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  • Column liquid chromatography  (103)
  • Angiosperms  (84)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (46)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Seismology
  • ddc:330
  • Springer  (233)
  • 1985-1989  (233)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1989  (233)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 1985-1989  (233)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in chickens (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development, ontogenetic ; Immunocytochemistry ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Mucosa ; Lymphoid organs ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of chicken mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the eyes, lungs, and intestines were investigated with monoclonal antibodies specific for either all leucocytes, B lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, IgM, IgG, or IgA. Attention has been paid to the relation of lymphoid infiltrates with their surrounding mucosae, the segregation into B-cell and T-cell areas, development of germinal centers, and secretory immunoglobulins. Abudant secretory IgM and IgA was detected in the epithelium of the Harderian glands in the orbits, even though they lacked large leucocyte infiltrates with germinal centers. Lymphoid tissues in the mucosae of lungs and intestines developed separate B-cell and T-cell areas. The proventriculus, Meckel's diverticulum, and Peyer's patches generally contained germinal centers from 12 weeks of age on. Because chickens as young as 2 weeks old had germinal centers in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and cecal tonsils, these areas were probably highly stimulated by antigens. Isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to detect IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-bearing follicular cells in the same germinal center.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223151
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localisation of the hypertrehalosaemic hormone II (Cam-HrTH-II) and related peptides in the nervous system of Carausius morosus and Sarcophaga bullata (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 631-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect AKH/RPCH ; Neurohormones ; Cam-HrTH-II ; Lom-AKH-I ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carausius morosus, Sarcophaga bullata (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A polyclonal antiserum was prepared against an N-terminal modified Cam-HrTH-II (Leu-Asn-Phe-...), one of the members of the large AKH/RPCH peptide family, first isolated from Carausius morosus. The localisation of this peptide was performed by means of immunocytochemical methods in the brain and corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex of the stick insect, Carausius morosus and the grey fleshfly, Sarcophaga bullata. The distribution patterns of molecules reactive to the Cam-HrTH-II and the LomAKH-I antisera in both insect species were compared. In Carausius, both antisera reacted in the same cell bodies. In Sarcophaga, some neurons were stained by both, others only by one of the two antisera. By combining two different antisera, we demonstrated that there are no Lom-AKH-I-like molecules present in Carausius and that there must occur at least three different AKH-like molecules in the brain of Sarcophaga. One is similar to Cam-HrTH-II, the second to Lom-AKH-I and the third is an AKH/RPCH-like peptide, different from Lom-AKH-I and Cam-HrTH-II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218876
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the median protocerebrum and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect nervous system ; Protocerebrum ; Suboesophageal ganglion ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the median protocerebrum and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta were individually reconstructed. Serotonin immunoreactivity was detected in 19–20 bilaterally symmetrical pairs of interneurons in the midbrain and 10 pairs in the suboesophageal ganglion. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antisera against DOPA decarboxylase. All major neuropil regions except the protocerebral bridge are innervated by these neurons. In addition, efferent cells are serotonin-immunoreactive in the frontal ganglion (5 neurons) and the suboesophageal ganglion (2 pairs of neurons). The latter cells probably give rise to an extensive network of immunoreactive terminals on the surface of the suboesophageal ganglion and suboesophageal nerves. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive neurons show a gradient in the intensity of immunoreactive staining, suggesting low levels of serotonin in cell bodies and dendritic arbors and highest concentrations in axonal terminals. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells often occur in pairs with similar morphological features. With one exception, all serotonin-immunoreactive neurons have bilateral projections with at least some arborizations in identical neuropil areas in both hemispheres. The morphology of several neurons suggests that they are part of neuronal feedback circuits. The similarity in the arborization patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons raises the possibility that their outgrowing neurites experienced similar forces during embryonic development. The morphological similarities further suggest that serotonin-immunoreactive interneurons in the midbrain and suboesophageal ganglion share physiological characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223139
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion of the caterpillar of the hawk moth Manduca sexta (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Subesophageal ganglion ; Neurohemal organs ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactivity is mapped in wholemounts and slices of the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) of larval Manduca sexta by means of immunocytochemistry. An extensive meshwork of serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibres on some peripheral nerves of the SOG has been demonstrated. This meshwork appears to belong to a serotonergic neurohemal system, probably supplied by two pairs of bilateral serotonin-immunoreactive neurons with big cell bodies on the dorsal side near the midline in the mandibular neuromere. Intracellular recording and staining revealed their physiology and morphology. These neurons produce long lasting (50 msec) action potentials, which suggest that they are neurosecretory cells. Two pairs of bilateral serotonin-immunoreactive interneurons similar to those of other insects are stained in the labial and maxillar neuromeres, but not in the mandibular neuromere. Their ventrolaterally located cell bodies project through a ventral commissure into the contralateral hemiganglion and then cross back again through a dorsal commissure. The axons project into the contralateral circumoesophageal connective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223149
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-reactivity of an antiserum to the α-subunit of the Na+, K+-ATPase of toad (Bufo marinus) kidney with basal and apical membranes of transporting epithelia of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Na+, K+-ATPase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Kidney ; Salivary glands ; Transport ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody to the 96 kD α-subunit of the Na+, K+ -ATPase from Bufo marinus has been used in immunostaining rat kidney and salivary glands. Intense staining was observed on basolateral membranes of distal tubules of the kidney and striated ducts of the three major salivary glands. Less intense staining was seen on the basolateral membranes of parotid acinar cells, but no staining was seen on the acinar cells of submandibular or sublingual glands. These sites of staining have been shown, by other methods, to posses substantial Na+, K+ -ATPase, indicating that the antibody recognizes antigenic determinants of the sodium pump highly conserved in the course of evolution. In addition, staining with this antibody was observed at the apical region of cells of the proximal straight tubule and of the papillary collecting duct in the kidney. Absorption studies suggest that the apical antigenic determinants are the same or closely related to each other but are distinct from basolateral antigenic determinants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223153
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and functional significance of Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7- and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-like peptides in the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 ; Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Co-existence of peptides ; Neurosecretory cells, insects ; Blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal pathways immunoreactive to antisera against the extended-enkephalins, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (Met-7) and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (Met-8), have been identified in the brain of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Co-localisation with other enkephalins in certain neurons suggests that a precursor similar to preproenkephalin A exists in insects and that differential enzymatic processing occurs as in vertebrates. Co-localisations of the extended-enkephalin-like peptides with other vertebrate-type peptides, including cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide, also occur. The enkephalinergic pathways are specific, comprising a few groups of highly characteristic neurons and areas of neuropil. Of special interest is the finding that parts of the antennal chemosensory and the optic lobe visual systems contain Met-8 immunoreactive neurons. Within the median neurosecretory cell groups, some of the giant neurons show immunoreactivity to Met-8 and others to both Met-8 and Met-7. Fibres from these cells project to the corpus cardiacum and also to the suboesophageal ganglion, where arborisations occur in the tritocerebral neuropil. Co-localisation studies of these cells have shown that at certain terminals, one particular type of peptide is the dominant neuroregulator, whilst at other terminals, within the same cell, a different co-synthesised peptide predominates. Several groups of lateral neurosecretory cells show clearly defined enkephalinergic pathways, most of which have connections with the central body. The complex patterns of immunoreactivity seen in terminals in the different parts of the central body, suggest an important role for the enkephalin-like peptides in the integration of multimodal sensory inputs. The physiological functions of the extended-enkephalin-like peptides in the brain of Calliphora is still unknown, but the anatomical evidence suggests they may have a role similar to that in mammals, where they are thought to control aspects of feeding behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223154
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of endocrine cells in the midgut of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 577-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Insulin ; Bombesin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Cholecystokinin (CCK) ; Gastrin ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine cells of the midgut epithelium of the desert locust are found dispersed among the digestive cells and are similar to those of the vertebrate gut. According to their reactivity to silver impregnation techniques and the ultrastructural features of the secretory granules (shape, electron-density, size, and structure) 10 types of endocrine cell have been identified, of which seven are located in the main segment of the midgut or in the enteric caeca, and the other three seem to be present only in the ampullae through which the Malpighian tubules drain into the gut. The endocrine cells have a slender cytoplasmic process that reaches the gut lumen, a feature that supports the receptosecretory nature postulated for this cellular type in insects as well as vertebrates. Antisera directed against mammalian gastrin, CCK, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and bombesin reacted with some of the endocrine cells. This is the first time that insulin- and bombesin-like immunoreactive cells have been described in the midgut of an insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218870
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binding and internalization of gold-conjugated somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in cultured rat somatotropes (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 309-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatotropes, growth hormone cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Growth hormone (GH) ; Receptors, membrane ; Somatostatin (SRIF) ; Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) ; Rat (Han: WIST)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synthetic peptides somatostatin (SRIF) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) were coupled directly to colloidal gold of different particle sizes. Both conjugates were biologically active in displacing the corresponding radiolabeled hormones from high affinity binding sites in pituitary membranes. Release of growth hormone (GH) from cultured anterior pituitary cells was modulated by both conjugates alone or in combination. Ultrastructural studies were performed with cells incubated at 4° C (2 h) and 37° C (2 min-2 h) with one of the labeled peptides or their combination. Somatotropes were identified by immunostaining with anti-rGH followed by protein A-ferritin, thus obtaining a triple labeling. Both hormone conjugates were internalized in different vesicles in the beginning but accumulated during longer incubation times in the same compartment. The secretory vesicles and the nucleus were not labeled by any hormone conjugate. In contrast to SRIF-gold, the uptake of GRH-gold conjugate decreased with longer incubation times. This effect could be neutralized by simulatenous incubation of the somatotropes with both regulating hormones. Hence, whereas the binding and internalization of SRIF by somatotropes do not seem to be influenced by GRH, the corresponding processes for GRH are stimulated by the presence of SRIF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239451
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The vascular and epithelial serotonergic innervation of the actinopterygian gill filament with special reference to the trout, Salmo gairdneri (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Indoleamines ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autonomic innervation ; Salmo gairdneri R. ; Perca fluviatilis L. ; Micropterus dolomieui (Lacépède) ; Anguilla anguilla L. ; Ictalurus melas Rafinesque (Teleostei) ; Acipenser baeri L. (Chondrostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies against serotonin and 5-methoxytryptamine reveal indolaminergic neurons innervating the proximal part of the efferent arterial vasculature, the filament epithelia, the central venous sinus, and certain other serotonergic cells of the teleost gill filament. In the same area, acetylcholinesterase-positive and indoleaminergic neurons have already been described. We propose that these populations of neurons belong to a single neuronal type but express different agents. Our current results support this idea; in particular, they point to the presence of a single type of serotonin-containing nerve terminal, impinging on vascular smooth muscle. These results are in agreement with physiological data showing (i) the existence of non-cholinergic (atropine-resistant) vasoconstriction of the gill vasculature after nerve stimulation, and (ii) a potent vasoconstrictory action of infused serotonin. In addition, the above-mentioned serotonergic neurons have synaptic contacts with catecholaminergic nerve fibers, suggesting the existence of a modulatory relationship between the sympathetic and the cranial autonomic nerves supplying the teleost gill. Finally, these neurons show morphological relationships with a previously undescribed type of branchialserotonergic cell. The role of the parasympathetic nerve plexus of the teleost gill filament in the control of respiration and ionoregulation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239455
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light- and electron-microscopic investigation of the rat subcommissural organ grafted under the kidney capsule, with particular reference to immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 499-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Secretory activity, neural control ; Transplantation ; Long-spacing collagen ; Immunocytochemistry ; Molecular markers (neuronal, glial) ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is increasing evidence that, in the rat, a serotonin-mediated neural input may have an inhibitory influence on the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ (SCO). In the present investigation the rat SCO was studied 7, 30 and 90 days after transplantation under the kidney capsule, an area devoid of local serotonin-containing nerves. The grafted tissue was examined by use of immunocytochemistry employing a series of primary antisera, lectin histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The grafted SCO survived transplantation and contained, in addition to secretory ependymal and hypendymal SCO-cells, also elements immunoreactive with antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein or S-100 protein. In transplants, SCO-cells produced a material displaying the characteristic immunocytochemical and lectin-binding properties of SCO-cells observed under in-situ conditions. The ependymal cells lined 1–3 small cavities, which contained secretory material. A fully developed structural equivalent of Reissner's fiber was, however, never found. The immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the grafted SCO showed an absence of nerve fibers within the graft and suggested a state of enhanced secretory activity. A network of protruding basal lamina structures connected the secretory cells to the newly formed capillaries revascularizing the SCO. One week after transplantation, long-spacing collagen started to appear in expanded areas of such laminar networks and also in the perivascular space. It is suggested (i) that the formation of long-spacing forms of collagen is triggered by factors provided by the SCO-secretory cells, and (ii) that secretory material of the ependymal and hypendymal cells may reach the reticular extensions of the basal lamina. In contrast to the SCO in situ, the grafted SCO-cells showed a positive immunoreaction for neuron-specific enolase. They became surrounded by a S-100-immunoreactive glial sheath that separated them from other transplanted cell types and the adjacent kidney tissue of the host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218862
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide portion of the LHRH precursor in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic regions of the rat central nervous system (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide (GAP) ; Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) ; Brain mapping ; LHRH prohormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar-R)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide (GAP) of the LHRH precursor and the decapeptide LHRH were localized in the rat brain by immunocytochemistry in 12 to 18-day-old animals, by use of thick Vibratome sections and nickel intensification of the diaminobenzidinereaction product. Our results indicate that the GAP portion of the LHRH precursor is present in the same population of neurons that contain LHRH in the rat brain. An important difference observed was that the GAP antiserum, in contrast to LHRH antisera, stained several perikarya in the medial basal hypothalamus. GAP-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the following regions: the olfactory bulb and tubercle, diagonal band of Broca, medial septum, medial preoptic and suprachiasmatic areas, anterior and lateral hypothalamus, and several regions of the hippocampus. In addition to the preoptico-terminal and the septopreoptico-infundibular pathways, we also observed GAPimmunopositive processes in several major tracts and areas of the brain, including the amygdala, stria terminalis, stria medullaris thalami, fasciculus retroflexus, stria longitudinalis medialis, periventricular plexus, periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon and extra-cerebral regions, such as the nervus terminalis and its associated ganglion. These results confirm the specificity of previous immunocytochemical results obtained with antisera to LHRH. The presence of GAP immunoreactivity in nerve terminals of the rat brain indicates that GAP or a GAP-like peptide is located in the proper site to serve as a hypophysiotropic substance and/or as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229060
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin B and thyroxine in follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland and plasma TSH concentrations over 24 hours (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; Cathepsin B ; Lysosomes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Diurnal rhythm ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin B and thyroxine (T4) in follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland and plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were examined at six evenly spaced times over 24 h. By light- and electron microscopy, immunodeposits for cathepsin B were localized in cytoplasmic granules of various sizes, whereas those for T4 were detected mainly in larger granules of the cells and in the colloid lumen. The size and location of cytoplasmic granules showing immunoreactivity for cathepsin B and T4 in the cells varied over 24 h, corresponding to a change in plasma TSH concentrations. These immunopositive large granules appeared in the apical cytoplasm at 12.00 h, when the level of TSH was highest. At 20.00 h when the level of TSH was lowest, T4-positive granules almost disappeared, and cathepsin B-positive small granules were abundantly seen in the basal region. From 00.00 h to 08.00 h, these positive granules changed in the same manner as those seen from 12.00 h to 20.00 h, associated with an increase in plasma TSH levels. These results suggest that newly formed colloid droplets migrate from the apical to the basal regions. Cathepsin B may play a role not only in the degradation of thyroglobulin but in the maturation of thyroid hormones during the migration of the granules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218892
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine-like immunoreactivity in the bee brain (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain, invertebrate ; Apis mellifera (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of dopamine-like immunoreactive neurons is described for the brain of the bee, Apis mellifera L., following the application of a pre-embedding technique on Vibratome sections. Immunoreactive somata are grouped into seven clusters, mainly situated in the protocerebrum. Immunoreactive interneurons have been detected in the different neuropilar compartments, except for the optic lobe neuropils. Strong immunoreactivity is found in the upper division of the central body, in parts of the stalk and in the α-lobe layers of the mushroom bodies. A dense network of many immunoreactive fibres surrounds the mushroom bodies and the central body. It forms a number of interhemispheric commissures/chiasmata, projecting partly into the contralateral mushroom body and central body. The lateral protocerebral neuropil contains some large wide-field-neurons. The antennal-lobe glomeruli receive fine projections of multiglomerular dopamine-like immunoreactive interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218898
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic actin and cochlear outer hair cell motility (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Inner ear ; Cytoskeletal proteins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cell motility ; Actin ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated outer hair cells of the guinea pig lacking a cuticular plate and its associated infracuticular network retain the ability to shorten longitudinally and become thinner. Membrane ghosts lacking cytoplasm retain the cylindrical shape of the hair-cell, and although they do not shorten, they retain the ability to constrict and become thinner. These data suggest that cytoplasmic components are associated with outer hair-cell longitudinal shortening and that the lateral wall is responsible for maintaing cell shape and for constriction. Actin, a protein associated with the cytoskeleton and cell motility, is thought to be involved in outer hair-cell motility. To study its role, actin was localized in isolated outer hair cells by use of phalloidin labeled with fluorescein and antibodies against actin coupled to colloidal gold. In permeabilized guinea-pig hair cells stained with phalloidin, actin filaments are found along the lateral wall. In frozen-fixed hair cells actin filaments are distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. Electron-microscopic studies show that antibodies label actin throughout the outer hair-cell body. Thus cytoplasmic actin filaments may provide the structural basis for the contraction-like events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221635
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small cardioactive peptide-like immunoreactivity and its colocalization with FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Antigen localization ; FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Invertebrate ganglia ; Small cardioactive peptide-like immunoreactivity ; Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributions of small cardioactive peptide (SCP)- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities in the central nervous system of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis were studied. A subset of neurons in the segmental ganglia and brains was immunoreactive to an antibody directed against SCPB. Immunoreactive cell bodies were regionally distributed throughout the nerve cord, and occurred both as bilaterally paired and unpaired neurons. The majority of the unpaired cells displayed a tendency to alternate from side to side in adjacent ganglia. A small number of neurons were immunoreactive only in a minority of nerve cords investigated. Intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow dye and subsequent processing for immunocytochemistry revealed SCP-like immunoreactivity in heart modulatory neurons but not in heart motor neurons. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was also detected in cell bodies throughout the central nervous system. A subset of neurons contained both SCP- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities; others stained for only one or the other antigen. These data suggest that an antigen distinct from FMRFamide is responsible for at least part of the SCP-like immunoreactivity. This antigen likely bears some homology to the carboxyl terminal of SCPA and SCPB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221650
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal tracing of autonomic nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retrograde tracing ; Immunocytochemistry ; Vascular innervation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The origin of nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery of the rat was studied by retrograde tracing with the fluorescent dye True Blue (TB). Application of TB to the rat superficial temporal artery labeled perikarya in the superior cervical ganglion, the otic ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex, and the trigeminal ganglion. The labeled perikarya were located in ipsilateral ganglia; a few neuronal somata were, in addition, seen in contralateral ganglia. Judging from the number of labeled nerve cell bodies the majority of fibers contributing to the perivascular innervation originate from the superior cervical, sphenopalatine and trigeminal ganglia. A moderate labeling was seen in the otic ganglion, whereas only few perikarya were labeled in the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex. Furthermore, TB-labeled perikarya were examined for the presence of neuropeptides. In the superior cervical ganglion, all TB-labeled nerve cell bodies contained neuropeptide Y. In the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia, the majority of the labeled perikarya were endowed with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In the trigeminal ganglion, the majority of the TB-labeled nerve cell bodies displayed calcitonin gene-related peptide, while a small population of the TB-labeled neuronal elements contained, in addition, substance P. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the majority of peptide-containing nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery originate in ipsilateral cranial ganglia; a few fibers, however, may originate in contralateral ganglia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225604
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    Immunocytochemical localization and immunochemical characterization of an insulin-related peptide in the pancreas of the urodele amphibian, Ambystoma mexicanum (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 507-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insulin-related peptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunochemical characterization ; Pancreas ; Ambystoma mexicanum (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreas of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, was investigated by immunocytochemical methods for the presence of immunoreactivity to a number of antisera raised against mammalian insulins. All anti-insulin antisera tested revealed substantial amounts of reaction products confined solely to the aldehyde-fuchsinophilic B cells of the endocrine pancreas. The reactive cell population was detected by use of one polyclonal antiserum against bovine insulin and eight different monoclonal antibodies against insulins from various mammalian species. Six of these antibody clones have known specificity to sub-regions of the insulin molecule. Additionally, fractions of an ethanol-HCl extract of pancreatic tissue from Ambystoma was studied in both conventional dot-blot tests by means of the same panel of antibodies and a two-site sandwich time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for human insulin involving two of the monoclonal antibodies. These experiments support the immunocytochemical observations by demonstrating the existence of an insulin-related peptide with a great deal of structural resemblance to mammalian insulins and displaying antigenic determinants in common at least with the amino acid residues A8–10 and B26–30. In conclusion, we interpret the findings as indicating that the immunocytochemically revealed tissue bound antigen in the Ambystoma pancreatic B-cells may be a peptide related to human insulin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225598
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the frog (Rana pipiens) pars distalis with special reference to folliculo-stellate cell function during in vitro superfusion (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 623-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Prolactin cells ; Gonadotropic cells ; ACTH cells ; Folliculo-stellate cells ; Rana pipiens (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The colloidal gold immunocytochemical technique was used to determine the ultrastructural features of the glandular cells in the pituitaries of male frogs, Rana pipiens, both in vivo and after superfusion in vitro. Specific reactions to antisera against bullfrog gonadotropins, human prolactin, and synthetic 1–39 corticotropin allowed identification of the 3 corresponding types of glandular cells. No immunoreaction was obtained with antisera against human or ovine-growth hormone, human β-thyrotropin hormone, and bovine S-100 protein. General morphological features of these immunocytochemically identified glandular cells were similar to those of equivalent cells previously described in other amphibian species. Non-glandular folliculo-stellate cells were distinctive. In freshly removed pituitaries, these folliculo-stellate cells contained lysosome-like structures, but did not show phagocytic vacuoles in the cytoplasm; they contained many mitochondria, and the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum were relatively undeveloped. After 4 or 18 h of superfusion, some immunoreactive gonadotropic, prolactin, and corticotropic cells showed degeneration and destruction. In the same gland, folliculo-stellate cells retained a viable appearance, but showed phagocytic vacuoles containing secretory granule-like structures which were immunoreactive to gonadotropic, prolactin, and corticotropic antibodies. Some folliculo-stellate cells showed phagocytic vacuoles containing complete glandular cells. These results suggest that superfusion causes a destruction of some of the glandular cells, and that folliculo-stellate cells act as phagocytes when cellular debris or moribund cells are present in the intercellular space in the pituitary parenchyma.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225612
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    Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in the hypophysis and saccus vasculosus of the elasmobranchs Mustelus manazo and Scyliorhinus torazame (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Immunocytochemistry ; Saccus vasculosus ; Pituitary gland, pars nervosa ; Mustelus manazo, Scyliorhinus torazame(Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated by immunocytochemical procedures in the hypophysis and saccus vasculosus of two species of elasmobranchs (Mustelus manazo and Scyliorhinus torazame). In the saccus vasculosus of M. manazo, immunoreactivity was detectable exclusively in the fibrous portions interposed between the epithelial layer and the blood vessels. In the neurohypophysis, tanycytes and astrocytes of the median eminence were immunostained, but only a few labeled cells were found in the neurointermediate lobe. In S. torazame, the neurohypophysis displayed a similar distribution of immunoreactivity, but there were no labeled cells in the saccus vasculosus. In both species, none of the glandular cells of the hypophysis displayed immunoreactivity. Electron-microscopic examination showed that the immunostained cells in the saccus vasculosus correspond to astrocytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224106
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  • 20
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    Distribution and frequency of neuro-epithelial bodies in post-natal rabbit lung: Quantitative study with monoclonal antibody against serotonin (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 353-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Intrapulmonary chemoreceptor ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution, frequency and size of neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) were studied in lungs of rabbits during different stages of development (27-day fetus, newborn, 6, 11, 21, 28 and 56 days postnatally). NEB were visualized by immunostaining with monoclonal antibody against serotonin. Detailed quantitiation of NEB was performed by use of camera lucida drawings of immunostained serial sections from the same anatomical region, i.e. the lower lobe of the left lung. The total number of NEB was counted and expressed per epithelial length of airway, surface area and volume. The size of NEB defined as surface area as well as the position of NEB in relation to the airway bifurcations was assessed in airways of different sizes. The overall number and size of NEB were found to increase during the immediate perinatal period followed by a sharp decline at 56 days of age. The number of NEB peaked at 6 days postnatally (mean 175.5 NEB/mm3 of airway epithelium) and declined significantly (3.0 NEB/mm3) at 56 days of postnatal age. The size of NEB reached its maximum at 11 days (mean surface area 659.54 μm2, with the largest NEB measuring 1839.98 μm2). By 56 days of age, NEB became significantly smaller (mean surface area 177.29 μm2) consisting of small clusters of cells situated deep within the airway epithelium. At all ages, about half of all NEB (mean 47.6%) were localized within the small peripheral airways with up to 63.9% located at airway bifurcations. These findings indicate that the “functional activity” of NEB may be confined predominantly to the perinatal period. The postulated functions of NEB include those of intrapulmonary hypoxia-sensitive chemoreceptors and/or endocrine-paracrine activity in the lung. Such function(s) may be important during adaptation to extrauterine life as well as for growth and development of the lung.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224118
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    Patchy basement membrane of rat Leydig cells shown by ultrastructural immunolabeling (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Leydig cells ; Basement membrane ; Laminin ; Collagen ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat testes were examined by conventional and immunolabeling transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally identifiable continuous basement membranes were found around seminiferous tubules and the interstitial capillaries. Patches of basement membrane were, additionally, found on free surfaces of Leydig cells, between two Leydig cells, and in macrophage-Leydig cell contact sites. The ultrastructural findings were confirmed by immunocytochemical localization of laminin and collagen type IV in the same areas. A close association between the capillary basement membranes and the surfaces of perivascular Leydig cells was also observed. The possible basement membrane-mediated interactions of Leydig cells with other testicular structures, together with the novel bioactive products and regulators of Leydig cells, support the role of these cells as exceptionally complex regulatory centers of testicular functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224717
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    Cholinergic neurons in the lamina ganglionaris of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Cholin-acetyltransferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Visual system ; Calliphora erythrocephala (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of putative cholinergic neurons in the lamina of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala was studied by immunocytochemical and histochemical methods. Three different antibodies directed against the AChsynthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), revealed a cholinergic population of fibres running parallel to the laminar cartridges, which have branch-like structures at the distal lamina border. Cell bodies in the chiasma next to the lamina border were also labelled by the anti-ChAT antibodies. Monopolar cell bodies in the nuclear layer were faintly labelled. The distribution of the acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme, acetylcholine esterase (AChE), was revealed by histochemical staining and was similar to the ChAT immunocytochemistry. The arrangement of ChAT positive fibres in transverse and longitudinal sections and the distribution of AChE stained fibres indicate that the amacrine cells of the lamina are cholinergic cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224729
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    Cysteamine and the endocrine pancreas: Immunocytochemical, immunochemical, and functional aspects (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Cysteamine ; Somatostatin ; Insulin secretion ; Glucose ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the previously reported depletion of pancreatic somatostatin by cysteamine (β-mercaptoethylamine), mice were injected subcutaneously with the drug at 300 mg/kg. Immunocytochemical analysis performed on sections from tissue taken at 4 h after the injection revealed an elimination of somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity without alterations in the somatostatin-28(1 – 12)-like immunoreactivity. In sections from tissues taken at 24 h after injection, no differences between cysteamine-injected animals and controls were observed. Immunochemical analysis of somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity in pancreatic extracts showed a significant reduction of the concentration (P〈 0.001). In contrast, no change in the insulin concentration was observed. Functionally, cysteamine lowered the plasma glucose levels at l h after injection; this effect persisted for 6 h. Plasma insulin levels were likewise reduced transiently by cysteamine. Concomitant administration of somatostatin did not influence these effects of cysteamine. The plasma glucose-lowering effect of cysteamine was seen also in alloxan-diabetic mice. We conclude that cysteamine alters the immunoreactive characteristics of pancreatic somatostatin without affecting the immunoreactivity of insulin, and that cysteamine transiently reduces plasma glucose and insulin levels
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224730
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    Postembryonic development of Arg-Phe-amide-like and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive neurons in the blowfly optic lobe (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Cholecystokinin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect visual system ; Neural development ; Calliphora erythrocephala (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adult optic lobes of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala were found to be innervated by more than 2000 neurons immunoreactive to antisera raised against the neuropeptides FMRFamide, its fragment RFamide, and gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK). All of the CCK-like immunoreactive (CCK-IR) neurons also reacted with antisera to RFamide, FMRFamide and pancreatic polypeptide. A few RFamide/FMRFamide-like immunoreactive (RF-IR) neurons did not react with CCK antisera; they reacted instead with antisera to Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7. The RF-IR neurons are, thus, heterogeneous with respect to their contents of immunoreactive peptides. Two of the RF-IR neuron types innervating the adult optic lobes could be traced in their entirety only after following their postembryonic development, because of the complexity of the trajectories of the immunoreactive neuronal process in the adult insect. The majority of the cell bodies of the RF-IR and CCK-IR neurons lie within the optic lobes and are derived from imaginal neuroblasts of the inner and outer optic anlagen. Six of the peptidergic neurons are, however, metamorphosing larval neurons with their cell bodies in the central part of the protocerebrum. The full extent of immunoreactivitiy is not attained in some of the neurons until the late pupal or early adult stage. The larval optic center was also found to be innervated by neurons immuno-reactive with both RFamide and CCK antisera. The cell bodies of these RF-IR/CCK-IR neurons are located near the developing lamina (one on each side). In the 24 h pupa, the cell bodies of these neurons are still immunoreactive, but thereafter they cannot be immunolabeled apparently due to cell death or a change in transmitter phenotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224735
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    Cultured fetal rat pituitaries kept in synthetic medium are able to initiate synthesis of trophic hormones (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 645-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary, pars distalis ; Differentiation ; Organ culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley, CFY)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study was performed to determine the capacity of early fetal pituitaries to differentiate into specific hormone-synthesizing tissue in the absence of any influence from the central nervous system. Rathke's pouches from rats were removed from their juxtadiencephalic position on day 11 and 12 of gestation and maintained for 2–7 days in a chemically defined culture medium (M 199) without antibiotics and serum supplementation. The immunocytochemical observations provided evidence for the differentiation of ACTH-, TSH-gb-, LH-gb-, FSH-gb-, GH- and PRL-synthesizing cells in the isolated organ cultured from 11 to 12-day-old pituitary primordia. The appearance of specific hormone-synthesizing cells in vitro displayed a delay of 1.5–2 days compared to the day of appearance in vivo, however, the sequential order of developmental events occurred as observed in vivo. The present results suggest that endocrine or neuroendocrine signals are not required for the expression of specific secretory functions of fetal pituitaries, at least at an age of 11–12 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218803
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    Ultrastructural localization of thyrotropin (TSH)-like immunoreactivity in specific secretory cells of the hypophyseal pars tuberalis in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 649-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophyseal pars tuberalis ; (TSH), Thyrotropin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Photoperiod ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific secretory cells in the hypophyseal pars tuberalis of Djungarian hamsters maintained under different photoperiods were investigated immunocytochemically by means of the colloidal gold technique using antibodies against rat thyrotropin (TSH). Secretory cells of animals kept under long photoperiods (LD16:8) showed positive staining of secretory granules (diameters 90–130 nm), whereas other intracellular structures were free of immunoreactivity. In animals kept under short photoperiods (LD8:16) secretory cells displayed increased numbers of secretory granules, but these organelles were devoid of immunoreactivity. In contrast, immunoreactivity of thyrotropes in the pars distalis did not differ between the two groups of animals investigated. The present results confirm earlier light-microscopical studies that in the pars tuberalis specific secretory cells show TSH-like immunoreactivity; however, they differ in their reactivity pattern from classical thyrotropes in the pars distalis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225616
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    Peptidergic neurons in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), identified immunocytochemically by monoclonal antibodies against homogenates of neuroendocrine tissue (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Endocrine system ; Nervous system ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoclonal antibodies were developed against peptidergic neurons in the nervous and endocrine tissues of the Colorado potato beetle by the immunization of mice with unpurified homogenates of these tissues. Methods were optimized to enhance chances for successful antibody production and selection, such as the pretreatment of the beetles, preparation of the immunogen, and screening hybridomas. Although only sub-microgram quantities of peptide antigen were used, many hybridomas generated antibodies recognizing peptidergic neurons in immunocytochemical procedures. A panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies anti-Colorado potato beetle (MACs) were harvested. All MACs stained different populations of peptidergic neurons, some of which had not been revealed by previously applied identification methods. Apart from the intrinsic glandular cells in the corpora cardiaca, immunoreactive neurosecretory neurons were revealed in medial and lateral groups in the protocerebrum and in the suboesophageal ganglion. These have axons terminating in the corpora cardiaca, and the neurosecretory granules can be revealed with the immunogold method. It is suggested that the immunoreactive substances represent neuropeptides or precursors of different kinds. Interneurons in other locations in the central and visceral nervous system have immunoreactive axonal projections that do not leave the ganglia. The set of MACs obtained is useful for neuroanatomical studies, for characterizing the secretory products, and for a further delineation of peptidergic communication channels in the insect body.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221631
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    Differential expression of tissue transglutaminase in human cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transglutaminase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Induction ; Tissue compartments ; Tissue integrity ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissue transglutaminase is an intracellular enzyme without established physiological function. Biochemically it can be detected in all organs, but no systematic in situ localization has been carried out so far. Here we report the immunohistochemical localization of transglutaminase in human tissues using an affinity purified, monospecific anti-human transglutaminase antibody. It is shown that the widespread organ distribution of the enzyme is the consequence of its occurrence in ubiquitous cell types such as endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Some organ-specific cell types express the enzyme constitutively (mesangial cells, renomedullary interstitial cells, thymic subcapsular epithelium, colonic pericryptal fibroblasts), while in others it seems to be induced either by external stimuli (epithelium of the female breast) or as part of their differentiation/maturation program (developing nephrons, enterocytes of the small intestine). The presence of tissue transglutaminase can be demonstrated in derivatives of all germ layers and in the trophoblast. The functional implications of these findings are presently unknown; however, based on its distribution the role of this enzyme in compartmentation and preservation of tissue integrity against stress may be suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229084
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies on allografts of the pituitary neurointermediate lobe in the third cerebral ventricle of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 393-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Neural lobe ; Intermediate lobe ; Intraventricular graft ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurointermediate lobes from adult or 10-dayold rats were implanted by a stereotaxic procedure into the third ventricle of adult male rats, in an area close to the paraventricular nucleus. They were examined, using immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques, at times ranging from 1 week to 8 months. All grafts were recovered in a healthy condition although some rejection of the tissue was detected at the 1and 2-week stages. In the neural lobe, clusters of pituicytes were scattered among the loose network of capillaries, most of which had a fenestrated endothelium. The intermediate lobe remained organized in compact avascular lobules. Axons similar to those projecting into the neurointermediate lobe in situ, but also axons of other types (e.g., somatostatinergic, enkephalinergic) penetrated the grafts. Synapses with melanotrophic cells in the intermediate lobe and neurohaemal contacts in the neural lobe were frequent from 2 1/2 months after transplantation. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics indicated intense secretory stimulation of the melanotrophic cells in the early stages. All cells enclosed in a same glandular lobule reacted in a similar manner. In later stages, when re-innervation occurred, the cells recovered their initial characteristics. The overall effect of the re-innervation of the intermediate lobe grafted in this location is inhibitory, as in the lobe in situ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224123
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    Reduced numbers of calcitonin gene-related peptide-(CGRP-) and tachykinin-immunoreactive sensory neurones associated with greater enkephalin immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of a mutant rat with hereditary sensory neuropathy (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 451-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Skin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Mutilated foot rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mutilated foot rat is a mutant with autosomal recessive sensory neuropathy and frequent mutilation of the hindlimbs. Decreased numbers of dorsal root ganglion cells and diminished sensitivity to painful stimuli are characteristics of these animals. By use of immunocytochemistry, changes in the distributions of peptides involved in sensory and/or autonomic regulation, i.e. calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), tachykinins, enkephalin and neuropeptide Y in spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and skin of these animals, were studied. In comparison with normal litter-mate controls, the dorsal horn of mutilated foot rats contained substantially fewer CGRP and tachykinin-immunoreactive fibres but more fibres immunoreactive for enkephalin. Many enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies were also found in the dorsal horn of the mutants, by contrast none were visible in control animals. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was, however, unchanged in the spinal cord of the mutants. In the dorsal root ganglia of the mutants, the number of CGRPor tachykinin-immunoreactive cells and their proportion to total neuronal numbers were significantly less in comparison with normal controls. The diameter range of CGRP- and tachykinin-immunoreactive cells shifted from small (15–25 μm) to medium size (25–45 μm) as revealed by frequency distribution histograms. The skin from the affected foreand hindlimbs of the mutant rats, in keeping with fewer CGRP- and tachykinin-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal root ganglia, contained substantially less fibres immunoreactive for CGRP and tachykinins; a difference that was not seen in skin of unaffected areas (whiskers and snout). By contrast, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres showed a normal distribution around blood vessels and sweat glands of mutilated foot rats. The data suggest that diminished pain perception in the mutilated foot rat is related to loss of peptide-containing sensory neurones. Furthermore, the intraspinal increase of enkephalinergic neurones in the dorsal horn, concomitant with the decreased number of primary sensory neurones, may also play a contributory rôle in reducing pain thresholds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224131
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    Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin) immunocytochemistry as a labeling index in mouse lung tissues (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell proliferation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lung ; Bronchioles ; Alveoli, lung ; Proliferating cell nuclear antigen ; Type II pneumocyte ; Clara cell ; Mouse (various strains)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is expressed in cells from late G1 through the S-phase of the cell cycle. Therefore, antibodies directed against this molecule should provide a probe for labeling immunocytochemically the nuclei of proliferating cells. Herein we demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of this technique by quantifying immunostained pulmonary nuclei. We applied polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to alveolar and bronchiolar pulmonary epithelial cells in various proliferative states in tissue-sections and in vitro. A/J mice had a slightly higher labeling index than C57BL/6J mice, and proliferation in both strains increased dramatically after butylated hydroxytoluene treatment produced compensatory hyperplasia of Type-II pneumocytes. Immunostaining in fetal and neonatal lung samples from mice was higher than in adults. Spontaneous lung adenomas had a higher labeling index than the surrounding normal lung tissue. In addition, new data contained herein demonstrate a strain difference in proliferation of bronchiolar epithelial cells, and quantify the extent to which BHT-induced lung damage increases these proliferative rates. This mammalian nuclear antigen did not cross-react with antiserum to a functionally related bacterial protein, the beta subunit of E. coli DNA polymerase-III holoenzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224731
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    Morphometric evaluation of subcellular changes induced by in vivo TRH treatment in the pituitary gland of Rana perezi: Effects on prolactin and thyrotropic cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 391-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Prolactin/thyrotropic cells ; TRH ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry ; Rana perezi (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone on pituitary prolactin and thyrotropic cells were investigated in adult male Rana perezi (formerly Rana ridibunda) frogs. Animals were given daily injections of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone into the dorsal lymph sac. Prolactin and thyrotropic cells were identified by the colloidal-gold method, using anti-human prolactin and anti-human-β-thyrotropin hormone as primary antisera. The stereological parameters of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and secretory granules of prolactin and thyrotropic cells were evaluated by ultrastructural morphometry (point-counting method). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone caused cytological changes in both cell-types which were consistent with increased synthesis and release of both prolactin and thryrotropin. These changes were still significant after 48 h treatment in the case of thyrotropic cells, while in prolactin cells the thyrotropin-releasing hormone increased the number of secretory granules. After 6 days, the cells resembled essentially those used as controls. These results indicate that thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of prolactin and thyrotropin, and that the response of each cell type to this hypothalamic stimulus follows a different time-course.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218897
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    Coexistence of multiple peptides in small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells of inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 523-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptides ; Small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cell ; Neuropeptide coexistence ; Inferior mesenteric ganglion ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Coexistence of peptides in the small intensely fluorescent cells was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry for met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and dynorphin. In the extreme example, a single cell was immunoreactive to all 5 peptides examined. Four peptides coexisted in 8% and three peptides in 13% of SIF cells. In 10% of SIF cells no peptide immunoreactivity could be detected. The most prevalent peptide was met-enkephalin (in 46% of cells), then vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (45%), somatostatin (39%), neuropeptide Y (31%) and dynorphin (24%). Met-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide coexisted most commonly (25%).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218787
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    Atrial myoendocrine cells (cardiodilatin/atrial natriuretic polypeptide-containing myocardiocytes) are target cells for estradiol (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 673-674 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine heart ; Estradiol ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Co-localization ; CDD/ANP gene regulation ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Atrial myoendocrine cells of rat were investigated regarding estradiol uptake. It was found that, in addition to their specific endocrine function of producing cardiac polypeptides of the cardiodilatin/atrial natriuretic peptide (CDD/ANP) family, these cells also specifically accumulate radiolabeled estradiol. This co-localization supports the view that steroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the CDD/ANP gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218808
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    Studies on the development of growth hormone and prolactin cells in the rat pituitary gland by in situ hybridization (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin cells ; Growth hormone cells ; In situ hybridization ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cytogenesis ; Rat (Wistar-Imamichi)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytogenesis of growth hormone and prolactin cells in the rat pituitary gland was studied using in situ cDNA-mRNA hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Frozen or Paraplast sections of fetal and neonatal pituitaries were hybridized with 3H-cDNAs for rat prolactin or growth hormone, and were then processed for autoradiography. A number of growth hormone mRNA-positive cells were encountered throughout the anterior lobe on day 19 of gestation. Individual variaction in growth hormone gene expression was observed between fetuses at day 19 of gestation (6 out of 8 fetuses examined were positive for growth hormone mRNA). In contrast, growth hormone mRNA was detected in the all fetuses examined on day 20 or later. The autoradiographic signal (number of reduced silver grains) appeared to increase with later stages of development. Fetal growth hormone mRNA-positive cells were evenly scattered throughout the anterior lobe. Most of them were isolated, however, small clusters of several growth hormone cells were infrequently observed. Prolactin mRNApositive cells were found first on the 22nd day (the last day of gestation) in 3 of 6 fetuses examined, but were rarely observed on earlier gestational days. By postnatal day 8, prolactin mRNA-positive cells were numerous and the grain density over prolactin cells increased. Both growth hormone and prolactin cells were found as early as 18 days of gestation using immunocytochemistry, although the number of positive cells was very small at this stage. Immunoreactive growth hormone cells increased sharply in number during the next 24 h, while the number of prolactin cells remained scarce until birth. The results suggest that many growth hormone cells are still in an immature state at 20∶00 of day 18 and that many begin to synthesize growth hormone mRNA during next 14 h. On the other hand, no substantial prolactin gene expression appears to take place until after birth.
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    A dorsomedial subdivision within the nucleus intercollicularis identified in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by means of α2-adrenergic receptor autoradiography and estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 123-128 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus intercollicularis ; α2-Adrenergic receptors ; Estrogen receptors ; Quantitative autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica (Aves, Phasianiformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleus intercollicularis is an important site in the control of vocalization in birds. In oscines, a subregion of the nucleus intercollicularis called the dorso-medial intercollicular nucleus appears to play a key role in this process because it receives the majority of the projections from the nucleus robustus archistriatalis and sends most of the projections to the motor nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve. In this paper, we present neurochemical studies of the nucleus intercollicularis in the Japanese quail which suggest the presence of heterogeneity within this structure. One rostral band contains high densities of cholinergic muscarinic receptors identified by quantitative autoradiography using tritiated N-methylscopolamine as the ligand. A caudal dorso-medial region is specifically labeled by estrogen receptors identified using immunocytochemistry and by α2-adrenergic receptors which were quantified by autoradiography using tritiated para-amino-clonidine. This latter sub-region is possibly equivalent to the dorso-medial intercollicular nucleus of oscines. Additional track-tracing studies should be performed to confirm this homology. The coexistence of estrogen and α2-adrenergic receptors within the same structure suggests important functional connections between steroid action and catecholaminergic systems in the brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221641
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    Ontogenetic development of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of the mallard embryo (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 657-662 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Development, ontogenetic ; Anterior hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Domestic mallard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Developmental changes of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of mallard embryos were studied by means of immunocytochemistry (PAP technique). The primary antibody was generated against synthetic TRH. Immunoreactive neurons were first detected in the hypothalamus of 14-day-old embryos. By day 20, increasing numbers of immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the paraventricular nucleus, anterior preoptic region and supraoptic region. Immunoreactive fiber projections were seen in the median eminence as early as embryonic day 20; they occurred also in some extrahypothalamic regions (lateral septum, accumbens nucleus). The number and staining intensity of the cell bodies increased up to hatching, and continued to increase during the first week after hatching.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218805
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    Electron-microscopic demonstration of olfactory-marker protein with protein G-gold in freeze-substituted, Lowicryl K11M-embedded rat olfactory-receptor cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 275-281 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory-marker protein (OMP) ; Olfactory epithelium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein G-gold ; Freeze-substitution ; Lowicryl K11M embedding ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to localize olfactory marker protein in olfactory epithelia. Rat olfactory-epithelial samples were rapidly frozen, freeze-substituted with acetone, embedded at low temperatures with Lowicryl K11M and labelled on the sections with polyclonal antibodies raised against olfactory marker protein and with protein G conjugated to colloidal gold. Apart from the aforementioned use of acetone, substitution was carried out in the complete absence of chemical fixation, i.e., neither aldehydes nor OsO4 were used. This procedure resulted in localization concurrent with a good ultrastructural preservation. Olfactory-marker protein was present throughout the cytoplasmic compartments of dendrites and dendritic endings of olfactory-receptor cells, but it was not found in organelles such as mitochondria. Olfactory-marker protein was found only in dendriticendings of olfactory-receptor cells mature enough to have given rise to cilia, but these cilia displayed less labelling than dendrites and dendritic endings. Olfactory-marker protein was not found in apices and microvilli of neighboring olfactory-supporting cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218884
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    Comparative marker analysis of the ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ in four different mammalian species (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 255-262 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Glial markers ; Immunocytochemistry ; GABA uptake ; Comparative analysis ; Mammals (rat, cat, mouse, rabbit)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO), classified as one of the circumventricular organs, is composed mainly of modified ependymal cells, attributable to a glial lineage. Nevertheless, in the rat, these cells do not possess glial markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), protein S100, or the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS). They receive a synaptic 5-HT input and show pharmacological properties for uptake of GABA resembling the uptake mechanism of neurons. In this study, we examine the phenotype of several mammalian SCO (cat, mouse, rabbit) and compare them with the corresponding features of the rat SCO. In all these species, the SCO ependymocytes possess vimentin as an intermediate filament, but never express GFAP or neurofilament proteins. They do not contain GS as do glial cells involved in GABA metabolism, and when they contain protein S100 (rabbit, mouse), its rate is low in comparison to classical glial or ependymal cells. Thus, these ependymocytes display characteristics that differentiate them from other types of glial cells (astrocytes, epithelial ependymocytes and tanycytes). Striking interspecies differences in the capacity of SCO-ependymocytes for uptake of GABA might be related to their innervation and suggest a species-dependent plasticity in their function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261828
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    Neuronal architecture of the central complex in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
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    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 343-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central complex ; Golgi impregnation ; Neurotransmitters ; Protocerebrum, insect ; Immunocytochemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of 1200 Golgi-impregnated brains the structure of the central complex of Drosophila melanogaster was analyzed at the cellular level. The four substructures of the central complex — the ellipsoid body, the fanshaped body, the noduli, and the protocerebral bridge — are composed of (a) columnar small-field elements linking different substructures or regions in the same substructure and (b) tangential large-field neurons forming strata perpendicular to the columns. At least some small-field neurons belong to isomorphic sets, which follow various regular projection patterns. Assuming that the blebs of a neuron are presynaptic and the spines are postsynaptic, the Golgi preparations indicate that small-field neurons projecting to the ventral bodies (accessory area) are the main output from the central complex and that its main input is through the large-field neurons. These in turn are presumed to receive input in various neuropils of the brain including the ventral bodies. Transmitters can be attributed immunocytochemically to some neuron types. For example, GABA is confined to the R1–R4 neurons of the ellipsoid body, whereas these cells are devoid of choline acetyltransferase-like immunore-activity. It is proposed that the central complex is an elaboration of the interhemispheric commissure serving the fast exchange of data between the two brain hemispheres in the control of behavioral activity.
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    Immunocytological characterization of the expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 during early innervation of mouse otocysts (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: L1-antigen ; Cell adhesion molecule ; Developing vestibular neuroepithelium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse (CBAxC57)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Doubts exist as to whether afferent nerve fibers exert a neurotrophic effect on the differentiation of sensory cells in the developing vestibular neuroepithelium. To determine whether innervation of hair cells precedes their differentiation, we have used the L1 adhesion molecule as a marker for axons. The detection of L1 on afferent axons in the otic vesicle of mouse embryos on gestation day 11 shows that nerve fibers penetrate the neuroepithelium before the sensory cells differentiate. L1-immunoreactivity of nerve endings also reveals the considerable fiber ramification on gestation days 14 and 15, i.e., corresponding to the first stages of sensory cell differentiation. The expression of L1 at successive stages of nerve fiber growth in the neuroepithelium, such as fasciculation and ramification, is not consistent with the previous role proposed for L1 as a fascicule-promoting factor and raises the possibility that other mechanisms are involved in L1 mediaded adhesion.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of vertebrate neuropeptides in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida, Oligochaeta) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 577-586 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida, Oligochaeta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localisation and distribution of 10 vertebrate-derived neuropeptides in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, have been determined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The peptides are pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), glucagon (C-terminal), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), gastrinreleasing peptide (GRP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neurotensin (NT), and met-enkephalin. For 6 of the peptides — PYY, NPY, PHI, glucagon, GRP and CGRP — this is the first demonstration of their presence in any annelid, and NT has not previously been described in an oligochaete. Cell bodies and nerve fibres immunoreactive to the 10 peptides occur throughout the CNS. In the PNS, epidermal sensory cells displayed immunoreactivities to PP and PYY, and PP-, PYY-, NPY-, PHI- and GRP-like immunoreactivities occurred in nerve fibres supplying the main body muscles. Nerve fibres immunoreactive to PP and PYY are also associated with the innervation of the gut (pharynx, oesophageal glands, and mid and posterior regions of the intestine). No endocrine cells immunoreactive for any of the antisera tested could be identified in the gut epithelium, suggesting that dual location of peptides in the brain and gut epithelium is a phenomenon that occurred at a later stage in evolution. No immunoreactive elements were detected in any of the organs and ducts of the reproductive and excretory systems.
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    Distribution of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the optic lobes of Periplaneta americana (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Visual system ; Optic lobes ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific antisera against protein-conjugated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were used in immunocytochemical staining procedures to study the distribution of the putative GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the optic lobes of Periplaneta. GABA-like immunoreactive structures are evident in all three optic neuropil regions. Six different populations of GABAergic neurons, whose perikarya are grouped around the medulla, are found within the optic lobe. The number of these immunoreactive cells varies greatly and corresponds to the number of ommatidia of the eye. In the proximal part of the lamina, a coarse network of GABA-positive fibres is recognizable. These are the processes of large field tangential cells whose fibres pass through the distal surface of the medulla. A second fibre population of the lamina is made up of the processes of the centrifugal columnar neurons whose perikarya lie proximally to the medulla. The medulla contains 9 layers with GABAergic elements of variable immunoreactivity. Layers 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 exhibit strong labelling, as a result of partial overlapping of the processes of centrifugal and centripetal columnar neurons, tangential fibres and/or lateral processes of perpendicular fibres and (possibly) processes of amacrines. A strong immunoreactivity is found in the proximal and distal layers of the lobula.
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    Distribution of serotonin-containing neurons in the central nervous system of the snail Helix pomatia (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 313-323 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin (5HT) ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Central nervous system ; Helix pomatia (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin (5HT)-containing neurons in the central nervous system of the snail Helix pomatia has been determined in whole-mount preparations by use of immunocytochemical and in vivo 5,6-dihydroxy-tryptamine labelling. 5HT-immunoreactive neuronal somata occur in all but the buccal and pleural ganglia. Immunoreactive fibres are present throughout the central nervous system. The 5HT-immunoreactive neuronal somata characteristically appear in groups, located mainly in the cerebral, pedal, visceral and right parietal ganglia. The majority of 5HT-immunoreactive neurons is located in the pedal ganglia. Additionally a dense network of 5HT-immunoreactive varicose fibres is found in the neural sheath of the central nervous system including all the nerves and ganglia. The number and distribution of 5HT-immunoreactive neurons correlates with that demonstrated by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine labelling method.
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    Specific localization of hepatic fatty acid-binding protein in the gastric brush cells of rats (1989)
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    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 545-548 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brush cells ; Fatty acid-binding protein ; Immunocytochemistry ; Stomach ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunocytochemical study by light- and electron microscopy using the antibody against rat hepatic fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) revealed the brush cells in the gastric epithelium of rats to be intensely immunoreactive. The immunoreactive cells were present in a group in the distal wall of the groove between forestomach and glandular stomach, as well as scattered singly in the surface and foveolar epithelia of the glandular stomach. Almost all immunoreactive brush cells had a thin basal process in contact with the basement membrane. No secretory granules with dense cores, similar to those of endocrine cells, were observed in the brush cells. The specific appearance of FABP-immunoreactivity in the brush cell indicates that this cell type is a distinct entity from other epithelial cells in the stomach and that FABP is a useful histochemical marker of the brush cells. FABP may be involved in the specific function(s) of this cell type related to fatty acid metabolism.
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    Paleobotanical studies inFagaceae of the European Tertiary (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 213-229 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Cuticles ; Recent ; Tertiary ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic reassessment of megafossil records ofFagaceae in Central Europe has been undertaken on the basis of leaf cuticular characters. The oldest representatives date back to the Eocene:Quercus subhercynica spec. nova,Dryophyllum furcinerve (Rossm.)Schmalh.,Trigonobalanopsis rhamnoides (Rossm.) gen. & comb. nov. In the Oligocene other members of extant genera appear:Quercus rhenana (Weyl. & Kilpp.)Knobloch & Kvaček,Fagus attenuata Goepp.,Lithocarpus saxonicus spec. nova. In the Neogene these ancient taxa (except inFagus lineage), are gradually replaced by deciduous species ofQuercus andCastanea. Trigonobalanus andCastanopsis are recorded by fruits (or wood) only.
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    Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 165-191 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chloranthaceae ; Platanaceae ; Trochodendrales ; Fagaceae ; Cercidiphyllum ; Paleobotany ; phylogeny ; floral structure ; leaf architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleobotanical studies indicate that several isolated and systematically depauperate groups of extant woody dicotyledons originated in the Mid Cretaceous. TheChloranthaceae had probably differentiated into insect-pollinated (Chloranthus andSarcandra) and wind-pollinated (Ascarina andHedyosmum) forms by the end of the Albian, and leaves referable to theTrochodendrales are known from the Albian and Cenomanian. In the latest Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, extinct representatives of theTrochodendrales includedNordenskioldia and theJoffrea-Nyssidium complex. ThePlatanaceae also differentiated before the end of the Albian and initially had insect-pollinated, unisexual flowers with five carpels or stamens. Some of these features persisted in the platanoid lineage until the Early Tertiary, and during the Paleocene and Eocene thePlatanaceae included forms with elliptical, palmate and pinnate foliage. The history of thePlatanaceae suggests that several features of the reproductive morphology of extant taxa may have arisen in association with a trend toward wind pollination. In the Mid Cretaceous, platanoid foliage partially intergrades with pinnateSapindopsis and pedateDebeya-Dewalquea leaves suggesting a close relationship betweenPlatanaceae andRosidae andFagaceae respectively. TheChloranthaceae, Trochodendrales, andPlatanaceae all occupy a somewhat intermediate position between theMagnoliidae andHamamelidae and are of considerable interest with respect to their role in the initial radiation of nonmagnoliid (“higher”) dicotyledons.
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    Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of theHamamelidaceae and the LowerHamamelididae (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 193-211 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hamamelididae ; Trochodendrales ; Hamamelidales ; Hamamelidaceae ; Hamamelideae ; fossilHamamelidaceae ; Floral structure ; fruit ; seed ; valvate anther dehiscence ; Floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New investigations on the flower and fruit structure of extantHamamelidaceae and other LowerHamamelididae together with new finds of fossil flowers and seeds from the Upper and Lower Cretaceous provide the outline of an increasingly more differentiated picture of the early evolution of the subclass. Three patterns of valvate anther dehiscence are recognized in the subfamilyHamamelidoideae (and the subclassHamamelididae). The basic (plesiomorphic) type within theHamamelididae has 2 valves per theca. The type with 1 valve but 2 pollen sacs per theca is both consistent and exclusive for the 5 southern genera of theHamamelidaceae. They seem to be the remnants of a homogeneous group that originated before the Upper Cretaceous. This is supported by fossil hamamelidaceous flowers from the Upper Cretaceous that have thecae with 1 valve. Since several-seededHamamelidaceae predate one-seeded forms in the fossil seed record (in Europe) and the systematic structure of the one-seeded group is relatively more homogeneous, several-seeded groups are considered to be more ancient. Several parallel evolutionary trends are recognized within theHamamelidaceae as well as within the LowerHamamelididae: anther dehiscence with 2 valves per theca → 1 slit or 1 valve; pollen sacs per theca 2 → 1; pollen tricolpate → polyforate; exine coarsely reticulate → finely reticulate; loss of perianth (tepals or petals and sepals) and concomitant loss of fixed number of floral organs; differentiation of exposed nectaries.
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    Early history of theJuglandaceae (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 231-250 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juglandaceae ; Paleobotany ; pollen ; fruits ; evolution ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major radiation of theJuglandaceae occurred during the early Tertiary as recorded by the proliferation of juglandaceous pollen and the appearance of fruits representing extinct and extant genera of the family. Juglandaceous pollen types of the Paleocene were predominantly triporate and exhibited a greater diversity in patterns of exinous thinning than occurs in the family today. Analyses of in situ pollen from early Tertiary juglandaceous inflorescences confirms the taxonomic value of certain patterns of exinous thinning. Data from co-occurring fruits and pollen indicate that relatively unspecialized, isopolar triporate pollen of the type presently confined to the tribeEngelhardieae also occurred in other tribes of the family during the Paleocene. Pollination has been mostly anemophilous throughout the Tertiary. Both wind and animal fruit-dispersal syndromes were established early in the radiation of the family but a greater diversity of wind-dispersed genera has prevailed.
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    Aspects of the fossil record and phylogeny of the familyRutaceae (Zanthoxyleae, Toddalioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 251-265 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Phylogeny ; fructifications ; morphology ; anatomy ; paleogeography ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A comparative analysis of the seed morphology and anatomy of fossil and extantRutaceae (mainlyZanthoxyleae andToddalioideae) is presented. This allows to place the most important fossil taxa in a time-table and on paleogeographical maps. A phylogenetic scheme demonstrates the postulated historical relationships ofEvodia, Zanthoxylum, Fagara, Rutaspermum, Acronychia, Toddalia, Fagaropsis, andPhellodendron.
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    The genusBuxus (Buxaceae): Aspects of its differentiation in space and time (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 267-283 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Buxaceae ; Buxus ; Pollen morphology ; leaf venation ; fossil records ; systematics ; evolution ; chorogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trends of pollen grain aperture evolution and exine characters as well as characters of leaf venation, petiole and axial vascularization are briefly described and related to geographical distribution and classification ofBuxus. A review of fossil records is given. Three major taxonomic groups can be delimitated within the genus, and aspects of their relationships and chorogenesis are presented. The level of differentiation, the pattern of distribution and the fossil record speak in favour of an ancient origin of the genus.
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    Operculum development in theEudesmieae B eucalypts andEucalyptus caesia (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
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    On some pollen types withinArum (Araceae) (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 41-44 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. ; Pollen types ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a second paper onArum pollen seven further taxa are investigated. Most of them have spinose pollen, only inA. korolkowii the pollen is scabrose. The possible relation between pollen sculpturing and the actual pollination mode is discussed.
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    Biosystematics of two sympatric species ofEucharis (Amaryllidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 11-30 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Amaryllidaceae ; Eucharis ; Phenetics ; chromosome morphology ; isozyme electrophoresis ; speciation ; sibling species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eucharis candida andE. formosa are two often sympatric species of bulbous geophytes restricted to neotropical rain forest understory. The species are most common in eastern Ecuador, and are the only two east Ecuadorean species of the genus found north of the Pastaza valley. Data from phenetic, karyotypic, and preliminary isozyme electrophoretic analyses of both species are represented. The species are distinguishable phenetically and karyologically, but isozyme-based relationships are more complex. Phenetic resolution of the isozyme phenotypes supports recognition of two species in Ecuador. A Peruvian isolate ofE. formosa, though not morphologically distinct, shows both allozyme and chromosomal divergence from Ecuadorean populations. Cladistic relationships based on overall allozyme data do not support species distinction, but a novel electrophoretic phenotype for glutathione reductase is shared only by individuals ofE. candida. An apparent geographic component within the monophyletic groups resolved in the cladogram suggests that some degree of gene flow between these two species has been maintained without the complete loss of morpholgoical species identity. This may have been mediated either by artificial population structures due to a probable long history of cultivation, or via Pleistocene refugia effects. Both species may have originated in eastern Ecuador from a common ancestral population which has since radiated outward, perhaps several times.
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    Effects of pollen donors on seed formation inEspeletia schultzii (Compositae) populations at different altitudes (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 45-67 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Espeletia ; Diallel cross ; pollen donors ; parental effects ; outcrossing distance ; inbreeding ; seed abortion ; incompatibility ; pollen tube growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of different pollen donors on seed formation was investigated in three populations ofEspeletia schultzii that differ in environmental conditions and life history characteristics. Self pollen and pollen from different donors (〈 15m apart) within each population was used in a diallel design in order to test the genetic base of seed set variation. Three measures of seed formation were used: (1) achene number; (2) proportion of filled achenes (fruits) that distinguishes between achenes with seeds and empty achenes; (3) proportion of aborted seeds that distinguishes between viable and aborted seeds. Self-pollinations resulted in empty achenes. Achene number did not vary between the different pollen donors. A bimodal pattern of filled achenes was found in two populations in two consecutive years. On the other hand, a unimodal pattern was found in crosses between more distant donors (〉 30m). These patterns seems to be the results of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Seed abortion was highest at the higher elevations and seems to be correlated with elevation rather than with any genetic effect.
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    Karyotypic and chloroplast genomic diversity inMedicago sect.Lupularia (Leguminosae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago lupulina ; M. secundiflora ; Chromosomes ; karyotypes ; chloroplast DNA evolution ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were made on the chromosome complements and chloroplast genomes ofMedicago lupulina andM. secundiflora, which comprise sectionLupularia ofMedicago. Both types of analyses indicated more substantial differences between these species than suggested by external morphology.Medicago lupulina has a relatively asymmetrical karyotype in terms of centromeric position and relative length. The karyotype ofM. secundiflora is comparatively more asymmetrical in centromeric position and reduced in absolute size but exhibits greater symmetry in relative length. The restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of the chloropiast DNA of these two species (with Bam HI, Eco RI, Bgl II, and Xho I) show little similarity, with only 17% of the fragments matching in size. The lack of interspecific congruence among data of morphology, karyology and cpDNA inLupularia is contrary to consistency exhibited among these data inMedicago subsect.Intertextae.
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    Isozymes as molecular markers for diploid and tetraploid individuals ofNajas marina (Najadaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 131-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Najadaceae ; Najas marina ; Isozymes ; polyploidy ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of five natural populations ofNajas marina L., i.e. one diploid of subsp.marina (Europe), two of subsp.intermedia (Europe) and both a diploid (C. Africa) and a tetraploid (Middle East) of subsp.armata, has been estimated by means of electrophoretic studies. These populations differ in their morphology and karyotype. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics and status of a tetraploid cytotype from Merkaz Sappir (Israel). Almost all the variation observed is expressed in seed alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The differences are in a unique allele of theAdh-2 locus and in the formation of novel heteromeric isozymes.Adh genes in seeds can be used as a marker for the autotetraploid character. The other enzyme systems tested failed in this respect. The genetic variability based on 23 loci is rather low. Nevertheless, the autotetraploid population has a higher or equal ratio of polymorphic loci than the related diploids. Cluster analysis illustrated not only thatNajas marina subsp.marina has diverged much from subsp.intermedia and subsp.armata, but also showed the difference between the latter two taxa, as well as the intermediate position of the autotetraploid population.
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    Operculum development inEucalyptus clöeziana andEucalyptus informal subg.Monocalyptus (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 183-196 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; E. clöeziana ; Monocalyptus ; Floral morphology ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; phyllotaxy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flowers ofEucalyptus clöeziana have two clearly distinct perianth whorls. The small free parts of the outer (calycine) whorl cease growth early and are lost from the flower; the parts of the inner (corolline) whorl become continuous laterally by confluence of growth centres and form an operculum in the mature flower. The stamens are inserted on a circumfloral buttress (staminophore) that is homologous to the adaxial corolline component inAngophora and the bloodwood andEudesmia eucalypts. Flowers ofMonocalyptus have only one perianth whorl, which is opercular. The stamens are similarly inserted on a circumfloral buttress. Developmental study does not provide conclusive evidence for either a calycine or corolline determination of theMonocalyptus operculum, but comparison with other eucalypt groups, includingE. clöeziana (the sister taxon), predicts an essentially corolline composition.
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    Differentiation of fourHordeum sect.Stenostachys spp. (Poaceae: Triticeae) using multivariate morphometrics (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 211-223 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Hordeum brachyantherum ; H. californicum ; H. capense ; H. secalinum ; Morphometrics ; cluster analysis ; classificatory discriminant analysis ; canonical analysis ; sheared principal component analysis ; bootstrap validation ; identification key
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Field collections and 296 herbarium sheets were examined for 27 morphometric variables. A priori species identifcation was based on geographical distribution except forH. californicum, a diploid species primarily occurring in California and differing from the much more widespread tetraploidH. brachyantherum that thrives in N. America and N.E. Asia;H. capense grows in S. Africa andH. secalinum mainly in Europe. Various cluster analyses were used followed by cluster recovery verification. Classificatory discriminant analysis and validation by the bootstrap yielded 85–90% overall total correct classification of the four species. Canonical analysis revealed thatH. californicum occupies an intermediate phenetic position among the other three distinct species. Factors of shape differences were unravelled and portrayed by shearing. A revised key to species was drawn up.
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    Variation in self-fertility and floral characters ofGeranium caespitosum (Geraniaceae) along an elevational gradient (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 225-241 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Geranium caespitosum ; Breeding system ; ecotype ; gynodioecy ; pollen sterility ; self-fertility ; selfing ; inbreeding depression ; stigma receptivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characters that have the potential to alter the breeding system ofGeranium caespitosum were investigated. The characters differ mechanistically, functioning either endogenously and independent of pollen transfer, or exogenously by influencing pollen transfer. Little variation in self-fertility (endogenous mechanism) was measured among populations from different elevations grown in a common garden. Variation in floral morphology (exogenous mechanism) was limited and unlikely to create a change in the breeding system. Macroscopic variation (exogenous mechanism), including gynodioecy, sexual specialization, and pollen sterility, was observed in extreme elevation populations and probably has a sizeable effect on the breeding system.
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    Cyclamen (Primulaceae) in tropical Africa (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 249-252 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Primulaceae ; Cyclamen ; C. somalense ; Taxonomy ; phytogeography ; Mediterranean floristic element ; Flora of Somalia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclamen somalense Thulin & Warfa, spec. nova, the first member of the genus known from tropical Africa, is described from the Al Miskat Mts in NE. Somalia. The new species is closely related to the E. MediterraneanC. persicum Mill. The disjunct Mediterranean element in the mountain flora of northern Somalia, to whichC. somalense belongs, is believed to be largely a relict of Tertiary origin.
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    Cytogenetical changes of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16) (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus cantoniensis ; R. chinensis ; R. silerifolius ; Amphidiploid ; aneuploid induction ; cytotaxonomy ; fertility ; habitat segregation ; hybrid ; multivalent ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetical studies were carried out on the successive generations of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid (2n = 32) betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16). Aneuploids, 2n = 30 to 35, frequently occurred. In latter subsequent generations the deviation of aneuploids increased, but the proportion of euploids decreased, accompanied by the reduction of fertility of pollen grains and seed sets. F2 and F4 PMCs constantly exhibited meiotic abnormality, i.e. formation of quadrivalents and univalents. The speciation process ofR. cantoniensis (2n = 32), which was presumed to arise from tetraploid hybrids between the above two species, is discussed on the basis of the above evidences.
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    The unique pollination ofLeporella fimbriata (Orchidaceae): Pollination by pseudocopulating male ants (Myrmecia urens, Formicidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Leporella ; Formicidae ; Myrmecia ; Ant pollination pseudocopulation ; floral morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leporella fimbriata is a self compatible orchid of southern Australia. It is dependant across its range on unique pollination by sexually attracted male winged antsMyrmecia urens, which pseudocopulate with the flower. Typical pollination sequences began with an initial circling then zig-zag flight to the flower. Vectors usually alighted on the inflorescence stem and quickly crawled to the flower where they adopted a copulatory position sideways along the wide labellum, pseudocopulatory probing immediately followed. In this position pollen carried on the thorax was deposited on the stigma. Departure from the labellum usually resulted in pollinium removal. Pollinator movements were restricted and the distribution leptokurtic with a mean of 3.141 ± 4.59 m. Pollination was widespread but variable from site to site and season to season with a maximum of 70% of all flowers being pollinated. Pollinator limitation is indicated. Traits essential for this pollination interaction include the coincidence of orchid and ant geographic distributions and the coincidence of flowering with the flight period of the ant. The production of pheromonelike substances and the distinctive floral morphology are also essential for attraction and manipulation of male ants. The ant mating system which the orchid can exploit is also important.
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    Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the generaAnnona andRollinia (Annonaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Annonaceae ; Annona ; Rollinia ; Beetle pollination ; flower evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynastid scarab beetle pollination appears basic within the genusAnnona. Those species ofAnnona which are more morphologically derived, as well as allRollinia spp. possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles likeNitidulidae orStaphylinidae. Pollination of the primitive species ofAnnona byDynastinae would imply that the genus had not evolved before the Tertiary. The fossil record is in congruence with this hypothesis. Once again it is stressed that the cantharophilous syndrome, as it is found in theAnnonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Eupomatiaceae andCalycanthaceae, with beetles being exclusive pollinators, is a secondary and derived condition and obviously different from the expected basic entomophily of the original angiosperms.
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    Karyological studies in someHypochoeris spp. (Compositae) from Sicily (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Hypochoeris ; Karyotype ; karyogram ; idiogram ; basic chromosome number ; symmetry of karyotype ; asymmetrical index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract FiveHypochoeris spp. from Sicily have been investigated:H. glabra L. (2n=10),H. radicata L. (2n=8),H. cretensis L. (2n=6),H. laevigata L. (2n=12),H. robertia Fiori (2n=8). Basic chromosome numbers are very variable, x = 3, 4, 5, 6. The karyotype of each species is presented. Geographical origin (S. America or Mediterranean region) of the genusHypochoeris and the taxonomic position ofH. robertia are discussed.
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    Hybridization studies in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae (Caryophyllaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene sect.Siphonomorpha ; sect.Auriculatae ; Crossing experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae were crossed artificially involving 612 crosses to test inter- and infraspecific, intervarietal and intersectional crossability. In sect.Siphonomorpha all interspecific crosses (between diploids) failed due to cross- or seed-incompatibility; however, intervarietal crosses betweenS. gigantea var.gigantea andS. gigantea var.incana produced hybrids. In sect.Auriculatae hybrids were produced betweenS. vallesia andS. boryi, both tetraploids, but crosses between these and the diploid species were unsuccessful. The delimitation and status of the species in both sections was supported by the crossing results.
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    Fragrance analyses, an aid to taxonomic relationships of the genusCoryanthes (Orchidaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Coryanthes ; Fragrance analyses ; 2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde ; taxonomic studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All members of the investigated genusCoryanthes (subtribeStanhopeinae) are pollinated by male euglossine bees. The different fragrance profiles are the primary reproductive isolating mechanisms, because the flowers are interfertile. The fragrance patterns of 17 species ofCoryanthes were analyzed by gas chromatography as a means to improve the classification of this genus. A first amine (2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde) was found to be the main fragrance compound of an as yet unclassifiedCoryanthes species.
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    Pothos crassipedunculatus, a new species ofPothos sect.Allopothos (Araceae) from India (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Araceae ; Pothos sect.Allopothos ; Pothos crassipedunculatus ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; systematics ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivadasan & Mohanan (Araceae), a new species closely related to the SW. Indian endemic and little known speciesP. thomsonianus Schott is described. It is characterized by the the non-ligulate, shortly vaginate petiole, thickly peduncled inflorescence, broadly ovate spathe and a sessile spadix. It is included in ser.Brevivaginati Engler of sect.Allopothos Schott.
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    Cladistic analyses of some net-veinedLiliiflorae (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 123-141 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliales ; Dioscoreales ; Asparagales ; Cladistics ; relationships ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons between previous intuitive or phenetic classifications of the netveinedLiliiflorae was used to determine a suitable group of taxa for cladistic analyses. The resultant 48 genera and generic groupings comprising 19 families from within theAsparagales, Liliales andDioscoreales were then analysed. The cladistics largely supported previous treatments, with theLiliales, Dioscoreales andAsparagales all monophyletic.
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    Preferential infestation of fruits within theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis (Leguminosae) complex by the bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago truncatula ; Medicago littoralis ; Bruchidius bimaculatus ; Bruchid infestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus was found in fruits of 68 of 217 populations of theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis complex of Israel, Greece, Italy and Spain. Infestation was higher in fruits of somewhat larger than mean size, and in the more pubescent and tightly coiled fruits. Bean weevil size proved to be independent of fruit size, so that the “preference” for larger fruits does not seem due to adaptation to a larger food source or a larger domicile. Fruit size has been used to delimit the host “species”M. truncatula andM. littoralis, but the character proved to be unimodal, and it is apparent that the taxonomy of the plant complex requires further clarification. Of the 11 472 fruits examined, less than 4% were infested. Given that the plants have evolved indehiscent legumes in which typically only one of the approximately six seeds survives to reproduce, and that very few seeds of a fruit are destroyed, the bruchid's infestation appears to be non-harmful, and indeed the association may be mutualistic.
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    A survey of C-band patterns in chromosomes ofLilium (Liliaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 53-69 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Lilium ; C-banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C-band patterns are described for 20Lilium spp. distributed across six sections. All species have a similar basic karyotype (n = 12) but C-bands differ markedly between them. The patterns are characterized by a dispersed scattering of thin intercalary bands as well as centric and NOR bands. Only one species,L. canadense, shows a clear equilocal pattern with intercalary C-bands occurring proximally in all of the longer chromosome arms. Comparing species, similar patterns are revealed forL. regale andL. sulphureum, forL. formosanum andL. longiflorum (all in sect.Leucolirion) and to a lesser extent forL. hansonii, L. martagon, andL. tsingtauense (sect.Martagon). The pattern forL. henryi (previously classed in sect.Sinomartagon) matches those ofL. regale andL. sulphureum quite well and its transfer to sect.Leucolirion is proposed. This is consistent with results from interspecies hybrids betweenL. henryi andL. regale (and related species) which are reportedly fertile. No other clear similarities in C-band patterns were seen across species. It seems that C-band patterns change rapidly inLilium and hence their usefulness in classification will be restricted to identifying closely related species.
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    Chloroplast DNA variation inAnemone s. lato (Ranunculaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Anemone ; Pulsatilla ; Hepatica ; Chloroplast DNA ; restriction endonuclease analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA of seven species belonging toAnemone (sectt.Omalocarpus, Anemonidium, andAnemonanthea),Hepatica, andPulsatilla have been analyzed by restriction enzymes. According to the dendrogram constructed, the sections ofAnemone and the generaHepatica andPulsatilla seem to be evolutionary approximately equidistant to each others. This supports the concept that these groups should be treated on a similar taxonomic level, either as genera or subgenera.
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    Nucleolar activity of B-chromosomes inAllium cernuum (Alliaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alliaceae ; Allium ; B-chromosomes ; nucleolar activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nucleolar activity was analyzed in two samples of plants of the wild onion speciesAllium cernuum, one from Canada (2n=14) and one from the United States of America (2n=14+3B), using phase contrast analysis and C- and Ag-NOR-banding. Three chromosome pairs of the standard A-chromosome complement show small telomeric satellites, which corresponds to the maximum number of Ag-NOR-bands at metaphase and to the telomeric C-heterochromatin. However, the maximum number of nucleoli observed at interphase was eight, indicating that another chromosome pair possesses nucleolar activity. Corresponding results were obtained for the A-chromosome complement of plants from the United States of America, however, these plants further possess three small metacentric supernumerary chromosomes, which show telomeric satellites on both arms, corresponding to two telomeric Ag-NOR-bands observed after silver staining. The presented data clearly indicate that the B-chromosomes ofAllium cernuum possess rDNA gene clusters which show strong nucleolar activity.
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    Taxonomic and functional implications of stigma morphology in species ofCassia, Chamaecrista, andSenna (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 93-105 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae (Fabaceae) ; Caesalpinioideae (Caesalpiniaceae) ; Cassia ; Chamaecrista ; Senna ; Stigma morphology ; taxonomy ; floral ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two stigma forms occur inChamaecrista andSenna, but only one inCassia. In the common chambered form, a stigma pore is positioned on the reflexed style tip and is the entrance to a tapering chamber. The pore rim is fringed by hairs which vary in number, size, distribution and shape. In the alternative form the stigma is situated at the apex of the curved style and is crateriform. The crater rim is fringed by hairs of variable number and shape. The stigmatic hairs are predominantly unicellular and cutinized. Stigma and hair differences aid in the taxonomy of the genera. Their functions in pollination biology are discussed.
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    Interspecific relationship of ten European orchid species as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis (1989)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 107-119 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Orchis ; Dactylorhiza ; Gymnadenia ; Taxonomy ; interspecific relationship ; enzyme electrophoresis ; computer evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species of orchid plants belonging to the generaOrchis (7),Dactylorhiza (2), andGymnadenia (1) were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis. Each species can be identified by a combination of enzyme bands different from those of all other species examined. The electrophoretic data were used for the construction of phenetic and phylogenetic trees with the help of computer programs. The trees were almost identical regardless which method was used. Our results differ considerably from a classification based on morphological evidence. The electrophoretic data indicate that the genusOrchis is not a monophyletic group.
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    A new species ofJusticia sect.Ansellia (Acanthaceae) from Tanzania (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia sect.Ansellia ; J. brevipedunculata ; spec. nova ; Flora of Tropical East Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Justicia brevipedunculata, a new species ofJ. sect.Ansellia endemic to Tanzania, is described and illustrated. Detailed palynological information is given, and relationships to other species of the section are discussed.
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    The chromosomes ofGrahamia (Portulacaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Portulacaceae ; Grahamia bracteata ; Chromosome number ; karyotype ; base number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic and gametic chromosomes of the monotypical genusGrahamia (G. bracteata) have been studied for the first time: 2n = 18, n = 9. The karyotype is symmetrical; of the nine m pairs one has microsatellites. The basic chromosome number x = 9 is considered to be primitive within the family.
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    A new look at the acetolysis method (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Beilschmiedia ; Calluna ; Polyalthia ; Strelitzia ; Acetolysis ; palynology ; sporoderm ; exine ; intine ; pollen characters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetolysis method intreduced byGunnar Erdtman is still a very welcome and highly successful technique in palynology. However, acetolysis destroys all pollen material with the exception of sporopollenin that forms the outer pollen wall, the exine. Modern palynology in its application to plant systematics and phylogeny must consider all sporoderm characters, not only those of the exine. The neglect of the intine may distort some principal palynological aspects. This is illustrated by cases of total breakdown or gross modification of thin exine structures (e.g. inBeilschmiedia, Strelitzia) and by the clarification of apertures (e.g.,Polyalthia, Fissistigma, Calluna). In our view the investigation of both acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen is obligatory for a well balanced view of pollen structure and function.
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    Meiotic analyses ofCucumis hybrids and an evolutionary evaluation of the genusCucumis (Cucurbitaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 133-146 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis ; C. sativus ; C. melo ; C. metuliferus ; C. anguria ; C. zeyheri ; C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis ; comb. nov. ; Crossing experiments ; meiosis of hybrids ; polyploidy ; isozymes ; DNA analysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiosis in seven interspecificCucumis hybrids has been analysed i.a. inC. metuliferus ×C. zeyheri, where the parents belong to different sections. In the triploid hybrids a remarkably high number of trivalents has been found. Additional data from literature on geographical distribution, cucurbitacins, flavonoid patterns, isozymes, C-banding, genome size, DNA amount and chloroplast DNA are used to discuss species relationships and evolution. The African cross-compatible group is divided into theMyriocarpus subgroup with the diploid speciesC. africanus, C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis and subsp.myriocarpus, and theAnguria subgroup withC. anguria, C. dipsaceus, C. ficifolius, C. prophetarum, C. zeyheri and all polyploids (exceptC. heptadactylus). It is argued that the Asian subg.Melo with x = 7 is derived from the African subg.Cucumis with x = 12; the latter contains all the polyploid species and has the most common basic chromosome number of theCucurbitaceae. This phylogenetic advance is interpreted with concepts of the quantum model of evolution.
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    A comparison of within-plant karyological heterogeneity between agamospermous and sexualTaraxacum (Compositae) as assessed by the nucleolar organiser chromosome (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Taraxacum ; Agamospermy ; NOR-chromosome ; chromosomal rearrangement ; transposable genetic elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological variation for the NOR chromosome was studied for four half-siblings of a sexual outbreedingTaraxacum, for three siblings of the obligate agamospermT. pseudohamatum, and for two individuals of the agamospermT. brachyglossum. No rearrangement was detected for the 113 chromosomes of sexuals, or for 41 chromosomes of two agamospermous individuals. In the other three agamospermous individuals, 3/16, 5/50, and 5/20 chromosomes showed evidence of chromosomal rearrangement. The majority of rearrangement events (10/13) occurred to the satellite rather than to the body of the NOR-chromosome. It is considered that such high levels of somatic chromosomal rearrangement in agamospermousTaraxacum may be the result of activity by transposable genetic elements. This recombination may be of selective advantage to asexual plants which cannot generate genetic variability through the sexual process.
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    Structure of the inflorescence and flower ofPetalonyx linearis (Loasaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 211-226 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loasaceae ; Petalonyx ; Inflorescence ; floral ontogeny ; vascular pattern ; androecium ; gynoecium ; nectary ; symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inflorescence and floral structure ofPetalonyx linearis are described to assist in understanding homologies among the diverse flowers ofLoasaceae. The inflorescence consists of racemose axes, along which each individual flower is recaulescent with its subtending leaf. Both floral vascularization and appendage initiations show a set of variations. The pseudomonomerous gynoecium may be derived from a triplacental condition. Nectary position, on a collar on which the perianth and androecium are inserted, appears homologous to the ovarian dome position of the nectary among otherLoasaceae.
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    Notes on the pollination mechanisms ofMoraea inclinata andM. brevistyla (Iridaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Moraea inclinata ; M. brevistyla ; Bees ; Anthophoridae ; Halictidae ; Pollination mechanism ; flower morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual flowers ofMoraea inclinata are nectariferous and last about six hours. They appear to be pollinated largely by bees in the familyHalictidae (Lasioglossum spp.,Nomia spp.,Zonalictus) and to a lesser extent by bees in the familyAnthophoridae (Amegilla). The mechanism of bee-pollination inM. inclinata is the “Iris type”; i.e., each flower consists of three pollination units (an outer tepal, a partly exserted anther, and the opposed style branch which terminates in a pair of petal-like crests). Bees rarely visit more than one pollination unit per flower. Transferral of pollen to the bee is passive and nototribic although all bees collected on the flowers were female and 55% of the bees carried pollen loads with 2–5 pollen taxa in their scopae.Moraea brevistyla flowers are nectariferous but lack scent and last two days. They are visited infrequently by bees and only one femaleLasioglossum spec. carried the pollen ofM. brevistyla. Unlike flowers ofM. inclinata those ofM. brevistyla deposit pollen only on the head and thorax. Bee-mediated autogamy in both species is avoided due to the erratic foraging patterns of the bees and the flexibility of each stigma lobe as the bee backs out of the flower. Approximately 2–4 flowers in the inflorescences of both species (6–8 flowers/infloresence) develop into capsules.
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    Probleme der Infloreszenztypologie vonW. Troll (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 187-199 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Marantaceae ; Inflorescence morphology ; monotely and polytely ; homogenization ; racemization ; truncation ; pseudoflorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast toW. Troll's typology of inflorescences which aims at more or less rigid, well defined types, this investigation accentuates the processes that constitute the evolutionary transformations leading from one typical form to another.Troll divided the inflorescences into the two types of monotelic and polytelic synflorescences, the first with a terminal flower on the main axis, the latter with a homogeneous florescence on the indeterminate axis. Both forms are enriched by proximal branches which repeat the structure of the main axis (paracladia). The evolutionary processes leading from the more primitive monotelic type to the advanced polytelic type are truncation (loss of the terminal flower) and homogenization of the distal branches, which thus form a homogeneous florescence. A closer survey of the polytelic groups reveals the fact that, usingTroll's criteria, the same distinction can be found within these groups themselves. Loss of the terminal florescence (truncation of 2nd and higher degree) as well as homogenization of the distal paracladia may lead to florescence-like units of higher complexity. Examples can be found inAsteraceae (Figs. 1 and 2),Fabaceae (Fig. 3 a),Mimosaceae (Fig. 3 b),Acanthaceae, and also in Monocots, as exemplified by theMarantaceae (Figs. 4 and 5). The so-called racemization (inversion of efflorescences from basipetalous to acropetalous) may be mentioned as a third element of transformation, emphasizing the unity of the florescences.—In consequence, there are more organizational levels than reflected in the twoTroll types. The polytelic type comprises several degrees of truncation and homogenization, the basis for a reasonable organizational analysis should therefore be the degree of ramification of flowering branches rather than the mere question of a terminal flower on the main shoot axis (Fig. 6). On the other hand the three processes of truncation, homogenization and racemization are evolutionary transformations that may occur independently from one another, thus giving rise to a large number of variations, which can not be satisfactorily interpreted by exactly defined types. On the basis of these considerations the question of homologous parts in inflorescences is reviewed. The homology of partial florescences and paracladia is accentuated contrary toTroll's interpretation (Fig. 7). Homogenization as an evolutionary trend may transform paracladia of different degree of ramification, leading to one-flowered units on the one side and to highly complex structures as in theMarantaceae on the other.
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    Taxonomic and morphological studies inHypecoum sect.Hypecoum (Papaveraceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 227-280 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Papaveraceae ; Hypecoum ; Taxonomy ; morphological variation ; mating system ; autogamy ; UV-reflection ; pollen morphology ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypecoum sect.Hypecoum comprises 8 species, one with 2 additional subspecies, in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. Five of these are recognized for the first time, viz.Hypecoum procumbens L. subsp.fragrantissimum Å. E. Dahl,H. procumbens L. subsp.atropunctatum Å. E. Dahl,H. trullatum Å. E. Dahl,H. angustilobum Å. E. Dahl andH. torulosum Å. E. Dahl. H. dimidiatum Delile andH. pseudograndiflorum Petr., which have generally been included inH. imberbe Sm., are reestablished as distinct species. Morphology and variation patterns are described and discussed with special reference to mating systems. Self-incompatibility is dominating butH. procumbens subsp.procumbens andH. torulosum are self-compatible. The broad variation ranges of the former taxon in traits presumably related to mating system (petal, anther and stigma sizes as well as pollenovule ratios) indicate varying rates of outcrossing. SEM micrographs are given of petal and stigma surfaces and of pollen grains. Chromosome counts are presented for seven taxa. All are diploid with 2n = 16.
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    The cytological basis of the plastid inheritance in angiosperms (1989)
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    Protoplasma 152 (1989), S. 57-64 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Plastid inheritance, uniparental ; Plastid inheritance, biparental ; Plastid distribution ; Plastid transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    RPLC retention of 1,ω-di(alkoxy)-polysulphides (1989)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 27-30 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; 1,ω-Di(alkoxy)-polysulphides ; Retention contributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The reaction of S2Cl2 with alcohols yields products, the reversed-phase liquid chromatograms of which are similar to those of dialkyl-polysulphides RSnR, i.e., they represent homologous series. Four of the products were identified via GC-MS as 1,ω-di(alkoxy)-polysulphides having the general structure ROSnOR. Retention contributions of alkyl groups R and sulphur atoms in the −Sn — chain are not much different from values observed with polysulphides. The effect of oxygen, however, is only about −100 index units per O atom, while in dialkyl ethers values of −500 units have been reported.
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    A practical description of retention in reversed phase chromatography using four parameters (1989)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 5-14 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Retention behaviour ; Column parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention of small molecules on reversed phase or other hydrophobic stationary phases can be represented by k′ values of members of a homologous series at varying solvent compositions. The evaluation of simple linear relationships leads to the introduction of a set of four parameters that contain all the information about retention behaviour of this homologous series in the binary solvent system chosen. It is possible to extrapolate to a hypothetical non-hydrophobic molecule and a solvent, the polarity of which equals that of the stationary phase, to characterize the properties of the stationary phase — eluent system. In addition, a chromatographic method for determination of the phase ratio of the column is proposed.
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    Purification of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (1989)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 601-604 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Anion exchange separation ; Preparative separations ; Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the purification of 50mg crude human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone sample in one chromatographic run on a 250×10 mm SERVA DEAE Poliol-Si-500 column. During the 60-minute linear gradient of 0.05 M sodium sulfate, 0.05 M sodium hydrogen sulfate and 0.05% (v/v) acetonitrile in buffer “B” complete separation was accomplished in 40 min. Identity and purity of the fractions were checked by SDS electrophoretic method. The eluted HCG fractions were dialyzed for 24 hours to remove the buffer salts and liophilized. The activity of the hormone did not decreased significantly during the purification procedure.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in light-limited and light-saturated cells ofChlorella pyrenoidosa (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 149 (1989), S. 31-37 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Pyrenoid ; Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Chlorella pyrenoidosa ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The localization of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBisCO) in cells ofC. pyrenoidosa grown at varying light intensities was determined by immunoelectron microscopy. Log phase cells grown at photon flux densities of 25 and 75 μEm−2s−1 (light-limiting) and 540 μEm−2s−1 (light-saturating) were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and embedded in Lowicryl K4M. Sections were labelled with antiserum to each subunit of RuBisCO followed by protein A-gold. At each light fluence rate, the pyrenoid was heavily labelled by each antibody whereas chloroplast stromal labelling was not above background levels. The apparent absence of stromal RuBisCO at each light level, and hence the lack of enzyme redistribution from pyrenoid to stroma following an increase in light fluence rate, suggests that pyrenoid RuBisCO is functional in vivo.
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    Ultrastructure of nuclear inclusions and the separation ofVerbenaceae andOleaceae (incl.Nyctanthes) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteridae ; Verbenaceae ; Oleaceae ; Nyctanthes ; Intranuclear inclusions ; mesophyll cells ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TEM observations were carried out on 40 taxa of the familyVerbenaceae and 35 taxa of the familyOleaceae, in order to ascertain distribution, ultrastructure and morphology of the intranuclear proteinic inclusions in the mesophyll parenchymatic cells. The investigated genera amount to some 25% and 60% respectively of the genera of the two families. Inside theVerbenaceae, lamellar inclusions (L-type) occur in 6 out of 23 investigated genera: they are mostly present inside the tribesCitharexyleae andVerbeneae (both belonging toVerbenoideae), while they are absent in other subfamilies. All of the investigatedOleaceae genera show intranuclear crystalline inclusions (C 1-type) of three different shapes. Among theAsteridae this is a character peculiar toOleaceae. They appear to be a well defined natural group, including the controversial genusNyctanthes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936147
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  • 91
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    Aegilops cylindrica var.kastorianum (Poaceae): A new variety from Greece (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops cylindrica var.kastorianum ; New variety ; karyotype analysis ; protein and esterase patterns ; isoelectric focusing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A native population ofAegilops cylindrica was encountered for the first time in Greece in 1980 (near Kastoria, NW. Greece), completely isolated and at a great distance from its main distribution area. There are morphological and chromosomal, but no protein and esterase pattern differences from otherAe. cylindrica populations. This justifies the recognition of a new variety: var.kastorianum. Our comparative and karyotypic observations support the view thatAe. caudata var.polyathera and not var.caudata (typica) is the possible donor of genome C of the new variety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936148
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  • 92
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    A new species ofAristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) from India with co-evolutionary notes onA. indica and papilionid butterflies (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 31-34 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aristolochiaceae ; Aristolochia krisagathra spec. nova ; A. indica ; Ornithoptera ; Taxonomy ; butterflies ; host plants ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aristolochia krisagathra, a new species from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India is described, illustrated and included into a key to the four Indian species of the genus. Notes on the host-relationships of these species are also provided, paticularly ofA. indica to papilionid butterflies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936150
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  • 93
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    Floral biological observations onHeliamphora tatei (Sarraceniaceae) and other plants from Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Sarraceniaceae ; Melastomataceae ; Rapateaceae ; Gentianaceae ; Loranthaceae ; Malpighiaceae ; Ericaceae ; Orchidaceae ; Campylopterus duidae ; Diglossa duidae ; Anoura geoffroyi ; africanized honey bee ; Pollination by bees ; buzz pollination ; Flora of Neblina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During 20 days in 1985, floral biological observations were made at 1 850–2 100m elevation on Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela.Heliamphora tatei var.neblinae (Sarraceniaceae) is nectarless and has poricidal anthers.Heliamphora tatei, Graffenrieda fruticosa, G. polymera, G. reticulata, Tocca pachystachya, T. tepuiensis (Melastomataceae),Saxofridericia compressa, andStegolepsis neblinensis (Rapateaceae), are buzz-pollinated by ten species ofBombus, Eulaema, Melipona, Centris, Xylocopa, Dialictus, andNeocorynura. Additional observations of floral visits on tepui species ofGentianaceae, Loranthaceae, Malpighiaceae, Ericaceae, Orchidaceae, andAsteraceae are reported. Visitors include the hummingbirdCampylopterus duidae, the flower-piercerDiglossa duidae, the nectarivorous batAnoura geoffroyi, and various species ofCentris andBombus bees. Scent baits for euglossine bees attracted very few bees.Apis mellifera adansonii-scutellata, the africanized honey bee, was caught at 1 850m elevation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936149
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  • 94
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    Epicuticular wax alkanes ofEricaceae andEmpetrum from alpine and sub-alpine heaths in Austria (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Arctostaphylos ; Arctous ; Calluna Erica ; Loiseleuria ; Rhododendron ; Rhodothamnus ; Oxycoccus ; Vaccinium ; Empetraceae ; Empetrum ; n-Alkanes ; epicuticular waxes ; chemotaxonomy ; environmental effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alkane distribution patterns were determined in the epicuticular wax of the leaves of 13 species and a hybrid fromEricaceae and one species ofEmpetrum (Empetraceae). As chemotaxonomic indicators, the results are of limited use only. The most uniform genus wasRhododendron, the most heterogeneousVaccinium. The dominant effect of genetic over environmental factors was apparent in most cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936154
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  • 95
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    Ecogeographical differentiation of the Submediterranean deciduous forest flora (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 315-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Betulaceae ; Celastraceae ; Fagaceae ; Juglandaceae ; Oleaceae ; Rosaceae ; Staphyleaceae ; Summer-green woody plants ; submediterranean ; distribution types ; climatic conditions ; post-Pleistocene dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The deciduous wood flora of southern Europe is characterized as a special “nemoral-Submediterranean element”. The distribution patterns of some representatives (total ranges and local areas in Roumania) are described and explained by recent climatic conditions. The northern limits of Submediterranean and Submediterranean-middle European deciduous forest taxa exhibit a continuous gradation, but only a few species with a wide ecological amplitude extend into the temperate zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936924
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  • 96
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    A Giemsa C-banding and DNA content study inScilla cilicica andS. morrisii, two little known sibling species of theS. siberica alliance (Hyacinthaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 71-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilla cilicica ; S. morrisii ; Karyotype evolution ; C-banding ; genome size ; Endemism ; flora of Cyprus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract S. cilicica Siehe andS. morrisii Meikle are two little known sibling species of theScilla siberica alliance with previously difficult taxonomy, especially with regard to specific delimitation and geographic distribution. Quantitative C-band karyotyping and DNA content determinations were performed in four provenances, including the type localities. Both species (2n = 12) differ strikingly in their banding patterns despite of similar DNA content. Karyotype diversification involved changes in eu- and heterochromatin quantities and resulted in some changes of chromosome form. Despite this, actual phylogenetic relatedness is indicated by a chromosomal marker (NOR-position) of rare occurrence in the alliance. Karyological results and circumstantial evidence from the literature suggest thatS. morrisii is an endemic, exclusive to Cyprus as a member of theS. siberica alliance.S. cilicica seems to be restricted to continental S. Anatolia opposite to Cyprus. Its occurrence on Cyprus is questionable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936036
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  • 97
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    Didymocarpus geitleri, a remarkable new species ofGesneriaceae with deceptive pollen flowers (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gesneriaceae ; Didymocarpus ; Morphology ; floral ecology ; Flora of Malaysia ; SE. Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Didymocarpus geitleri spec. nov. is described from Sungai Pandan, Kuantan distr., Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Distinctive features include: leaden-grey leaves with long, erect hairs on the upper side and whitish, campanulate flowers with a long exserted, bright yellow style. The colouring of the latter is caused by densely arranged glands. Together with two yellow blotches in front of the filament insertion, the style apparently acts as an anther (pollen) dummy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936039
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  • 98
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    Biosystematic studies in European species ofGladiolus (Iridaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Gladiolus ; G. atroviolaceus ; G. communis ; G. illyricus ; G. imbricatus ; G. italicus ; Geography ; morphology ; multivariate analysis ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Representative specimens of the EuropeanGladiolus species (excl.G. palustris) were used to study variability and relationships. 25 characters were measured for cluster, principal component and Wells hybrid analyses (Figs. 1–3). Three (with PCA) respective five (cluster analysis) main groups are revealed. Bulb characteristics appear to be very useful for indentification. The subspecific status ofG. communis subsp.byzantinus is confirmed. Hybrids of four different parental combinations were detected in our collection. Most species include polyploid series. Partly 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x and aneuploid cytotypes but no diploids were found. Polyploids as pioneers and hybridization of sympatric species are apparently linked to migrations during the glacial periods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936001
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  • 99
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    Corolla and androecium development in someEudesmia eucalypts (Myrtaceae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 239-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmia ; Floral morphology ; corolla ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; growth centres ; continuity ; heterotopy ; epipetaly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the early stages of ontogeny, the corolline parts of theEudesmia eucalypts develop as compound structures directly comparable to the early stages of the petals ofAngophora and the bloodwood eucalypts, but with the onset of androecial formation a marked difference takes place. Rather than forming on the floral apex, the stamen primordia arise on the basal adaxial components of the young corolline parts; this basal component develops into the staminophore of the mature flower. The operculum consists only of the dorsal components of the corolline parts, the homologues of the “dorsal keels” of theAngophora petals. If the corolline parts remain more or less free in their early developmental stages, corresponding groups of stamens are produced. Early corolline continuity leads to a continuous ring of stamens. The staminophore is not an organ sui generis, but a derivative of the corolla. The bundles of stamens in some species are best referred to as epipetalous groups, not antepetalous fascicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936005
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  • 100
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    A biometrical analysis of the South AmericanElymus glaucescens complex (Poaceae: Triticeae) (1989)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 91-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Agropyron ; Elymus ; Biometrics ; Wells' distance diagram ; morphological variation ; Flora of S. America ; Patagonia ; Tierra del Fuego ; Falkland Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on a simple multivariate analysis of the morphology of theAgropyron pubiflorum complex—A. patagonicum, A. antarcticum, A. fuegianum, andA. magellanicum—the variation pattern is shown to be clinal, and all taxa are included in a single, variable species. Currently the majority of species ofAgropyron is included inElymus and the correct name of this species isE. glaucescens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937878
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