forager bees visited preferentially the female parental line of Marianne, resulting in low seed yield. Nectar samples collected on the genotypes were analyzed by gas chromatography. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were identified. Parental lines of Mirasol showed similar sugar profiles, whereas the female line of Marianne contained higher amounts of sucrose than the male line. We assume that the bees' preferences between genotypes might rely on differences in the sugar composition of floral nectars, especially in the amount of sucrose. Aromas from headspace collection were compared between pairs and periodically during the flowering period. Of the 144 components indexed for Marianne lines and 136 components for Mirasol lines, 17 of the components for Marianne lines and 18 for Mirasol lines differed significantly according to flowering stage. Significant differences appeared in eight of the 134 components of Marianne lines and in 20 of the 250 components for Mirasol lines. Such differences, even restricted to a few components, might account for honeybees' discrimination between genotypes or flowering stage. Experiments then were conducted in a flight room using an artificial flower device. A total volatile extract was used as a conditioning scent previous to the test where the total extract was successively compared to several of its subfractions. Fractions significantly less visited than the total extract were discarded, whereas fractions confused with the total extract were kept. From step to step, a restricted fraction of 28 polar components, among which 15 were identified, was shown to be as active as the initial conditioning extract. These data emphasized honeybees' abilities to generalize from simplified to more complex chemical information. Finally, this work considers the possible use of such plant chemicals, from nectars or aromas, either as targets for genetic modification of crop plants or as direct attractants when sprayed on the crop, for the improvement of entomophilous cross pollination.
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    Control of olfactory-induced behavior in alfalfa seed chalcid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) by celestial light (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 291-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alfalfa seed chalcid ; Bruchophagus roddi ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; Chalcidae ; olfactory behavior ; polarization vision ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral response of female alfalfa seed chalcids is dependent on the polarization of sky light when exposed to olfactory stimuli between 1100 and 1500 hr. Females made no orientation flights to or landings on eight unbaited targets, but when half the targets were baited with the host-plant odor of hexyl acetate, they did make orientation flights to and landed on baited targets. Female preference for baited targets disappeared when natural sky light was plane polarized (at right angles to natural sky light polarization at 1200 hr). When natural sky light was passed through a diffuser filter to completely depolarize the light, females made numerous orientation flights but displayed no preference for baited targets. Any alteration of the natural wavelengths of sky light between 345 and 425 nm with various Kodak Wratten filters that excluded certain wavelengths produced similar results wherein females had no preference for baited or unbaited targets. The hypothesis that chalcid response was controlled by the polarization characteristics of sky light was confirmed when females again preferred baited targets in tests that were conducted 6 hr after sunrise, but they displayed no preference for baited targets when exposed to the mixture of polarized and nonpolarized light present in the sky 1–2 hr after sunrise or 1–2 hr before sunset. The possibility that chalcid response was due to a circadian rhythm was eliminated by exposure of insects to different sequences of light-dark regimes prior to the olfactory test.
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    Sunflower aroma detection by the honeybee (1990)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 701-711 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect-plant relationships ; olfaction ; honeybee ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; sunflower ; allelochemicals ; coupling GC-EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Combined electrophysiological recordings (EAG) and gas chromatographic separation were performed in order to investigate which volatile chemical components of a sunflower extract could be detected by honeybee workers and thus are likely to trigger the foraging behavior. A direct coupling device allowed for the stimulation of the antennal receptors with individual constituents of a polar fraction of the flower aroma shown to be attractive to bees. More than 100 compounds were separated from the extract. Twenty-four compounds elicited clear EAG responses. These compounds were identified by mass spectrometry (electronic impact and chemical ionisation). Both short- and long-chain aliphatic alcohols, one short-chain aliphatic aldehyde, one acid, two esters, and terpenic compounds were found to stimulate the antennal receptors. Six compounds identified in previous behavioral experiments were found to exhibit EAG activity. The chemicals screened by this method may be used for recognition of the plant odor and the selective behavior of honeybees.
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    Behavior and chemical disguise of cuckoo antLeptothorax kutteri in relation to its hostLeptothorax acervorum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1431-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera ; Leptothorax kutteri ; Leptothorax acervorum ; nestmate recognition ; ethograms ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the obligately parasitic cuckoo ant,Leptothorax kutteri, a workerless inquiline, are among the only adult ants that can successfully invade ant societies and come to be accepted as a nestmate by the existing adult workers. This occurs even though the cuckoo ant is usually severely attacked by theLeptothorax acervorum workers of the colony that she is attempting to enter and parasitize. Through extensive ethogram studies of established parasites and parasitized and free-livingL. acervorum workers and queens, we show that theL. kutteri queen grooms host queens at an exceptionally high frequency. Possibly associated with this behavior, the established parasite is never attacked by theL. acervorum workers or queens she exploits. We show that there is exceptional similarity between the cuticular hydrocarbons and especially the cuticular fatty acids of the parasitic females and her nestmateL. acervorum workers, compared with nonnestmate workers and queens. We suggest that this matching of cuticular compounds may be associated with the grooming of host queens by the parasite. This in turn suggests the possibility that fatty acids have a role in colony-specific nestmate recognition in these and other ants and that grooming may serve for the dissemination of such substances throughout the colony.
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    How contact foraging experiences affect preferences for host-related odors in the larval parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1577-1589 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; host-finding ; semiochemicals ; conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of individual females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris to the odors of four different complexes of host larvae feeding on leaves were observed in a four-arm olfactometer. The plant-host complexes were composed of fall armyworm (FAW) larvae or cabbage looper (CL) larvae feeding on either corn or cotton seedlings. Prior to testing, each female was given a brief foraging experience on a plant-host complex and was then exposed to the odors of the same complex in the olfactometer. The experienced females responded to familiar odors in a dose-related manner, and these responses were virtually identical to all four complexes. Preferences for the odors of one of two plant-host complexes were tested in dual choice situations. Generally, FAW odors were preferred over CL odors and corn odors over cotton odors. A short foraging experience significantly affected the females' odor preferences in favor of the odors released by the experienced complex. Additional experiments revealed that neither longer bouts of experience nor bouts that included ovipositions resulted in a stronger change in preference. Experience affected preference in combinations where only the host species was varied as well as in combinations where only the plant species was varied. The results, therefore, strongly indicate that both the plants and the hosts somehow are involved in the production and/or release of the semiochemicals that attractC. marginiventris.
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    Oviposition stimulants in the coccoid cuticular waxes ofAphytis yanonensis De Bach & Rosen (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1657-1665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphytis yanonensis ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae ; oviposition stimulant ; kairomone ; Unaspis yanonensis ; Homoptera ; Diaspididae ; cuticular wax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aphytis yanonensis De Bach & Rosen, a parasitic wasp of the arrowhead scale,Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana), was introduced to Japan to controlU. yanonensis. A. yanonensis recognizes a host insect by antennal contact and deposits eggs on the insect body underneath the scale. Ovipositional behavior is induced by perceiving the cuticular wax of the host insect,U. yanonensis, and other coccoids. Chemical composition of the cuticular wax was analyzed and oviposition stimulants were isolated following a bioassay usingA. yanonensis.
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    Origin of kairomones in the leek moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella, Lep.) frass (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1743-1750 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diadromus pulchellus ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; leek ; frass ; methyl disulfide ; propyl disulfide ; kairomones ; host plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding leek moths on an artificial diet has shown that dimethyl and dipropyl disulfides and methyl-propyl disulfide found in frass arise from sulfur compounds specific toAllium. The addition of either propyl or methyl disulfide or their precursors to the diet leads to appearance of the three disulfides in the frass. This implies the transformation of theS-propyl moiety toS-methyl and vice versa by an as yet unknown mechanism.
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    Neotropical ant gardens (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1791-1816 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ant ; ant garden ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Camponotus ; chemical mimicry ; citronellol ; convergent evolution ; epiphyte ; mellein ; methyl 6-methylsalicylate ; Perú ; seed dispersal ; symbiosis ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In ant gardens of lowland Amazonia, parabiotic ant speciesCamponotus femoratus andCrematogaster cf.limata parabiotica cultivate a taxonomically diverse group of epiphytic plants, whose establishment is restricted to arboreal carton ant nests. Epiphyte seeds are collected by workers ofCa. femoratus, the larger of the two ants, and stored unharmed in brood chambers where they subsequently germinate. Although seeds of some ant-garden epiphytes bear nutritional rewards, previous studies have shown that these rewards are not sufficient to explain the pattern of ant attraction to seeds. Five aromatic compounds occur frequently in and on the seeds of most ant-garden epiphytes and may be chemical cues by which ants recognize propagules of their symbiotic plants. The most widely distributed of these is methyl 6-methylsalicylate [6-MMS]1, previously reported as a major mandibular gland product in relatedCamponotus species and present in trace quantities inCa. femoratus males. (−)-Citronellol6 (previously unreported inCamponotus) was the principal volatile constituent in extracts of male heads, and (−)-mellein7 was present in small quantities. Discovery of 6-MMS inside the mandibular glands of maleCa. femoratus (and its presence in analogous glands of related ants) offers preliminary support for Ule's (1906) hypothesis that seeds attract ants by mimicking ant brood. In addition, the likely fungistatic activity of seed compounds suggests that they could retard microbial pathogens of ants and plants in the organic detritus of nest gardens. While the presence of identical seed compounds in so many unrelated plant lineages might represent a remarkable case of convergent evolution, other interpretations are possible.
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    Surface lipids of the social waspPolistes annularis (L.) and its nest and nest pedicel (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1841-1852 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polistes annularis ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; defensive mechanisms ; necrophoric behavior ; nest pedicel ; social wasps ; wasps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cuticular lipids were recovered fromPolistes annularis workers and characterized by combined gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. These lipids were found to be straight-chain and methyl-branched hydrocarbons with the major components being 13,17-dimethylhentriacontane (18%), 3-methyl-nonacosane (13%), and 3-methylheptacosane (11%). Cuticular lipids with a very similar composition were found on the surface of the larvae, eggs, and adult males ofPolistes annularis as well as on the surface of the nest and nest pedicel of the wasp. Hexadecanoic acid and octadecenoic acid were also found on the surface of the nest pedicel and these acids and/or the hydrocarbons may play a defensive role for the wasps.
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    Change in mandibular and mesosomal gland contents of maleXylocopa micans (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) associated with mating system (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1877-1885 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xylocopa micans ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; mesosomal glands ; mandibular glands ; hydrocarbons ; fatty acid esters ; territoriality ; mating system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofXylocopa micans employ two mating systems in south-central Texas. They defend territories around flowering wisteria and redbud in March and April, and they maintain nonresource-based or landmark territories in July and August. Mandibular and mesosomal gland contents (analyzed by GC-MS) are different in bees employing the two mating systems. Mandibular glands contain only straight-chain hydrocarbons in bees defending floral resources, but include ethyl oleate in bees defending landmark territories. Mesosomal glands contain saturated, mono- and diunsaturated straight-chain hydrocarbons and methyl and ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. The major ethyl ester, ethyl oleate, comprises only 1.1% of mesosomal gland contents in bees defending floral resources but comprises 39.7% of gland content of bees defending landmark territories. These findings are discussed relative to the proposed sex pheromone function ofXylocopa gland secretions.
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    Characterization of pedicel, paper, and larval silk from nest ofPolistes annularis (L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3467-3477 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: CP/MAS [13C]NMR ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; social wasps ; Polistes annularis ; nest pedicel ; nest paper ; larval silk ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pedicel, nest paper, and larval silk ofPolistes annularis nests were analyzed by high-resolution solid-state [13C]NMR. The pedicel was found to have a high nitrogen content (11%), and the NMR spectra indicated that it is a mixture of carbohydrate and protein. The pedicel protein has an amino acid composition that is very rich in glycine, alanine, serine, and proline (67% of identified residues), similar to that of some insect silks. Solid-state [13C]NMR indicated that the nest paper is composed predominantly of cellulose. Silk, spun by matureP. annularis larvae, was shown by [13C] NMR and amino acid analysis to be a protein very high in serine and alanine (53%), but the amino acid composition is distinct from that of the pedicel protein.
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. IX. Differential response ofTrichogramma pretiosum, an egg parasitoid ofHeliothis zea, to various olfactory cues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3531-3544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; wind tunnel ; orientation behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior ofTrichogramma pretiosum Nixon wasps when exposed to different olfactory cues was studied in a wind tunnel. Compared to clean air, the sex pheromone of its hostHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased wasp residence times, walking times, and path lengths on a platform and decreased walking velocity. If wasps were released on top of a glass rod above a platform, the odor caused the wasps to land shortly after takeoff. In addition, a clear dose effect with regard to total residence and walking times was found. These responses were not elicited by three dosages of the sex pheromone ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) or by a blend of saturated acetates. These results correspond with the observation thatH. zea is a common field host ofT. pretiosum, whereas eggs ofS. frugiperda are rarely attacked by this parasitoid.
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    Robber bees (Lestrimelitta limao) and their host chemical and visual cues in nest defense byTrigona (Tetragonisca) angustula (Apidae: Meliponinae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 631-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cephalic volatiles ; kairomone ; nest defense ; Lestrimelitta limao ; Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula ; stingless bees ; Hymenoptera ; Meliponini ; Apidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nest of the stingless bee,Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula, is guarded by bees positioned in the nest entrance and others hovering in front of it. Hovering guard bees track returning foragers sideways along the last 10 cm in front of the nest, but intercept and incapacitate nest intruders by clinging with mandibles to wings and legs. When attacked by the cleptobiotic stingless beeLestrimelitta limao, the colony strengthens its aerial defense with hundreds of additional hoverers. To test our hypothesis that this reaction is due to interspecific chemical communication based on kairomone effects, we presented synthetic cephalic volatiles of both species at the nest entrance and counted the number of bees leaving the nest and taking up hovering positions. We conclude that guard bees recognizeL. limao by the major terpenoids of their volatile cephalic secretions, geranial, neral (=citral) and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; other components may fine-tune this recognition. The effect of chemical stimuli is not significantly enhanced by combination with a dummy ofL. limao. Guard bees, we hypothesize, respond to this kairomone by secreting a species specific alarm pheromone; a major component of this pheromone, benzaldehyde, recruits additional bees to defend the nest.
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    Estimation of phosphorus and potassium concentrations in Bermudagrass (1990)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 22 (1990), S. 7-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Bermudagrass ; phosphorus ; potassium ; model ; nutrient uptake ; forages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Equations were developed to estimate concentrations of phosphorus and potassium for Coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon, (L.) Pers.] as related to applied nutrient level and harvest interval. Data from several field studies were used in the analysis. Estimates from these agronomic studies agreed with data from fertilizer and waste application for several locations. Concentrations of phosphorus and potassium decreased linearly with harvest interval (up to 6 weeks) and increased exponentially with nutrient level. This information should be relevant to crop production and environmental quality.
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    The roles of nitrogen, phosphorus and Potassium in the production of sugarcane in South Africa (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; sugarcane ; fertilizer use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of N and K fertilizers used in the South African sugar industry have increased dramatically in the past four decades, due partly to an increase in the area under sugarcane but also to large increases in the amounts of N and K fertilizers applied per hectare. There has also been an increase in the amount of P fertilizer used but this has been more gradual. The main fertilizer carriers for cane and their relative efficiency are discussed. During this period there has been considerable research into the nutrient requirements of sugarcane. Correlations established between soil and leaf analysis and crop responses to N, P and K fertilizers, and their effects on cane quality, are reviewed. While fertilizer recommendations based on soil and leaf analysis have provided a useful guide for determining the nutrient requirements of cane, they are continually being modified in the light of current research.
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    Is there screening in turbulence? (1990)
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    Journal of statistical physics 61 (1990), S. 865-868 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; screening ; vortices ; XY model ; Debye-Hückel theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The statistical mechanics of some electric models predicts exponential decay of space correlations (screening). This suggests that one look also for screening in 2- and 3-dimensional hydrodynamic turbulence.
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    Growth retardation induced by nutritional deficiency or abscisic acid in Lemna gibba: The relationship between growth rate and endogenous cytokinin content (1990)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Lemna gibba ; cytokinins ; isopentenyladenosine ; zeatinriboside ; abscisic acid ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; relative growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between endogenous cytokinin content and relative growth rate (RGR) was studied in cultures of Lemna gibba L. G3 supplied with daily doses of mineral nutrients that were increased exponentially over time. At the optimal level of nutrient supply the RGR was 30–35% day-1. The RGR was regulated by adjusting the rate of nitrogen supply, or it was restricted by addition of 0.5 μM abscisic acid (ABA). Another approach used to investigate the specific roles of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), was to transfer optimally growing plants to media without N or P but otherwise complete. The plants were harvested at regular intervals for determination of the RGR and levels of cytokinins of the isopentenyladenosine (iPA) and zeatinriboside (ZR) types with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of both iPA- and ZR-type cytokinins decreased when nitrogen was applied to cultures in growth limiting amounts. The cytokinin levels decreased more rapidly than the RGR when either N or P was lacking in the medium, suggesting an early influence of nutrient availability on cytokinin levels which in turn may induce adaptive response by the plant. RGR retardation induced by ABA did not affect cytokinin levels during the first 4 days of the treatment, and the later effects were small. The experiments gave no indication that ABA is involved in the adaptation response of Lemna plants to nutritional stress.
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    The spring development of phytoplankton in Lake Erken: species composition, biomass, primary production and nutrient conditions — a review (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 191 (1990), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; primary production ; phosphorus ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Lake Erken climatic factors such as duration of ice cover, snow-depth and insolation govern the phytoplankton development and the species composition during the spring, with significant variations from year to year. Generally the small diatom, Stephanodiscus hantzschii var. pusillus creates a conspicuous peak at ice-break. In some years motile dinoflagellates start to develop under the ice already in early March, which results in a much longer spring bloom. The highest biomasses were recorded in 1954–1955 with values up to 11 mg 1−1 of fresh weight. The chlorophyll a concentrations have at most reached an epilimnetic average of 30 µg 1−1. The primary production reached a maximum value of 2200 mg C m−2 d−1 in 1955 and the average production for two months during the spring varied from 30 to 64 mg C m−3 d−1. Concerning nutrients, phosphorus was shown to be the limiting nutrient at the end of the spring bloom. This fact was confirmed by orthophosphate concentrations, algal surplus phosphorus content and alkaline phosphatase activity, as well as estimations of inorganic N : P and C : P ratios and nutrient enrichment experiments
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    Bacteria as a source of phosphorus for zooplankton (1990)
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    Hydrobiologia 206 (1990), S. 217-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zooplankton ; bacteria ; phosphorus ; nutrient limitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The utilization of bacterial phosphorus in zooplankton metabolism was investigated using radio-phosphorus labelled natural bacteria as food source for zooplankton in feeding experiments. Incorporation of labelled bacteria was clearly related to the species' ability to graze on bacteria, with the cladoceran Daphnia reaching the highest biomass-specific activity and the copepod Acanthodiaptomus the lowest. Within Daphnia, juveniles had a higher biomass-specific uptake of phosphorus than adults. This was presumably caused by higher growth rates of the juveniles rather than age-specific differences in the ability to feed on bacteria, supported by the observation that the juveniles had the highest specific P-content. Retention of ingested 32P from labelled particles exceeded 80%, indicating higher assimilation efficiencies on phosphorus compared with carbon. In the investigated humic lake, approximately 75% of the phosphorus in grazable particles was bound in bacterial cells, making bacteria the most important source of P to the bacterivore zooplankton species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014087
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    Alkaline phosphatase activity fluctuations and associated factors in a eutrophic lake dominated by Oscillatoria rubescens (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 207 (1990), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; alkaline phosphatase activity ; phytoplankton ; Cyanobacteria ; nitrogen ; correspondence analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was investigated monthly for 4 years in the eutrophic Lake Nantua, a lake colonized by a large population of Cyanobacteria. Total enzymatic activity as well as specific activities (the ratios between APA and biomass expressed as dry weight, chlorophyll a, cell phosphorus) varied strongly but they followed a similar pattern during each year. The data were processed using correspondence analysis. Specific APA was never related to depth but highest activities were always associated with low particulate phosphorus and nitrogen, low dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations, low chlorophyll a to filament number ratio and zero nitrate in the waters, indicating P and N limiting conditions. However a high N/P ratio, close to Redfield optimum also occurred at these conditions. Low activities were associated only with high chlorophyll a to filament number ratio. The results suggest that, during summer P-depletion and as long as the N/P ratio is close or above an optimum value, the DIP enzymatically regenerated from DOP pool by phosphatases could temporarily contribute to the algal phosphorus supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041461
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    Zinc uptake by corn as affected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: phosphorus ; VAM ; water soluble zinc ; Zea mays ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot-grown mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal sweet corn were grown in a low Zn soil. All treatments received a complete nutrient solution with or without Zn. Treatments were harvested sequentially to detemine temporal mycorrhizal effects on: (a) tissue and water soluble Zn and (b) differential uptake of P and Zn. Plants grown with supplemental Zn had greater growth and Zn tissue concentration than those not receiving Zn. With no supplemental Zn, mycorrhizal treatments had greater growth and Zn concentration than non-mycorrhizal treatments. There was no indication of nutrient interaction between Zn and P. Over the range of tissue Zn found, there appeared to be no advantage to water soluble Zn analysis over total Zn in assessing plant Zn status.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032404
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    Odor learning and foraging success in the parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3137-3150 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Learning ; odor ; semiochemical ; parasitoid ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophuidae ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A brief 2-hr experience with hostDrosophila larvae in artificial apple-yeast or mushroom microhabitats had three effects on the foraging behavior of femaleLeptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) parasitoids under field conditions. First, experienced females released at the center of circular arrays of apple-yeast and mushroom baits were more likely to find a microhabitat over the course of a daily census than naive ones. Second, for those females that found a microhabitat, experienced ones found it faster than naive ones (i.e., experience reduced travel times). Third, females experienced with a particular microhabitat were more likely to find that micro-habitat than an alternative one. Learned preferences were retained for at least one day and possibly as many as seven. Results generally did not depend on the host species (D. melanogaster orD. simulans) with which females were given experience. Females tended to arrive at baits upwind of the point of release, suggesting that odor is involved in finding host microhabitats and, in particular, in learning to find them more effectively. The implications of these results for the application of semiochemicals in biological control are discussed briefly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979616
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    Trail pheromone of the antTetramorium impurum and model compounds: Structure-activity comparisons (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3493-3510 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tetramorium impurum ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; trail pheromone ; ant ; venom ; methyl 6-methylsalicylate ; structure-activity correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major component of the trail pheromone ofT. impurum is methyl 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzoate (methyl 6-methyl salicylate). The poison reservoir of each worker contains about 1.0 ng of this substance in the venom. To ascertain the degree of specificity of the substance as pheromone and to determine any correlation between structure and biological activity, 38 synthetic analogs were tested in a bioassay. Sixteen compounds showed activity at 100 ng per artificial trail. The importance of the methyl group and methyl ester were demonstrated, while the hydroxyl group has a relatively small effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982113
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    Chemical and behavioral studies on dufour gland contents ofManica rubida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 827-840 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ant ; Manica rubida ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Dufour gland ; farnesene ; homofarnesene ; acetone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Dufour gland ofManica rubida contains a simple mixture of (Z, E)-α-farnesene and (Z, E)-α-homofarnesene with tiny amounts of other faraesene, homofarnesene, and bishomofarnesene isomers. The gland also contains a mixture of very volatile compounds, chiefly acetone, with smaller amounts of acetaldehyde, ethanol, propanol, isobutyraldehyde, butenone, and butanone. The workers ofM. rubida are not attracted to these highly volatile compounds as are workers ofMyrmica species, butM. rubida workers show a strong increase of linear speed when stimulated by a freshly isolated gland. This response of increased speed of bothM. rubida andM. trubra to their own or each other's Dufour gland secretion is consistent with the presence of the farnesenes in them both.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016493
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    Honeybee response to queen mandibular pheromone in laboratory bioassays (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 841-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apis mellifera L. ; honeybee queen mandibular pheromone ; retinue behavior ; attraction bioassays ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; honeybee pheromone ; (E)-9-keto-2-decenoic acid ; (R,E)-9-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative laboratory biosassays measuring short-range attraction of worker honeybees to pheromone-treated pipets or glass pseudo-queens are described. Each replicate involves only 15 workers, allowing a single colony to provide sufficient individuals for a complete study as well as for between-colony comparisons. The more sensitive pseudo-queen bioassay provides a measurable response at levels of queen mandibular extract of 10−7 than that of an average individual mated queen. Formation and maintenance of the pseudo-queen's retinue, as well as more detailed behavior, can be evaluated by following the actions of individual workers replayed on video tape. Using this sensitive bioassay, the response of workers to queen mandibular pheromone has been shown to be sensitive to daily variation and colony source of the workers, but independent of worker age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016494
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    Semiochemicals of the honeybee queen mandibular glands (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 851-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Apis mellifera L. ; honeybee queen mandibular semiochemicals ; retinue pheromone ; splitless capillary gas chromatography ; (E)-9-keto-2-decenoic acid ; methylp-hydroxybenzoate ; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol ; (R,E)-(−)- and (S,E)-(+)-9-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of the five queen mandibular gland semiochemicals that initiate and maintain the retinue behavior of worker honeybees was investigated by quantitative splitless capillary gas chromatography. No detectable pheromone is present at the time of eclosion, but decenoic acid levels build up rapidly during the first week of the queen's life. Two aromatic components attain detectable levels later, with the more plentiful methylp-hydroxybenzoate preceding the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol. Pheromone levels are maximal in mature, mated, laying queens. The ratio of (R,E)-(−)-9-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid to the (S,E)-(+) enantiomer increases with the age of the queen. Pheromone levels in queen mandibular glands are largely unaffected by queen banking, restraint with workers in mailing cages, and limited storage on dry ice. All major body parts of typical queens, especially the head and legs, have sufficient mandibular exudate to be highly attractive to worker bees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016495
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    Exocrine secretions of bees X. 3,7-Dimethyldeca-2,6-dien-1,10-diol: A sex-specific compound fromNomada annulata (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1069-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cleptoparasite ; Nomada annulata ; Nomadinae ; Andrena macra ; Andrenidae ; Hymenoptera ; mandibular gland ; male specific ; diol ; host parasite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 3,7-Dimethyldeca-2,6-dien-1,10-diol was isolated from male cephalic extracts of the cleptoparasitic or “cuckoo” bee,Nomada annulata. The compound is absent in female head extracts. This diol, previously known only from a male danaid butterfly, is a new bee natural product and is not found in the volatile exocrine secretions of the host bee,Andrena macra. The role of this compound in this parasite-host system, including the chemical basis ofNomada-Andrena associations, is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021011
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    Mandelonitrile in larval secretion of mountain ash sawfly,Pristiphora geniculata (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1103-1110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mountain ash sawfly ; Pristiphora geniculata ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; Nematinae ; defense ; exocrine secretion ; ventral gland ; Sorbus ; benzaldehyde ; borneol ; bornyl acetate ; mandelonitrile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The larval defensive secretion of the mountain ash sawfly,Pristiphora geniculata, contains seven volatile components. They include benz-aldehyde, borneol, bornyl acetate, mandelonitrile, and C14, C16, and C18 acetates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021014
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    Sex attraction in paper wasp,Polistes exclamans viereck (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in a wind tunnel (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1277-1287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insecta ; mating ; pheromone ; attractant ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Polistes exclamans ; paper wasp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A wind-tunnel bioassay was developed to test for the presence of sex attractants in the paper wasp,Polistes exclamans Viereck (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Males exhibited significant upwind flight and attraction (chemoanemotaxis) in response to airflow passed over unmated females, and to hexane extracts of whole bodies and thoraces of unmated females. Unmated females were attracted to hexane extracts of males and to hexane extracts of each body tagma of males, suggesting distribution of the pheromone over the cuticle by grooming. The ectal mandibular and seventh sternal glands are the likely sources of the male-produced sex attractant(s) since extracts of each elicited female attraction in the flight tunnel. These glands are associated with gastral and mandibular rubbing of perch sites by territorial males ofPolistes species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021026
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    A new species ofAphidius [Hymenoptera] attacking the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 509-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidius ; parasites ; pea aphid ; new species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aphidius staryi Chen & Luhman n. sp. est décrite. L'espèce a été récoltée et introduite en Californie depuis Israël et la Turquie parD. González. La nouvelle espèce est morphologiquement très voisine d'Aphidius smithi et, d'après les clefs, du groupeurticae d'Eady.
    Notes: Abstract Aphidius staryi Chen & Luhman n. sp. is described. The species was collected and introduced into California from Israel and Turkey byD. González. The new species is morphologically most similar toAphidius smithi, and keys toEady's urticae group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375085
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