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  • Immunocytochemistry  (42)
  • Gas chromatography  (39)
  • Springer  (81)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (81)
  • 1988  (81)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (81)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of two key enzymes of the 2-hydroxyglutarate pathway of glutamate fermentation in Acidaminococcus fermentans (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 504-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acidaminococcus fermentans ; Glutamate fermentation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Post-embedding labelling ; Antibody-gold complexes ; Protein A-gold complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the in situ location of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase and 2-htdroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase in Acidaminococcus fermentans using the antibody-gold and protein A-gold techniques carried out as a post-embedding immunoelectron microscopic procedure. Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits against homogeneous fractions of the enzymes. Anaerobically grown cells of A. fermentans of the late exponential growth phase were fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde and 0.3% formaldehyde (final concentrations) in the growth medium. Dehydration of the cells was achieved with methanol. The cells were embedded in the low temperature embedding resin Lowicryl K4M. The markers indicative for antigenic sites of the two enzymes unequivocally demonstrate that the sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is located at the cell periphery being a membrane-bound enzyme as expected whereas 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase is a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422295
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutant vasopressin precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum of the Brattleboro rat. Ultrastructural evidence from individual “vasopressin” cells localized with the light microscope by use of a new gold/silver method for immunostain enhancement (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin precursor ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Gold/silver intensification ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This ultrastructural study demonstrates that the vasopressin immunoreactivity found in the occasional, densely stained cells in the hypothalamus of the homozygous Brattleboro rat is localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 50-μm Vibratome sections were stained with anti-vasopressin serum by use of a peroxidase method with 3,3-diaminobenzidine as chromogen. The diaminobenzidine end-product has a specific capability to bind gold particles from a chloroauric acid solution and the bound gold was used to precipitate silver grains from a silver developer. The stained sections were flat embedded in resin and ultrathin sections were cut of areas containing the immuno-identified occasional cells. In these densely stained, vasopressin-immunoreactive cells of homozygous Brattleboro rats the rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated. The lumen of the reticulum contained both end-products of diaminobenzidine and gold/silver grains, but some parts of the reticulum appeared unstained. No other cell organelles were immunostained and no secretory granules were found. In control rats, gold/silver deposits were found throughout the cytoplasm of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells. In these immunostained cells secretory granules were seen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219759
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lysosomes and pancreatic islet function (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Insulin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lysosomes ; Crinophagy ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of pancreatic islets have suggested that crinophagy provides a possible mechanism for intracellular degradation of insulin in the insulin-producing B-cells. In the present study, a quantitative estimation of crinophagy in mouse pancreatic islets was attempted by morphometric analysis of lysosomes containing immunoreactive insulin. Isolated islets were incubated in tissue culture for one week in 3.3, 5.5 or 28 mmol/l glucose. The lysosomes of the pancreatic B-cells were identified by morphological and enzyme-cytochemical criteria and divided into three subpopulations comprising primary lysosomes and insulin-positive or insulin-negative secondary lysosomes. Both the volume and numerical density of the primary lysosomes increased with increasing glucose concentration. The proportion of insulin-containing secondary lysosomes was highest at 5.5 and lowest at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Insulin-negative secondary lysosomes predominated at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Studies of the dose-response relationships of glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion of the pancreatic islets showed that biosynthesis had an apparent Km-value for glucose of 7.0 mmol/l, whereas it was 14.5 mmol/l for secretion. The pronounced crinophagic activity at 5.5 mmol/l glucose may thus be explained by the difference in glucose sensitivity between insulin biosynthesis and secretion resulting in an intracellular accumulation of insulin-containing secretory granules. The predominance of insulin-negative secondary lysosomes at 3.3 mmol/l glucose may reflect an increased autophagy, whereas the predominance of primary lysosomes at 28 mmol/l glucose may reflect a generally low activity of intracellular degradative processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213820
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural studies of nerve terminals containing melanin-concentrating hormone in the eel, Anguilla anguilla (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 433-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanin-concentrating hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary gland ; White- and black-background adaptation ; Teleost, Anguilla anguilla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eels were adapted to black- or white-coloured backgrounds and the pituitary glands were prepared for light and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical staining was used to study the distribution of the neurohypophysial melanin-concentrating hormone in the neurointermediate lobe. The hormone was located in small, elliptical, electron-opaque neurosecretory granules, measuring approximately 120×90 nm. The neurones terminated on blood vessels in the centre of the neurohypophysis and on the basement membrane separating neural and intermediate lobe tissues. The results of both light and electron immunocytochemistry and of radioimmunoassay are consistent with a higher rate of hormone release from eels adapted to white backgrounds than from those adapted to black backgrounds. In addition to this, when fish that had been adapted to white tanks were transferred to black tanks, there was an accumulation of irMCH in the gland and an increased numerical density of secretory granules at nerve terminals. These results reinforce the proposal that MCH is released during adaptation to a white background, to cause melanin concentration and to inhibit MSH release, and that its release is halted in black-adapted fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215852
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus (Crustacea), with reference to FMRFamide immunoreactivity in O. limosus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone ; FMRFamide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carcinus maenas ; Orconectes limosus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of antisera raised against synthetic pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) of Uca pugilator and FMRFamide, the distribution of immunoreactive structures in the central nervous system (CNS) of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus was studied by light microscopy. In both species, a total of 10–12 PDH-positive perikarya occur amongst the anterior medial, dorsal lateral and angular somata of the cerebral ganglion (CG). In C. maenas, one PDH-perikaryon was found in each commissural ganglion (COG) and several more in the thoracic ganglion. In O. limosus, only four immunopositive perikarya could be demonstrated in the ventral nerve cord, i.e., two somata in the anterior and two in the posterior region of the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG). PDH-immunoreactive tracts and fiber plexuses were present in all central ganglia of both species, and individual axons were observed in the connectives. FMRFamide-immunoreactivity was studied in O. limosus only. Neurons of different morphological types were found throughout the entire CNS, including numerous perikarya in the anterior medial, anterior olfactory, dorsal lateral and posterior cell groups of the CG. Four perikarya were found in the COG, six large and numerous smaller ones in the SOG, and up to eight cells in each of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia. In each ganglion, the perikarya form fiber plexuses. Axons from neurons belonging to the CG could be traced into the ventral nerve cord; nerve fibers arising from perikarya in the SOG appeared to project to the posterior ganglia. In none of the structures examined colocalization of PDH- and FMRF-amide-immunoreactivity was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221755
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemical staining of the rat supraoptic nucleus and its surroundings (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Light and electron microscopy ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat (Wistar, Long Evans, Brattleboro)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two different monoclonal antibodies raised against choline acetyltransferase were used, together with preembedding immunocytochemical techniques, to visualize the possible cholinergic innervation of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. Light microscopy confirmed the presence of a group of bipolar and multipolar immunoreactive neurones in the hypothalamus dorsolateral to the supraoptic nucleus as well as numerous immunopositive fibers. Electron microscopy showed that the immunopositive cell bodies contained the usual perikaryal organelles while most immunoreactive fibers appeared dendritic; immunonegative terminals made synaptic contact onto these profiles. Immunopositive terminals making synaptic contact onto dendritic profiles were also noted in this area. In contrast, light microscopy showed no immunoreactivity to choline acetyltransferase in the magnocellular nuclei themselves. Electron microscopy revealed some immunopositive profiles along the boundaries of both nuclei, along the optic chiasm adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus and in the ventral glial lamina but not within the nuclei proper. Surprisingly, these immunopositive profiles appeared dendritic and were often contacted by one or more immunonegative synapses. Our observations thus indicate that cell bodies and dendrites in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are not directly innervated by cholinergic synapses. The functional significance of the putative cholinergic dendrites in close proximity to magnocellular neurones remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220024
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of CCAP, a novel crustacean cardioactive peptide, in the nervous system of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas L. (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) ; Proctolin ; FMRFamide ; Leu-enkephalin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructural immunogold-labeling ; Pericardial organs ; Neurosecretion ; Carcinus maenas (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against synthetic crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin, and were used to map CCAP-immunoreactive structures in the central nervous system of Carcinus maenas. As expected, the neurohemal pericardial organs (PO) displayed abundant immunoreactivity in nerve fibers and terminals. In addition, immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated in other parts of the nervous system. At least some of them do not appear to terminate in neurohemal structures and may have a non-endocrine, as yet unknown function. Immunoreactive perikarya with a diameter of 25–30 μm occur in the brain. They project into the optic and antennary neuropil, and into the eyestalk. One cell was found in the medulla terminalis of the eyestalk and in the connective ganglion, respectively. From the latter, axonal branches could be traced into the brain and the thoracic ganglia (TG). In the TG, small-diameter perikarya give rise to extensive networks of varicose fibers. Some of the perikarya occur in a characteristic paired arrangement with larger CCAP-immunoreactive somata (diameter 40–50 μm). These pairs of one small and one large cell occur in all mouthpart and leg segments of the TG, except the abdominal ganglia (AG), where only large cells were found. The main projections of the large neurons comprise one or more fibers in each of the seven segmental nerves (SN), leading to neurosecretory terminals in the PO. The fibers in the SN are joined by branches of an ascending axonal tract from the large perikarya in the AG. The large-type perikarya are considered to be the principal source of CCAP in the PO. The optic ganglia in the eyestalk, except the medulla terminalis, the neurohemal sinus gland and the stomatogastric nervous system are devoid of CCAP-immunoreactivity. In axon terminals of the PO, CCAP is not colocalized with other PO-neuropeptides, i.e. proctolin-, FMRFamide-like, and Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactive materials. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed a distinct CCAP-containing granule type in specific axon profiles and terminals in the PO. The architecture of CCAP-immunoreactive neurons is discussed with respect to previous morphological studies on the origin and pathways of fibers terminating in the PO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225807
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-existence and origin of peptidergic and adrenergic nerves in the guinea pig uterus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 517-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterus ; Autonomic innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Retrograde tracing ; Pregnancy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and distribution of peptidergic nerves in the guinea pig uterus was studied by means of immunocytochemistry using numerous neuropeptide antisera. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive (IR) nerves were the most abundant, whereas substance P (SP)-, calcitonine gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and neurokinin A (NKA)-IR nerves were less frequent, and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI)-IR nerves were the most sparse. Chemical sympathectomy by means of 6-hydroxydopamine, and capsaicin treatment revealed the division of the peptidergic nerves into three separate populations: (1) NPY-IR nerves, which co-existed with adrenergic nerves, (2) SP-, CGRP-and NKA-IR nerves, which mutually co-existed, and (3) PHI-IR nerves. Parallel-running adrenergic/NPY-IR and SP-IR nerves could be found with very similar although not completely identical morphological appearance. Paracervical ganglia contained neurotensin-and dynorphin A-IR cell bodies in addition to cell bodies with immunoreactivities similar to those in prevertebral ganglia. Combined retrograde tracing with True blue and immunocytochemistry showed that the adrenergic and NPY-IR uterine nerves originate in paracervical and prevertebral ganglia. In the prevertebral ganglia the cellular origin was the same for adrenergic and NPY-IR nerves. In contrast, SP-, CGRP-,and NKA-IR nerves originated in dorsal root ganglia. At full-term pregnancy all the neuropeptide immunoreactivities had vanished, probably reflecting a fetus-induced general nerve degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226501
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pinealocytes immunoreactive with antisera against secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ: A comparative study (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 469-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal complex ; Pinealocytes, receptor line ; Subcommissural organ ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein secretion ; Neuroendocrine system Geotria australis (Cyclostomata) ; Onkorhynchus kisutch (Teleostei) ; Eupsophus roseus (Anura) ; Heloderma suspectum, Varanus monitor (Lacertilia) ; Domestic fowl ; Rat ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of light-microscopic immunocyto-chemistry two polyclonal antibodies (AFRU, ASO; see p. 470) directed against secretory glycoproteins of the subcom-missural organ were shown to cross-react with cells in the pineal organ of lamprey larvae, coho salmon, a toad, two species of lizards, domestic fowl, albino rat and bovine (taxonomic details, see below). The AFRU-immunoreactive cells were identified as pinealocytes of the receptor line (pineal photoreceptors, modified photoreceptors or classical pinealocytes, respectively) either due to their characteristic structural features or by combining AFRU-immunoreaction with S-antigen and opsin immunocytochemistry in the same or adjacent sections. Depending on the species, AFRU- or ASO-immunoreactions were found in the entire perikaryon, inner segments, perinuclear area, and in basal processes facing capillaries or the basal lamina. In most cases, only certain populations of pinealocytes were immunolabeled; these cells were arranged in a peculiar topographical pattern. In lamprey larvae, immunoreactive pinealocytes were observed only in the pineal organ, but not in the parapineal organ. In coho salmon, the immunoreaction occurred in S-antigen-positive pinealocytes of the pineal end-vesicle, but was absent from S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes of the stalk region. In the rat, AFRU-immunoreaction was restricted to S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes found in the deep portion of the pineal organ and the habenular region. These findings support the concept that several types of pinealocytes exist, which differ in their molecular, biochemical and functional features. They also indicate the possibility that the AFRU- and ASO-immunoreactive material found in certain pinealocytes might represent a proteinaceous or peptidic compound, which is synthesized and released from a specialized type of pinealocyte in a hormone-like fashion. This cell type may share functional characteristics with peptidergic neurons or paraneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226496
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping of enkephalin-related peptides in the nervous system of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria, and their co-localization with cholecystokinin (CCK)- and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like peptides (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 399-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin-related peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Co-existence of peptides ; Neurosecretory cells ; Blowly, Calliphora vomitoria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactive material has been studied in the CNS of C. vomitoria. The presence of both Met- and Leu-enkephalin-related peptides is suggested by differential immunostaining with a variety of antisera. Comparisons made between certain of the enkephalin-immunoreactive perikarya, nerve fibres and terminals with cells in corresponding positions as evidenced in previously published neuroanatomical studies of the dipteran brain have suggested specific enkephalinergic pathways. As examples, one Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive neuron appears to link the lobula with the dorsal protocerebrum, and a group of Leu-enkephalin cells in the pars intercerebralis appear to have arborisations in both the central body (fan-shaped body) and the tritocerebral neuropil around the oesophageal foramen. Neuronal pathways of this type indicate that the enkephalin-like peptides of the fly brain are functioning as neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators. In the thoracic ganglia, symmetrically arranged cells, immunoreactive to both Met- and Leu-enkephalin antisera, are positioned ventrally in pairs on either side of the mid-line in a sagittal plane. Very little immunoreactive material is observed in the neuropil, however, and the source of the accumulation of Leu-enkephalin-immunoreactivity in the dorsal neural sheath is not certain. It is suggested that this material, in contrast to that present in areas of the brain, acts as a neurohormone and that it may have a physiological role following its release into the haemolymph. The enkephalin-like immunoreactive material of certain neurons identified within the brain and thoracic ganglion shows a complex pattern of co-existence with pancreatic polypeptide- and gastrin/cholecystokinin-like peptides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215849
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of the domestic mallard (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Avian brain ; Domestic mallard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the central nervous system of the domestic mallard was studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. After colchicine pretreatment, the highest number of TRH-immunoreactive perikarya was found in the parvocellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus and in the preoptic region; a smaller number of immunostained perikarya was observed in the lateral hypothalamic area and in the posterior medial hypothalamic nucleus. TRH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected throughout the hypothalamus, forming a dense network in the periventricular area, paraventricular nucleus, preoptic-suprachiasmatic region, and baso-lateral hypothalamic area. TRH-containing nerve fibers and terminals occurred in the organon vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and in the external zone of the median eminence in juxtaposition with hypophyseal portal vessels. Scattered fibers were also seen in the internal zone of the median eminence and in the rostral portion of the neural lobe. Numerous TRH-immunoreactive fibers were detected in extra-hypothalamic brain regions: the highest number of immunoreactive nerve fibers was found in the lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and parolfactory lobe. Moderate numbers of fibers were located in the basal forebrain, dorsomedial thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, interpeduncular nucleus, and the central gray of the mesencephalon. The present findings suggest that TRH may be involved in hypophysiotropic regulatory mechanisms and, in addition, may also act as neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in other regions of the avian brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215853
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abundant GABAergic innervation of rat posterior pituitary revealed by inhibition of GABA-transaminase (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Posterior pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Anti-GABA ; GABA-transaminase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was used to identify GABAergic elements immunocytochemically in the rat posterior pituitary. In order to increase the intracellular concentration of GABA, rats were treated with the GABA-transaminase inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG). Light-microscopic observations of Vibratome and semithin sections revealed the presence of numerous immunoreactive nerve fibers throughout the neural lobe; the mean number and length of these fibers increased by 90% after GVG treatment. Electron microscopy demonstrated the immunostained axons to be of small diameter. The reaction product was confined to small vesicles. No immunostaining occurred in pituicytes. The richness of the GABAergic innervation of the neural lobe contrasts with previous reports using antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase and supports the idea that GABA participates in the presynaptic control of neurosecretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215447
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of avian LHRH-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus, and the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; LHRH-containing neurons ; Chicken LHRH ; Chicken GnRH-II ; Immunocytochemistry ; Domestic fowl ; Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of LHRH-containing perikarya and nerve fibers in the hypothalami of the domestic fowl and Japanese quail was investigated by means of the specific immunoperoxidase ABC method, using antisera against chicken LHRH-I ([Gln8]-LHRH), chicken GnRH-II ([His5-Trp7-Tyr8]-LHRH [2–10]) and mammalian LHRH ([Arg8]-LHRH). Chicken LHRH-I-immunoreactive perikarya were sparsely scattered in the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (POP), nucleus filiformis (FIL) and nucleus septalis medialis (SM), and in bilateral bands extending from these nuclei into the septal area in both species. A few reactive perikarya were also observed in the nucleus accumbens (Ac) and lobus parolfactorius (LPO). Numerous cLHRH-I-immunoreactive fibers were widely scattered in the preoptic, septal and tuberal areas, and were densely concentrated in the external layer of the median eminence and in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) in both species. Anti-mammalian LHRH serum cross-reacted weakly with perikarya and fibers immunoreactive to anti-cLHRH-I serum in normal chicken and quail. Anti-cGnRH-II[2–10] serum immunoreacted with magnocellular neurons distributed in the rostral end of the mesencephalon along the midline close to the nervus oculomotorius (N III). These perikarya were apparently different from cLHRH-I immunoreactive neurons. No immunoreactive cells and fibers against anti-cGnRH-II[2–10] were observed in the hypothalamus and median eminence of the chicken or quail. Anti-cGnRH-II[2–10] bound specifically with cGnRH-II. The morphological evidence suggests that cGnRH-II may not be secreted into the portal circulation to act as hypothalamic hormone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215446
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems of the crab Cancer borealis and the lobsters Panulirus interruptus and Homarus americanus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P-related peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Invertebrate ganglia ; Peptidergic neurons ; Stomatogastric nervous system ; Cancer borealis, Panulirus interruptus, Homarus americanus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems of three decapod crustacean species, Cancer borealis, Homarus americanus, and Panulirus interruptus, was studied. The stomatogastric ganglion showed dense staining in the neuropil, but none in the somata. A single neuron stained in the esophageal ganglion. Lucifer yellow backfills and intracellular injections followed by incubation with the substance P antibody showed that the axons of this neuron project into the inferior esophageal nerves towards the paired commissural ganglia. The commissural ganglia showed a pronounced projection from a large bundle of fibers in the anterior medial portion of the circumesophageal connective. Additionally, less dense neuropil and stained somata were seen in the commissural ganglia. Staining was completely blocked by preabsorption with authentic substance P, physalaemin, eledoisin, and substance K. These data suggest that in the nervous system of crustacean species a molecule with C-terminal homology to substance P and other tachykinins is released as a neuroregulator in the stomatogastric ganglion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216638
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity of prolactin systems in the insect Leucophaea maderae: Use of antiserum polyclonality for immunocytochemical detection of neuropeptide heterogeneity (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 557-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin-like neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain ; Neuroendocrine structures ; Insects ; Leucophaea maderae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of prolactin-like neuropeptides was demonstrated immunocytochemically in the brain and affiliated neuroendocrine structures of the insect Leucophaea maderae. Use of the unlabelled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of Sternberger revealed a rather widespread and differential distribution of reaction products resembling human (hPRL) and ovine (oPRL) prolactin. Tests with antirat PRL antibody were negative. The specificity of the antibodies used was established by liquid-phase absorptions and confirmed in tissue control systems. In L. maderae, anti-oPRL identifies part of an oPRL-like molecule different from human and rat PRL. Anti-hPRL reveals part of a human and ovine PRL-like molecule different from rat prolactin. These results indicate the occurrence, in the nervous tissue of one insect species, of at least two types of prolactin-like molecules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216642
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  • 16
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    Retention of carboxypropeptides in type-II collagen fibrils in chick embryo chondrocyte cultures (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 619-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Carboxypropeptide ; Chondrocyte ; Tissue culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunofluorescence ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody reacting with the C-propeptide of chick type-II procollagen was used in an attempt to localize this terminal extension of the procollagen molecule (by immunogold labelling) during early collagen fibrillogenesis in chondrocyte cultures. After 2 days in culture the chondrocytes were surrounded by pericellular type-II collagen, as demonstrated by an indirect immunofluorescence labelling technique. An electron microscopy study of these cultures showed that the collagen fibrils were thin (∼ 15 nm diameter), with a poorly visible cross striation, sometimes enhanced by slight thickenings. The antibody against the C-propeptide of type-II procollagen labelled most of the collagen fibrils, according to a very regular pattern constituting a 60 nm periodicity. After 3 days the label was still present on the pericellular collagen fibrils but disappeared from the collagen fibrils of the extracellular matrix. Our results indicate that the C-propeptide of type-II procollagen is retained in the newly formed fibrils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216649
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  • 17
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    Immunocytochemical studies on the pituitary pars distalis of the Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Hibernation ; Pars distalis ; Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus (Chiroptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical studies were performed to describe the characteristics of cell types and their distribution in the pars distalis of Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus, collected at various stages of the reproductive cycle. Six distinct cell types have been identified in the pars distalis by the unlabeled immunoperoxidase technique and by the ABC method. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) cells were immunostained with antisera against chicken GH and ovine PRL. The GH-immunoreactive cells were round or oval orangeophilic cells distributed throughout the pars distalis with prominent aggregation in the posterolateral region. The PRL cells were pleomorphic carminophilic cells that occurred in small groups within the central and dorsocaudal regions of the pars distalis. They were sparsely distributed in the central region of the pars distalis in the hibernating bats, but increased significantly in the pregnant and lactating bats. The adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) cells were large round or polygonal amphophilic cells in the rostroventral and ventrolateral regions of the pars distalis. The thyrotropic (TSH) cells were small rounded or polygonal and distributed mainly in the ventrolateral region of the pars distalis. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) cells were identified immunocytochemically with antisera against the specific beta subunits of ovine LH and rat FSH. There were two populations of LH and FSH cells, one aggregated in the zona tuberalis and the other scattered singly throughout the rest of the pars distalis. The aggregated cells were immunoreactive with both antisera directed to LH and FSH, while scattered cells were reactive solely with antiserum to either LHβ or FSH and exhibited seasonal variations. In females, the proportional volume of the pars distalis occupied by LH cells was significantly reduced during pregnancy and lactation. No evidence of involution was observed in pars distalis cells except for PRL cells in males or females during hibernation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215836
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  • 18
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    Lysozyme localization in human gastric and duodenal epithelium (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lysozyme (muramidase) ; Paneth cell ; Gastric gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of lysozyme in normal gastric and duodenal mucosa was studied by light- and electronmicroscopic immunocytochemical techniques (direct enzyme-labeled antibody method). In the duodenal mucosa, lysozyme was found in the Paneth cells and the epithelial cells of Brunner's glands. Electron-microscopically, lysozyme was found in rough endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear spaces, which were assumed to be protein-synthesizing organelles, and also in the secretory granules of Paneth cells. Additionally, lysozyme was detected in the stomach in mucinous granules and in some parts of the rough endoplasmic reticulum within the epithelial cells of the pyloric glands, the mucous neck cells of the fundic glands, and in several surface epithelial cells of the plyoric and fundic regions. This suggests that some quantity of lysozyme in gastrointestinal secretion originates from the gastric and duodenal glands, and that it acts as a defense mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215838
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  • 19
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    Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the ascidian endostyle (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endostyle ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Granules ; Ciona intestinalis ; Corella parallelogramma, (Tunicata) ; Ascidia mentula (Tunicata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular and subcellular distribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the endostyle of three species of ascidians, Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidia mentula, was studied by light-(immunoperoxidase) and electron-microscopic (immunogold) immunocytochemistry. At the light-microscopic level 5-HT-like immunoreactivity (5-HT-LI) was exclusively found in cells located in the lateral portion of the endostyle, between zone 7, known to have iodinating capacity, and zone 8, which consists of ciliated cells. At the electron-microscopic level, the 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were found to correspond to cells containing polymorphous, dense granules, 100–300 nm in diameter. The granules were located in the supranuclear cytoplasm facing the endostyle lumen as well as in the infranuclear cytoplasm facing the extracellular space. Quantification showed that the 5-HT-LI was considerably higher (13–67 times) in cytoplasmic areas containing granules as compared to areas devoid of granules. Most, but not all, of the 5-HT-LI was associated with the dense core of the granules. In conclusion, serotonin-containing cells are located in the peripheral portion of the endostyle, between zones 7 and 8. Serotonin is stored in cytoplasmic granules that are present both in the apical and basal cytoplasm. This suggests the possibility that the cells are bipolar and secrete serotonin both in a basal direction to the extracellular space, and in an apical direction to the pharyngeal lumen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221748
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  • 20
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    Melanin-concentrating hormone-like immunoreactive material in the rat hypothalamus; characterization and subcellular localization (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 291-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) ; Hypothalamus ; Melanin-concentrating activitiy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neurosecretory peptide that induces melanin concentration within teleost melanophores. Here, we characterized MCH-like substance in the rat brain by both an in vitro fish-scale melanophore bioassay and a radioimmunoassay with a salmon MCH antiserum that is directed toward the carboxy-terminus and requires the cyclic configuration for recognition. Furthermore, subcellular localization of the MCH in the rat brain was examined by immunocytochemistry using electron microscopy. We confirmed that MCH-immunoreactivity and MCH-bioactivity were present together in the same effluent fractions of the rat hypothalamic extracts by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At electron microscopic level, MCH-immunoreactivity was located specifically in secretory granules in MCH-positive cell bodies confined to the hypothalamus with their neuronal processes projecting widely in the rat brain. Although full characterization of substance must await its isolation, our results strongly support the notion that rat MCH-like substance may be homologous but not identical to salmon MCH, and simultaneously may serve some neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator role in the brain of the rat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222284
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  • 21
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of the neurosecretory systems containing putative moult-inhibiting hormone and hyperglycemic hormone in the eyestalk of brachyuran crustaceans (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Moult-inhibiting hormone ; Hyperglycemic hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Decapod crustaceans (five species)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of antisera raised against purified moultinhibiting (MIH) and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) from Carcinus maenas, complete and distinct neurosecretory pathways for both hormones were demonstrated with the PAP and immunofluorescence technique. By double staining, employing a combination of silver-enhanced immunogold labelling and PAP, both antigens could be visualized in the same section. Immunoreactive structures were studied in Carcinus maenas, Liocarcinus puber, Cancer pagurus, Uca pugilator and Maja squinado. They were only observed in the X-organ sinus gland (SG) system of the eyestalks and consisted of MIH-positive perikarya, which were dispersed among the more numerous CHH-positive perikarya of the medulla terminalis X-organ (XO). The MIH-positive neurons form branching collateral plexuses adjacent to the XO and axons that are arranged around the CHH-positive central axon bundle of the principal XO-SG tract. In the SG, MIH-positive axon profiles and terminals, clustered around hemolymph lacunae, are distributed between the more abundant CHH-positive axon profiles and terminals. Colocalisation of MIH and CHH was never observed. The gross morphology of both neurosecretory systems was similar in all species examined, however, in U. pugilator and M. squinado immunostaining for MIH was relatively faint unless higher concentrations of antiserum were used. Possible reasons for this phenomenon as well as observed moult cycle-related differences in immunostaining are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215441
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  • 22
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    Peptidergic neurohormonal systems in the basal hypothalamus of the ferret and the mink: Immunocytochemical study of variations during the annual reproductive cycle (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing hormone ; Somatostatin ; Oxytocin ; Vasopressin ; Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Reproductive cycle ; Ferret ; Mink
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamic systems secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF), somatostatin, oxytocin, vasopressin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) were characterized using immunochemistry, and variations were studied in relation to the recrudescence of testicular activity in the ferret and the mink, two species with opposite photoregulation of their annual reproductive cycles. Under the present conditions of study, the immunoreactivity of the CRF, somatostatin, and oxytocin systems showed no significant variation in either species. In contrast, in these two species, the immunoreactivity of the LHRH system varied considerably depending on the date of observation. The increase in the number and immunoreactivity of the LHRH-secreting neurons that occurred in November in the mink and in January in the ferret, is in agreement with previous results showing that the photoperiod plays an essential role in regulating the annual activity of the testis and that the photoperiodic environmental conditions required for the activation of the LHRH system differ between the species. Similarly, correlations could be found between an increase in immunoreactivity of the vasopressinergic axons projecting to the external median eminence and the recrudescence of testicular activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215460
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  • 23
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    Immunocytochemical localization of lipophorins in the flight muscles of the migratory locust (Locusts migratoria) at rest and during flight (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 661-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipoprotein ; Muscle ; Extracellular space ; Cryosectioning ; Immunocytochemistry ; Locust (Locusta migratoria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Locust lipoproteins (lipophorins) were localized by indirect immunofluorescence- and immunogold labelling in cryosections of dorsolongitudinal flight muscles. Immunolabelling was performed with monoclonal antibodies against apolipoprotein epitopes that are exposed at the surfaces of the lipophorin particles. Both at rest and during flight, lipophorins were located only in the wider spaces of the extracellular matrix, in the basement membranes of the individual muscle fibers and in the extracellular spaces that surround interfibrillar tracheoles. No internalization of lipophorins by the flight muscle cells was observed. Our results indicate that the unloading of lipophorins at the flight muscles is an extracellular event. Similarities with the vertebrate system of chylomicron and very-low-density lipoprotein degradation are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216654
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  • 24
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    Ultrastructural localization of immunolabeled substance P and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide in the surface layer of the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 55-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Enkephalin ; Spinal dorsal horn ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A preembedding dual immunolabeling technique and electron microscopy were utilized to demonstrate the localization of immunoreactive substance P and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide (Enk-8) in ultrathin sections of the surface layer (laminae I and II) of rat spinal dorsal horn. The immunoreaction of Enk-8 was visualized as goldtoned silver particles and that of substance P as diaminobenzidine reaction products. Axonal terminals with immunoreactive substance P, and also unlabeled axonal terminals, formed synaptic junctions with the perikarya and dendritic processes of Enk-8-containing neurons. Dendritic profiles immunolabeled for substance P were synaptically linked with unlabeled axons but not with Enk-8-positive ones. Furthermore, it was found that Enk-8 axons and substance P axons terminated synaptically in juxtaposition to one another on the same immunonegative dendrites. Among the Enk-8-containing neurons axonal profiles also appeared to be synaptically associated with immunoreactive Enk-8 dendritic processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221739
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    Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of peptidergic neurons innervating thoracico-abdominal neurohaemal areas in the blowfly (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 583-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bioactive peptides ; Coexistence of peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Insect nervous system ; Calliphora erythrocephala, C. vomitoria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ventral thoracic neurosecretory cells (VTNCs) of the blowflies, Calliphora erythrocephala and C. vomitoria, innervating thoracic neuropil and the dorsal neural sheath of the thoracico-abdominal ganglion have been shown to be immunoreactive to a variety of mammalian peptide antisera. In the neural sheath the VTNC terminals form an extensive neurohaemal network that is especially dense over the abdominal ganglia. The same areas are invaded by separate, ut overlapping serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) projections derived from neuronal cell bodies in the suboesophageal ganglion. Immunocytochemical studies with different antisera, applied to adjacent sections at the lightmicroscopic level, combined with extensive cross-absorption tests, suggest that the perikarya of the VTNCs contain co-localized peptides related to gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK), bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP), Met- and Leuenkephalin and Met-enk-Arg6-Phe7 (Met-enk-RF). Electron-microscopic immunogold-labeling shows that some of the terminals in the dorsal sheath react with several of the individual peptide antisera, whilst others with similar cytology are non-immunoreactive. In the same region, separate terminals with different cytological characteristics contain 5-HT-IR. Both 5-HT-IR and peptidergic terminals are localized outside the cellular perineurium beneath the acellular permeable sheath adjacent to the haemocoel. Hence, we propose that various bioactive substances may be released from thoracic neurosecretory neurons into the circulating haemolymph to act on peripheral targets. The same neurons may also interact by synaptic or modulatory action in the CNS in different neuropil regions of the thoracic ganglion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219749
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  • 26
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    Histamine-like immunoreactivity in photoreceptors of the compound eyes and ocelli of the flies Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 639-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect visual system ; Photoreceptors ; Neurotransmitter ; Histamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Musca domestica (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies to histamine were used for immunocytochemical studies of the visual system in the flies Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica. Specific immunolabeling of photoreceptors was found both in the compound eyes and ocelli of both species. In the compound eyes histamine-like immunoreactivity (HA-IR) was found in all the short visual fibers (photoreceptors R1–6) and one type of long visual fiber (photoreceptor R8). In addition, the ocellar photoreceptors also show HA-IR. In view of earlier biochemical and pharmacological/physiological findings by Elias and Evans (1983) and Hardie (1987) it thus seems likely that histamine is a neurotransmitter in insect photoreceptors. Interestingly, the second type of long visual fiber (photoreceptor R7) has recently been found to be GABA-immunoreactive (Datum et al. 1986). The two types of long visual fibers may hence use different transmitters which act on different receptors of the postsynaptic neurons in the second visual neuropil, the medulla. In addition to the photoreceptors in the retina and ocelli, we found processes of HA-IR neurons in one of the optic lobe neuropils, the lobula. This finding indicates that histamine may also be a transmitter in certain interneurons in the visual system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219755
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  • 27
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    Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus of the Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Hibernating bat ; Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the role of hypothalamic neuropeptides in regulation of reproductive phenomena of seasonally breeding feral mammals, we used Japanese long-fingered bats, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus, for immunocytochemical study of distribution of the following neuropeptides in the hypothalamus: arginin vasopressin, oxytocin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and growth hormone-releasing factor. The size, shape and location of supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, and arcuate nuclei of the bat were determined. Arginin vasopressin-and oxytocin-immunoreactive magnocellular neurons were found in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, where they exhibited separate distribution into two distinct groups. Parvocellular arginin vasopressin neurons occurred only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The hibernating bats exhibited slightly increased numbers of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The pregnant bat displayed further increased numbers of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in both nuclei. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus were also immunopositive to anti-oxytocin serum, while those in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei reacted solely to anti-somatostatin serum. They projected to the anterior median eminence and infundibular stalk. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive perikarya were scattered throughout the basal hypothalamus, being particularly abundant in the arcuate nucleus. They were larger in size in hibernating bats than those in normal (non-pregnant) and pregnant females. They projected fibers mainly to the internal layer of the median eminence and infundibular stalk. A few luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-reactive fibers were also observed in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, lateral habenular nuclei, pineal stalk, retroflexus fasciculus, and olfactory tubercle. Corticotropin releasing factor-immunoreactive perikarya were distributed in the paraventricular nucleus and medial preoptic area and projected into the external layer of the anterior median eminence, while growth hormone-releasing factor-immunoreactive perikarya occurred only in the arcuate nucleus and projected into the posterior part of the median eminence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220016
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    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurones in the brain of Locusta migratoria innervating the corpus cardiacum (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus cardiacum ; Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lucifer yellow ; Double labelling ; Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The serotoninergic innervation of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria was investigated using two antisera against serotonin. A dense network of immunoreactive nerve fibres was present in the storage lobe of the CC. Immunopositive fibres only sporadically crossed the border between the storage lobe and the glandular lobe of the CC. Immunopositive fibres entered the storage lobe of the CC via the nervus corporis cardiaci I (NCCI); NCCII was immunonegative. Unilateral retrograde fillings of the NCCI with the fluorescent tracer Lucifer yellow, followed by antiserotonin immunocytochemistry, revealed about 20 double-labelled neurones in the anterior part of the pars intercerebralis. The double-labelled neurones were scattered between fluorescent non-immunoreactive neurones. Additionally, 5–7 neurones labelled only with Lucifer yellow were found at the ventrolateral side of the tritocerebrum. No immunopositive neurones were observed in the hypocerebral ganglion. Immunopositive fibres from neurones in the frontal ganglion ran via the recurrent nerve and the neuropile of the hypocerebral ganglion into the paired oesophageal nerve. At most, a few immunopositive nerve fibres occurred in the cardiostomatogastric nerves II, which connect the storage lobe of the CC with the paired oesophageal nerve at the caudal end of the hypocerebral ganglion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220028
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  • 29
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    Peptide-containing neurons in explant cultures of guinea-pig myenteric plexus during development in vitro: Gross morphology and growth patterns (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Substance P ; Enkephalin ; Somatostatin ; Caecum ; Enteric neurons ; Autonomic ganglia ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gross morphology and growth patterns of substance P, enkephalin-, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons have been studied in explant cultures of the myenteric plexus taken from beneath the newborn guinea-pig taenia coli, grown for up to 4 weeks in vitro. Substance P and enkephalin-immuno-reactive neurons were more abundant than somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons. The peptide-containing neuronal cell bodies were clearly visible in culture and exhibited characteristic gross morphologies similar to those described in situ, although some overlap of shape between populations containing different peptides was seen. All four types of peptide-containing fibres were found in the outgrowth and central areas of the cultures. In the case of substance P and somatostatin, the density and pattern of labelling in the central, neuronal area of the cultures resembled that previously seen in the myenteric plexus of the newborn guinea-pig caecum in situ, while the density of the enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres was greater, and that of the vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive fibres less than that seen in situ. These observations suggest that subpopulations of myenteric neurons containing different peptides may be differentially affected by the culture environment. Possible contributory factors are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220030
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  • 30
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of octopamine-immunoreactive cells in the nervous system of Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Octopamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system ; Locusta migratoria ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of octopamine in the metathoracic ganglion, brain and corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry with an antiserum against octopamine. The dorsal unpaired median (DUM) cells of the metathoracic ganglion were found to be strongly octopamine-immunoreactive. In the rostroventral part of the protocerebrum a group of seven immunopositive cells was demonstrated. Stained nerve fibres of these cells run into three directions: circumoesophageal connectives, midbrain, and optic lobes. As far as the protocerebrum is concerned, immunoreactive fibres were found in the central body, the protocerebral bridge, and in other neuropile areas. In the optic lobe a dense plexus of immunopositive fibres was found in the lobula and in the medulla. In the brain one other immunopositive cell was demonstrated, situated at the lateral border of the tritocerebrum. Octopamine could not be shown to occur either in the globuli cells of the mushroom bodies or in the dorsolateral part of the protocerebrum, where the perikarya of the secretomotor neurones are located that innervate the glandular cells of the corpus cardiacum. In the nervi corporis cardiaci II, which contain the axons of the neurones that extend into the glandular part of the corpus cardiacum, and in the corpus cardiacum proper no specific octopamine immunoreactivity could be found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215846
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    Localization of ovulation hormone-like neuropeptide in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by means of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 477-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caudo-dorsal cells ; Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Ovulation hormone ; Lymnaea stagnalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudo-dorsal cells (CDC) in the cerebral ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis synthesize the 36-amino acid ovulation hormone (CDCH). We have used immuno-cytochemistry and in situ hybridization to reveal the localization of neurons and axons containing CDCH-like material. A monoclonal antibody to a fragment of CDCH and a cDNA probe encoding CDCH reacted with the CDC-system, with specific cell groups in the cerebral and pleural ganglia, and with individually occurring neurons throughout the central nervous system. The cells in the pleural ganglia, which were found in about 50% of the preparations studied, are considered as “ectopic” CDC. They are morphologically similar to CDC in their somal dimensions and axonal organization. By means of immuno-electron microscopy it was shown that these neurons contain secretory vesicles that are similar to those of the CDC. The neurons of the bilateral groups occurring in the cerebral ganglia in addition to the CDC are smaller and more intensely stained than the CDC. Axons of these small neurons probably have varicosities located on the CDC axons in the neuropil of the cerebral ganglion, indicating synaptic contacts. Two major axon tracts could be followed from (or toward) the neuropil of the cerebral ganglion. One tract runs from the cerebral gangion via the pleural and parietal ganglia to the visceral ganglion, giving off branches to most nerves emanating from these ganglia. The other tract could be traced through the cerebro-pedal connective to the pedal ganglia. Only in the right pedal ganglion was extensive axonal branching observed. The nerves emanating from this ganglion contained many more immunoreactive axons than those from the left pedal ganglion. A polyclonal antibody raised against the synthetic fragment of CDCH stained, in addition to the neurons and axons revealed with the monoclonal antibody and the cDNA probe, three other major groups of neurons. Two are located in the cerebral ganglion, the other in the left pedal ganglion. The present findings suggest the presence of a system of neurons that contain CDCH or CDCH-like peptides. The role this system may play in the control of egg-laying and egg-laying behaviour is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215857
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    Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of calcium-binding proteins in enteric neurons (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 79-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea-pig ; Rat ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity for vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has been localized in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres in the gastrointestinal tracts of guinea-pig, rat and man. CaBP immunoreactivity was found in a high proportion of nerve cell bodies of the myenteric plexus, particularly in the small intestine. It was also found in submucous neurons of the small and large intestines. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were numerous in the myenteric ganglia, and were also common in the submucous ganglia and in the intestinal mucosa. Immunoreactive fibres were rare in the circular and longitudinal muscle coats. In the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine the immunoreactivity is restricted to one class of nerve cell bodies, type-II neurons of Dogiel, which display calcium action potentials in their cell bodies. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antibodies to spot 35 protein, a calcium-binding protein from the cerebellum. From the distribution of their terminals and the electrophysiological properties of these neurons it is suggested they might be sensory neurons, or perhaps interneurons. The discovery of CaBP in restricted sub-groups of enteric neurons may provide an important key for the analysis of their functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213828
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    Human corpus luteum: Immunocytochemical evidence for presence of prolactin (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 233-236 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin ; Corpus luteum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Luteal cells ; Luteotropic function ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six human corpora lutea (day 17–25) of the menstrual cycle and 4 ovarian stromal tissues from 7 cycling women were examined for the presence of the hormone, prolactin, by immunohistochemistry using the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. After mounting tissue sections of 4 μm, endogenous peroxidases were removed with hydrogen peroxide and the sections were incubated for l h at room temperature followed by 16 h at 4° C with a highly specific antisera for human prolactin, nonimmunized normal rabbit serum for a control reaction, or antiserum preadsorbed with excess human prolactin for specificity determination. Following the reaction with the second antibody (goat antirabbit IgG) for l h at room temperature, prolactin was localized using peroxidase anti-peroxidase and 3.3′-diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Prolactin was present and could be localized in the luteal cells of all 6 corpora lutea, but not in any of the ovarian stroma studied. Human adenohypophysis served as a positive tissue control for prolactin immunopositive staining. The localization of immunoreactive prolactin in the corpus luteum demonstrates directly the presence of this hormone in the human ovary, adding further evidence for its role in luteal function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215829
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of l-glutamate decarboxylase and GABA in rat pancreatic zymogen granules (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 191-197 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Glutamate decarboxylase ; GABA transaminase ; Exocrine pancreas ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its regulating enzymes, l-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma aminobutyrate-α-ketoglutarate transaminase, was determined utilizing an immunogold post-embedding protocol in pancreatic exocrine tissue. Within the acinar cell, GABA and its biosynthetic enzyme, GAD, were localized in zymogen granules. Quantitative analysis of the GABA immunoreactivity in the acinar cell revealed 1.7±0.5 gold particles/μm2 over the cytoplasm, 36.6±14.1 gold particles/ μm2 over the zymogen granules, and 2.9±2.1 gold particles /μm2 over the mitochondria. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of colloidal gold particles, representing glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the acinar cells, revealed 38.4±2.5 gold particles/μm2 over the zymogen granules, 4.7±1.1 gold particles/μm2 over the mitochondria and 6.3±0.5 gold particles/μm2 over the remainder of the cytoplasm. Substitution of normal sheep serum for the sheep anti-glutamate decarboxylase serum revealed a significant (p〈 0.001) decrease of the colloidal gold particle distribution over the zymogen granules and cytoplasmic compartments of the acini. Gamma aminobutyrate -α-ketoglutarate transaminase, the catabolic enzyme for GABA, was not detected in the mitochondria, zymogen granules, and cytoplasm of the acinar cell, suggesting that GABA is not catabolized within the acinar cell. Preabsorption and substitution controls resulted in an absence of labeling. These results suggest that GABA may act extracellularly and/or have a role within the zymogen granule in the exocrine pancreas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213841
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    Selective decrease of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigrostriatum of adult male rats after N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 251-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: MPTP ; Rat ; Nigrostriatum ; Parkinsonism ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Animal model ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several laboratories have reported that N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine causes damage to the nigral dopamine neurons of man, monkey, and mouse. Controversial data suggest that a rat model of Parkinsonism may be possible. Although loss of dopamine cells has not been detected in the rat brain, our immunocytochemical studies show that immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme which synthesizes dopamine, is significantly reduced in concentration, or its antigenicity altered, in substantia nigra/pars compacta as well as the caudate nucleus. Optical density measurements demonstrate the reduction or alteration of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigro-striatal neurons, indicating that axonal terminals, as well as parent perikarya, may be sensitive to the drug. After treatment, abnormal morphological remodelling may result in the affected neuronal processes, perhaps indicating sublethal toxicity, followed by slow recovery. Despite the lack of nigral cell death, it is proposed that the present data support the use of the rat as a model to investigate the early effects of Parkinsonism induced by this agent, and the biological mechanisms of cellular recovery.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221761
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    Binding of a major secretory protein from bull seminal vesicles to bovine spermatozoa (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 377-384 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Seminal vesicles ; Seminal fluid ; Sperm motility ; Immunocytochemistry ; Bull
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The seminal vesicles synthesize in an androgen-dependent manner a neutral protein of 13.5 kDa molecular weight that makes up about 40% of their secretion (“major protein”). An antiserum against this protein raised in rabbits was used to localize the antigen within the seminal vesicles. In addition to intraluminal secretion of the seminal vesicles and the ampulla of the vas deferens, ejaculated and ampullary spermatozoa revealed an intense immunoreaction, which was restricted to the neck region of the sperm head and the middle piece, while the principal piece of the tail as well as the sperm head were devoid of immunoreactive material. Comparison of spermatozoa taken from the tail of the epididymis with ampullary spermatozoa showed that about 90% of the latter, but only 10–20% of the former presented this distributional pattern of immunoreactive sites. Epididymal epithelium as well as calf seminal vesicle epithelium showed no immunoreactivity with major protein antiserum. Using a pre-embedding staining technique with gold-labeled primary or secondary antibodies, respectively, no immunostaining could be achieved at the ultrastructural level. Incubation experiments of epididymal spermatozoa in EGTA-containing solutions in the absence of calcium resulted in a gradual labilization and eventual loss of the plasma membrane of the sperm middle piece. After removal of (at least part of) the plasma membrane, bound major protein could be visualized immunohistochemically close to the mitochondria of the middle piece using a gold-labeled primary or secondary antibody. The acceptor site for major protein therefore seems to reside inside the plasma membrane of the sperm middle piece. Incubation of epididymal spermatozoa in phospholipase-containing solutions removed the acceptor site from the spermatozoa. Separation by polyacrylamide treatment of proteins from epididymal sperm cells extracted by sodium hydroxide or phospholipase treatment, subsequently transblotted on nitrocellulose sheets and directly labeled with gold-tagged major protein, demonstrated a protein duplet with a molecular weight of 65 and 67 kDa, respectively, which appears to represent the specific binder of major protein underneath the sperm surface. Binding of major protein to this ∼66 kDa acceptor site is regarded as a physiological event that may be related to the onset of hyperactivated sperm motility.
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    Immunoreactive methionine-enkephalin in the caudal neurosecretory system of the carp, Cyprinus carpio (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 485-487 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caudal neurosecretory system ; Urotensin ; Methionine-enkephalin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk) was detected by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay in the caudal neuro-secretory system of the carp Cyprinus carpio. Some cells showing urotensin I (UI)-immunoreactivity reacted to Met-enk antiserum, but others did not. Neurons with urotensin II (UII)-immunoreactivity did not react to Met-enk antiserum; neurons with both UI and UII immunoreactivities also displayed a negative Met-enk reaction. Met-enk was detected by radioimmunoassay in the urophysis, although the content was relatively small compared with that found in other parts of the central nervous system and in the pituitary.
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    FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust (Schistocerca gregaria) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 489-491 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system, insects ; Immunocytochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Locust, Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, has been investigated in serial semithin transverse sections with the use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. The topographical distribution of approximately 120 immunopositive neurons was established. Antiserum against bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) stains the same ganglionic cells as FMRFamide-antiserum, yet this staining is largely blocked after preabsorption to FMRFamide. A comparison of these results with those from other studies suggests that there may be more than one type of endogenous RFamide-like peptide.
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    Alignment of desmosomes in stratifying human epidermis (1988)
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    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 585-592 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Desmosomes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Fine structure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cultured human epithelial cells stained with antibody to desmosomal proteins by indirect immunofluorescence showed linear arrays of desmosomes en face between stratified cells. To confirm that an extensive linear pattern existed on the cell surface, subconfluent cultures were viewed using scanning electron microscopy. Aligned arrays of blunt protrusions lying parallel to each other and extending in the direction of the long axis of the cell were observed on the surface of groups of superficial cells in intact cultures. That this pattern was indeed related to desmosomal distribution was verified by transmission microscopy of thin sections cut in a plane between the upper and lower surfaces of flattened stratified cells to view desmosomes directly. A similar arrangement of desmosomes was seen in intact tissue, using epidermal sheets separated from newborn foreskin. The same pattern found in flattened cells was sometimes apparent in more rounded basal cells where the cytoplasm was beginning to extend. Since desmosomal plaques are associated with keratin filaments, the alignment of desmosomes must occur in association with cytoskeletal changes as cells become flattened toward the distal epithelial surface. The primary initiation of desmosomal alignment remains to be investigated. However, the present findings demonstrate an increasingly regular membrane-cytoskeletal spatial interaction as stratified epithelial cells of skin mature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226508
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    The development of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the thoracic ganglia of the locust Schistocerca gregaria (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 635-646 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurotransmitters ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system, central ; GABA ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of GABA-like immunoreactivity was investigated in embryonic and juvenile locusts using an antibody raised against GABA-protein conjugates. GABA-like immunoreactivity was first detectable in the neuropile of embryonic ganglia at 55% development, and in neuronal somata at 62% development. The total number of immunoreactive somata increased between 62% and 85% embryonic development, and followed an anterio-posterior pattern of expression. At 85% development, the number of immunoreactive somata reached adult levels and no change in number was then seen. In embryonic stages and first and second juvenile instars two dorsal and four ventral groups of somata were labeled in all three thoracic ganglia, whilst in later juvenile instars one of the dorsal groups was visible as a separate entity only in the metathoracic ganglion. These early patterns were modified by alterations in the positions of some of the groups during late embryogenesis and during juvenile development to produce the adult pattern. The results show that the development of GABA expression is similar to that of other neurotransmitters. The characteristics of the development of immunoreactivity indicate that some of these immunoreactive clusters may be derived from clonally related neurones. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of immunoreactive somata and processes in embryos, which correspond to those of identified local and intersegmental interneurones studied in the adult.
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    Immunogold localization of prolamines in developingHaynaldia villosa endosperm (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 144 (1988), S. 25-33 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Golgi complex ; Haynaldia villosa ; Immunocytochemistry ; Prolamines ; Protein A-gold ; Protein body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Haynaldia villosa is a wild grass belonging to the tribe Triticeae, which includes important crops such as wheat, barley, and rye. The alcohol-soluble proteins ofH. villosa have extensive immunological relatedness with wheat prolamines as visualized by Western blot analysis. Amorphous protein inclusions surrounded by a limiting membrane are commonly found in the vacuoles of endosperm and subaleurone layers ofH. villosa seeds. A layer of cells just beneath the aleurone layer is rich in ER. Unlike that in other cell types, the ER in these cells is highly dilated and contains materials at its swollen distal ends. These materials are structurally similar to substances found in the protein bodies. Protein A-gold immunocytochemical localization studies employing antibodies against wheat prolamine confirmed that the inclusions found in the lumen of the ER do not contain prolamines. This observation indicates that the ER does not act as the site of prolamine accumulation inH. villosa. Protein bodies found in the vacuoles and the vesicles associated with the Golgi complexes were specifically labeled. This suggests that Golgi complexes mediate the transport of prolamines into vacuoles ofH. villosa endosperm cells, in a fashion analogous to that of other vacuolar proteins of dicotyledonous plants.
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    Simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) method in the qualitative and quantitative GC analysis of cheese volatile components (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 861-864 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Simultaneous distillation-extraction ; Cheese volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simultaneous distillation-extraction apparatus proposed by Godefroot has been used for the GC study of volatile components of cheese. 5–10 g of cheese provide a fraction that can be directly injected into a GC or a GC/MS. Two capillary columns (SE-30 and SP-1000) were evaluated, the second one being adequate for quantitative determinations. Camphor was used as internal standard. The coefficients of variation ranged from 1.4 to 11.8. The technique can be used as a fast method for the characterization of cheeses from their volatile component concentrations.
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    Slope of the log plot of adjusted retention time against carbon number for various homologues serices (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 1087-1088 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Log plot ; Homologous series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The slope of the log plot of the adjusted retention time of a homologous series usually varies from that of the n-alkane series by no more than 2%, though with unusual interactions between the functional group and the stationary phase the difference may be as high as 7%.
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    Comparison of the elution curves of pure components and their mixture and prediction of elution curves by a theoretical plate model in preparative gas-liquid chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 961-964 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preparative scale separations ; Plate model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two close-boiling materials, diethyl ether (DEE) and dichloromethane (DCM), were separated to investigate the effects of the pure components and the mixture on elution in preparative gas-liquid chromatography. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas, and the chromatographic column (1 cm I.D. and 0.75m length) was packed with Chromosorb A with different quantities of dinonyl phthalate stationary phase and particle sizes. Below ca. 7% (by wt.) of feed concentration, the experimental elution curves of pure DEE and DCM were almost the same as those of the mixture, and the theoretical plate model can be used successfully to predict the elution curves.
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    On some aspects of the silica surface modification with hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane and their mixtures (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 404-408 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silica surface modification ; Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane ; Hexamethyldisilazane ; Support materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The paper is concerned with the structure of an organic layer bonded to the silica surface modified with silazanes. The changes of the retention volumes of hydrocarbons is studied for the silicas modified with hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane and their mixtures. It is shown that most of the carbon in the layer after hexamethylcyclotrisilazane modification is bonded to the surface by Si−O−Si bonds. This fact supports the assumption of a fragmentation of the cyclosilane used for modification.
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    Testing for linearity in retention time — Carbon number plots for n-alkanes (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 389-392 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Statistical criteria ; Non-linear models ; Constants for n-alkane retention curve ; Multiparametric least-squares adjustment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Multiparametric, least-squares, regression treatment of G.C. data is extended to describe deviations from the usual linear model. Through statistical evaluation of results, four parameters models are generally found adequate and the use of higher degree empirical models is discouraged.
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    Calculation of retention indices at an assigned temperature from temperature-programmed data (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 539-542 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Temperature programming ; Retention index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is presented for the calculation of retention indices at an assigned temperature from temperature-programmed data. If the retention times at two different program rates for the solutes and the n-alkanes are known, the retention indices at an assigned temperature can be calculated directly.
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    Theoretical background of multicomponent gas chromatography for high concentrations (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 125-132 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Non-equilibrium frontal chromatography ; Nonlinear isotherms ; Variable velocity ; Multicomponent mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The paper presents a classification of various theoretical models for multicomponent gas chromatography at u=var for high concentrations of the mixture components with consideration of the major distinctive features of the interphase mass exchange inside the porous grains of the adsorbent and outside them within the porous medium of the chromatographic column. It has been shown that the conditions determining a given front behaviour of multicomponent gas mixture at u=var depend on: theoretical models for the kinetics and dynamics of adsorption; the values of mass exchange parameters inside the porous grains and in the porous medium. Formulae have been derived for calculating the values of the quantities characterising the frontal behaviour in the stage of adsorption and desorption of multicomponent mixture at u=var.
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    A polyclonal antibody (anticentrin) distinguishes between two types of fibrous flagellar roots in green algae (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 144 (1988), S. 56-61 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Centrin ; Ca2-modulated contractile protein ; Flagellar apparatus ; Green algae ; Fibrous flagellar roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The two main types of fibrous flagellar roots present in the flagellar apparatus of green algae (system I and system II fibers) are immunologically distinct as indicated by the localization of a Ca2+-modulated contractile protein (centrin) exclusively in one type (system II fibers) but not in the other type (system I fibers). A polyclonal antibody generated against the major protein of the striated flagellar roots (system II fibers) of the quadriflagellate green algaTetraselmis striata was used to localize centrin by immunofluorescence and pre- and postembedding immunogold electron microscopy in the flagellar apparatus ofSpermatozopsis similis, S. exsultans, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dunaliella bioculata, Polytomella parva and gametes ofMonostroma grevillei andEnteromorpha sp. Whereas the antibody recognizes centrin in connecting fibers and system II fibers, no labeling occurs in system I fibers in all taxa investigated. This study presents the first evidence that system I fibers lack centrin and indicates that the two main types of fibrous flagellar roots in green algae are biochemically distinct.
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    An evaluation and comparison of micro-techniques for concentration of volatile components from dilute solutions (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 21-24 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample concentration ; Chromatographic evaporation ; Solvent effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Several micro-techniques for the removal of solvent from dilute solutions of volatile compounds have been compared. Large solute losses were experienced when the conventional blow-down technique was applied. Better yields could be obtained with static evaporation procedures, as long as an effective reflux was maintained. However, careful optimization of the vessel design and operating conditions is necessary. The most efficient volume reduction technique was shown to be chromatographic evaporation. Quantitative recoveries were obtained for the compounds tested and the process was significantly faster than static concentration. Moreover, operating conditions (gas flow, temperature) are less critical. With modifications, the principle can be used for the concentration of large sample volumes down to a few microliters.
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    The polarity of polyoxyethylene glycol dialkyl ethers and their sulphur analogs as measured by parameters considering intermolecular electric interactions (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 95-98 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phase polarity ; Polarity parameters ; Structure-retention relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The new stationary phase polarity parameters BN and BS evaluated from the concept of the electric intermolecular interactions are used to describe the polarity of polyoxyethylene glycol dialkyl ethers and their sulphur analogs. Relations between the discussed parameters and accepted measures of surfactants' polarity are presented and discussed. The considered parameters are correlated with the compound structures. Structural increments for characteristic fragments of the molecule are calculated and use to predict BN and BS values.
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    Gas chromatographic investigations of the adsorption of n-octane on the surface of sulfur (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 134-138 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sulfur ; n-Octane adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary From the adsorption isotherms of n-octane on the surface of sulfur at 29.8°C and 40.6°C some thermodynamic functions were determined. On the basis of these data the structure of the adsorbed layer of n-octane is postulated. The molecular interactions and adsorption mechanism are also discussed. It is stated that both quasi-liquid and quasi-sold layers may be formed on the surface of sulfur depending on the surface coverage with n-octane.
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    Predicting retention data using the slope of the log adjusted retention time vs. carbon number plot for n-alkanes (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 313-318 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Slope of log plot ; Homologous series ; Partition coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The slope of the n-alkane log plot dt′R/dnc (t′R=adjusted retention time; nc=carbon number) for a stationary phase can be used to obtain the retention index of an unidentified substance in a chromatogram containing only one peak with a known retention index, or to predict the retention time of a substance from that of a different homolog in the same series. It can also be used to translate retention indices into relative retention time, partition coefficient or specific retention volume. Published values of the slope are collected and critically evaluated. Equations are deduced that predict its approximate value at a specified temperature given the value at only one other temperature.
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    Gas chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric and diastereoisomeric amino acid esters on Chirasil-Val capillary column (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 393-396 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Separation of optical isomers ; Chirasil-Val capillary columns ; Amino acid esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary D,L-amino acids were derivatized with (+), (±)-2-butanol or N-trifluoroacetyl-L-prolyl chloride (L-TPC) and then chromatographed. Four optical isomers were separated on a Chirasil-Val capillary column. By this method, the concentration of optical impurities arising from the commercial optically active reagents can be determined. The observed abnormal elution orders of enantiomeric amino acid esters may be caused by a selective intermolecular force.
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    Determination of the evaporation rate of essential oils and perfumery compositions using gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 520-522 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Essential oils ; Evaporation rate ; Perfume composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple method was developed for the determination of the evaporation rate of essential oils and perfumery composition using gas chromatography with temperature programming. The volatility of 19 essential oils and 17 perfumery composition was evaluated. The method is useful for different comparative measurements.
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    An improved method for steroid profile analysis using capillary gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 598-602 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Steroid profiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Steroid conjugates are hydrolysed enzymatically using β-glucuronidase after extraction from urine using a solid phase extraction cartridge. After hydrolysis the free steroids are removed from the matrix, again utilising solid phase extraction. Derivatisation of the free hydroxyl groups using Hydrox-Sil AQ produces the respective TMS ethers which are extracted into hexane, in which solvent they are stable for many days. Capillary GC analysis with flame ionisation detection produces a profile of the steroids present in the sample. This technique is suitable for following changes in the urinary excretion profiles of patients undergoing investigation for a variety of steroid production-related diseases.
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    Determination of the triglyceride composition of grapes by HPLC (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 609-612 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Triglyceride composition of grapes ; Identification system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The triglyceride composition of the Tempranillo grape (Vitis vinifera) has been examined by a combination of HPLC and GLC. To identify the triglycerides, equations were applied relating log k′ with the molecular variables: equivalent carbon number, chain length and number of double bonds in each of the fatty acids in the glycerides. Ten triglycerides were found, the principal ones being trilinolein (35.75%), dilinoleyl-olein (21.03%) and dilinoleyl-palmitin (17.02%).
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    Influence of structure of alkenes on their retention on different stationary phases (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 655-658 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Structure-retention relationships ; Connectivity indices, topological indices ; Alkenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention indices of different alkenes are correlated with connectivity and topological parameters. The appropriate statistically valid relations hips are derived and discussed.
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    Separation and identification ofα, ω-diiodoperfluoroalkanes in gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 735-736 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; α,ω-diiodoperfluoroalkanes ; Separation ; identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of α,ω-diiodoperfluoralkanes on a glass capillary column coated with OV-101 methylsilicone was investigated. Retention indices were determined at three temperatures (140, 150 and 160°C). The correlation between the retention indices and the boiling points of the investigated compounds was studied.
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    The temperature dependence of retention indices in gas chromatography (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 731-734 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention Index (l) ; Temperature dependence of Retention Index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A linear dependence of (T−T1)/[1(T)−1(T1)] on temperature (considering the retention index 1(T1) at temperature T1 as a standard value) is derived. Both ther retention index at an assigned temperature and the temperature dependence of the retention index can be calculated from retention data measured at two temperature-programing rates.
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    Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solid sample material using a desorption device coupled to a GC/MS system (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; GC/MS analysis ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Bituminous coal ; Brown coal ; Plant waxes ; Thermodesorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) today are ubiquitous detectable constituents of recent sediments. The compounds are adsorbed on particulate emissions and are thus transferred to the environment. To date the analysis of PAH in sediments, dust samples and plant material is based mainly on the application of solvent-extraction methods followed by liquid chromatography and/or gas chromatographic separation of the extracts. An alternative approach for the analysis of PAH in solid samples such as coal, sediments, dust samples and plant waxes is shown in this contribution. A commercially available device for the analysis of volatile compounds present in solid matter is connected on-line to a GC/MS system. The device enables the thermal desorption of hydrocarbons at a temperature of 320°C. Subsequently, the hydrocarbons trapped on the initial part of the capillary column are analyzed by GC/MS. The application of mass chromatography provides the possibility of detection and quantitation of PAH in complex mixtures even when they coelute with other compounds. The sample amount required varies between 1 and 10 mg depending on the hydrocarbon content.
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    Immobilisation of Chirasil-Val on glass capillaries (1988)
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    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 229-233 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillaries ; Chirasil-Val ; Immobilisation ; Enantiomeric separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Immobilisation methods of the chiral silicone stationary phase Chirasil-L-Val have been studied. In addition to the standard techniques of radical-induced immobilisation with dicumyl peroxide and azo tert-butane, immobilisation was solely achieved by thermal treatment: conditioning at low flow-rates or under stop-flow conditions led to unexpectedly high immobilisation despite mild temperatures. The presence of water vapor in the carrier gas accelerated the immobilisation process. While up to 75% immobilisation was attainable with both ATB and thermal methods, immobilisation with DCUP did not exceed 50%, despite relatively high DCUP concentrations. Whilst all immobilisation methods were accompanied by varying degrees of racemisation at the chiral centre, it was possible to establish conditions that yielded a high immobilisation (in excess of 70%) with a negligible loss in enantiomeric selctivity. The immobilisation reactions also slightly affected the polarity of the stationary phase, reflected in a shift of the Kovats-Indices of amino acid derivatives and in the accompanying “Squalane-Effect”. With respect to immobilisation, racemisation and polarity shift, thermal immobilisation with water-saturated carrier gas proved to be the optimum method.
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    The use of activated (S)-(+)-naproxen for the gas chromatographic resolution of some amino acid methyl esters (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 925-927 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; (S)-(+)-Naproxen ; Amino acid methyl esters ; Resolution of diasteroisomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A GC method has been elaborated for the separation of enantiomers of some amino acid methyl esters after derivatization with activated (S)-(+)-naproxen. Nine amino acid ester paris were completely resolvede in a single run on a fused silica capillary column.
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    Micropacked column gas chromatography with vapour of organic substance as the mobile phase (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 993-998 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; HPLC system ; Micropacked column ; Organic mobile phase ; UV detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention behaviours of aromatic hydrocarbons were examined by using the vapour of an organic substance as the mobile phase and silica gel as the stationary phase. Gas chromatographic separation of aromatic hydrocarbons was demonstrated by using a system comprising a liquid chromatographic (LC) pump, a micropacked column for LC, a column oven and a UV detector.
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    Comparative evaluation of retention of hydrocarbons present in the C5-petroleum fraction on methylsilicone and squalane phases (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 177-180 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention of hydrocarbons present in the C5 pyrolysis fraction of gasolines on the stationary phases squalane and methylsilicone oil JXR at 30, 40 and 50°C was investigated by capillary gas chromatography. The unified retention indices of the hydrocarbons were also calculated on squalane. The retention indices obtained on these two phases were interrelated and the quantitative relationship with the structure of the solutes was studied. Equations based on the unified retention indices calculated on squalane and some selected structural elements of the solutes permit the calculation of their retention on methylsilicone with sufficient accuracy.
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    Determination of the gas chromatographic gas hold-up time (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 589-592 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Hold-up time determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary New versions are suggested for the gas hold-up time calculation in gas chromatography. The results are compared with those obtained by using other methods. The advantages of the suggested ways of calculation are pointed out.
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    Reaction gas chromatography: Study of the photodecomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 621-626 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pre-column photolysis ; Halogenated hydrocarbons ; Identification of photolysis products ; Reaction mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Photodecomposition of chloro- and bromoderivatives of saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied under flow conditions using reaction gas chromatography. The photodegradation products were separated on a column coated with squalane and identified by comparing the measured retention data with those of standards and published retention indices, The results can be used to clarify the decomposition of such compounds.
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    Empirical correlation equations describing retention data of hydrocarbons on dinonylphatalate and polyethyleneglycol 4000 (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 725-730 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Structure-retention correlation ; Kováts retention index ; Alkylaromatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Relative retention data and Kováts retention indices were measured for several hydrocarbons (mainly for alkylbenzenes) on dinonylphtalate and polyethylenelycol 4000 stationary phase. Correlations were searched between these retention data and the following physical (boiling point, molrefraction, molvolume) and topological (connectiviity index and general index of molecular complexity) properties of solutes. The best fitting equations was choosen among more than 150 equations involving linear, quadratic, exponential, two variables linear and quadratic dependence of retention data and the properties mentioned as well as their inverses.
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    Determination of 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-6-chloropyridazine in groundwater using enrichment on porous organic polymers (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 817-821 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Water analysis ; Macroreticular polymeric adsorbent resins ; Herbicides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-6-chloropyridazine in potable water. The method is based on isolation and enrichment by passing the water sample through a column of macroreticular polymeric adsorbent resin, concentration, derivatisation with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride and GC measurement with a N-specific detector. The individual experiments for establishing the working conditions, especially the adsorption characteristics of different types of resin, are described. The highest enrichment efficiency is obtained with the methacrylate-type resin XAD7. In field-sampling experiments a 10cm column yields 57% recovery at 100mLmin−1 flow rate, 0.3 ppb concentration level and 1 L sample volume. The method is completely documented; performance data are a detection limit of 0.07 μg L−1 and a mean recovery of 75% at the 0.3 ppb level.
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    Thermodynamic properties of solutions by gas chromatography using a liquid crytal compound 4,4-bis(heptyloxy)azoxybenzene as solvent (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 825-830 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid crystals ; Thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Thermodynamic properties of 22 solutes at infinite dilution have been determined in the smectic, nematic and isotropic mesophases of 4,4′-bis(heptyloxy)azoxybenzone. The thermodynamic properties are discussed in relation to the solute-solvent (liquid crystal) interactions as conditioned by the degree of order in the liquid crystal.
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    Interpolation of relative retentions as a tool for identification of perhalogenated compounds (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 168-170 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Perhalogenated compounds ; Relative retentions ; Identification by interpolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Separation of perhalogenated compounds resulting from thermolysis, photolysis or radiolysis of mixtures of halogens in carbon tetrachloride was carried out by programmed temperature gas chromatography. Plots of relative retentions (to CBr4) vs the number of bromine atoms present for known compounds of the general formula CxBryClz (x=1 and 2; y+z=4 or 6) gave three linear correlations (all with r〉0.99). These correlations permitted projections of the identities of reaction products for which no standards were available. These projections were later confirmed by CG-MS. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A0732166 00010
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    Automated on-line gas chromatographic injection of samples completely liquified by pressure (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 383-386 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; On-line process analysis ; Injection of volatile compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A modified on-line liquid injection technique with rotary valves for gas chromatography has been developed. Applications for the on-line analysis of 2-methylpropene, cyclohexene and 1-butene are described. All samples were loaded under pressure. The results obtained show excellent reproducibility with less than 0.1% relative standard deviation (r.s.d.; n=6) for the peak areas measured. The method is particularly advantageous for samples containing both gas and liquid ccomponents at one bar.
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    Gas chromatographic method for determining free fatty acids in cheese (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 87-90 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Free acids in cheese ; Tetramethylammonium hydroxide soaps ; Packed and capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid gas chromatographic method for the analysis of individual free fatty acids (FFA) in cheese has been developed. Lipds were extract from a cheese paste acidified with diethyl ether and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAM) was used for converting the FFA to TMA-soaps, which are transformed to methyl esters in the chromatographic injector. The effect of lactic acid was determined. The reproducibility of the method was studied and the coefficient of variation for the total FFA was found to be 2.2%. Recovery of individual FFA was in the range 87 to 106%.
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    Measurement of activity coefficients in polymer solutions by the reversedflow technique (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 453-454 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Polymer activities ; Polymer interaction parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The reversed-flow, gas-chromatographic method for measuring activities and activity coefficients in binary liquid mixtures is now extended to the determination of activity coefficients of the solvent in polymer-solvent systems over the whole range of polymer concentration, as well as for the calculation of Flory-Huggins interaction parameters. The parameters found by the present method are compared with those determined by other techniques or calculated theoretically.
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    Determination of bile acids in serum and bile by a modified gas chromatographic glass capillary technique (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 447-450 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillary columns ; Bile acids ; Hexafluoroisopropyl esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A modified gas chromatographic glass capillary technique for determination of five major bile acids (Cholic acid: CA, Chenodeoxycholic acid: CDCA, Deoxycholic acid: DCA, Lithocholic acid: LCA and Ursodeoxycholic acid: UDCA) has been developed after preliminary extraction with XAD-2 resin. Enzymatic hydrolysis prevents the formation of interferring degradation products. Ether extraction with centrifugation eliminates water soluble interferring substances. Derivatization to hexafluorpropyl- instead of methyl esters results in better separation, shortens analysis time and prolongs the life span of the column.
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    A review of very large scale chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 547-559 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid column chromatography ; Process scale separations ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The relative merits of large scale gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have not been reviewed for some considerable time. Although methodologies capable of manufacturing high efficiency (and hence cost effective) plant have existed for over a decade, commercial introduction has been remarkably slow. This has primarily been caused by confidentiality restrictions placed on equipment manufacturers, in turn severely limiting wide ranging applications data. These are necessary to raise potential end users confidence that both techniques offer viable large scale routes to separation and purification of mixtures as analysed by laboratory chromatographic methods. Considerable recent progress has been made with large scale HPLC plant, which has led to sufficient published data to make both technical and economic comparisons against GC possible.
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    Determination of toluenesulfonic acid isomers by gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 618-620 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Toluenesulfonic acid isomer distribution ; Ethyl toluenesulfonate isomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method for the determination of isomeric distribution in toluenesulfonic acid samples is described. The acids are transformed into the corresponding ethyl esters by reaction with triethyl orthoformate in toluene. The reaction mixture can be injected, without further purification, into the gas chromatograph. The separation is best performed on columns containing OV-210 or polyphenyl ether (6 rings) as the stationary phase.
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    Capillary gas chromatography of some metal acetylacetonates (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 691-693 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Al, Cr, Co and Fe acetylacetonates ; Capillary column separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention and resolution of simple mixture of Al(III), Cr(III), Co(III), and Fe(III) acetylacetonates were investigated on capillary columns coated with methyl and methyl phenyl silicones (OV-1 or OV-17) used as the stationary phase, at different column temperatures and carrier gas flow rates. Successful elution and good resolution were obtained only for the Al(III) and Cr(III) complexes, both under isothermal and programmed-temperature conditions; better resolution was observed on the column coated with OV 17.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290472
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  • 79
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    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of heavy organic pollutants of confined atmospheres (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Phenolic compounds ; Air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An improved procedure for the determination of the less volatile air pollutants of recycled closed atmospheres by activated carbon-Soxhlet extraction is proposed. After total treatment of desorbate, PAH determination is then accomplished by RP-HPLC using both adsorptiometric and fluorimetric UV detection; phenolic compounds are determined by GC-MS. This technique is suitable for very low levels of PAH and phenolic compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268170
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  • 80
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    Electronic Resource
    GC analysis of gas in halogen lamps using a new sampling device (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 34-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas analysis in halogen lamps ; Sampling device
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new type of gas sampling device was constructed to improve the analysis of the gas in halogen lamps. Low levels of gases such as O2, CH4, C2H4 and CH3Br could be determined by the techniques worked out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268121
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  • 81
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    Electronic Resource
    GC analysis of the gas filling of incandescent lamps: Determination of oxygen impurity in argon (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 413-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas analysis in incandescent lamps ; Gas chromatographic determination of O2 impurity in argon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive GC method was developed to analyse O2 (∼10–400ppm) in argon, by using Ar as carrier gas. A sampling method was developed for lamp analysis, and the O2 impurity content in the gas filling of incandescent lamps was measured. The results of the GC and MS measurements were in good agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268191
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