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  • Articles  (30)
  • Transcription, Genetic  (30)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (30)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1985-1989  (30)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969
  • 1985  (30)
Collection
  • Articles  (30)
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (30)
  • American Chemical Society
Years
  • 1985-1989  (30)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1985-11-29
    Description: A hybrid gene containing the 5' sequence of a hamster histone H3 gene and the coding sequence of the bacterial neomycin-resistance gene (neo) was constructed. Upon transfection into the hamster fibroblast cell line K12, the hybrid gene exhibited cell cycle-dependent regulation, as evidenced by the maximal accumulation of the neo transcripts during synthesis of DNA in the cell cycle. In addition, cells arrested in the prereplicative phase, as a consequence of the K12 temperature-sensitive mutation, produced significantly less neo messenger RNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Artishevsky, A -- Grafsky, A -- Lee, A S -- GM 31138/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Nov 29;230(4729):1061-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4059922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Cycle ; Cricetinae ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Recombinant ; Drug Resistance ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Histones/*genetics ; Neomycin/pharmacology ; Poly A/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-05-24
    Description: The gene for the RNA subunit (M1 RNA) of ribonuclease P from Salmonella typhimurium directs the synthesis of an RNA that can cleave transfer RNA precursor molecules. The mature M1 RNA coded for by Salmonella typhimurium is 375 nucleotides long and has six nucleotide changes in comparison to M1 RNA from Escherichia coli. The regions for promotion and termination of transcription are closely conserved, but adjacent regions of nucleotide sequences show considerable drift.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baer, M -- Altman, S -- GM19422/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 24;228(4702):999-1002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2408335" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Endoribonucleases/*analysis ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Genes, Bacterial ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Precursors/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA/genetics ; RNA Precursors ; RNA, Bacterial/*genetics/metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Ribonuclease P ; Salmonella typhimurium/enzymology/*genetics ; Terminator Regions, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1985-05-31
    Description: The carcinogenic process is extremely complex and is affected by diverse environmental and host factors. The mechanism for the gradual development of the transformed phenotype (a process termed "progression") was studied in type 5 adenovirus (Ad5)-transformed rat embryo cells. Progression was not correlated with major changes in the pattern of integration of viral DNA sequences. Instead, it was associated with an increased methylation of integrated viral sequences other than those corresponding to the E1 transforming genes of Ad5. A single exposure of progressed cells to the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (Aza) resulted in a stable reversion to the unprogressed state of the original parental clone. A further selection of cells after growth in agar allowed the isolation of Aza-treated clones that had regained the progressed phenotype. These observations indicate that progression is a reversible process and suggest that progression may be associated with changes in the state of methylation of one or more specific genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Babiss, L E -- Zimmer, S G -- Fisher, P B -- CA-33434/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-35675/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 31;228(4703):1099-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2581317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviruses, Human/*genetics ; Animals ; Azacitidine/*pharmacology ; Cell Division ; Cell Transformation, Viral/*drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Viral ; *Methylation ; Mice ; Neoplasms, Experimental/*pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains/embryology ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1985-08-09
    Description: The T-cell receptor beta-chain gene has a nuclease hypersensitive site in several kinds of T cells, which does not appear in B cells expressing immunoglobulins. Conversely, the kappa immunoglobulin gene shows a known hypersensitive site at its enhancer element in B cells, as expected, but this site is absent in T cells. As is the case with immunoglobulin genes, the T-cell receptor site lies within the gene, in the intron separating joining and constant region segments. These nuclease hypersensitive DNA configurations in the introns of active T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes may arise from control elements that share ancestry but have diverged to the extent that each normally acts only in lymphoid cells which use the proximal gene product.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bier, E -- Hashimoto, Y -- Greene, M I -- Maxam, A M -- AI 19901/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA 22427/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Aug 9;229(4713):528-34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3927483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Collodion ; Deoxyribonuclease I/*metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; Immunochemistry ; Immunoglobulin Fragments/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics ; Mice ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*genetics ; T-Lymphocytes/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1985-11-15
    Description: Heterokaryons provide a model system in which to examine how tissue-specific phenotypes arise and are maintained. When muscle cells are fused with nonmuscle cells, muscle gene expression is activated in the nonmuscle cell type. Gene expression was studied either at a single cell level with monoclonal antibodies or in mass cultures at a biochemical and molecular level. In all of the nonmuscle cell types tested, including representatives of different embryonic lineages, phenotypes, and developmental stages, muscle gene expression was induced. Differences among cell types in the kinetics, frequency, and gene dosage requirements for gene expression provide clues to the underlying regulatory mechanisms. These results show that the expression of genes in the nuclei of differentiated cells is remarkably plastic and susceptible to modulation by the cytoplasm. The isolation of the genes encoding the tissue-specific trans-acting regulators responsible for muscle gene activation should now be possible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blau, H M -- Pavlath, G K -- Hardeman, E C -- Chiu, C P -- Silberstein, L -- Webster, S G -- Miller, S C -- Webster, C -- GM07149/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM26717/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD18179/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Nov 15;230(4727):758-66.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2414846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Epidermis/cytology ; Fetus/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; HeLa Cells/metabolism ; Humans ; Hybrid Cells/metabolism ; Keratins/physiology ; Kinetics ; Liver/cytology ; Mice ; Muscle Development ; Muscles/cytology ; Myosins/genetics ; Phenotype ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1985-11-22
    Description: The 5' flanking DNA of the rat insulin I gene contains sequences controlling cell-specific expression. Analysis of this region by replacement of specific portions with nondiscriminatory control elements from viral systems shows that a transcriptional enhancer is located in the distal portion of the 5' flanking DNA; its position has been mapped by deletion analysis. Additional experiments suggest that another distinct regulatory element is located more proximal to the transcription start site. The activity of both elements is restricted to pancreatic B cells. The combinatorial effect of multiple control elements could explain the cell-specific expression of insulin genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edlund, T -- Walker, M D -- Barr, P J -- Rutter, W J -- AM 21344/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- GM 28520/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Nov 22;230(4728):912-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3904002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyltransferases/genetics ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase ; Chromosome Mapping ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genetic Vectors ; Insulin/*genetics ; Islets of Langerhans/*physiology ; Plasmids ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1985-03-08
    Description: Mechanisms that affect the transcription of the c-myc oncogene take part in the development of B-cell neoplasias such as Burkitt's lymphoma. Daudi Burkitt lymphoma cells, which express only the translocated c-myc oncogene, were hybridized with human lymphoblastoid cells, which express the normal c-myc gene; the hybrids were phenotypically lymphoblastoid and expressed both the translocated and the normal c-myc gene. This result contrasts with the findings that the decapitated c-myc gene, translocated to an immunoglobulin switch mu or alpha region, is transcriptionally silent in lymphoblastoid hybrids. Thus, there may be at least two distinct enhancer-like elements capable of deregulating c-myc transcription in lymphomas and leukemias with t(8;14) chromosome translocations. In addition, since the Daudi X lymphoblastoid hybrids express both the translocated and the normal c-myc gene, the c-myc gene product does not autoregulate c-myc transcription.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Croce, C M -- Erikson, J -- Huebner, K -- Nishikura, K -- CA 16685/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 36521/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Mar 8;227(4691):1235-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3856319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Burkitt Lymphoma/*genetics ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Human ; Humans ; Hybrid Cells/metabolism ; Leukemia, Lymphoid/*genetics ; *Oncogenes ; Phenotype ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Translocation, Genetic
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1985-01-18
    Description: Enhancer sequences are regulatory regions that greatly increase transcription of certain eukaryotic genes. An immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene segment is moved from a region lacking enhancer activity to a position adjacent to the known heavy-chain enhancer early in B-cell maturation. In lymphoid cells, the heavy-chain and SV40 enhancers bind a common factor essential for enhancer function. In contrast, fibroblast cells contain a functionally distinct factor that is used by the SV40 but not by the heavy-chain enhancer. The existence of different factors in these cells may explain the previously described lymphoid cell specificity of the heavy-chain enhancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mercola, M -- Goverman, J -- Mirell, C -- Calame, K -- GM29361/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jan 18;227(4684):266-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3917575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibody Formation ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fibroblasts/immunology ; *Genes, Regulator ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics ; Mice ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1985-09-20
    Description: A repeated 82 base pair sequence in genomic DNA of the rat was previously proposed as being a control element governing brain (neuron) specific genetic expression. This intronic sequence, termed the brain "identifier" (ID), is complementary to small RNA species localized in brain cytoplasm, and it was thought to be represented specifically in RNA produced by brain nuclei in vitro. The RNA blot analyses of total nuclear and polyadenylated heterogeneous nuclear RNA described in the present report show that this ID sequence is also present in the liver and kidney in abundances similar to those in the brain. This repeated sequence is not, therefore, restricted to transcripts produced in the brain as suggested from previous transcriptional "runoff" experiments. Measurements on rat and mouse nuclear RNA indicate that the abundance of ID sequence transcript is roughly proportional to the number of copies of this repeat in the respective genomes. This suggests a rather random genomic location and transcription of this sequence. From these results it seems improbable that the ID sequence functions as a transcriptional-level control element in genes expressed specifically in the brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Owens, G P -- Chaudhari, N -- Hahn, W E -- NS10813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Sep 20;229(4719):1263-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2412293" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Brain Chemistry ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Genes ; Kidney/analysis ; Liver/analysis ; Mice ; Neural Crest/analysis ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; RNA/*analysis ; Rats ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1985-01-11
    Description: Human T-cell leukemia virus type III (HTLV-III) was recently identified as the probable etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Here it is shown that, in human T-cell lines infected with HTLV-III, gene expression directed by the long terminal repeat sequence of this virus is stimulated by more than two orders of magnitude compared to matched uninfected cells. The rate of transcription of the HTLV-III long terminal repeat is more than 1000 times that of the SV40 early promoter in one infected cell line. Thus, HTLV-III, like HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and the bovine leukemia virus, is characterized by trans-activation of transcription in infected cells. The efficiency of trans-activation in the case of HTLV-III may account, at least in part, for the virulent nature of HTLV-III infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sodroski, J -- Rosen, C -- Wong-Staal, F -- Salahuddin, S Z -- Popovic, M -- Arya, S -- Gallo, R C -- Haseltine, W A -- CA07094/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA07580/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA36974/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jan 11;227(4683):171-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2981427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase ; DNA, Recombinant ; Deltaretrovirus/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Operon ; Plasmids ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1985-02-01
    Description: The nucleotide sequence of the long terminal repeat sequence (LTR) of the human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III (HTLV-III) was determined. This virus is associated etiologically with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The LTR was found to be 634 base pairs in length with U3, R, and U5 regions of 453, 98, and 83 bp, respectively. The proviral DNA is flanked by a 7-base-pair direct repeat. The promoter and polyadenylation signals are situated 27 and 24 base pairs upstream from the respective transcriptional initiation and polyadenylation sites. The primer binding site is complementary to transfer RNA-lysine. The LTR of HTLV-III, like that of HTLV-I, showed a limited homology to enhancer-like sequences within two genes expressed specifically in T lymphocytes, T-cell growth factor, and gamma-interferon. Structural comparisons revealed that the LTR of HTLV-III is distantly related to those of HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and bovine leukemia virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Starcich, B -- Ratner, L -- Josephs, S F -- Okamoto, T -- Gallo, R C -- Wong-Staal, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Feb 1;227(4686):538-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2981438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Dna ; DNA, Viral ; Deltaretrovirus/*genetics ; *Genes, Viral ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/genetics ; Interleukin-2/genetics ; Leukemia Virus, Bovine/genetics ; Operon ; RNA, Viral ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroviridae/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 1985-05-17
    Description: The multifunctional nature of coated pit receptors predicts that these proteins will contain multiple domains. To establish the genetic basis for these domains (LDL) receptor. This gene is more than 45 kilobases in length and contains 18 exons, most of which correlate with functional domains previously defined at the protein level. Thirteen of the 18 exons encode protein sequences that are homologous to sequences in other proteins: five of these exons encode a sequence similar to one in the C9 component of complement; three exons encode a sequence similar to a repeat sequence in the precursor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and in three proteins of the blood clotting system (factor IX, factor X, and protein C); and five other exons encode nonrepeated sequences that are shared only with the EGF precursor. The LDL receptor appears to be a mosaic protein built up of exons shared with different proteins, and it therefore belongs to several supergene families.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450672/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4450672/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sudhof, T C -- Goldstein, J L -- Brown, M S -- Russell, D W -- HL 01287/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 20948/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 31346/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL020948/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 17;228(4701):815-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2988123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Complement C9/genetics ; Dna ; Endonucleases ; Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics ; Factor IX/genetics ; Factor X/genetics ; *Genes ; Glycoproteins/genetics ; Humans ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/genetics ; Molecular Weight ; Protein C ; Protein Precursors ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Receptors, LDL/*genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 1985-05-10
    Description: Steroid hormones regulate cellular differentiation and physiologic functions predominantly through gene transcription. Regulation is achieved by the interaction of specific steroid receptor proteins and target genes. Expression cloning techniques were used to select human glucocorticoid receptor complementary DNA clones in order to define the mechanism by which the receptor exerts its transcriptional control. Immobilized fusion proteins from individual clones were used to select epitope-specific antibody which was subsequently eluted and identified by binding to protein blots of cellular extracts. Three cross-hybridizing clones containing inserts expressing antigenic determinants of the human glucocorticoid receptor were isolated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weinberger, C -- Hollenberg, S M -- Ong, E S -- Harmon, J M -- Brower, S T -- Cidlowski, J -- Thompson, E B -- Rosenfeld, M G -- Evans, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 10;228(4700):740-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2581314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA, Recombinant/metabolism ; Epitopes/*genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/*genetics/immunology ; Receptors, Steroid/*genetics ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 1985-08-16
    Description: Expression of the pX protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) in animal cells demonstrates that this protein is a specific transcriptional activator of the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HTLV-I. Several other promoters are not affected by pX. No lymphocyte-specific factors are required for this activation. pX can be detected in the nucleus of transfected monkey kidney cells (line CV1) by indirect immunofluorescence. These results indicate that the pX protein is essential for the replication cycle of the virus and that it may be directly involved in the immortalization of human lymphocytes by HTLV-I.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Felber, B K -- Paskalis, H -- Kleinman-Ewing, C -- Wong-Staal, F -- Pavlakis, G N -- N01-C0-23909/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Aug 16;229(4714):675-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2992082" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA, Recombinant ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Deltaretrovirus/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Peptides/genetics ; Plasmids ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transforming Growth Factors ; Viral Proteins/*genetics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-09-20
    Description: The sites of transcript accumulation for six different homeotic loci of the Antennapedia and bithorax gene complexes (ANT-C and BX-C) were identified within embryo tissue sections by in situ hybridization. These six loci belong to the Antennapedia class of the homeo box gene family. Transcripts encoded by each locus are detected primarily in discrete, nonoverlapping regions of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS). The regions of the CNS that contain transcripts encoded by each of these loci correspond to the embryonic segments that are disrupted in mutants for these genes. The maintenance of spatially restricted expression of each ANT-C and BX-C locus could involve hierarchical, cross-regulatory interactions that are mediated by the homeo box protein domains encoded by these genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harding, K -- Wedeen, C -- McGinnis, W -- Levine, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Sep 20;229(4719):1236-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3898362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Central Nervous System/growth & development ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; Drosophila/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-12-20
    Description: The products of the adenovirus-2 (Ad2) immortalizing oncogene E1A repress the activity of the SV40, polyoma virus and E1A enhancers. Evidence is presented that Ad2 infection of MPC11 plasmocytoma cells results in an inhibition of transcription of both the gamma 2b heavy chain (IgH) and the kappa light chain immunoglobulin genes. This inhibition is caused by the Ad2 E1A products. Furthermore, the Ad2 E1A products repress transcription activated by the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer in chimeric recombinants, which are either stably integrated in the genome of lymphoid cells or are present as episomes. The implications of negative regulation of cellular enhancers are discussed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hen, R -- Borrelli, E -- Chambon, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Dec 20;230(4732):1391-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2999984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviruses, Human/*genetics ; *Cell Transformation, Viral ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; DNA, Recombinant/metabolism ; Endonucleases ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Genes ; *Genes, Regulator ; *Genes, Viral ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/*genetics ; *Oncogenes ; Plasmids ; Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 1985-12-20
    Description: Regulation of transcription of members of the ras gene family undoubtably plays an important role in controlling cellular growth. Examination of this level of regulation requires identification of the promoter regions of the ras proto-oncogenes. Four major transcriptional start sites were detected in the human Harvey ras 1 proto-oncogene. The promoter region contains neither a TATA box nor a CAAT box in their characteristic upstream positions, has an extremely high G+C content (80 percent), and contains multiple GC boxes including seven CCGCCC repeats and three repeats of the inverted complement, GGGCGG. This region has strong promoter activity when placed upstream from the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene and transfected into monkey CV1 cells. In these ways the Harvey ras 1 proto-oncogene promoter resembles the promoter of the gene encoding the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. The similarity between the two proto-oncogene promoters may be relevant to the mechanism by which the expression of such "growth control" genes is regulated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ishii, S -- Merlino, G T -- Pastan, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Dec 20;230(4732):1378-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2999983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA Restriction Enzymes ; Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; *Genes ; Humans ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Plasmids ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 1985-10-18
    Description: Complementary DNA (cDNA) clones encoding human macrophage-specific specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) were isolated. One cDNA clone codes for a mature polypeptide of 224 amino acids and a putative leader of 32 amino acids. This cDNA, which was cloned in the Okayama-Berg expression vector, specifies the synthesis of biologically active CSF-1 in COS cells, as determined by a specific radioreceptor assay, macrophage bone marrow colony formation, and antibody neutralization. Most of the cDNA isolates contain part of an intron sequence that changes the reading frame, resulting in an abrupt termination of translation; these cDNA's were inactive in COS cells. The CSF-1 appears to be encoded by a single-copy gene, but its expression results in the synthesis of several messenger RNA species, ranging in size from about 1.5 to 4.5 kilobases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kawasaki, E S -- Ladner, M B -- Wang, A M -- Van Arsdell, J -- Warren, M K -- Coyne, M Y -- Schweickart, V L -- Lee, M T -- Wilson, K J -- Boosman, A -- C32551/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Oct 18;230(4723):291-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2996129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Molecular ; Colony-Stimulating Factors/*genetics ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; *Genes ; Humans ; Macrophages/*metabolism ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 19
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kolata, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Oct 18;230(4723):307-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4048935" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Deletion ; *Genes ; Humans ; Muscular Dystrophies/*genetics ; *Sex Chromosome Aberrations ; Transcription, Genetic ; *X Chromosome
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 1985-05-31
    Description: A recombinant human cell line constructed by transfection of epithelial cells with a plasmid containing the hepatitis B virus core gene (HBc) was used to study the regulation of HBc gene expression. Methylation of a single Hpa II site 280 base pairs upstream from the structural gene was found to regulate the expression of the core gene. Expression increased in cells treated with 5'-azacytidine as a result of cytosine demethylation at this site, and there was a fivefold increase in the number of HBc gene transcripts in total cellular messenger RNA. The varied life cycle of hepatitis B virus in disease such as viral hepatitis and liver cancer may therefore be attributable to the site-specific regulation of the gene involved in replication of the viral DNA and to the cytophathic effects elicited by this gene in human cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korba, B E -- Wilson, V L -- Yoakum, G H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 May 31;228(4703):1103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2581318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Methylcytosine ; Azacitidine/pharmacology ; Cytosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Genes, Viral ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens/*genetics ; Humans ; *Methylation ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Time Factors ; Transcription, Genetic ; Virus Replication
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 1985-06-07
    Description: Infection of human T cells by human T-lymphotropic virus, type I (HTLV-I), a retrovirus, is uniformly associated with the constitutive expression of large numbers of cellular receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2). Comparison with normal T cells shows that neither IL-2 receptor gene organization nor IL-2 receptor messenger RNA processing are altered in the leukemic cells. However, mitogenic stimuli activate IL-2 receptor gene expression in normal T cells, whereas these stimuli paradoxically inhibit IL-2 receptor gene transcription in HTLV-I-infected leukemic T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kronke, M -- Leonard, W J -- Depper, J M -- Greene, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jun 7;228(4704):1215-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2988127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Nucleus/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA/genetics ; Deltaretrovirus ; Humans ; Leukemia/*genetics ; Molecular Weight ; Poly A/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Receptors, Immunologic/*genetics ; Receptors, Interleukin-2 ; T-Lymphocytes/microbiology/*physiology ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 22
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Nov 15;230(4727):794-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2997919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bovine papillomavirus 1/genetics ; DNA/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Simian virus 40/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Ustilago/genetics
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-01-18
    Description: The functional activity of the promoter unit contained within the long terminal repeat (LTR) of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was examined by monitoring transient expression of a heterologous gene placed under its control. Various cell lines were transfected with recombinant plasmids carrying the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene coupled to the BLV LTR (pBL-cat). Transient expression of CAT activity directed by the BLV LTR was observed only in the established BLV-producer cell lines derived from fetal lamb kidney (FLK) cells and bat lung cells. The amount of CAT activity transiently expressed in FLK-BLV cells was decreased approximately tenfold by deletion of LTR sequences located within a region 100 to 170 nucleotides upstream of the RNA start site. Surprisingly, removal of the region 50 base pairs downstream of the RNA initiation site to the 3'-end of the LTR reduced the expression of CAT activity by 87 percent. The BLV LTR thus appears to be an unusual promoter unit, functioning in a cell type-specific manner and possessing sequences on both the 5' and 3' sides of the RNA start site that influence gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Derse, D -- Caradonna, S J -- Casey, J W -- CA07392/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jan 18;227(4684):317-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2981431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Chiroptera ; DNA, Recombinant/metabolism ; Deltaretrovirus/genetics ; Genes, Regulator ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Leukemia Virus, Bovine/*genetics ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Viral/*genetics ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroviridae/*genetics ; Sheep ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 1985-12-20
    Description: A component present in splicing extracts selectively binds the 3' splice site of a precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript of a human beta-globin gene. Since this component can be immunoprecipitated by either autoantibodies of the Sm class or antibodies specifically directed against trimethylguanosine, it is a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP). Its interaction with the 3' splice site occurs rapidly even at 0 degrees C, does not require adenosine triphosphate, and is altered by certain mutations in the 3' splice site region. Binding is surprisingly insensitive to treatment of the extract with micrococcal nuclease. The U5 particle is the only abundant Sm snRNP with a capped 5' end that is equally resistant to micrococcal nuclease. This suggests that, in addition to the U1 and U2 snRNP's, U5 snRNP's participate in pre-mRNA splicing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chabot, B -- Black, D L -- LeMaster, D M -- Steitz, J A -- GM-26154/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Dec 20;230(4732):1344-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2933810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Globins/genetics ; Humans ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Precursors/*genetics/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA Precursors ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics/metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 1985-11-08
    Description: The gene encoding the human interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor consists of 8 exons spanning more than 25 kilobases on chromosome 10. Exons 2 and 4 were derived from a gene duplication event and unexpectedly also are homologous to the recognition domain of human complement factor B. Alternative messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing may delete exon 4 sequences, resulting in a mRNA that does not encode a functional IL-2 receptor. Leukemic T cells infected with HTLV-I and normal activated T cells express IL-2 receptors with identical deduced protein sequences. Receptor gene transcription is initiated at two principal sites in normal activated T cells. Adult T cell leukemia cells infected with HTLV-I show activity at both of these sites, but also at a third transcription initiation site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leonard, W J -- Depper, J M -- Kanehisa, M -- Kronke, M -- Peffer, N J -- Svetlik, P B -- Sullivan, M -- Greene, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Nov 8;230(4726):633-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2996141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Complement Factor B/genetics ; DNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; DNA, Recombinant/isolation & purification ; Deltaretrovirus ; *Genes, MHC Class II ; Humans ; Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Receptors, Interleukin-2 ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroviridae Infections/genetics ; T-Lymphocytes/microbiology ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 1985-06-28
    Description: A series of clones of human natural killer (NK) cells was characterized with respect to expression of the Ti alpha and Ti beta genes of the T-cell receptor. T11+T3+ NK clones contained Ti alpha and Ti beta RNA transcripts and expressed disulfide-linked heterodimers, demonstrating the presence of a functional T-cell receptor. In contrast, T11+T3- NK clones expressed only 1.0-kilobase truncated Ti beta transcripts, without a Ti alpha transcript and no detectable surface Ti protein. Since previous studies demonstrated that Ti beta gene activation precedes Ti alpha gene activation in thymic ontogeny, the T11+T3- NK cells appear to be derived from T-lineage precursors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ritz, J -- Campen, T J -- Schmidt, R E -- Royer, H D -- Hercend, T -- Hussey, R E -- Reinherz, E L -- AI 19807/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 21226/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA 34183/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jun 28;228(4707):1540-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2409597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clone Cells/analysis ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/*analysis ; Phenotype ; RNA/analysis ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 1985-01-18
    Description: The transcription initiation signals for retroviruses lie within the long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences that flank the integrated provirus. This study shows that factors present in cells infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) mediate transcriptional trans activation of the BLV LTR. This phenomenon is similar to that reported for the human T-cell leukemia virus LTR and establishes both structural and functional criteria for inclusion of BLV and human T-cell leukemia viruses in the same family of transforming retroviruses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosen, C A -- Sodroski, J G -- Kettman, R -- Burny, A -- Haseltine, W A -- CA07094/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA36974/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA97580/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jan 18;227(4684):320-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2981432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Transformation, Viral ; Chiroptera ; Deltaretrovirus/genetics ; Genes, Regulator ; Humans ; Leukemia Virus, Bovine/*genetics ; Mice ; RNA, Viral/*genetics ; *Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroviridae/*genetics ; Sheep ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Virus Activation
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 1985-07-05
    Description: The human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV) are associated with T-cell malignancies in man and will transform normal human T cells in vitro. The mechanism of malignant transformation by HTLV is unknown but appears to be distinct from that of other classes of retroviruses, which induce malignant transformation through viral or cellular oncogenes. Recently a new gene, termed x, was identified in HTLV. This gene has been hypothesized to be the transforming gene of HTLV because of its conservation within the HTLV class of retroviruses. By in vitro mutagenesis of the HTLV-II x gene, it is now demonstrated that the presence of a functional x gene product is necessary for efficient HTLV transcription. Therefore, these studies provide direct evidence for an important function of the x gene in HTLV replication. The functional analogies between the x gene and transcriptional regulatory genes of some DNA viruses suggest that these viruses share similar mechanisms for cellular transformation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, I S -- Slamon, D J -- Rosenblatt, J D -- Shah, N P -- Quan, S G -- Wachsman, W -- CA 09297/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 32737/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 38597/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):54-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2990037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Deltaretrovirus/*genetics/growth & development ; Genes, Viral ; Humans ; Mutation ; RNA, Viral/*biosynthesis ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Virus Replication
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 1985-06-14
    Description: A cytochemical method was developed to differentially stain cellular DNA, RNA, and proteins with fluorochromes Hoechst 33342, pyronin Y, and fluorescein isothiocyanate, respectively. The fluorescence intensities, reflecting the DNA, RNA, and protein content of individual cells, were measured in a flow cytometer after sequential excitation by three lasers tuned to different excitation wavelengths. The method offers rapid analysis of changes in the cellular content of RNA and protein as well as in the RNA-protein, RNA-DNA, and protein-DNA ratios in relation to cell cycle position for large cell populations. An analysis of cycling cell populations (exponentially growing CHO cultures) and noncycling CHO cells arrested in the G1 phase by growth in isoleucine-free medium demonstrated the potential of the technique.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crissman, H A -- Darzynkiewicz, Z -- Tobey, R A -- Steinkamp, J A -- 1R0CA23296/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 28704/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P41-RR01315-02/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Jun 14;228(4705):1321-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2408339" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Cycle ; Cells, Cultured ; Cricetinae ; DNA/*analysis ; DNA Replication ; Female ; Flow Cytometry/*instrumentation ; Ovary ; Proteins/*analysis ; RNA/*analysis ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1985-11-15
    Description: As many as 40 distinct oncogenes of viral and cellular origin have been identified to date. Many of these genes can be grouped into functional classes on the basis of their effects on cellular phenotype. These groupings suggest a small number of mechanisms of action of the oncogene-encoded proteins. Some data suggest that, in the cytoplasm, these proteins may regulate levels of critical second messenger molecules; in the nucleus, these proteins may modulate the activity of the cell's transcriptional machinery. Many of the gene products can also be related to a signaling pathway that determines the cell's response to growth-stimulating factors. Because some of these genes are expressed in nongrowing, differentiated cells, the encoded proteins may in certain tissues mediate functions that are unrelated to cellular growth control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weinberg, R A -- CA39826/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1985 Nov 15;230(4727):770-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2997917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism ; Chickens ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DNA Tumor Viruses/genetics ; Deltaretrovirus/genetics ; Drosophila ; Epidermal Growth Factor/physiology ; Growth Substances/physiology ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/genetics ; *Oncogenes ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/physiology ; Polyomavirus/genetics ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Rats ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroviridae/genetics ; Simian virus 40/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic
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