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  • Articles  (4,545)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (4,545)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (4,545)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (4,545)
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  • Articles  (4,545)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (4,545)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrostatic ion probe for tokamak-plasma-edge diagnostic (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2205-2209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An electrostatic probe for ion temperature and density measurements was built and tested in the scrape-off region of the TBR-1 small tokamak. The main parameters involved in the design and details of the construction of the probe are presented. The electron discrimination and the probe efficiency for ion detection were checked by measuring the probe current as a function of the collector retraction length for a constant voltage. The results for the ion temperature and density obtained from the characteristic curves are discussed and compared with previous measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138683
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulsed NMR preamplifier protection at ultrahigh frequency: An improved scheme (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2280-2282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The preamplifier of a pulsed NMR spectrometer using a single-coil probe is usually protected by a pair of crossed diodes to prevent voltage breakdown of the input transistor during transmitter-on periods and also to reduce recovery time. It has been observed that in uhf operations, the peak voltage across the input terminals of the preamplifier can reach a destructive level for a spin excitation power of the order of 20 W. This is due to the lead inductance of the commerically available glass encapsulated diodes. A scheme is proposed which incorporates a quasi-λ/2 line associated with the conventional λ/4 line to tune out this parasitic inductance, thus reducing the transmitter-on input voltage to that of the intrinsic voltage drop across the p-n junction of the diode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138698
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    dc-ac hot-wire procedure for determining thermophysical properties under pressure (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2303-2309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper describes a new hot-wire method for simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity and heat capacity per unit volume of electrically insulating liquids and solids under pressure. The method uses dc heating of the hot wire, whereas the temperature increase is recorded by an ac bridge circuit. The temperature data obtained are analyzed using the exact solution instead of the commonly used long time approximation. The procedure was tested on a number of alcohols and water and the accuracy was found to be 1.5%. New data on glycerol up to 1.5 GPa are presented. The appearance of an automagnetoresistance effect when Ni is employed as hot-wire probe is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138701
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasonic level sensor for liquids under high pressure (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2318-2320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An ultrasonic level sensor of novel design continuously measures the level of a liquid subjected to a high pressure (up to 6000 psi or ∼4×107 Pa), as is sometimes required for the effective transfer of the liquid. The sensor operates as a composite resonator, fabricated from a standard high-pressure plug. A flat-bottom hole is machined into the plug along its center line. An ultrasonic transducer is bonded rigidly to the interior surface of the bottom wall, while the exterior surface is in contact with the liquid. Although the bottom wall is designed to satisfy the pressure code, it is still sufficiently thin to permit ready excitation of the axisymmetric plate modes of vibration. The liquid level is measured by a conventional pulse-echo technique. A prototype sensor was tested successfully in a 600-gal (∼2300-l) water vessel at pressures up to 5500 psi. A spectral analysis of the transmitted pulse reveals that the flexural, extensional, thickness-shear, and radial plate modes are excited into vibration, but none of these appears to be significantly affected by pressurization of the liquid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138704
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and testing of a space-flight dilatometer/reactor (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2332-2338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A stainless-steel piston cylinder dilatometer (volume ∼100 cm3), designed for use in microgravity, was tested and modified for the purpose of obtaining the polymerization kinetics of monodisperse polystyrene latexes, as well as the latexes themselves. A low-speed, oscillatory agitation (10 rpm, 30° arc per cycle) and redesigned stir paddle were selected for the low shear requirements of the microgravity experiments. Conversion histories accurate to within 2% were obtained after apparatus modification and procedural changes were implemented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139193
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Device for longitudinally compressing single pulp fibers (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2351-2352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Paper and paperboard products are often subjected to edgewise compression loads in use. The basic component of paper and paperboard is the individual pulp fiber. Observance of external changes on the fiber wall should provide information as to how and why pulp fibers fail under compressive load. A fiber compression device was designed for use in the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. This device permits observation of changes in the cell walls of individual pulp fibers while the fiber undergoes longitudinal compressive loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138674
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast-opening magnetic valve for high-pressure gas injection and applications to hydrogen pellet fueling systems (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2356-2358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A fast, magnetically driven gas valve and its application to pneumatic-based solid hydrogen pellet injectors are described. The valve, which is equipped with a polyimide stem tip (hard seal) and a 5-mm-diam orifice, can open against working pressures up to 140 bar (2000 psi). Other unique features of this design include temperature- and radiation-resistant seals, a programmable output pressure pulse, and repetitive operation in excess of 20 Hz. A prototype valve has been used to propel frozen hydrogen isotope pellets to speeds of up to 1900 m/s.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138677
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New high-precision bridge for low-resistance thermometry (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2361-2362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a simple four-terminal ac bridge designed to be used with sensors of low resistance, such as platinum thermometer at low temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138679
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental apparatus for photon/ion coincidence measurements of dielectronic recombination (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2254-2265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An inclined beams apparatus for the measurement of absolute cross sections for dielectronic recombination between free electrons and singly or multiply charged ions is described. The collision products, a photon and a lower-charge-state ion, are detected in delayed coincidence. Measurements of dielectronic recombination in C3+ are described to illustrate the use of the apparatus and techniques. Verification of the calibrations and operation of the apparatus is demonstrated through measurements of charge transfer and electron impact excitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138694
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corona excited supersonic expansion (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2274-2277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Stable operation of a corona excited supersonic expansion for the production of cold radicals or ions requires control of the geometry, chemistry, and electrical parameters. The nozzle must taper rapidly on the high-pressure side to a throat that opens up into a free expansion on the vacuum side. Optimum radical and ion production is obtained with only a few percent of precursor in an inert carrier gas. Capacitive loading must be kept to a minimum to prevent oscillation. It is shown that the finite response time of the plasma synthesizes an inductance that serves to decouple the negative resistance of the plasma from the rest of the circuit. Practically, oscillation is prevented if the circuit RC time constant is shorter than that which the plasma can follow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138696
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comprehensive approach for diagnosing intense single-pulse microwave sources (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2283-2293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive approach to developing intense pulse microwave diagnostics for measuring the performance of a high-power microwave source is presented. Both conventional and new diagnostic techniques were used. Hence all measurements were made in a redundant fashion allowing small error bars in the measured data. The output power was diagnosed using four methods: two transmitting–receiving systems, two circular waveguide directional couplers, calorimetry, and gaseous breakdown. The operating frequency was measured using three methods: bandpass filters, a heterodyne receiver, and a homodyne receiver. The diagnostics were evaluated by using a 12-vane S-band inverted relativistic magnetron operating at 1 MV, 0.31 T, and 5 kA which reliably produced 3.15-GHz microwaves at powers of approximately 100 MW for pulse lengths variable from 5 to 70 ns. The microwave power pulse had a rise time of approximately 2 ns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138699
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary viscometer for evaluating low-viscosity solutions at elevated temperatures (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2310-2314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A capillary viscometer designed for evaluating low-viscosity (0.2–10 cp) solutions at elevated temperatures [20–150 °C (68–302 °F)] has been built and extensively tested. This viscometer is automated, so that minimum operator effort is needed to obtain the viscosity as a function of temperature for a given solution. This viscometer is normally operated at a constant back pressure of 90 psi to avoid bubble formation. While the viscosities are routinely measured at a shear rate of about 38 s−1, viscosity measurement at other shear rates (10–250 s−1) can also be achieved by changing the set point on the flow controller.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138702
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressurized apparatus for measuring the cloud points of polymer solutions (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2315-2317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A cloud point cell designed to operate at pressures up to 200 psig and temperatures up to 400 °F (204 °C), has been used extensively for evaluating aqueous polymer solutions. This cell, coupled with a visible spectrometer equipped with fiber optics connected to its light source and detector, can be used for determining cloud points of solutions. The polymer solution sealed in a glass ampoule and placed under a nitrogen pressure of 120 psig can be heated up to 400 °F (204 °C). The advantage of this setup over the standard turbidometers is extension of temperature to beyond the boiling point of the solvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138703
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-time imaging of analyzed areas in surface analysis (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2326-2331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A system for real-time imaging of the analyzed area of specimens used in surface analysis is described. Images can be displayed on either an inexpensive TV or video monitor. Circuits are provided for the construction of such an imaging system. Its application to correct an improperly calibrated slit arrangement on a hemispherical analyzer used for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138706
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arbitrary waveform generator for turbulence experiments (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2348-2350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have built a computer-controlled high-speed arbitrary waveform generator which has a bandwidth of 50 MHz. High-speed arbitrary waveform generators have a wide variety of possible applications. We built our waveform generator in order to produce repetitive, synthesized "noise'' which can have any kind of statistical properties we desire. We have found this device to be quite useful in studying nonlinear mode coupling effects which occur when a weak warm beam interacts with waves on a slow wave structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138673
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electro-optic voltage measurement in a high-power excimer laser (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2353-2354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel electro-optic technique for measuring the voltage between the discharge electrodes of a high peak power excimer laser is described. The accurate measurement of this rapidly varying (〉100 MHz) high voltage (〉20 kV) in the immediate vicinity of very large rates of change of currents (〉1012 A/s) is of importance in laser research but presents considerable difficulties when using conventional measuring techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138675
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrodynamic thermogravimetric analyzer (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1604-1610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design and operation of a new device for studying single-aerosol-particle kinetics at elevated temperatures, the electrodynamic thermogravimetric analyzer (EDTGA), was examined theoretically and experimentally. The completed device consists of an electrodynamic balance modified to permit particle heating by a CO2 laser, temperature measurement by a three-color infrared-pyrometry system, and continuous weighing by a position-control system. In this paper, the position-control, particle-weight-measurement, heating, and temperature-measurement systems are described and their limitations examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138538
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digital controller for a magnetic suspension system (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1616-1626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An active magnetic suspension system controlled digitally by a microprocessor has been built and operated in our laboratories. The control algorithm has integral, proportional, and derivative feedback loops. The remainder of the system including the sensor, power amplifier, and suspension coils, is of standard design. This developmental system has been used successfully to suspend small steel spheres and small rotors up to 190 g in weight, and shows promise of having wide application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138540
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New technique for measuring the heat of solid deformation (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1640-1646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A calorimetric technique has been developed to simultaneously measure the heat and work of solid deformation. The physical construction of the instrument is similar to previously reported deformation calorimeters which operate as null or compensating devices, utilizing features of differential gas thermometry and hot-wire methods of measuring thermal conductivity. The present method combines the quick response time and high sensitivity of such devices with a direct measurement principle which greatly simplifies data acquisition. Theory and operation of the instrument are discussed and some data on a polyurethane elastomer are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138543
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscometer for low frequency, low shear rate measurements (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1667-1672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a torsion-oscillator viscometer whose low frequency (0.5 Hz) and very low shear rate (0.05 s−1) are required for measurements of shear sensitive fluids such as microemulsions, polymer melts and solutions gels, and liquid mixtures near critical points. The viscometer has a resolution of 0.2% when used with liquid samples and a resolution of 0.4% when used with a dense gaseous sample. The viscometer operates under computer control and is compatible with submillikelvin temperature control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138547
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-temperature acoustic system for inducing nonthermal ultrasonic damage on biological targets (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1681-1683 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel insonification system, intended for the verification of the existence and assessment of single-frequency, nonthermal vibrational effects of ultrasound on biological targets, is described. The induction of vibration-triggered damage was made possible by insonifying suitable targets immersed in liquid nitrogen with continuous-wave ultrasound at approximately 3, 5, and 7 MHz, while monitoring the ultrasonic intensities (2–24 mW/cm2) by acoustic and acousto-optic methods. The extent and nature of vibration-induced damage in recovered samples may then be assessed by a variety of analytical procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138550
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Self-flushing optical window to prevent collection of condensates (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1692-1693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: As an aid to the characterization of nominally condensible and/or high-temperature molecules using optical techniques, a self-flushing optical window operating at room temperature and requiring no external heating has been designed to prevent the collection of these condensates. The optical design allows the unobstructed transmittance of light into and out of several devices to which it is readily adopted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138555
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Laboratory-oriented data-acquisition and distribution system (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1695-1695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A general purpose parallel interface links a large number of composite I/O channels to a small calculator.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138557
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Neutron spectroscopy on Nova (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1729-1730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Some fundamental properties of inertial confinement fusion implosions can be measured using diagnostics based on neutron spectroscopy. An instrument that will measure neutron spectra using time-of-flight techniques with an array of "single-hit'' detectors is being developed for use on Nova. Its initial application will be measurement of ion temperature. Potential other applications, such as measurement of fuel 〈 ρR〉 will also be discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138561
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Characteristics of uranium-oxide cathode for neutron streak camera (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1743-1745 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Detection efficiency and secondary electron yield of the uranium-oxide cathode for a neutron streak camera were measured and found to be 2.3×10−7–1.6×10−6 events/neutron/μm and 60–150/fission, respectively. These measurements were performed for 14-MeV neutrons from a D-T neutron source (OKTAVIAN) by using neutron-imaging techniques. By defocusing an image due to a single fission event, each electron from the cathode was clearly distinguished, and the number of electrons could be counted. From the neutron images in the streak-mode operation, time dispersions due to the electron transit-time spread fell in the range of estimated values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139168
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  • 26
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    Neutron calorimeter as a fusion diagnostic (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1760-1762 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A calorimeter is described which is applicable as a fusion neutron diagnostic. The device has the following distinct advantages: low sensitivity to thermal neutrons, large dynamic range, small mass resulting in fair time resolution, small physical size, independent calibration, little shielding required, no heat loss to surroundings, and low cost. The heat generation is provided by neutron induced fissions in a foil of 235U or 238U. The effects, advantages, and disadvantages of these target materials are discussed. The expected time resolution and dynamic range are estimated for both target materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139173
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Neutron fluctuation measurements on TFTR (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1769-1770 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Measurements of fluctuations in the neutron yield are made on the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) with plastic scintillators. Light from the scintillators is coupled through acrylic rods or fiber-optic cables to photomultipliers operated in current mode. Discrimination against hard x rays is accomplished through comparison with the signal from a ZnS(6Li) scintillator. These measurements are useful in studies of deuterium pellet deposition, of the acceleration of beam ions during major radial compression, and of MHD instabilities. Techniques for measuring the neutral beam density profile and Qequivdt using neutron fluctuation measurements during pellet injection also have been proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139176
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  • 28
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    Time-resolved 14-MeV neutron detector for triton confinement studies (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1780-1782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Previous measurements of triton burnup in deuterium tokamak plasmas show an anomalously small burnup for low-q discharges with significant magnetohydrodynamic activity. This may have important implications for alpha particle burnup in a fusion reactor. By developing a detector capable of time-resolved 14-MeV neutron measurements, it should be possible to separate triton confinement and slowdown anomalies. We are testing lithium-free glass scintillators which would observe 14-MeV neutrons through prompt 28Si(n, p) 28Al reactions. These detectors are not sensitive to the much larger 2.5-MeV neutron background and should also have less sensitivity to the large thermal neutron background when compared to conventional 6Li-depleted glasses. Measurements of detector sensitivity to signal and potential background sources are being performed using a 14-MeV neutron source and radioactive sources. The expected signal behavior under various DIII-D plasma and beam conditions will also be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139180
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    PLT and PDX perpendicular charge exchange analyzers (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1794-1796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The perpendicular charge-exchange systems used on the poloidal divertor experiment and the Princeton large torus are comprised of ten-channel, mass-resolved, charge-exchange analyzers. Results from these systems indicate that instrumental effects can lead to erroneous temperature measurements during deuterium neutral beam injection or at low hydrogen concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139185
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  • 30
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    High time resolution ion temperature profile measurements on PBX (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1800-1802 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Ion temperature profiles with a time resolution of 2–5 ms have been measured on the Princeton Beta Experiment tokamak (PBX) by charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXRS) and a neutral particle charge-exchange analyzer (NPA). The sightlines of both diagnostics crossed the trajectory of a near-perpendicular heating beam, which enhanced the local neutral density (∝ signal strength) and provided spatial resolution. The time resolution of these two independent techniques is sufficient to see sawtooth oscillations and other magneto- hydrodynamic activity. Effects of these phenomena on the toroidal rotation velocity profile, vφ(r), are clearly observed by CXRS. For example, a sharp drop in the central vφ occurs at the sawtooth crash, followed by a linear rise during the quiescent phase. The NPA results are compared with those from CXRS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139187
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  • 31
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    Feasibility study of using the TFTR Thomson scattering system for q profile measurements (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1813-1815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The results of a study made to determine the possibility of using the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) Thomson scattering system to measure the direction of the local magnetic fields in a tokamak plasma are presented. We find that it should be possible to measure the q profile for q〈1.3 and minor radius 〈40 cm, with an accuracy of less than 5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139137
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  • 32
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    Plasma diagnostics using an injected neutral helium beam (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1834-1836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A diagnostic for measurement of the internal magnetic field and the ion temperature is proposed which is applicable to the current generation of magnetic fusion devices. This technique involves the injection of a neutral helium beam into the plasma. The magnetic field can be determined from Zeeman spectroscopy of the neutral beam using laser-induced fluorescence or collisional excitation. Ion temperature measurements can be made from Doppler broadening of the charge exchange recombination radiation or elastic scattering of the beam particles. Details of the beam propagation through the plasma are solved numerically using a system of coupled rate equations. The diagnostic is suitable for a wide range of plasma and machine parameters. Results from computer simulations have been obtained for the S−1 spheromak and the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) which show that ∼50% of a 20-keV beam can penetrate to the center of the plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139144
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  • 33
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    Use of the Kalman filter in signal processing to reduce beam requirements for alpha-particle diagnostics (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1846-1848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In principle, a probing beam of neutral atoms can be used to measure the velocity distribution of fast alpha particles confined in an ignited fusion plasma. In this article we discuss beam modulation techniques and a compatible signal processor based on a Kalman filter that together can provide, in one hypothetical case, a reduction of a factor of 10 in the beam current required, as compared with that required for a straightforward measurement with a dc beam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139148
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  • 34
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    Barium ion beam magnetic field and space potential diagnostic (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1850-1850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Improvements have been made in the TRW barium ion beam magnetic and space potential diagnostic1 to increase the signal-to-noise ratio which have made measurements in the STM hydrogen plasma possible. These improvements include larger solid angle collection optics, higher delivered laser power, and higher ion-beam densities. The improvements have been more than sufficient to allow measurements of plasma parameters under any desired operating conditions of the STM device. Measurements of plasma diamagnetism, space potential, and potential fluctuations have been made under various ECRH plasma conditions. Diamagnetism β of 14% with stored energy of 13.4 J have been observed under "ring'' conditions. Under "disk'' conditions and similar stored energy diamagnetism over 80% of the plasma diameter has been observed peaking at ΔB=150 G out of 2000 G at r=0. This work was supported by U. S. DOE Contracts DE-AC03-79ET1017 and DE-AC03-85ER51089.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139151
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  • 35
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    Data acquisition and display in space-plasma physics (invited) (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1877-1877 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Studies of the behavior of space plasmas and their interactions require the acquisition and display of voluminous amounts of data. The basic data set required consists of ac and dc magnetic and electric fields and the three-dimensional distribution functions for ions and electrons. The frequency, energy, and intensity ranges for these data span many decades and present a challenge to the observer to identify and understand the systematics of the data set as a whole. The data are used to characterize the plasmas encountered and their dependence on both external and internal parameters. This requires data displays which encompass long time intervals and which allow one to distinguish readily between various plasma regimes. The data also are used to study the microphysics of the ambient plasmas and their interactions. Here displays are required to show details of the spatial and temporal evolution of the data set over short time periods. We present and discuss several techniques used in space-plasma physics to display these large amounts of data for effective and efficient analysis and study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139157
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  • 36
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    PLT data acquisition and analysis system (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1886-1888 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The data acquisition and analysis system for PLT (Princeton Large Torus) is being moved from a DEC-10 to a VAX 11/785. Most of the major diagnostics are currently running on the VAX, with approximately 1 Mbyte of data being taken each shot. The system uses the MIT model data system (MDS) for acquisition and archival of data and the PPPL event-controlled scheduler (ECS) for scheduling. The analysis programs use the MDS data retrieval subroutines which deliver correctly calibrated results to the user program.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139161
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    TFTR CAMAC data-acquisition system (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1898-1900 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Diagnostic data acquisition on Princeton's tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) is accomplished via CAMAC (computer automated measurement and control system). This paper describes the capabilities of this instrumentation technique as applied to TFTR diagnostics and presents the family of CAMAC modules and equipment necessary for TFTR data acquisition and process control. These modules provide system configurations that range from meeting the basic requirements of digital and analog input/output to the requirements of transient digitizers, scalars, histogramming memory controller (each with add-on memory storage), timing and sequencing and timed gate units, function generators, and microprocessor interface units. The applications and guidelines that have evolved from our experience with TFTR CAMAC are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138788
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  • 38
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    MDS/MIT high-speed data-acquisition and analysis software system (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1907-1909 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: MDS is a high-speed VAX-based CAMAC-oriented data-acquisition and analysis system. It was developed at MIT for use on the ALCATOR C and TARA experiments. MDS consists of a coherent set of general purpose, flexible tools for experimental data handling. Using MDS a scientist can set up a complete diagnostic including CAMAC data acquisition, display, and analysis without writing any code. MDS has been in use at MIT for over two years and is also installed and operational at numerous other labs including PPPL, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, UCLA, and Sandia National Laboratory. The computer equipment on which MDS is installed ranges from large VAXclusters to small stand-alone MicroVAX II systems. The authors of this paper hope to present an overview for those unfamiliar with the MDS system, to discuss planned improvements in the system, and to discuss ideas for future enhancements that may benefit all the MDS sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138791
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    Parametric study of electron density profile evolution following injection in TFTR (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1999-1999 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Recent results from tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR)1 pellet experiments have extended previous results to a larger volume and longer time scales. In this paper, the detailed study of electron density profile response following pellet injection is discussed. In particular, hollow density profiles with relatively long relaxation times (10–100 ms) from inverted gradients are obtained by injection of 2.67-mm-diam pellets, which penetrate to r(approximately-equal-to)a/2. Strongly peaked profiles [ne(0)/n¯e∼3] and central electron density ∼3.9×1020 m−3 are obtained by injection of three pellets, which penetrate to or beyond the magnetic axis. In both cases, the pellet mass is well accounted for by the measured density perturbation. This work was supported by U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-CHO-3073.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138769
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  • 40
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    Alcator C vertical viewing electron cyclotron emission diagnostic (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1959-1961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Electron cyclotron emission measured vertically through the center of a tokamak plasma yields detailed information about the electron velocity distribution. A diagnostic developed for this purpose on Alcator C tokamak uses specialized focusing optics to obtain a well-collimated viewing chord, a compact viewing dump made of Pyrex or Macor to reduce the effects of wall reflection and depolarization, and a rapid-scan polarizing Michelson interferometer InSb detector system for the spectrum measurement; all constrained by the limited access and the compact size of Alcator C. Results of diffraction analysis are used to evaluate the theoretical performance of the optical system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138806
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  • 41
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    Electron cyclotron measurements with the fast-scanning heterodyne radiometer on the tokamak fusion test reactor (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1974-1976 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Three fast-scanning heterodyne receivers, swept between 75 and 110, 110 and 170, and 170 and 210 GHz have measured electron cyclotron emission on the horizontal midplane of the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) plasma. A second-harmonic microwave mixer in the 170–210-GHz receiver allows the use of a 75–110-GHz backward wave oscillator as a swept local oscillator. Electron temperature profile evolution data with a time resolution of 2 ms and a profile acquisition rate of 250 Hz will be presented for gas-fueled and pellet-fueled ohmic and neutral beam heated plasmas with toroidal fields up to 5.2 T. Recent results from a new swept-mode absolute calibration technique which can improve the accuracy and data collection efficiency during in situ calibration will also be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138810
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  • 42
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    SPRED spectrograph upgrade: High-resolution grating and improved absolute calibrations (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2043-2045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Two improvements to the SPRED multichannel VUV spectrographs used on the TFTR and PBX tokamaks have been made: (1) a new 2100-g/mm grating covering the 100–320-A(ring) region with 0.4-A(ring) resolution (FWHM) has been added to the existing 450-g/mm grating (100–1100 A(ring) with 2-A(ring) resolution), and (2) the TFTR SPRED has been absolutely calibrated using synchrotron radiation from the NBS SURF II facility, while the PBX system has been calibrated using conventional branching ratios along with line ratios from charge-exchange-recombination excited lines. The availability of high-resolution spectra in the 100–320-A(ring) range provides improved measurements of metallic ion emissions and, when the instrument views across a neutral beam as in PBX, allows carbon and oxygen densities to be measured via charge-exchange-recombination spectroscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138784
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    Spectroscopic and interferometric measurements of laser–plasma produced blast waves (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2058-2058 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A laser-produced plasma generates blast waves as it expands supersonically into a stationary photoionized background gas (N2) at a pressure of 1–5 Torr.1 Using a combination of spectroscopic and interferometric measurements, time- and space-resolved values of the temperature and density are obtained. This study was performed on targets in the NRL Pharos III laser facility with laser energies of 20–120 J and pulse durations of ∼5 ns. A 1-m spectrograph equipped with three photomultiplier channels, which are calibrated on an absolute scale, is used for the spectroscopic measurements. The interferometry is done with a folded-wavefront interferometer. It uses an optical probe pulse at 5270 A(ring) that is split off of the main laser pulse, reduced in pulse duration (∼300 ps), and time delayed. Interferometric measurements can be made simultaneously with the spectroscopic measurements. Experimental data and the technique of analysis will be shown. This work was supported by the Defense Nuclear Agency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138735
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    Neutral beam interlock system on TFTR using infrared pyrometry (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2063-2065 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Although the region of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) vacuum vessel wall which is susceptible to damage by neutral beam strike is armored with a mosaic of TiC-clad POCO graphite tiles, at power deposition levels above 2.5 kW/cm2 the armor surface temperature exceeds 1200 °C within 250 ms, and itself becomes susceptible to damage. In order to protect the wall armor, a neutral beam interlock system based on infrared pyrometry measurement of the armor surface temperature was installed on TFTR. For each beamline, a three-fiber-optic telescope views three areas of ∼30 cm diameter centered on the armor hot spots for the three ion sources. Each signal is fiber-optic coupled to a remote 900-nm pyrometer which feeds analog signals to the neutral beam interrupt circuits. The pyrometer interlock system is designed to interrupt each of the 12 ion sources independently within 10 ms of the temperature exceeding a threshold which can be set in the range of 500–2300 °C. A description of the pyrometer interlock system and its performance will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138739
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    Summary of control and data acquisition systems for NOVA experiments (invited) (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1868-1871 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The NOVA laser has completed its first year of operation. During this period, emphasis has been placed on activation of the facility and of the numerous target and beam diagnostics. Two separate target chambers are in use. NOVA operation is separated into two broad functions: laser operations and experiments. The operations group provides the laser system control, operation, and data acquisition and the experiments group provides experiment definition, diagnostic instrumentation, and overall data processing. On the operations side, VAX 11/780 computers are used to set up diagnostic operating parameters and collect data recorded by the CAMAC and CCD modules. These data are delivered in files by electronic link to the Laser Experiments and Analysis Facility (LEAF) VAX 11/785 of the experiments group for processing. Film data are digitized at LEAF and the film data files are also processed on the LEAF VAX. The LEAF provides collection, processing, analysis, and archiving of the experimental data. The many applications software packages written for LEAF provide the experimental physicists and NOVA operations staff with programs and data bases for interpretation of experimental results. This software makes fundamental use of the ORACLE relational data base management system to both access the required data and archive the obtained results. Post-shot data processing produces sets of scalar values, x, y profiles and x, y, z contour data. The scalar data are stored in the ORACLE DB; the more extensive results are stored in binary files on disk. All data forms are accessed by a comprehensive software system, the electronic SHOTBOOK, developed around the ORACLE DBMS. This software also provides the means to archive relevant data about each experimental activity and allows the physicists to annotate displayed experimental results with technical comment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139155
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    Software architecture for the ORNL large-coil test facility data system (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1883-1885 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The VAX-based data-acquisition system for the International Fusion Superconducting Magnet Test Facility (IFSMTF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a second-generation system that evolved from a PDP-11/60-based system used during the initial phase of facility testing. The VAX-based software represents a layered implementation that provides integrated access to all of the data sources within the system, decoupling end-user data retrieval from various front-end data sources through a combination of software architecture and instrumentation data bases. Independent VAX processes manage the various front-end data sources, each being responsible for controlling, monitoring, acquiring, and disposing data and control parameters for access from the data retrieval software. This paper describes the software architecture and the functionality incorporated into the various layers of the data system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139160
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    X-ray spectroscopic diagnostics of a copper plasma produced by a laser line focused onto a thin foil (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2052-2054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A 500-J, 2–6-ns, Nd laser was focused to a 100-μm-wide line on a thin (375–1500 A(ring)) copper film of 4–23 mm length, supported by a 1500-A(ring) thick Formvar substrate. Space-resolved 8–16-A(ring) wavelength x-ray spectroscopy and pinhole photography were utilized. The main spectral features include intense neon-like Cu xx lines, and somewhat less intense Cu xix and xxi lines. Two types of axial structure are observed, one characterized by a finely ((approximately-less-than)100 μm) corrugated structure, and the other by a mm scale irregular nonuniformity. The former could well be due to breakups caused by a filamentation instability. The latter appears to be associated with a mismatch between the laser pulse rise time and a characteristic (thickness-dependent) foil heating time, which makes it very sensitive to both laser-beam and copper-coating nonuniformities. The electron temperature in the Cu xx plasma, as estimated from intensity ratios of the 2p-nd (n≥4) transition lines, increases with copper thickness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138787
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    Optical and UV x-ray imaging diagnostics for imploding plasma experiments (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2059-2059 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Trailmaster/Pioneer 1 series of imploding plasma experiments are aimed at using an inductive storage driver to implode an ultrathin aluminum foil with a multimegampere, submicrosecond electrical pulse. The power pulse is produced by an explosive flux compression generator and a fast plasma compression opening switch. The goal is to obtain an intense source of soft x rays from the thermalization of the plasma kinetic energy when pinch occurs on axis. An important target diagnostic is a fast camera which measures the dynamics of foil run-in and implosion symmetry. These measurements are made in the visible, UV, and x-ray portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. UV/x-ray images are first converted to visible light, then transmitted by visible light optics to a framing camera, which is located at a safe distance. For UV/soft x-ray imaging, we mount a disposable pinhole camera with a p-terphenyl-coated converter screen on the target chamber. For soft/hard x-ray imaging, a microchannel plate is used in front of the p-terphenyl-coated screen to boost quantum detection efficiency and signal gain. For faster temporal response the p-terphenyl can be replaced by NE-111 or other fast fluors. Image transmission is accomplished by means of two large mirrors (150–250 mm diam) and a large catadioptric telescope. The framing camera consists of four gated microchannel plates with adjustable gate and interframe times. The framing camera is a versatile and rugged instrument, it has performed satisfactorily for each and every Pioneer shot. Experimental data indicate that this camera, which uses individual gated microchannel plates, is far superior to commercial streak/framing cameras, because it has a dynamic range which is orders of magnitude larger than commercial cameras, each channel can be attenuated separately, further increasing the dynamic range of the imaging system. This makes our framing camera especially suitable for recording sequences of events where the brightness changes by many orders of magnitude. This work was performed under the auspices of U.S. DOE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138737
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    Use of graphite in Langmuir-calorimeter probe heads (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2075-2077 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Graphite has become an important material in magnetically confined fusion devices, being used for components such as limiter blades, divertor plates, and Faraday shields. Langmuir-calorimeter probes on the tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) and the Princeton large torus (PLT) have utilized graphite in probe heads, active elements, protective shields, and in an epoxy compound for various applications. Most recently, all-graphite edge probes have been used successfully on these machines. The advantages and disadvantages of using this material as a collecting element and a heat resistant support are discussed, with reference to its survivability and usefulness in the TFTR environment. A three-dimensional finite difference thermal analysis of a TFTR graphite calorimeter is presented which calculates its temperature response to selected power inputs. This was used to estimate power densities at the edge of TFTR plasmas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138743
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    Operation of a multichannel tangential bolometer on PBX (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2099-2099 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A compact 15-channel bolometer array that views plasma emission tangentially across the midplane has been installed on the PBX tokamak to supplement a 19-channel radially viewing poloidal array. By comparing these diagnostics, poloidal asymmetries in the emission profile can be determined. The detector array consists of 15 discrete 2-mm-diam thinistors, a mixed semiconductor material, which has a high temperature coefficient of resistance. Each active detector is operated in tandem with an identical blind detector in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. The variation in voltage owing to the change in resistance is amplified and stored on a CAMAC transient recorder. The detectors are sensitive to accumulated heat and software has been written to smooth and differentiate the signals so that instantaneous power can be calculated. In addition, the cooling time constants are determined in vacuo (3.1 s) so that the loss of heat from the detector during the course of a shot can be compensated. The detectors were relatively calibrated with a tungsten–halogen filament lamp and were found to vary by ±7%. The irradiance profiles are inverted and the power density is typically in the 0.1 to 0.5-W/cm3 range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138751
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    Filtered x-ray diodes for imploding plasma experiments (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2174-2176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Vacuum x-ray diodes with μm-thick filters have been developed to measure specific x-ray line emissions from plasmas imploded by megampere driving currents. Detector–filter combinations are presented for argon L-shell radiation (0.25–0.46 keV), for the 0.92-keV neon He-α line, and for the 1.13-keV sodium He-α line. For example, a power of 50 GW is measured in the neon He-α line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138721
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  • 52
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    Measurement of 0.1–3-keV x rays from laser plasmas (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2179-2181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have made absolute measurements of x-ray spectra from 0.1–1.5 keV produced by plasmas from targets irradiated by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Nova laser. These measurements were made using a 15-channel K- and L-edge filtered x-ray diode system. Valid interpretation of the results from this type of diagnostic requires some care in eliminating the effect of channel response at photon energies higher than the absorption edge. Significant errors can occur if this is disregarded. We will discuss the techniques used and the magnitude of the effects observed. Integrated x-ray energy in the 1.5–3-keV region is inferred from the results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138723
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  • 53
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    Simple model of pinhole closure in high-energy-density experiments (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2192-2194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The time-dependent transmission through an aperture of intense signals present in high-energy density experiments is controlled by the opacity of the ablation plasma produced by the signal itself. An analytical model for predicting or correcting for the closure of diagnostic collimators and windows in these experiments is presented. The model provides insight into the physics of the closure process and shows how it scales with properties of the pinhole material and radiation source. Results of the model are shown to be in good agreement with a recent experiment measuring transmissivity of a pinhole in copper subjected to an intense broadband flux of x rays.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138728
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  • 54
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    Green light 2ω as an x-ray streak camera fiducial (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2187-2188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The fiducial system for the multiple optical and x-ray streak cameras on the two Nova target chambers is intended to allow cross comparison of time-resolved data from laser plasmas to an accuracy of ±50 ps. Development of the system has led to the discovery that Al-coated fiber optics incorporated into the x-ray photocathode can be made to produce photoelectrons when irradiated by ∼1 μJ of 2ω light. The low loss and dispersion of 2ω light in fused silica fibers are significant advantages over our original intention of using 3ω light. Results indicating input and output pulse lengths and required energies to produce photoelectrons will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138726
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  • 55
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    Widely tunable, picosecond, distributed feedback dye laser (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1303-1307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel optical and mechanical arrangement for a tunable distributed feedback dye laser is described. The spectral bandwidth and the pulse duration of the laser emission are almost transform limited in a tunable spectral range from the near UV to the near IR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138593
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  • 56
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    Fiducial monitor for an x-ray streak camera (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1049-1051 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A fiducial monitor system that has been adapted and utilized for a commercial x-ray streak camera is described. The fiducial allows an unambiguous temporal synchronization of the incident KrF UV laser pulse with the features of the x-ray emission streak as required in ablation rate studies involving multilayered targets. The linearity of the fiducial record was confirmed by recording the laser pulse simultaneously with an UV streak camera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138657
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  • 57
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    Principles of a new electron spectrometer for angular-resolved photoemission using a magnetic deflector (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1042-1048 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe the principle of a new electron spectrometer combining a magnetic torroidal deflector and a simple electrostatic focuser. The electrons are dispersed according to their energy and polar angle, along two orthogonal axes of a plane detector. This bidimensional (E, θ) display is very convenient for band-structure studies and for rapid acquisition of the data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138656
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  • 58
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    Detector for measuring energy- and angle-resolved neutral-particle (EARN) distributions for material desorbed from bombarded surfaces (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1354-1362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design and application of a detector is described, which is capable of simultaneously measuring energy and angular distributions of neutral particles desorbed from surfaces. Specific applications to ion bombardment studies are presented. The detector utilizes the state selectivity, sensitivity, and pulsed characteristics of multiphoton resonance ionization as a time-of-flight sensitive postionization technique. A microchannel-plate element allows position-sensitive detection of the laser-ionized particles. Sample data are presented for ground-state Rh atoms desorbed from clean, ion-bombarded Rh foil and Rh(111) surfaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138600
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  • 59
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    High-speed electrometer for use in voltage-mode xerographic time-of-flight measurements (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1396-1398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have constructed a compact, inexpensive, high-speed electrometer for use in xerographic voltage measurements. The device consists of a single operational amplifier stage. The type of amplifier is selected to fit the particular experiment. Amplifiers with frequency responses from dc to 100 MHz and input resistances of up to 10+13 Ω are available. Measurements on amorphous selenium have shown this type of electrometer to be more versatile than commercially available units.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138608
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  • 60
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    JET soft x-ray diode array diagnostic (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2142-2144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The arrays of silicon diodes recently installed on the Joint European Torus (JET) measure the plasma soft x-ray emission with high temporal and spatial resolution, allowing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects to be investigated. The diagnostic consists of two "pinhole'' cameras which view the same poloidal cross section in orthogonal directions. A data-acquisition system based upon three cascaded digital filters can convert the 200-kHz detector signal analog-to-digital converter (ADC) output to lower sampling rates of 10, 1, and 0.1 kHz. Initially, studies have concentrated on the sawtooth collapse. By means of a trigger system data on the sawtooth crash have regularly been recorded at a sampling frequency of 200 kHz. Using tomographic reconstruction techniques, the soft x-ray emissivity cross section during the crash has been reconstructed. First results during ion cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF) heating show no precursor activity prior to the sawtooth collapse, while during the crash, the hot central plasma is displaced off axis by about 30 cm on a time scale of 50–200 μs, after which a hollow soft x-ray profile forms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139200
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    Electron temperature measurements from line ratios of He- and H-like argon in the Alcator C tokamak (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2154-2155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Line ratios of certain transitions in H- and He-like Ar are quite sensitive to electron temperature. In particular, the 1s2–1s4p transition in Ar16+ (λ=3.200 A(ring)) lies very close to the 1s–3p transition in Ar17+ (λ=3.151 A(ring)). The intensity ratio of these two lines is a sensitive function of electron temperature, through the changing ionization balance, at least over the range 1200 eV〈Te〈2500 eV. This has been exploited with a compact, high-resolution x-ray spectrometer to obtain time histories of central electron temperature in Alcator C tokamak plasmas. Time resolution of 20 ms has been achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138714
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    Temporal development of hard and soft x-ray emission from a gas-puff Z pinch (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2162-2164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Previous time- and space-resolved x-ray measurements on a small gas-puff Z pinch indicated the presence of bursts of energetic electron beam and related "hot spots''—high-temperature, high-density plasma regions. Spectra taken from these hot spots are consistent with a plasma of electron density about 1022–1023 cm−3 and electron temperature of 500 eV. Here we present time correlation of the hard x-ray emission from the anode with large fluctuations in I(overdot) and with short bursts of intense soft x rays. These soft x-ray bursts originating from the hot spots are shown always to be preceded by hard x-ray emissions. Using suitable apertures, the plasma is shown to be a source of hard x rays, 〈2.5 A(ring). This is confirmed by x-ray pinhole photographs. By varying the Z of the anode the electron beam associated with hard x-ray emission is found to be of low energy (10 keV) agreeing with previous measurements. In particular a plastic, PTFE (Teflon), is shown to be a suitable material for the anode, with superior lifetime performance compared with conventional metallic substances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138717
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    Resolution characteristics of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory soft x-ray streak cameras (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2184-2186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Eight Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) x-ray streak cameras have been characterized for spatial resolution and for the line spread function contribution to the temporal resolution. The contrast transfer function of a gold resolution grid of varying spatial frequency was measured for each camera. In addition, the image intensifier tube normally used for LLNL streak cameras (ITT 4113) was characterized separately. Limiting visual resolution for the system was found at 10 line pairs/mm (lp/mm) at camera photocathode with a corresponding temporal line spread function of 440 μm FWHM. Limiting visual resolution for the intensifier was found at 14 lp/mm at intensifier photocathode. Comparisons to commerical streak camera models are underway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138725
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    Escape factors for Stark-broadened line profiles (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2196-2196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Escape factors for upper and lower limits to the source function appropriate for spherical geometry have been evaluated using a set of Stark-broadened line profiles, computed with different approximations, for the Ly-∝ line of Ar xviii. The method used to compute the escape factors, which is based on a general formalism, can be applied to any kind of line profile and is suitable for any geometry. The escape factor is expressed as an integral over the frequency of a functional of the line profile; hence our treatment highlights its dependence on the line profile. Comparisons are made with previous calculations that used Holtsmarkian line profiles and significant differences are noted. This work has been submitted for publication to J. Phys. B (London). This work was supported by the U.S. DOE Grant No. DEA508-833PP-40177.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139201
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    Absorption spectroscopy of a laser-produced plasma (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2197-2197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Pin plasma sources are used as x-ray backlights for an Al plasma produced by focusing 1.06-μm laser light to irradiances of 1012 W/cm−2. Spatially resolved absorption features of the helium- like states of ionization of the plasma allow ground-state densities of the helium and hydrogenlike stages to be measured. Comparison with simulations indicates the need for realistic opacity effects to produce a high enough state of ionization for the plasma temperature. Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. DOE by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138732
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    Design and performance of compact vacuum-compatible submillimeter viewing dumps (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1242-1247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Compact, vacuum-compatible submillimeter viewing dumps, whose design parameters were based on the results of simple ray calculations, have been fabricated from Pyrex, Macor, and alumina. The measured performance of the dumps agrees qualitatively with calculated results. The absorption is somewhat lower than expected, but still acceptable (≥99% absorption for Pyrex and Macor). In an electron cyclotron plasma emission experiment on Alcator C tokamak, comparison of the emission spectra with and without the dump shows that the dump in this configuration is effective in suppressing the unwanted radiation by approximately 90%. The additional reflection is believed to be due to a portion of the antenna pattern missing the dump.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138635
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    Development of radio frequency induction plasma generators for neutral beams (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1254-1260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The techniques, operational aspects, and experimental results of a radio frequency induction plasma generator, with an internal rf power coupler, intended for intense neutral beam applications are described. One of the development sources suitable for 10×10-cm2 extraction optics was operated to a deuterium ion current density of 250 mA/cm2, uniform to 5%, over a circular extraction area 15 cm in diameter with a coupled rf power of 20 kW. Temporal fluctuation levels in the extracted ion current were measured to be typically 1% of the dc level. A second developmental source suitable for 10×40-cm2 grid sets was operated to 200 mA/cm2, uniform to ±8% over a 10×40 cm2 area, with 40-kW coupled rf power.
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    Measurements on a dc volume H− multicusp ion source for TRIUMF (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1277-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a dc volume H− source, employing multicusp plasma confinement, which has been constructed for use with the TRIUMF cyclotron. An extracted H− current density of 12 mA/cm2 has been obtained. Beam emittance and brightness have been measured as a function of current density and beam fraction. Beam brightness values for normalized beam emittances of the order of 0.2 πmm mrad at 81% beam fraction are typically 10 mA/(mm mrad)2 [equivalent rms B=223 mA/(mm mrad)2].
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138642
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    Measurement of multilayer mirror reflectivity and stimulated emission in the XUV spectral region (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1296-1298 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present measurements of multilayer mirror reflectivity and stimulated emission in the XUV spectral region. A molybdenum–silicon multilayer mirror with 12% measured reflectivity at 182 A(ring) was found to produce a 120% enhancement of the C vi 182-A(ring) line (3→2 transition) in a strongly recombining plasma. No such enhancement of the C v 186.7-A(ring) line was seen, demonstrating amplification of stimulated emission at 182 A(ring).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138591
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    Normal incidence grating spectrometer designed for inverse photoemission studies in the range 10–30 eV (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1324-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a normal incidence grating spectrometer for use in inverse photoemission studies of surfaces. We show that by operating in a configuration where the source and image are displaced from the Rowland Circle it is possible to construct a useful spectrometer that can be attached to any existing surface science chamber. The device covers the range 10–30 eV in photon energy with a typical energy resolution of 150 meV. Capable of operating with relatively low incident currents, this instrument will be an excellent choice for spin-polarized inverse photoemission experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138596
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    Apparatus for measuring the stopping power of active materials evaporated in situ and characterized by Auger electron spectrometry and Rutherford backscattering (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1368-1372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An ultrahigh-vacuum scattering chamber working in the low 10−9-mbar range is described. It is attached to a standard O-ring sealed beam transport system of an electrostatic accelerator. Twelve targets can be prepared in situ, one by one, by evaporating the material onto backings, which are mounted on tiltable target holders on a wheel. Backscattering spectra are obtained from these targets and the stopping cross section is deduced from their widths. A cooled high-resolution surface barrier detector is used for this purpose. The integral concentrations of light impurities in the target are obtained using Rutherford backscattering (RBS), whereas Auger electron spectrometry (AES) together with a sputtering device is used to determine the depth composition. As a test of the assembly we determined the stopping power of aluminum for protons and deuterons, respectively. The results are compared to published tables based upon fits to experiments. The influence of impurities on the result is discussed for an aluminum target prepared under standard evaporation conditions.
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    Glove-box-based fabrication system for inelastic electron tunneling junctions (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1388-1395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design and the utility of a glove-box-based fabrication system for inelastic electron tunneling junctions are described. The system consists of a stainless-steel, turbomolecularly pumped ultrahigh-vacuum fabrication system, mounted to the evacuable entrance chamber (vacuum box) of the glove box. The glove box is a recirculating, catalytically purified, argon-based system, with a reactive impurity concentration below 2 ppm. In particular, there is (approximately-less-than)1-ppm water vapor. To demonstrate the advantages of the system, junctions prepared with m-cresol (3-methylphenol) chemisorbed from both the vapor and the liquid phases are compared, as well as junctions prepared with ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) chemisorbed from the liquid phase both inside the glove box and externally in the laboratory atmosphere. Junctions prepared from the liquid phase with m-cresol exhibit significantly greater intensities (higher surface concentration) compared to the vapor-phase adsorption. The junctions prepared with ethanolamine exhibit spectral changes characteristic of different surface structures depending upon whether the adsorption is done in an inert atmosphere or in the laboratory atmosphere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138607
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    Implications of the Tevatron operating experience for 1000-W refrigerator systems (invited) (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 798-803 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design principles and concepts for the Tevatron cryogenic system have been proven to be a viable way to deal with refrigeration maintenance and repair as well as magnet replacement. The operating experience and techniques are directly applicable for smaller systems (and also for larger ones like the proposed superconducting super collider).
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    First tests of the liquid-helium distribution line for the FSU linac (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 807-808 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The liquid-helium distribution system for the FSU superconducting linear accelerator has been installed and a preliminary evaluation of the system performance has been made. A heat leak of about 30 W was anticipated for the entire system. With two of the five cryostats in place, we estimate an overhead heat leak for the piping system of about 37 W.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138816
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    NPL superconducting linac control system (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 784-786 
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    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The control system for the Nuclear Physics Lab (NPL) linac is based on a Microvax II host computer connected in a star network with nine satellite computers. These satellites use single-board versions of DEC's PDP 11 processor. The operator's console uses high-performance graphics and touch-screen technology to display the current linac status and as the means for interactively controlling the operation of the accelerator.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138865
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  • 76
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    Optical characteristics of the KSU superconducting linac (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 789-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The J. R. Macdonald Laboratory at Kansas State University is now constructing a superconducting linac to be used for investigating ion collision physics. These atomic physics experiments call for ion beams with high charge states and a wide range of projectile velocities. To provide such beams, the linac will act as both an accelerator and as a decelerator of beams injected from an EN tandem. Preliminary studies of the longitudinal and transverse phase spaces of these beams are discussed, and projected beam characteristics are reported for several ions. Special attention is given to the characteristics and problems of deceleration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138867
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    High-efficiency two-harmonics beam chopper (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 795-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel beam chopper with two-harmonics ( f and kf ) sweeping voltages is described. It is shown that beam utilization efficiency and the beam quality of the harmonic chopper are much better than that of the conventional sine-wave chopper. The beam utilization efficiency might be even higher than the square-wave chopper for low-velocity ions. In practice, a chopper with 1.5 and 13.5 MHz (k=9) was constructed with great convenience for the beam-pulsing system of a 4.5-MV Van de Graaff in Peking University. The bench tests indicated that the beam efficiency of the harmonic chopper was higher than a single-frequency chopper by about 47%, which agrees with the theory and the design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138869
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    Holographic relaxation spectrometer based on pattern imaging (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 904-909 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A holographic relaxation spectrometer is described which produces laser-induced gratings by projecting images of Ronchi rulings onto samples. Major advantages of this design over the conventional cross-beam arrangement are (1) precise control of the phase of the grating and (2) ease of alignment. Spatial filtering prior to reconstruction of the image of the ruling is discussed and illustrated. Also, test results are presented for the photochromic dye methyl red.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138832
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  • 79
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    Ruby thermometer for cryobaric diamond-anvil cell (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 910-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The ruby R-line luminescence, commonly used as a manometer in diamond-anvil cell experiments, is shown also to be a useful thermometer over the range 10–100 K. Measurements up to 120 kbar in a solid Ar pressure medium demonstrate that the intensity ratio of the two R lines is thermally activated; in agreement with elementary theory the activation energy is given by the R1–R2 splitting. Based on this dependence, the in-situ temperature of the diamond-anvil cell sample chamber can be determined with ∼10% accuracy over 10–100 K. To apply the ruby thermometer method, no additional effort is needed beyond that already incurred in the standard ruby pressure measurement. The method remains applicable under conditions of moderately nonhydrostatic pressure. The problem of laser heating is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138833
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  • 80
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    Time response of various types of photomultipliers and its wavelength dependence in time-correlated single-photon counting with an ultimate resolution of 47 ps FWHM (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1116-1125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The time response of the classical photomultipliers 56DUVP and XP2020 in time-correlated single-photon counting has been measured at several wavelengths between 257 and 630 nm with a best result of 235 ps FWHM. Also, the time response has been measured of the microchannel-plate photomultiplier R1564U-01 and the crossed-field photomultiplier VPM-154M at the two wavelengths 273 and 546 nm. The best result was 47 ps at λ=273 nm. The use of a fast constant-fraction discriminator was crucial. The origin of after pulses in the time response curve of photomultipliers is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138666
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  • 81
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    Plane multiwire-electrode ionization chamber for measurements of radon concentration in air (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 945-951 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A continuous measuring system has been developed, which uses a plane multiwire-electrode ionization chamber and obtains radon concentrations by measuring in situ alpha energy spectra due to alpha-active nuclei in the air. The chamber has three rigid plane multiwire electrodes in a box of aluminum plates which have holes for the air to flow freely through them. The concentration measurements do not disturb the distribution of radon in the air. Values of concentration are obtained with good statistical errors because of the use of a large volume for the ionization chamber. The slow rise-time pulses of alpha particles from the chamber are analyzed with a specially designed analog-to-digital converter which is controlled with a microcomputer. The energy spectra have been obtained with a FWHM of about 600 keV. Time variations of radon concentrations have been measured in a room in a ferroconcrete building.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138840
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    Motor control and data-acquisition system: Automatic control of x-ray cameras (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 973-977 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A unique motor control and data-acquisition system has been developed to automate experiments. The system is capable of controlling 16 stepping motors while collecting, analyzing, and graphically displaying data. The system has been applied to automatically finding x-ray rocking curves and Bragg angles in x-ray topography. The Stony Brook motor control system has been successfully applied to the automated control of double crystal and Berg–Barrett cameras.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138647
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  • 83
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    Plasma implantation technique for incorporation of foreign elements into polymer films (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 986-988 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A plasma formed in a gas containing desired foreign elements dissociates molecules, and activates and ionizes foreign elements. These reactive foreign elements are then implanted into a polymer film under an appropriate bias field and substrate temperature. We report that nitrogen and silicon are well incorporated into polyethylene films using this technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138650
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  • 84
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    Problems with cryogenic operation of piezoelectric bending elements (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 990-992 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Piezoelectric bimorphs constructed from lead titanate-zirconate (PZT) ceramic bonded to a brass sheet have been tested at cryogenic temperatures to determine their suitability for use in a low-temperature micropositioner. Experimental data are presented on bimorph sensitivity (displacement per volt) as a function of the number of temperature cycles. Results indicate that bimorphs of this type cannot be calibrated because of irreversible changes in the bending characteristics that occur while cycling from room temperature to 4 K.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138652
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  • 85
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    Compact and reliable discharge-pumped XeCl laser with automatic preionization (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 534-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A compact discharge-pumped XeCl laser is described with high efficiency and reliability at low operating pressures below 2 atm. Using 65.8% Ne, 30.0% Ar, 4.0% Xe, and 0.2% HCl mixture, the maximum total efficiency of 0.9% was obtained at the total gas pressure of 1.8 atm and the charging voltage of 18 kV. That efficiency was fairly high for the low operating pressure and the compact size of the laser chamber. The shot-to-shot reproducibility of the laser pulse was excellent, and the laser energy stability was within ±4%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138923
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  • 86
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    Design of a rocket-borne radiometer for stratospheric ozone measurements (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 544-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A four-filter ultraviolet radiometer for measuring stratospheric ozone is described. The payload is launched aboard a Super-Loki rocket to an apogee of 70 km. The instrument measures the solar ultraviolet irradiance over its filter wavelengths as it descends on a parachute. The amount of ozone in the path between the radiometer and the sun is calculated from the attenuation of solar flux using the Beer–Lambert law. Radar at the launch site measures the height of the instrument throughout its flight. The fundamental ozone value measured by the ROCOZ-A radiometer is the vertical ozone overburden as a function of geometric altitude. Ozone measurements are obtained for altitudes from 55 to 20 km, extending well above the altitude range of balloon-borne ozone-measuring instruments. The optics and electronics in the radiometer have been designed within relatively severe size and weight limitations imposed by the launch vehicle. The electronics in the improved rocket ozonesonde (ROCOZ-A) provide essentially drift-free outputs throughout 40-min ozone soundings at stratospheric temperatures. The modest cost of the payload precludes recovery and makes the instrument a versatile tool compared to larger ozonesondes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139209
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  • 87
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    Variable magnetic bottle for precision geonium experiments (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 593-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel technique has been developed which allows a quadratic magnetic field to be continuously varied (via a superconducting flux transformer) from the outside of an ultrahigh-vacuum container placed within a superconducting solenoid. Enclosed within each of these vacuum vessels is a high-precision (compensated) Penning trap which is used in a variety of geonium experiments at the University of Washington. By varying the dc current in an outer (normal) primary solenoid, the secondary current flowing within a shorted superconducting loop is varied accordingly. The superconducting loop need only be placed in a cylindrically symmetric position within the Penning trap in order to generate the B2 term, and with a clever choice of geometry, the zeroth-order term can be totally eliminated. As an additional highlight, the uniform field from the main solenoid is drift stabilized to the same degree as the basic cancellation and further, an auxiliary trim coil can be used to fine trim the zeroth-order null.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138875
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    Integrated development facility for the calibration of low-energy charged particle flight instrumentation (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 572-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A system has been developed specifically for the calibration and development of thermal ion instrumentation. The system is optimized to provide an extended, approximately 80-cm2 beam, with usable current rates ∼1 pA/cm2 at beam energies as low as 1 eV, with much higher values available with increasing energy. The beam energy spread is typically less than 2 eV/charge and the average angular divergence is approximately 2.5°. A tandem electrostatic and variable geometry magnetic mirror configuration within the ion source optimizes the use of the ionizing electrons, thus decreasing the gas and nonthermal electron throughput to the instrument chamber while improving the current density uniformity. The system is integrated under microcomputer control to allow automatic control and monitoring of the beam energy and composition and the mass- and angle-dependent response of the instrument under test. The data can be transmitted in nearly real time to the interested investigators for comparison with expected results over existing computer networks. The system is pumped by a combination of carbon vane and cryogenic sorption roughing pumps and ion and liquid-helium operating pumps. This allows testing and final calibration of flight instrumentation in an ultraclean environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138873
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    Post-mortem—An autopsy of an NEC column post (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 723-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Cracks in ceramic components of NEC column posts pose a serious threat to the 14UD in Canberra. The failed posts have been examined with a view toward identifying the probable cause of puncture and deciding a strategy to contain the problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138897
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    Safety and efficiency ideas for electrostatic accelerators (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 731-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with rather simple devices and procedures for improving the safety and efficiency of accelerator facilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138844
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    Rebuilding ion pump elements for longer life (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 740-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Used ion pump elements can be rebuilt to give approximately twice the normal life, with a small decrease in pumping speed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138848
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    Fast λ/4 and λ/2 voltage Pockels cell driver for an internally seeded and cavity dumped regenerative laser amplifier (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 539-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A krytron-based electrical circuit of a λ/4 and λ/2 voltage pulse generator for a Pockels cell incorporated in a self-injected and cavity dumped short-pulse laser source is described. The circuit supplies three independent high-tension pulses having amplitudes between 1 and 2.5 kV, fall and rise times 〈2 ns, and jitter 〈2 ns. Pulse durations and interpulse distances are adjustable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138924
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    Dual homodyne detection system for measuring asymmetric spectra in the far-infrared regime (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 560-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A dual homodyne detection system for measuring scattered radiation from plasmas has been fabricated. The system is operative in the far-infrared regime, and with it the power spectral distribution of the scattered radiation in the upper and lower sidebands with respect to the frequency of the incident wave can be obtained. Theory of operation and experimental results for simulated radiation fields are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138871
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    New time-of-flight mass spectrometer for improved mass resolution, versatility, and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry studies (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 583-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Reported here is the design and experimental investigation of the performance characteristics of a new time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The instrument combines the advantages of beam deflection for ion pulse formation with an electrostatic analyzer which reduces the energy spread of the ions admitted to the TOF region. The instrument is able to use ion sources which cannot be pulsed on a time scale suitable for conventional TOF analysis (e. g., chemical ionization sources). Improved mass resolution is demonstrated over a wide mass range such that all of the ions are in focus simultaneously. A resolution of 982 (full width at half-maximum) is achieved for the molecular ion peak of perfluorotributylamine at m/z 614. A preliminary investigation of a proposed technique for collecting information typically obtained by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has also been conducted using this instrument. This new method, named time-resolved ion kinetic energy spectrometry (TRIKES), combines time-of-flight (velocity) and kinetic energy analysis of undissociated parent ions and daughter ions which are products of decompositions occurring between the ion source and electrostatic analyzer. Unit resolution of the daughter ions produced upon metastable decomposition of the molecular ion of n-decane has been achieved in constant parent scans. The realization of rapid time-of-flight data collection rates in TRIKES may yield improved data collection rates in MS/MS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138874
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    Compact time-of-flight mass spectrometer using particle-induced desorption (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 692-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the design and operation of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer that uses fast, heavy ions from the spontaneous fission of Cf-252 to desorb species from the surfaces of solids. The technique provides for a simultaneous, multimass, isotope specific, elemental, and molecular surface characterization without complications due to surface charging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138892
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    Scaling of the optical parameters for the JAERI tandem accelerator (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 787-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A scaling rule of the beam optical parameters was adopted for computer-aided beam transport in the JAERI tandem accelerator. Tests have shown that the computer program can transport a specified beam in a short time using a reference parameter set. Problems of ion source control and accuracy of the optical devices are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138866
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    Improved rf modulation technique for bunched beam detection (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 792-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The system used for sensing and controlling the timing of the bunched ion beam in the ATLAS accelerator has been modified to improve its beam detection capability through the addition of a secondary phase modulation to the reference signal. Exciting a resonant structure with this reference and the bunched ion beam generates a vector sum of the two signals containing phase and beam signal strength information as amplitude modulation components. A linear relationship between one of the modulation components and the average beam current is used in generating a beam monitor signal. The resulting system exhibits sensitivity to beams of 0.3 nA (electrical), dynamic range of 104, beam phase jitter of less than 20 ps at the subharmonic buncher, and is insensitive to environmental changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138868
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    Emittance measurements of space-charge-dominated electron beams (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A diagnostic technique for measuring beam emittance is developed for electron beams with diverging envelopes under strong space-charge forces. Radial profiles of current density, local temperature, and divergence angle are measured by the slit–pinhole method for axisymmetric beams. The particle distribution function in transverse phase space is then constructed and the rms emittance is obtained by numerical integrations. A 5-kV, 200-mA, 3-μs, and 60-pps electron beam is used in the comparison between theory and this experimental diagnostic method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138942
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  • 99
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    Absolute detection efficiencies of microchannel plates for 0.1–2.3 keV electrons and 2.1–4.4 keV Mg+ ions (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The absolute detection efficiencies of detectors consisting of two microchannel plates (MCP) in a chevron arrangement, were experimentally determined for 0.1–2.3-keV electrons and 2.1–4.4-keV Mg+ ions. Both detectors tested included a grid with 92.5% transmission in front of the first MCP. For the measurements, the observed detector count rates were compared to the corresponding particle currents collected in a Faraday cup and measured with a vibrating reed electrometer. The electron detection efficiency of the MCP detector, including the grid, decreases from 0.82 at 0.1 keV to 0.65 at 2.3 keV for electrons incident normal to the surface. The Mg+ ion detection efficiency for the same arrangement, but with 43° incidence angle, increases from 0.49 at 2.1 keV to 0.81 at 4.4 keV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138944
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  • 100
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    Laser speckle measurements of flow velocity in a simplified gas jet (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 374-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The double exposure laser speckle photography technique has been used to measure the radial velocity profile in a simple gas jet. In order to achieve operation in the speckle regime, the flow was seeded with a high density (1.35×107 cm−3) of 0.6-μm-diam aerosol droplets. At low Reynolds number, the measurements yield a velocity profile which agrees well with theory. At high Reynolds number, where the flow is turbulent, the small-scale turbulence destroys the correlation between the two exposures. While this precludes the measurement of the mean velocity, it suggests that this technique may be a sensitive means of detecting the onset of turbulence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138948
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