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  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • Public Library of Science
  • 1990-1994  (2,834)
  • 1994  (1,437)
  • 1990  (1,397)
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  • 1990-1994  (2,834)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 18-20 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Anomalous X-ray scattering terms for Rb+ near the K-edge measured in diffraction experiments with synchrotron radiation range up to 4.71 (6) for f′′ and down to −9.80 (11) for f′, in agreement with values derived from the absorption spectrum.
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  • 2
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The X-ray reflectivity of bent perfect crystals is calculated from a model where the crystal is approximated by a stack of perfect-crystal lamellae which have a gradually changing orientation. A computer program is developed for calculation of the reflectivity of the composite crystal from the dynamical theory of diffraction. An approximate solution is also given where an analytical formula for the reflectivity of a non-absorbing lamella is used and the effects of absorption are calculated separately. Typically, in the Bragg case, the reflectivity curve has a steep edge and an exponentially falling slope, while in the Laue case the curve is almost rectangular if the absorption is not too large. The width of the curve is inversely proportional to the bending radius in both cases. Reflectivity curves were measured for the 111 and 400 reflections of Si with Mo Kα1 radiation. The agreement with analytical and computer calculations is good, particularly at small bending radii where the kinematical limit is approached.
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  • 3
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method of measuring differences in lattice spacing with an accuracy of 1 part in 108 in a period as short as two minutes is described. The method uses one source of copper radiation and a triple-axis arrangement. Two of these axes are double-leaf silicon springs in monolithic crystal assemblies which achieve the high stability required by such measurements. Samples are easily changed and sequences of measurements are performed entirely under computer control. The method is demonstrated by a comparison of the lattice spacings of four samples which reveals differences of up to 60 parts in 108 between silicon crystals of different origins.
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  • 4
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 77-78 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 5
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Some experimental results are presented for an elastically bent perfect silicon crystal in a strongly asymmetric diffraction geometry as a neutron monochromator. The use of this unconventional geometry of the monochromator appears to be suitable for a wide (several centimetres) incident polychromatic beam, when, thanks to the spatial condensation of the diffracted neutrons (Fankuchen effect), a high monochromatic beam density may be obtained. Furthermore, when using focusing in real and in momentum space by adjusting an optimum bending radius, the intensity diffracted by a sample may be comparable even with the best mosaic monochromators such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (PG). A comparison is demonstrated on the rocking curves of a strongly mosaic Ni–Al(020) crystal obtained with the monochromatic beam from bent Si(111), Si(400) and from PG(002), Cu(220) mosaic monochromators.
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  • 6
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 134-135 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Bhatia & Thornton [Phys. Rev. B. (1970), 2, 3004–3012] have derived the formula that relates the scattering intensity of a binary system to the Fourier transform of the local number density and concentration. For the intensity at the limit of zero scattering angle, the same formula can be derived by a much simpler process.
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  • 7
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 142-143 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 8
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 144-146 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 9
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Single-crystal synchrotron-radiation Laue photographs of protein crystals and viruses are densely populated and a considerable amount of spatial overlapping of spots often occurs on the films. An integration procedure which enables the efficient deconvolution of these spots in order to obtain their integrated intensity has been developed and implemented. Some results are given for glycogen phosphorylase b and tomato bushy stunt virus. A comparative study of reflections overlapped on one exposure and separated on another, taken from the same crystal at a longer crystal-to-film distance, gives merging statistics comparable to those from the treatment of spatially separated spots only. In all cases the majority of the spatially overlapped data is made available for subsequent analyses.
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  • 10
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 211-212 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Previous reports by Rosenzweig & Morosin [Acta Cryst. (1966). 20, 758–761], Liminga & Abrahams [J. Appl. Cryst. (1976). 9, 42–47] and Svensson, Albertsson, Liminga, Kvick & Abrahams [J. Chem. Phys. (1983). 78, 7343–7352], that the more steeply pointed ends of α-LiIO3 crystals grown from aqueous solution with 3 ≤ pH ≤ 7 have the apex of each pyramidal IO−3 ion pointing toward the direction which develops a positive polarity (d33 〉 0) under tensile stress applied along the polar hexagonal axis, have been confirmed contrary to the conclusion of Yang Hua-guang, Zhang Dao-fan, Chen Wan-chun & Li Yin-yuan [J. Appl. Cryst.(1989). 22, 144–149]. The error leading to the latter conclusion is identified.
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  • 11
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 223-223 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 12
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 222-223 
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  • 13
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 228-233 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Synchrotron radiation has been used to measure the rocking curves from a (GaIn)(AsP) single layer grown on an InP (100)-oriented substrate. For angles of incidence ΦB = (ΘB − φ) ≤ 0.7° measured at the Bragg angle ΘB (φ is the angle between the diffracting lattice plane and the surface), the rocking curve (RC) is very strongly influenced by total external reflection (TER). This causes a decrease in the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) and an asymmetrical shape for the RC for small ΦB. Both of these effects are due to the Bragg-angle shift from the actual incident angle Φ which is not considered in the conventional dynamical theory. In this paper the essential influence of TER on any thin-layer rocking curve is investigated using a numerical solution of the extended dynamical theory. The pattern can be interpreted up to ΦB ≥ ΘC (ΘC is the angle of TER) by semiempirical incorporation of the results of the extended theory with the coupling formalism of Barrels, Hornstra & Lobeek [Acta Cryst. (1986). A42, 539–545].
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  • 14
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The ferroelectric ferroelastic phase transitions of tetramethylammonium tetrachlorozincate (HTMA) were observed by standard X-ray topography and by synchrotron topography. Observation of the phase boundary is possible in the latter case. The different kinds of domain walls observed in the ferroelastic phase cast doubts on the commonly assumed symmetry group of this phase.
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  • 15
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 180-185 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented describing convolutional properties of the reduced intensity distribution (intensity divided by the square of the atomic factor and multiplied by the scattering-vector length). The approximation used, verified on model data, leads to a relation between the effect of the multiple running average routine applied to reduced intensity and both normalization constant and local atomic density in the neighbourhood of any given atom. This enables an estimate of the normalization constant and the local density to be made with a high degree of accuracy. The effect of the choice of adjustable parameters in the running average routine is discussed. The procedure to calculate the interference function in the presence of an unknown background varying slowly with the scattering vector is presented.
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  • 16
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 212-214 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes an instrumental artifact which has been observed in three Nicolet P3F diffractometers. In cases where the peaks are very sharp in ω, the artifact causes azimuthal or ψ scans to appear very noisy and to show a complex periodic variation of intensity with ψ. These intensity variations are reproducible. A simple correction is described which, when applied to the data, dramatically improves the appearance of these aberrant ψ scans. This correction is not limited to ψ scans and should improve the quality of all data collected on the machine.
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  • 17
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 225-227 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A computer-oriented procedure for the generation of the symmetry of the multiple implication function has been developed. The symmetry of the multiple implication function, referred to its own conventional unit cell, is tabulated for all space groups.
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  • 18
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented which indexes spots recorded on single oscillation images without any a priori knowledge of cell parameters. The strategy is similar to that used in four-circle diffractometry and the method works in a fully automatic manner. It is applicable to multiple oscillation images or multiple stills. A complementary method is also described to obtain orientation angles for the case where cell parameters have already been determined.
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  • 19
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 351-354 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A photographic Weissenberg camera has been constructed which can be mounted on the 2θ arm of a four-circle diffractometer. At a distance of 0.5 m from the sample the 2θ resolution for a 100 μm crystal is 0.2 mrad (0.01°), allowing a high-resolution mapping of reciprocal space at a synchrotron source in an efficient way. As sample experimental results, a study is presented of the streak system around the 111 reflection of a perfect germanium crystal and the detection of a minute phase transformation in a single-powder grain of a high-Tc superconductor.
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  • 20
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 378-386 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The accuracy of the Chebyshev expansion coefficients used for the calculation of attenuation correction factors for cylindrical samples has been improved. An increased order of expansion allows the method to be useful over a greater range of attenuation. It is shown that many of these coefficients are exactly zero, others are rational numbers, and others are rational fractions of π−1 The assumptions of Sears [J. Appl. Cryst. (1984), 17, 226–230] in his asymptotic expression of the attenuation correction factor are also examined.
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  • 21
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 397-400 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A single-crystal study on AlPO4 was performed at 2.90 (7) GPa with synchrotron radiation using a diamond-anvil cell with a beryllium gasket. For the data collection the radiation wavelength of only 0.54 Å, was chosen to minimize the absorption of X-rays in the pressure cell. The diffracted intensity was high enough to measure even weak reflections with sufficient counting statistics. The refined structural parameters are in good agreement with those determined from data collected with a conventional X-ray tube.
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  • 22
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 418-423 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used for examining Cd(S,Se) nanocrystals grown in silicate glasses commercially available as optical filters. The lattice images of the nanocrystals were numerated and submitted to filtering through Fourier transformation in order to sweep off the background signal originating mainly from glass. Optical filters from several firms were examined. The nanocrystals have been identified with Cd(S,Se) compounds crystallized in the wurzite structure, as in bulk material. The lattice images indicate crystallites having the shape of hexagonal prisms a little elongated along the c axis. The distribution of grain size differs according to the filter: the smallest size being about 1.5 nm (threshold for detection), the largest size varies from 7 to 10 nm, the average size sa, from 3–4 to 5–6 nm and the characteristic size sc from 5–6 to 7–8 nm (sc is the size of grains occupying the main part of the crystallized volume).
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  • 23
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 430-432 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A photodiode X-ray detector was built to measure small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at a synchrotron-radiation source in conjunction with a double-crystal diffractometer SAXS camera at photon energies between 5 and 11 keV. The photodiode detector response in this energy range is linear at photon counting rates up to 1012 photons s−1 and thus it was not necessary to attenuate the monochromatic X-ray beam with calibrated foils. SAXS data taken with a scintillation counter and the photodiode detector are compared, demonstrating marked improvement in counting statistics, rate of data acquisition and signal-to-noise ratio.
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  • 24
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 441-443 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The X-rays emitted from a laser-produced plasma have been used to obtain powder diffraction patterns with exposures of less than a nanosecond. The X-rays were produced by focusing approximately 50 J of 0.53 μm laser light in a 600 ps (FWHM) pulse to a tight (1̃00 μm diameter) spot on a solid titanium target. The spectral brightness of the resonance line of the helium-like titanium thus produced was sufficient to record diffraction from LiF powder in a single exposure using the Seemann–Bohlin geometry. These results indicate that time-resolved measurements of the lattice parameters of polycrystalline materials can be made with sub-nanosecond temporal resolution.
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  • 25
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 446-446 
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  • 26
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 476-484 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The use of a one-dimensional position-sensitive detector for diffuse X-ray scattering measurements is described. Calibration procedures for scattering angle and intensity measurements are discussed. Some nonuniformities have been found in the counting efficiency as a function of distance along the detector. A procedure is described for measuring the diffuse scattering in a section of reciprocal space.
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  • 27
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 497-508 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The elastic diffuse neutron scattering of an NbC0.73 single-crystal has been measured at room temperature on two different spectrometers, the four-circle D10 at the HFR–ILL (Grenoble), and the two-axis G44 with time-of-flight analysis at the Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (Saclay). The data were treated either by Fourier transformations or by least-squares fit. The short-range-order parameters and the interatomic static displacements obtained by the various experiments and/or data treatment are in good agreement: carbon vacancies tend to be third neighbours in the f.c.c. metalloid sublattice and metal atoms relax away from the vacancy first neighbours by 0̃.05 Å. It is shown that the treatment of diffuse scattering data limited to two reciprocal planes [(001) and (1{\bar 1}0)] gives satisfactory results.
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  • 28
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 526-534 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Following the profile decomposition of CeO2 X-ray powder data into individual structure factors, the maximum-entropy method (MEM) has been used to obtain an electron-density-distribution map. In the profile decomposition process, it is impossible to avoid the problems of overlapping peaks which have the same magnitude of reciprocal vectors, such as d*(511) and d*(333), for a cubic crystal, or very severely overlapping reflections. The formalism to treat such overlapping reflections in the MEM analysis is to introduce combined structure factors. The maximum value of the scattering vector, 4π(sinθ)/λ, which was used in the present analysis is small (about 7.8 Å−1) but the resulting electron-density-distribution map is of a high quality and much superior to the conventional map. As a consequence, the ionic charge of Ce and O ions can be obtained with reasonable accuracy from the MEM density map. Furthermore, the map reveals the existence of electrons around the supposedly vacant site surrounded by eight O atoms, which is probably related to the high ionic conductivity of this substance.
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  • 29
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 558-558 
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  • 30
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 560-560 
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 1-5 
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    Notes: The small-angle neutron scattering technique is applied to a hot stretched 5% perdeuterated polystyrene sample in order to investigate the residual macromolecular orientation at various length scales. The observed orientation is left over after fast quenching (in ice water) of the hot stretched sample. Previous investigations focused on how much polymer chains follow the external stretching. It is found that, even when macromolecules follow the external stretching affinely on the average, they do not deform uniformly. Moreover, over the time scale of the temperature quench, small chain portions relax more rapidly than large ones.
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  • 32
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 21-25 
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    Notes: Anisotropic diffuse scattering of the one-dimensional conductor K-hollandite has been measured at a synchrotron source and compared with measurements with a rotating anode. The intensity gain of more than one order of magnitude and the ability to adjust the wavelength provide the counting statistics in a few hours that are necessary for a quantitative analysis of diffuse phenomena. The main advantage of a synchrotron source is the high resolution throughout reciprocal space (low and high Q). Thus, commensurate/incommensurate positions of diffuse layers may be distinguished, weak diffuse maxima become detectable and small peak shifts of diffuse modulations clearly visible. Correlation functions may be determined directly from the diffuse profiles without tedious resolution corrections. These features are essential for a dedicated instrument at a storage ring.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 73-76 
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    Notes: A new computer program MINREF has been developed for the refinement of neutron powder diffraction patterns as well as single-crystal data corresponding to incommensurate structures. The program is written in VAX Fortran 77 and is of modular construction. The program allows user-desired modifications and permits in the present version simultaneous refinement of the structures of three phases: one commensurate and two incommensurate.
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  • 34
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 78-78 
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  • 35
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 94-98 
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    Notes: A computational method of absorption correction in X-ray diffractometry for single crystals in the shape of convex polyhedra bathed in an inhomogeneous and in a homogeneous X-ray beam is suggested. An absorption correction is calculated for each reflection of the data set using the measured coordinates of the specimen vertices and the experimentally measured intensity distribution in the primary beam. The program ABSCOR is written in Fortran and may be readily adopted to any four-circle diffractometer and data format. The results of the method described for crystals of different dimensions and different absorption coefficients are given. It is shown that beam inhomogeneity strongly influences the reflection intensity of large non-isometric crystals.
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  • 36
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 99-104 
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    Notes: Two computer programs – one for calculation and graphical representation of the azimuthal angle ψ of all possible multiple reflections versus the wavelength λ (PSILAM) and one for the simulation of the Umweganregung-intensity variation during rotation of the crystal about the scattering vector of a `forbidden' or very weak reflection (PSIINT) – have been developed on the basis of the program UMWEG [Rossmanith (1985). Z. Kristallogr. 171, 253–254; (1986). Acta Cryst. A42, 344–348] with emphasis on suitability for inexpensive hardware. Examples of the excellent agreement between measurements and calculations and of the necessity of the combined application of both programs are given.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 136-137 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A computer program has been written for the determination of crystal-size distribution in a direction perpendicular to an (hkl) crystal plane, from a digitized XRD peak. It implements an information theory approach devised by Guérin, Alvarez, Rebollo Neira, Plastino & Bonetto [Acta Cryst. (1986), A42, 30–35] and Alvarez, Bonetto, Guérin, Plastino & Rebollo Neira [Powder Diffr. (1987), 2, 220–224]. The program has a fully automated operation mode and owing to the very restricted amount of input data this program is specially suited to users with a limited knowledge of crystal-size-determination methods.
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  • 38
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 144-144 
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  • 39
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 151-160 
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    Notes: The thermal and light-induced high-spin (HS: 5T2g) low-spin (LS: 1A1g) transitions of [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 (ptz = 1-propyltetrazole) are investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry in the range between ambient temperature and 1̃5 K. The anisotropic lattice deformation caused by variation of the HS fraction and by temperature change was calculated directly from the differences in peak positions of the powder diagrams measured at different temperatures. An analytical expression for the dependence of peak shifts and splittings on the deformation tensor elements was derived. The differences of the lattice deformations accompanying the thermal and light-induced spin transitions are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 175-179 
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    Notes: A one-stage He refrigerator (Displex CS1003) has been modified and installed on a quarter-circle Eulerian cradle of 250 mm diameter (AED Siemens) and has been operated down to 50 K. The mechanical interface, which can easily be mounted, is described as well as some alignment problems. The device is suitable for any Eulerian cradle 250 mm or larger. Structure redeterminations of two organic compounds were carried out at 52 K. R values of 2.2 and 3.6% were obtained and proved the quality of this set up.
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  • 41
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 218-221 
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    Notes: A procedure has been developed to incorporate stereo-chemical restraints information for new groups into the dictionary of ideal groups used by the program PROTIN which prepares the input file needed by the reciprocal-space least-squares refinement program PROLSQ. It requires the availability of Cartesian coordinates for the group to be added to the dictionary, usually obtained from crystallographic analysis of crystals of the compound. If no such information is available these coordinates can be generated by an ancillary program, MOLBLD, which makes use of specified bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles to produce the required coordinates. The program is written in standard Fortran 77 and has been used in the refinement of several structures.
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  • 42
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 223-224 
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  • 43
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 234-240 
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    Notes: The reproducibility of data collected on a Seimens/ Nicolet area detector has been tested with respect to crystal orientation, X-ray collimation and scaling procedure. In addition, a comparison between area detector data and diffractometer data was made in order to determine the accuracy of the area detector data. The reproducibility of the area detector data, although acceptable, is somewhat affected by crystal orientation (shape effect) and appears to be insensitive to X-ray collimation, contrary to what would be expected. The scaling procedures used in the tests were XENGEN [Howard, Gilliland, Finzel, Poulos, Ohlendorf & Salemme (1987). J. Appl. Cryst. 20, 383–387] (one, two and three parameters), FBSCALE [Weissman (1982). In Computational Crystallography, edited by D. Sayre, pp. 56–63. Oxford: Clarendon Press] and SIMPLAD [Takusagawa (1987). J. Appl. Cryst. 20, 243–245]. It was found that, although these procedures do an adequate job of scaling area detector data, none can totally correct for crystal-shape effects. From our experience, XENGEN multi-parameter or SIMPLAD scaling on data sets having low redundancy must be used with care. When compared to diffractometer data, area detector data scaled by any of the above procedures is in good agreement, with merging R-factors (on F) in the range 3.45 to 4.55%. A plot of 〈Fad〉 versus 〈Fd〉 shows a straight line with slope of 1(3)%. No saturation problems were observed.
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  • 44
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 258-262 
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    Notes: An autoclave cell has been designed for performing time-resolved neutron diffraction analyses of the dynamic processes occurring during hydrothermal syntheses under hostile (corrosive and explosive) conditions: such conditions include those of hot NaOH/NaOD solutions and pressurized steam. The cell is also capable of measuring differential pressures and accurate sample temperatures as required for the study of reactions which are temperature sensitive. The cell is described and examples of its successful use are given illustrating the synthesis of basic zeolites and a layered calcium silicate hydrate. This technique has considerable potential for studying a variety of synthesis processes of industrial importance, such as in the production of catalysts and the hydration of cements.
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  • 45
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 282-285 
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    Notes: A straightforward method for the systematic peak-shift correction using the standard reference material is proposed for the least-squares determination of unit-cell parameters. It requires no pre-determined angle-calibration curve, and the peak-shift correction can be applied simultaneously during the least squares. The procedure, programmed with Fortran 77 statements, has been tested with powder diffractometer data of an α-SiO2 + Si mixture. Advantages of the procedure are: (i) all reflection data from both sample and standard reference material contribute to determining the angle-dependent calibration curve, and (ii) one reflection from the standard reference material suffices for the correction of systematic errors.
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  • 46
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 303-314 
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    Notes: A previously described method of synthesizing a real-space distribution of scattering points which will give rise to virtually any required diffraction pattern has been extended to include the possibility of multiple symmetry-related sites per unit cell. The distribution may be used in the form of an optical diffraction screen to give an immediate visual check on both the real-space and reciprocal-space distributions. The method has been applied successfully to two examples which exhibit strong diffuse X-ray scattering effects: a molecular crystal sample, 1,3-dibromo-2,5-diethyl-4,6-dimethylbenzene (BEMB2), in which disorder occurs because the molecule can take up two different orientations in any given molecular site, and a mineral mullite, Al2(Al2 + 2xSi2 − 2x)O10 − x⊗x, where disorder diffuse scattering occurs as a result of the oxygen vacancies ⊗ and the accompanying cation displacements.
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  • 47
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 334-339 
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    Notes: An automatic diffraction data collection system with an imaging plate has been developed for protein crystallography. The system works in a similar way to the conventional rotation camera method, but in full online mode. After exposure to the X-ray beam, the imaging plate (100 mm radius) rotates whilst a reading head scans across the plate to measure the stimulated luminescence in a record-player-like manner. During the next period of exposure, the image taken immediately before is processed in parallel. The system has been tested using both peptide and protein crystals and has been proven to work successfully.
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  • 48
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 347-348 
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    Notes: TEXCAM is an interactive program designed for IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible personal computers. It constructs schematic simulations which represent diffraction patterns produced by the texture camera. The program can be used to produce patterns from samples which are both polycrystalline and epitaxic in nature. Patterns from polycrystalline samples containing uniaxial texture may also be calculated. An installation program facilitates scaling of the on-screen image allowing texture camera films to be directly superimposed upon the simulation.
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  • 49
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 374-377 
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    Notes: This paper contains information about the Riemannian structure of orientation space which is necessary for the analysis of the rotation rate field, which in turn describes some aspects of the plastic deformation of textured polycrystalline materials. The components of the metric tensor and the connection coefficients in the coordinates used in quantitative texture analysis are given. The relation between the vector components at symmetrically equivalent points and the relation between the frequently used vectors of infinitesimal rotations are presented. The solution of the continuity equation is given for the case of a constant rotation rate field during the deformation process.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 387-391 
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    Notes: A method for mounting single crystals in macromolecular crystallographic studies is described in which the crystal is suspended in a thin film. The film is formed from a mixture of the crystallization buffer and a hydrophilic viscous material, confined within a thin-wire loop by surface tension. Compared with conventional crystal mounting methods, this method greatly simplifies and speeds the mounting procedure, is well suited to shock freezing and to optical monitoring of the crystals, deforms fragile crystals less and gives a lower and more uniform background in the X-ray diffraction patterns.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 406-411 
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    Notes: Assessment of the hand of chiral molecular compounds by least-squares refinement of a chirality parameter with all reflections is not statistically robust and can lead to incorrect answers due to a single, unnoticed, gross intensity-measurement error. An alternative is described in which the most easily observable Bijvoet differences are derived from the solved structure and remeasured at slow speed and possibly longer wavelength. Errors due to absorption, multiple reflections and anisotropic extinction can be cancelled out in the measurement for the sense of Bijvoet pairs with the proper experimental technique. An estimate of the probability of having derived the wrong hand, based exclusively on the number of remeasurements and the number of contradictions, and therefore insensitive to individual measurement errors, is developed. With this estimate, determination of the hand of compounds with oxygen as the heaviest scatterer is statistically unambiguous with Cu Kα intensity data, and feasible even with Mo Kα data. Consequently, the method can be applied to Cu Kα data for molecules with carbon as the heaviest scatterer. This approach has been automated as the utility BIVOET in the NRCVAX system of programs.
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  • 52
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 430-430 
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    Notes: A typsetting error in the paper by Abrahams, Liminga & Albertsson [J. Appl. Cryst. (1990). 23, 211–222] is corrected. On page 212, the first sentence of the second paragraph should read: However, the Miller indices given by Rosenzweig & Morosin's (1966) coordinates result in an opposite sense assignment for the polar c-axis direction and Yang Hua-guang et al. (1989) hence confused (hk.l) with ({\bar h}{\bar k}.{\bar l}).
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 439-440 
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    Notes: With the recent improvement of high-pressure technology, in particular the diamond-anvil cell, an ever-increasing number of studies are appearing which relate unit-cell parameters (as measured by X-ray diffraction) to the applied pressure.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 445-445 
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 447-457 
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    Notes: This paper is a review of the symmetry and connectivity of composite materials with particular emphasis on the effect that these have on composite properties. Analogies are drawn between composites and crystal structures to demonstrate the similarities between microscopic and macroscopic connectivity. A notation for composite transitions which can be used to describe changes in symmetry and connectivity is also presented.
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  • 56
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 469-475 
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    Notes: Small- and intermediate-angle neutron scattering studies have been undertaken on mixtures of deuterated and protonated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) molecules with a wide range of concentration. The samples were converted to random copolymers by transesterifying in the melt, thus removing the coherent component of the intensity associated with single-chain scattering. The transesterified samples were used to determine the level of incoherent scattering associated with each isotopic mixture which was compared with estimates from established background-correction techniques based on extra-polating from the scattering of fully protonated or deuterated blanks. Scaling via the measured sample transmission works well for predominantly protonated mixtures but fails when the fraction of deuterated polymer exceeds φD 0̃.6. Scaling via the component of the sample transmission attributable to the incoherent scattering from H nuclei works well over the whole concentration range. This method involves calculations of the sample transmission via the bound-atom cross section and this is a good approximation at the wavelength employed (λ 4̃.75 Å), where the hydrogen incoherent cross section is close to the bound-atom cross section (σH 8̃0 × 10−28 m2). However, σH is a strong function of wavelength and the method cannot be used where the measured and calculated transmissions diverge. A recently developed theory describing the scattering from random copolymers was used to analyze the residual coherent cross section of the copolymers and led to a statistical segment length b = 14.3 ± 1 Å, in good agreement with existing values for PET.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 515-519 
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    Notes: The phase transformation from NaCl structure (B 1) to CsCl structure (B2) in actinide compounds has been studied using X-ray powder diffraction in the pressure range up to about 60 GPa. It is shown that the transition is sluggish, has a strong hysteresis and is accompanied by a volume change in the range 8–12%. These features are similar to those of the corresponding transition in the alkali halides and other B1 compounds, indicating a common mechanism for the transformation as concerns the lattice geometry.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 545-549 
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    Notes: The design of a new microfurnace for use for Laue diffraction studies of solid-state transformations is described. The furnace operates in the temperature range 298–573 K with a thermal stability of about ± 0.1 K. The potential of the synchrotron-radiation Laue diffraction technique for studies of structural phase transitions is demonstrated. Experimental data on phase transitions in caesium periodate, potassium tetrachlorozincate and pentaerythritol are presented.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 558-559 
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 554-557 
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    Notes: MXD is a new least-squares program for non-standard crystallographic refinement. It uses an original procedure of formula management that is derived from up-to-date compiler programming techniques. While still offering all the least-squares possibilities of most traditional programs, e.g. SHELX, SDP, XRAY etc., MXD has been fully designed for complex crystallographic, magnetic and/or modulated structure refinement. The user enters all the specific formulae describing his own problem into the input data file. Thus, MXD is very convenient when dealing with very complex problems including fitting of modulated structures (magnetic and/or charge density wave), twin or magnetic domain distribution and severe secondary extinction correction. Moreover, if the experimental data are accurate enough (especially from using polarized neutrons), form-factor fitting is accessible. Independently collected data, using various wavelengths, powder or/and single-crystal data, polarized and unpolarized neutron information etc., can be treated simultaneously.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 241-248 
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    Notes: The problem of error propagation using indirect methods for small-angle scattering data treatment is considered. In these methods, the number of parameters to be determined is normally larger than the maximum number of independent parameters predicted by the Shannon sampling theorem and the solution has to be regularized. It is shown in model examples that evaluation of the error propagation via the covariance matrix can lead to significant overestimation of the propagated errors. The reason is that the procedure involves inversion of an ill-conditioned matrix. As an alternative, the Monte Carlo simulation procedure is recommended.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 257-270 
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    Notes: The ability of the maximum-entropy method (in the program MAXENT) to estimate the distance-distribution function from high-resolution X-ray scattering data is studied. It is demonstrated that a key element for the successful application of MAXENT is the use of a good prior estimate for the distance-distribution function. For simulated as well as experimental data, the effects of different priors, noise levels, smearing and measuring intervals are investigated. For practical applications of MAXENT, various methods for the calculation of priors are treated and a principle for the subsequent choice between the priors is suggested. It is demonstrated that, when the construction of the prior is given sufficient consideration, MAXENT provides a very useful method for estimating the distance distribution from the scattering data.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 283-287 
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    Notes: Imperfections in the (010) and (001) crystals of thallium hydrogen phthalate (TAP) have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction topography. The experimental results show that two types of dislocations, spiral dislocations and ordinary dislocations, both distributed in an unexpectedly high density and running nearly normal to the (001) face, play an important role in increasing the growth rate of the (001) plane for TAP by providing self-perpetuating growth steps or growth centres, compared with crystals of KAP (potassium hydrogen phthalate) and RAP (rubidium hydrogen phthalate) of the same family, which show the lowest growth rates on the (001) surfaces. The spiral dislocations produce beautiful `white' Borrmann images and their contrast decreases with decrease in specimen thickness and Borrmann coefficient. The images lose their fine spiral details when the contrast inversion from `white' to `black' occurs.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 302-315 
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    Notes: A real-time powder diffractometer has been constructed, with which it is possible to follow structural changes taking place in a specimen in min or even seconds. Arrangements are available to control and change the temperature of the sample in the diffractometer. A formula describing the line width resulting from the non-conventional geometry has been derived. This formula can be used for tuning the equipment to meet practical requirements. Experiments to assess this formula are presented.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 330-337 
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    Notes: Results of an experimental comparison of the performance of symmetric (with the flight path between source and sample, L1, equal to the flight path between sample and detector, L2) and asymmetric (L1 ≠ L2) geometries of a small-angle neutron scattering instrument are reported. The comparison was performed under the assumption that a specific range of scattering vectors is required to be measured with a certain resolution. The measurements were performed at the spectrometer installed at the Risø National Laboratory, using as test samples a crystalline powder, a single-crystal and a sample that produces a smooth scattering curve at small angles. The results obtained show that, when a specific scattering-vector range has to be measured with a specific resolution, the optimized asymmetric spectrometer performs better than the symmetric instrument. A simple graphical approach for the determination of the best geometry to perform a given measurement is introduced.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 426-429 
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    Notes: A computer program, P-RISCON, has been designed with the aim of finding the location and orientation of one or more independent fragments of known geometry in the unit cell from low-angle X-ray powder diffraction data only, provided that lattice parameters, space group and a set of integrated intensities are known. A three-dimensional translational search is performed and, if required, rotations of each model about three orthogonal axes are applied, seeking the best match between observed and calculated data. No arbitrary partitioning of the intensity of severely overlapping reflections is required as the integrated intensity of a multiplet can be used as a single observation, thereby introducing very little error in its estimated value. A number of (known) test structures have been solved by this method.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 438-439 
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 440-440 
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 463-474 
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    Notes: Based on the theory developed for the multiple diffraction of neutrons in mosaic crystals, approximate intensity solutions have been derived allowing the calculation of multiple diffraction intensities when several (n ≥ 4) beams contribute to the phenomenon. The solutions are also appropriate for the calculation of intensities when high absorption and high secondary extinction are present. From these solutions, a computer program (MULTI) has been written in order to simulate neutron multiple diffraction patterns. A brief description of MULTI and an example of its application to the simulation of high-secondary-extinction/high-density neutron multiple diffraction patterns are included.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 497-503 
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    Notes: The development of epitaxic and bulk-grown semiconductor SiC exhibiting uniform polytype phase homogeneity is critically dependent upon the accurate identification of crystallographic orientations corresponding to the desired polytype. In this paper, experimental transmission Laue photographs as well as computer-generated transmission Laue patterns are presented for {2{\bar 1}{\bar 1}0} and {10{\bar 1}0} faces of the 4H, 6H and 15R polytypes of silicon carbide. The transmission patterns permit easy recognition of polytypes and crystal orientations.
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  • 71
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 482-491 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A preceding paper handled, by way of application, the usefulness of Porod's law extended to the second nonoscillating term. The h−6 term allows the structure of the phases to be better characterized. This paper is mainly concerned with the setting up of the main equations used in this preceding paper. The h−6 term is analysed from the correlation function γ(r) and related to the `stick probability function'. It can be positive or negative. The positive case appears in smooth phases and has been previously analysed by Kirste & Porod. The negative case occurs in the presence of linear edges resulting from the meeting of surfaces that are planar in the vicinity of their intersection. More precisely, it is shown that the h−6 negative term results from the finite length of the edge. Its magnitude depends on the dihedral angles at the vertex defined by the limited sharp edges. The smaller the dihedral angles, the greater the h−6 term amplitude. The new concept of angulosity, θ, a pure number characterizing the geometry of the phase, is introduced. In this way, it is possible to develop similar equations for a specific surface, angularity and angulosity. Some simple-geometry examples are developed. The region where the extended Kirste–Porod law is useful in analysing small-angle scattering curves is discussed.
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  • 72
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 521-526 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle neutron scattering instruments use large source and sample areas with long flight paths to obtain the necessary resolution. Increased count rates may be obtained using collimators that converge to a point on the detector. Further increases may be obtained by converging guides in the form of a focusing lens. A low-resolution small-angle scattering instrument that uses converging capillary fibers as a focusing lens is proposed. Such a device requires the use of a detector that has a fine spatial resolution, perhaps less than 0.1 mm. Expressions are derived for the resolution and the intensity optimized for such an instrument. The relationship is determined between the guide dimensions, the focal length and the critical angle of the internal coating of the individual fiber channels. The critical angle of the focusing lens dominates the resolution, and such an instrument is useful only for low-resolution measurements. However, the greatly reduced length is only valuable if there is a high-resolution detector to match the dimensions of the guide. Despite its low resolution, such an instrument might eventually be useful for survey or characterization measurements.
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  • 73
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 510-516 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper [Rossmanith (1992). Acta Cryst. A48, 596–610], new formulae for the Lorentz factor and peak width for single and multiple diffraction were given. These formulae are used in the program UMWEG90 for the calculation of ψ-scan simulations. In this paper, simulations are compared with five different ψ scans of two different zinc single-crystal spheres measured with Mo and Ag Kα radiations, respectively. It is shown that, by fitting the calculated to the measured ψ scans, consistent and physically significant parameters for the mosaic structure parameters – mosaic spread and mosaic block size – and for the divergence parameters of the X-ray beam are obtained. Moreover, it is shown that the parameters obtained from multiple-diffraction experiments are consistent with those resulting from single-diffraction experiments performed with synchrotron radiation.
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  • 74
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 551-557 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new method is developed for calculating the correlation function of the random deformation in heteroepitaxic layers and superlattices from measurements of iso-intensity contours of diffuse X-ray scattering. The method is based on the optical coherence approach and kinematical diffraction theory. Structural models have been found that enable the correlation functions to be calculated for various types of randomly placed defects (mosaic blocks and random elastic deformation). The applicability of the method has been demonstrated by measuring the diffuse X-ray scattering from a ZnTe layer grown on a GaAs substrate. The parameters characterizing the defects were obtained from a comparison of the calculated correlation function with theoretical models.
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  • 75
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 585-594 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A novel cell for in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been designed and built. It allows the study of samples in flowing or static reactive gas environments at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures up to 1273 K. The sample is supported on a quartz-glass frit between two hemispherical heaters. The reactant gas mixture passes through the powder sample and is analysed on exit by quadrupole mass spectrometry and/or gas chromatography. Since all the reactants pass through the sample, the arrangement is particularly suitable for the study of catalysts. This instrument geometry also ensures that all the diffracting sample is in the same environment and gives high diffracted intensity, allowing the system to be used with a standard X-ray source and detector. A thermocouple placed in the sample provides an accurate measure of sample temperature; the temperature distribution across the sample is very uniform. Three examples of the use of the high-temperature cell for in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) are presented. These give some idea of the scope of experiments that can be performed in the apparatus. Two of the examples involve studies of catalysts in various gases, the other follows the course of a solid-state reaction.
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  • 76
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 622-626 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: TAOS is a fully automatic system for protein crystallization. Based on a central five-axis robot, it performs vapour-diffusion experiments in commercially available plates with three types of drop geometry, i.e. hanging, sitting or sandwich drops. It can handle ten crystallization plates (up to 240 tests) and prepare precipitant solutions from up to ten different components with no operator intervention. Software help in preparing crystallization experiments and full archiving are provided. TAOS has been thoroughly tested for accuracy and reproducibility.
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  • 77
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 649-653 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: MINIMAGE is a program that enables the molecular structure plotting programs MAXIMAGE (© M. Rould) and MOLSCRIPT (© P. Kraulis) to draw electron-density maps. Thus, electron-density drawings can be combined with different renderings of molecular-structure models. The user specifies electron-density contouring, coordinate transformation and selection parameters. The program produces an input file for subsequent programs that contains plotting instructions and electron-density contouring information, and two files in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank format, one containing selected atomic coordinates and the other containing electron-density vertices. MINIMAGE is designed to work on both VAX/VMS and Unix-based operation systems.
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  • 78
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 567-573 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Precipitation (exsolution) from mineral solid solutions is studied from the group-theoretical point of view. The symmetry of the oriented intergrowth (matrix and precipitates), including the precipitate morphology, is described by the intersection group, a subgroup of both the matrix and precipitate respective point groups. The index of the intersection group into the matrix group defines: (i) the number of orientation variants of the precipitate; (ii) the order of the subgroup of the matrix group, the symmetry elements of which generate the variants. Examples from the literature, in oxides and silicates, illustrate these principles and show how they can help to identify precipitation processes and derive genetic information from oriented intergrowths.
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  • 79
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 595-608 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Methods for the free-form determination of size distributions for systems with hard-sphere interactions are described. An approximation, called the local monodisperse approximation, is introduced. Model calculations show that this approximation gives relatively small errors even at relatively high polydispersities and large volume fractions. The size distributions are determined by least-squares methods with smoothness and non-negativity constraints. The local monodisperse approximation leads to normal equations that are linear in the amplitude of the size distribution. This is used when solving the least-squares problem: only the two effective parameters describing the interference effects are treated as nonlinear parameters in an external optimization routine. The parameters describing the size distribution are determined by a linear least-squares method. The size distribution is also determined using the nonlinear equations from the calculation of the scattering intensity in the Percus–Yevick approximation. For this, a nonlinear least-squares routine with a smoothness constraint and a non-negativity constraint is used. Both approaches are tested by analysis of simulated examples calculated by the analytical expressions in the Percus–Yevick approximation. Finally, the methods are applied to two sets of experimental data from silica particles and from δ′ precipitates in an Al–Li alloy. For the simulated examples, good agreement is found with the input distributions. For the experimental examples, the results agree with the expected and known properties of the samples.
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  • 80
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 733-741 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Detailed diffuse X-ray scattering patterns of potassium lithium sulfate, KLiSO4, in sections normal to [00.1], have been recorded using a position-sensitive detector system. A number of distinctive diffuse features are observed including elongated diffuse peaks near Bragg-peak positions, bands of weaker intensity running normal to a*, b* etc. and darker regions relatively free from scattering in the shape of hexagons and a six-pointed star. Monte Carlo simulation of simple potential models has been carried out in an attempt to explain this scattering and also the observation from Bragg analysis [Schulz, Zucker & Frech (1985). Acta Cryst. B41, 21–26] that mean-square atomic displacements for the apical O(1) atom show a pronounced threefold symmetry. A simple potential, in which harmonic (Hookes law) springs with lengths equal to the observed average bond distances are assumed between the different types of nearest-neighbour atom pairs, is able to account qualitatively for all of the observed diffraction features but gives quite isotropic atomic displacement distributions. A second model is described, which assumes that a small number of point defects are present, in which the potassium sites are occasionally occupied by lithium. The distortion of the very flexible LiO4 framework around such defects can account for the trigonal shape of the O(1) sites while still giving diffuse diffraction patterns similar to those from the simpler harmonic model.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 762-766 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: With aid of a transmission-electron-microscope (TEM) double-tilt holder, a method for determining the normals to planar structures and their traces in a TEM is developed. This method is considered to be simple and convenient when compared with other methods. The accuracy of the method for the determination of both the normals to planar structures and their traces is within 2°.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 791-793 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: X-ray data collection on macromolecular crystals is preferably done with minimum exposure time and high completeness. A Fortran procedure – DCS – has been written in the environment of the MADNES program to predict the completeness of data before the start of actual data collection. In addition, the program can check and refine the data-collection strategy and suggest optimal settings and rotation ranges for one or more crystals in different orientations that give highest completeness in minimum exposure time, thus extending the life of the crystal. The method has been tested on previously collected data as well as on new structures. Since the program has been in full use in this laboratory, the completeness of collected data has improved significantly.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 1042-1045 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Information on the orientation of thin-sheet samples can be obtained with a conventional Bragg–Brentano diffractometer based on the two-dimensional X-ray diffraction theory because a set of general mathematical models has been constructed that includes a general diffracted-intensity equation, an azimuthal-angle equation of the observed crystal planes and a common scan mode. These are developed for both surface Bragg reflection and for transmitted reflection cases. These are of benefit for solving orientation problems. Three independent angular variables, besides θ and α, are used to describe the position of the specimen; in the present paper, an angle φ is introduced in addition to a reasonable derived azimuthal angle ψ. All of these may be used to define the relative positions of the observed crystal planes with indices (hkl) in space. Equations for orientation analysis are derived. Discussions of the relationship with quantitative phase analysis and the pole-figure method are included.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 1052-1055 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This program finds all solutions (including multiple solutions) of Rvxi + vv = xj for given atom positions xi and given rotation part Rv of the symmetry operations (Rv, vv). The translation part vv depends on the arbitrary origin O and is therefore decomposed into the screw or glide part wv and the location part tv. Certain components of wv are independent of O. With these, together with the set of v and their multiplicity, 226 space groups can be recognized uniquely. The remaining four space groups also require information from tv. When the general positions given in International Tables for Crystallography [Vol. A (1987), edited by T. Hahn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers] are chosen as xj, all the wv and tv given therein are reproduced exactly.
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    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 1068-1068 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Ammonium succinate has been found to be a useful substitute for ammonium sulfate in protein crystallography.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 27 (1994), S. 1075-1075 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 48-51 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 71-74 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 81-84 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 88-92 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 98-101 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 106-108 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 116-119 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 135-137 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 131-133 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 144-146 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 150-152 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 148-150 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 154-156 
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    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 156-158 
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