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  • Articles  (34,250)
  • Springer  (20,156)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (14,094)
  • 1985-1989  (34,250)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1986  (17,279)
  • 1985  (16,971)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (34,250)
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  • Articles  (34,250)
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  • 1985-1989  (34,250)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The sonic velocity of preoriented PET fibres as a function of temperature was measured in dependence on the degree of orientation, stress applied to the fibres, and heating rate. The results reflect the structural and orientation changes which take place in the range of and above the glass transition temperature.
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  • 2
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Natural rubber vulcanizates with high primary molecular weight were prepared by mixing raw rubber and dicumyl peroxide in benzene followed by freeze-drying. The stress-strain properties of these vulcanizates were quite different from those prepared by conventional mastication method. The important characteristics of these vulcanizates is high tensile modulus, high tensile strength, large hysteresis loss, and higher degree of strain-induced crystallization. The difference in the stress-strain behavior between these rubbers and conventional vulcanizates are discussed from the standpoint of the network structure.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A modification of a theoretical model for the determination of the number average molecular weight between crosslinks, ¯Mc, is presented for the case of multifunctional junction functionalities in highly crosslinked, macromolecular systems.
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  • 5
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 97-102 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Three-arm star polyisobutylenes carrying tert.-chlorine end groups and a phenyl ring at the center of the star (see formula II in the Introduction) have been prepared by a continuous polymerization process. Thus into a stirred glass reactor were fed continuously a mixed feed of monomer plus trinifer (TCC) and a separate feed of BCl3 coinitiator in methyl chloride solvent at −40°C, and the product plus unreacted ingredients were removed continuously. Stationary conditions were maintained by keeping the rates of input and output (i.e., volumes) equal and constant. After a short induction phase (∼2–3 residence times) telechelic polymers of essentially theoretical number average end functionalities (¯Fn=3.0+0.1), close to theoretical molecular weights (¯Mn) and molecular weight distributions were obtained. The polymerization kinetics are discussed and compared to that of an earlier semicontinuous process used for the routine synthesis of telechelic polyisobutylenes.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new series of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(β-thioester)s was prepared by a Michael-type polyaddition of α,ω-polymethylenedithiols of different length to a mesogenic diacrylate containing two bis(p-oxybenzoate) units symmetrically connected through a dodecamethylene segment. The thermotropic behaviour was studied by combined DSC and thermal-optical analyses. All the poly(β-thioester)s investigated exhibited quite unusual monotropic mesomorphism.
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  • 7
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 163-169 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Composites of low-density polyethylene were prepared by the sorption of vinylic monomers and a photoinitiator into a polymer matrix, followed by UV irradiation. Gravimetric determinations showed that 2–4% incorporation of the polymer in the host matrix is possible by this method. Transmission and reflectance infrared spectra measurements showed that the vinylic polymer is lodged in the bulk of the polymer film with no surfacial deposition.
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  • 8
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 9
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 517-524 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Phase equilibria were investigated at 80°C for a ternary system involving a solvent benzyl alcohol, a rodlike polymer poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG), and a flexible polymer polystyrene (PS). The fairly dilute solution of the two polymers was isotropic and monophasic. At greater concentrations, it was separated into two isotropic phases. Above an even higher critical concentration of the two polymers, three phases, a cholesteric (A1) and two isotropic phases (I1 and I2), coexisted at equilibrium. PBLG was contained exclusively in the phases A1 and I1, while PS was in the phase I2. The more concentrated solution was separated into a cholesteric phase and an isotropic phase. The latter contained PS but excluded PBLG, These features were discussed on the ground of the Flory theory by considering the polymer compatibility.
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  • 10
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 531-537 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the oxidation of a low density polyethylene and of an isotactic and an atactic polypropylene in solution. The solvent was 1,2, 4-trichlorobenzene and the process was investigated at different temperatures, with varying concentrations of the initiator and of the polymer. Under the experimental conditions, a non-accelerating chain reaction proceeds at the beginning of the process. The equation derived from the proposed simplified mechanism describes consistently the dependences of experimentally measured rates on the concentrations of the initiator and of the polymer.
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  • 11
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 547-549 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the hydroxyl content of a series of commercial poly(ethylene glycol)monomethy1 ethers by means of 360 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy of the trichloroacetyl isocyanate modified polymers has shown that some compounds contain considerable amounts of poly(ethylene glycol).
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  • 12
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 463-467 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Weight fraction activity coefficients (Ω1)∞ and interaction parameters x have been determined for seven different solvents in Polyarylate at three temperatures by the gas chromatographic method (inverse gas chromatography). Data have been used to calculate infinite dilution solubility parameters according to the method proposed by DiPaola-Baranyi and Guillet. The validity of the plots involved in the above mentioned method is also discussed.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 90 MHz-1H-NMR and 22.635 MHz-13C-NMR spectroscopy were used in a study of vinyl chloride-vinylidene chloride co-polymers. Triad sequence distribution of CCl2 and CHCl carbon was generated for these copolymers and compared to calculated distributions based on Bernoullian, first-order Markov and second-order Markov statistics. It was observed that for samples different in the conditions of preparation including commercial materials in each case different Markov models give the best fit in formally mathematical treatment without kinetic significance but with the aim of interpretation of physical and/or chemical properties of the copolymers. The 52–56 ppm region of the VC-VDC copolymer spectra is complicated by the superposition of the effects of tacticity, sequence distribution and the presence of both CH and CH2 carbons.
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  • 14
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 143-146 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aromatic polyureas and polythioureas are prepared from aromatic diamines and carbon dioxide or carbon disulfide, by a new direct polycondensation reaction with ethylene chlorophosphite as reagent in pyridine as solvent and acceptor for hydrochloric acid at 50–60° for 6–7 hours.
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  • 15
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two methods of the synthesis of tributyl ammonium derivatives of glycidyl methacrylate — ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers with various contents of the crosslinking agent were examined. While the two-step process which consists in a reaction with dibutyl amine followed by alkylation with butyl bromide gives products with up to 1.5 mmol/g of required groups, in the case of the single-step reaction of the epoxide group with tributyl amine the content does not exceed 0.4 mmol/g. The use of diamines for increasing the distance between the quaternary group and the polymer backbone does not yield a readily definable product, and cannor therefore become the method of choice.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel series of photoinitiators for cationic polymerization have been prepared which bear two and three photoactive triarylsulfonium groups in the same molecule. These compounds have been fully characterized by means of their UV and C-NMR spectra and liquid chromatography as well as by their elemental analyses. The multifunctional triarylsulfonium salts have been compared among themselves and against monofunctional triarylsulfonium salts in the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of dl-limonene dioxide.
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  • 17
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 399-406 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The miscibility of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(bisphenol A-carbonate) was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. Contrary to previously reported data, PBT and PC were found to be almost completely immiscible over the entire compostion range studied. The minor change in Tg's observed for samples quenched form the melt can be attributed to transesterification at elevated temperatures. The melting behavior and normalized enthalpy of fusion are somewhat dependent on composition but the behavior is erratic.
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  • 18
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 417-423 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two unsaturated ester-containing vinyl ethers, 2-vinyloxyethyl acrylate $$(\mathop 1\limits_ )$$ and sorbate $$(\mathop 2\limits_ )$$ , were polymerized by the hydrogen iodide/iodine (HI/I2) initiating system in toluene at −15 or −40°C, to give “living” polymers, having a very narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/¯Mn=1.10–1.15) and crosslinkable via their pendant C=C double bonds. The number-average molecular weight of the polymers increased in direct proportion to conversion, and further increased on addition of a new monomer feed to a polymerized reaction mixture. According to 1H and 13C NMR structural analysis, the polymerization proceeds exclusively via the vinyloxyl group of the potentially bifunctional monomers without undesirable side reactions of the unsaturated ester pendants.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The radical copolymerization of methyl- and butyl methacrylates with an electrondonor monomer: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-carbazolyl methacrylate and an electron-acceptor monomer: (β-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-methacrylate respectively, in dioxane at 60°C was investigated. The reactivity ratios of the binary systems were computed by using the Kelen-Tüdös method. The azeothropic compositions were established according to the respective copolymerization diagrams.
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  • 20
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 461-468 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The small-angle X-ray scattering curves of carboxy-telechelic polymers exhibit very strong scattering at the lowest angles which points to the presence of large aggregates in the samples. Beyond the position of the main scattering maximum, common to all ionomers, a faint modulation is observed at a position corresponding to a second diffraction order. These observations are discussed with respect to other data in the litterature.
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  • 21
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 477-477 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 22
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 491-495 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Bulk polymerizations of L,L-lactide were conducted at 120 and 180°C, but mainly at 150°C. Magnesium oxide, ethoxide, acetate, stearate, and 2,4-pentane dionate were used as catalysts. Time conversion curves show that at least a temperature of 150°C and a reaction time of 72 h is required for maximum conversion. The highest yields (up to 96 %) were obtained with magnesium oxide. However, all initiators, in particular magnesium oxide, caused racemization which increased with reaction time and temperature. Polymerizations in solutions at temperatures around 100°C failed regardless of the solvent.
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  • 23
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 497-502 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary L,L-lactide was polymerized in bulk at 120°C, 150 or 180°C by means of various metal oxides, carbonates or carboxylates. Yield, viscosities and optical rotation were measured and compared. Several catalysts enable a nearly complete conversion even at 120°C indicating rapid diffusion of the monomer in the solid reaction mixture. At 180°C only SnO and Sb2O3 proved to be useful catalyst, because they gave within 12 h yields 〉 80% along with an optical purity around 97%. Longer reaction times lead at 180°C to substantial racemization in all cases.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that i-butyl vinyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorhydrin and cyclohexene oxide, which undergo typically cationic polymerisation, are polymerised by UV-irradiation in the presence of diacetoxyiodobenzene or bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene.
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  • 25
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 527-534 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The preparation of high molecular weight nylon 4 with alkali metal pyrrolidonate catalysts, acyl initiators, and CO2 was studied. Isolated sodium pyrrolidonate and the appropriate amount of acyl initiator gave unusually high molecular weight nylon 4 (mw 〉200,000). The molecular weight-initiator concentration relationship indicates that acyl compounds play a dual role in the polymerization, acting both as initiators and scavengers for chain-terminating impurities. One potential chain terminator was identified as 4-aminobutyric acid. The high polymer molecular weights obtained in the presence of CO2 can also be explained by the scavenging of chain terminators by CO2. Determination of the number of growing chains, however, shows that CO2, unlike the acyl compounds, is not an initiator in nylon 4 polymerization.
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  • 26
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. A3 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 27
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 89-91 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The distances of stacked bases of DNA in different conformations can-not be calculated by equilibrium potentials, since they exhibit not more than only one minimum. However, a double potential minimum is obtained by considering the most simple semiclassical model of excitons that are coupled adiabatically to lattice vibrations, hence forming polaritons. By use of Danilov's extended Hückel approximation of DNA excitons, stacked base distances can be calculated that agree fairly well with the experimental data. The errors of this approach are small as compared to the differences of the distances in various conformations. Consequently, this model may work as a first base of understanding molecular interactions in DNA.
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  • 28
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 491-495 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract N-(p-methylstyryl)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine is prepared by alkylation of p-chloromethylstyrene under conditions which do not favor quaternization. A series of Copolymerization reactions confirm that the new chiral monomer and styrene copolymerize in random fashion with r1=1.09 and r2=0.98. The optical rotation of the copolymers does not vary linearly with composition. Applications of the copolymer include its use as chiral ligand for asymmetric synthesis or as a separation medium.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary To study the influence of dipolar moments on the permittivity of polymers, three isomeric polymers ortho, meta and para polymethoxystyrenes have been synthesized. Physical properties and NMR studies1H and13C are described.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Nitrile rubber (NBR) was reinforced by poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) with a coprecipitation method from a common solvent of them. PPTA was converted to N-sodium PPTA with sodium hydride in DMSO, forming homogeneous solution. DMF dissolves NBR. Both solutions were blended to form an isotropic solution. The precipitant was NBR reinforced by PPTA which was regenerated from N-sodium PPTA at coagulation as reported previously. The molecular composite thus obtained was mill-blended with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in order to enhance solvent resistant property. The vulcanized composite of NBR/PVC reinforced by PPTA showed higher modulus, higher strength and more improved solvent resistance than the gum stock and the black stock of NBR/PVC. The properties of the molecular composite containing 5phr PPTA found approximately comparable to those of the black stock of NBR/PVC with 30–40phr ISAF carbon black.
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  • 31
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 65-70 
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    Notes: Summary Copolymers of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline and phtalic anhydride without initiator in DMF at 60 °C were synthesized. The copolymers were statistical, rich in 2-ethyl-2-oxazo1ine. A partial hydrolisis of pendant groups -COCH2CH3 is observed. The composition and the hydrolisis degree of the copolymers was determined by 1H-NMR. A copolymerization scheme via zwitterion is proposed.
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  • 32
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 90-90 
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  • 33
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    Notes: Summary A R 401 Waters Assoc. differential refractometer has been modified to obtain the variation of refractive index increments, dn/dc, of polymer solutions at 633 nm. The introduced modifications were in the sample injection system and in the light source. The performance of the modified refractometer both with aqueous and organic solutions is analyzed. In order to localize a conformational transition in lysozyme, the dependence of dn/dc on temperature for lysozyme solutions in phosphate buffer is studied. Similarly, (dn/dc)k values for the ternary n-alkane/butanone/poly(dimethyl siloxane) systems over the whole composition range of the binary solvent mixtures are evaluated.
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  • 34
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 109-114 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Diblock copolymers of acetylene and styrene were prepared by treating Ti(OBu)4 with polystyryl lithium followed by reaction with acetylene. Reliable evidence for the formation of block copolymers was derived from dual radiotagging experiments.
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  • 35
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 123-130 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Poly (isobutylene-b-ethylene glycol) PIB-b-PEG diblock copolymers have been synthesized by reacting tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate-capped polyisobutylene with monohydroxyl-ended poly(ethylene glycol). The block copolymers form stable benzenewater emulsions and show surface activity decrease in interfacial surface tension, and existence of critical micelle concentration. Turbidimetry of the block copolymers indicates the expected wide range of solubility from nonpolar to polar solvents. The temperature dependence of the intrinsic viscosity of the block copolymers exhibits characteristic discontinuities. The intrinsic viscosity of the block copolymer as a function of solvent polarity was studied and the observations were explained as the sum of segment contributions based on the “segregated” conformation model. DSC also indicates microphase separation in the solid state due to segment incompatibility.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The nucleophilic substitution with C6H5SNa, at -30°C, is compared for five PVC samples with various contents of isotactic triads. The conversion curves consist of a very fast stage followed by a steady one. All the samples are found to behave in the same way except for the content of the structures involved in the fast period. This content is estimated by extrapolating the straight lines of the steady stages to zero time. The obtained values are found to be a linear function of the content of isotactic triads. The results, together with some earlier ones, allow for the content of the labile non-defect structures in PVC to be determined.
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  • 37
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    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 185-192 
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of non macroporous and macroporous supports on a test reaction is studied. t-BuOH reacts with tetra O-acetyl bromoglucose in presence of silver nitrate and a supported crown ether. Two reaction products are formed. Yield and selectivity are affected by the morphology of the support. The selectivity depends on the crosslinking degree. This dependence is explained by the rigidity of the matrix and by the variation of steric hindrance.
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 61-68 
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    Notes: Summary The influence of draw ratio on macroscopic and crystallographic density of polyethylene with different initial morphologies, has been investigated by solid-state extrusion. An initial drop followed by an increase in macroscopic density as a function of draw ratio has been observed. Since precision X-ray measurements of unit cell parameters showed no variation of crystallographic density, it was concluded that plastic deformation of polyethylene upon drawing proceeds with a decrease of the degree of crystallinity. This was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry.
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 73-77 
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    Notes: Summary 2-lsopropenylquinoline has been synthesized, and anionic homopolymerization has been performed with n-butyllithium and with dibutylmagnesium, yielding polymers with high glass transition temperatures, with Mn ranging from 3700 to 210300. Molecular heterogeneities have been determined by GPC. Mw has been measured by light scattering. The glass transition temperature for infinite molecular weight is 475 K. The ceiling temperature, 367 K, was calculated from 1H-NMR spectra recorded from living poly-(2-isopropenylquinoline) at different temperatures. Two- and threeblock-copolymers have been obtained by initiating 2-isopropenylquinoline with living polybutadiene.
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    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 99-104 
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    Notes: Summary Densitometric conformational studies were made on poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-maleic acid) in the presence of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2, in order to control ion-binding of the polyanion in dilute aqueous solution. Experimental verification of principal role of deprotonation in the conformational transition of the polyacid chains during titration is given. Correlation was found between the apparent molar volume of the copolymer and the ionic radius of the bound cation.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 135-140 
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    Notes: Summary Polycarbonates of Bisphenol A were prepared with 2 (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2H-4-hydroxybenzotriazole or 2 (2, 4-di-hydroxyphenyl) 2H-1,3-di (4-hydroxybenzotriazole) ultraviolet stabilizers permanently incorporated into the polycarbonate main chain. Direct polycarbonate formation from Bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate or transesterification using previously prepared polycarbonate in the melt with ultraviolet stabilizers 2 (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2H-4-hydroxybenzotriazole or 2 (2, 4-dihydrophenyl) 2H-1,3-di (4-hydroxybenzotriazole) or the corresponding acetyl compounds gave the final polycarbonates which were characterized.
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    Notes: Summary Infra-red dichroism has been used to measure the orientation of the different sequences of isotopically labelled block copolymers. We have determined the orientation from dichroic ratios of two bands of deuterated polystyrene, and compared in block copolymers the orientation of the central part of the chain with that of the ends. The relaxation of the ends is more rapid, than that of the center, which exhibits a “plateau”.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 173-179 
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    Notes: Summary By reacting polybutadiene with 4-Phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazoline-3, 5-dione (PTD) urazole groups are added to the polymer. The formation of hydrogen bonds between different urazole groups is investigated by IR-spectroscopy at various temperatures. The carbonyl stretching vibrations at 1700 and 1723 cm−1 could be attributed to hydrogen bonded and free urazole groups. With increasing temperature the fraction of bonded groups decreases. From the overall change in the absorption the ratio of the extinction coefficients of bonded and free C=O is determined. The stability of the hydrogen bonds is explained by a chelate like complex between two urazole groups.
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    Notes: Summary Polymer pseudocrownethers based on polyphosphazene are active catalysts of nucleophilic substitution reactions. With respect to the catalytic activity, polyphosphazene is a more suitable carrier of oligo(oxyethylenes) than poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene). With increasing length of oligo(oxyethylene) branches the catalytic activity of polymers increases. The favorable effect of the content of pseudocrownether structures is particularly visible in polymers having a longer oligo(oxyethylene) chain in those reactions in which the polymer acts as a solid cosolvent. The catalysts preserve their activity also if reused.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 317-323 
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    Notes: Abstract A new family of initiating systems has been discovered that efficiently induces the truly living polymerization of isobutylene (IB). The initiating systems are complexes of organic tertiary esters e.g., cumyl acetate, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-2-acetate, with BCl3. Living polymerizations proceed very rapidly in a variety of solvents, i.e., CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, C2H5Cl, and mixtures of chlorinated solvents plus n-hexane, in the range from −10° to −50°C. The living nature of the polymerizations was demonstrated by linear ¯Mn versus WPIB (g of polymer formed) plots starting at the origin and horizontal N (number of PIB chains) versus WPIB plots. The DPn of the products obeys [Mo]/[Io] where [Mo] and [Io] are initial monomer and initiator concentrations, respectively. Conversions and initiator efficiencies are ∼100%. In carefully controlled experiments narrow molecular weight distribution polyisobutylenes (PIB) have been obtained, i.e., Mw/Mn=1.17 − 1.3. A mechanism is outlined that helps rationalize the findings. It is postulated that the living polymerization of IB initiated by organic tertiary ester·BCl3 complexes most likely proceeds by a two-component group transfer polymerization process.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 349-352 
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    Notes: Summary Liquid crystalline polymers with mesogenic groups laterally attached to the polymer backbone were investigated by polarizing microscopy with respect to their optical properties. The nematic polymers were macroscopically oriented in a magnetic or electric field. Polarization microscopic investigations with convergent polarized light show optical biaxial behavior of the nematic phase.
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    Notes: Abstract The surface orientation of polyester fibers has been studied by a modified sampling technique using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The fiber axes were arranged parallel to incident radiation first, and then perpendicular to it. The differences in total absorbance and relative intensity changes in the spectra obtained show the features of specular reflection. The technique has the advantage over ATR that there is no optical contact problem.
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    Notes: Abstract Elongational data on a series of polyethylenes with different structure and on their blends are presented in order to correlate the extensional behaviour with the long chain branching degree. The results show that the strain hardening effect increases with the number of branch points; the troutonian value is reached when the branching index is larger than 0.6. Empirical correlations between elongational viscosity and branching index are also presented.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 405-409 
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    Notes: Summary New diamines containing alkaneoxy linkages have been prepared by hydrolysis of the corresponding diamides which were obtained by reaction of p-hydroxyacetanilide with different dibromo alkanes. These diamines were copolymerized with glyoxal to yield insoluble copolymers in solvents such as DMSO, CH3OH, CH3COCH3, CHCl3. The diamides and diamines were characterized by IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses and the copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 431-438 
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    Notes: Abstract A method of preparation giving high yields for 4-chloro-3-nitrostyrene and some derivatives is described. First trials of free radical polymerization and copolymerization are reported and show a deactivating influence of the nitro group.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 445-447 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the heat capacities of semicrystalline poly(oxymethylene)s (POM) measured recently by Illers and published in this journal support, rather than refute, the existence of a “rigid, amorphous fraction”. The former was suggested by Illers, the latter was our proposal (Suzuki et al.).
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 476-476 
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    Notes: Summary Oxochloro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinate)molybdenum (V) was physically entrapped into poly (styrene) by lyophilizing a benzene solution including both complex and polymer. The functional ability of the obtained complex-containing resin to adsorb H2PO4 − from an aqueous solution was investigated in the presence of various anions. It was found that the selectivity of the resin for H2PO4 − is superior to those of conventional anion exchangers.
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    Notes: Summary The spin probe technique of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been applied for studying the plasticizer diffusion, migration, and redistribution processes in suspension polymerized PVC particles. In the first series of experiments six PVC powder samples with different K values (58, 61, 64, 67, 70, and 72) were mixed with diisooctyl phthalate (DOP) containing 10−4 M 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as stable free radical spin probe. In the second run TEMPO-doped dry PVC powders were mixed with DOP plasticizer. Finally we studied the plasticizer transport phenomena between plasticized and non-plasticized polymer particles in powder mixtures. The observed diffusion properties of different samples were interpreted in terms of the different porosities of powders.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 539-545 
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    Notes: Summary A simple model is proposed to describe the miscibility of blends, which contain homo- and/or copolymers with tactic subunits. The directional-specific intermolecular interactions are assumed to be mediated by interactions caused by repulsive type intramolecular tacticity as well as chemical intersteps. Syndiotactic homopolymers are chosen as the reference state, for tactic as well as for mixed triads. The approximations developed in this paper include triad as well as diad treatment with respect to tacticity. Chemical intersteps are taken into account on a diad basis. Additive overlapping of tactic and chemical effects is assumed for mixed hetero- and isotactic triads. Complex copolymer blends, including multi-component copolymers, are treatable in this way. The modification of tactic and chemical sequences in polymer blends with the aim of developing compatible, as well as phase separated, systems may be facilitated.
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    Notes: Summary Ultra-high strength polyethylene fibres were chlorosulfonated according to Kanig's technique. It has been found that the tensile strength of the fibre decreases during chlorosulfonation, whereas the Young's modulus can be increased by more than fifty percent of its original value. The interfacial bond-strength between polyethylene and gypsum plaster could be improved at least 4.8 times, amounting values of 6.3 MPa, making these fibres very suitable for use as a reinforcing material in gypsum plaster. SEM indicated that this improvement could be described to surface roughening of the fibre, due to chemical degradative stress-cracking during constrained chlorosulfonation.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 13-17 
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    Notes: Summary The crystal structure of magnesium 1-methylethylene bis-o-phtalate heptahydrate, a a model for thickened polyester resins, was determined by X-ray analysis. This compound presents a layered structure with alternating polar and non-polar areas. Water molecules are involved in crystal formation through hydrogen bonds showing that water might play a cohesive role in the ionic aggregates of thickened polyester resins.
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    Notes: Summary The mechanism of the polymerization of 4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone uith n-BuLi does not follow the way previously proposed by us for other diphenyl derivatives (1–4). Metallation occurs principally in the ortho position of the sulfone group and cyclization reactions also take place. The different intermediates formed were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. More than eighteen compounds were identified as lithiated monomers which were able to participate in the polymerization process.
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    Notes: Summary A redox initiation system composed of ceric ion and poly(vinyl alcohol) was used to successfully synthesize poly(vinyl alcohol-g-4-vinylpyridine hydrochloride). The aqueous solutions of this polycationic surfactant exhibited no sharp CMC value and tended to become turbid upon standing. This turbidity was related to the formation of crystalline-like aggregates in solution, and was thermally reversible. PMMA latices were unstable when formulated with turbid surfactant solutions, but when surfactant solutions were thermally equilibrated, the final PMMA latices were stable.
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    Notes: Summary Results of experiments on dark- and photoconductivity of polymeric dibenz[b,i] 1,4,8,11-tetraaza[14]annulenato(μ-pyrazin) iron(II) [Fetaa(pyz)]n are described. By studying the dependence of photoconductivity on electric field, intensity and wavelength it is shown that photogeneration of charge carriers occurred at short wavelengths by an Onsager mechanism and in the near-infrared region by a photoinjection process from the electrodes.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 131-136 
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    Notes: Summary Plasma-polymerized thin films from the mixture ofF-propene and acetylene (C2H2) or ethylene (C2H4) were investigated by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and ESCA. The chemical composition for the plasma-polymers depended on these gaseous mixture composition. The F/C elemental ratio for the plasma-polymers decreased with increasing the C2H2 or C2H4 concentration, and at the same time the H/C ratio increased. The plasma-polymers were composed ofCF3,CF2,CF-CFn,CF, andC-CFn units. The addition of C2H2 or C2H4 depressed the formation of the plasma-poly-mers with highly-fluorinated carbon units such as CF3 CF2 groups, and encouraged that of polymers with less-fluorinated carbon units. Furthermore, such changes of the plasma-polymers in the chemical composition by adding C2H2 or C2H4 were favourable to improve gas separation abilities. The ratio of oxygen and nitrogen permeation coefficient increased from 1.7 to 3.5 by adding C2H2 of 50 mol% and also increased to 2.9 by adding C2H4 of 37.5 mol%. Less-fluorinated carbon units seem to play an important role in the separation from the oxygen/nitrogen mixture.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 117-123 
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    Notes: Summary Living polymers of isobutyl and 2-benzoyloxyethyl vinyl ethers, initiated by the hydrogen iodide/iodine system, were cleanly end-capped with the sodium salt of diethyl 2-vinyloxyethylmalonate [Na⊖⊖C(COOEt)2CH2OCH=CH2] to give new macromers5 consisting of a vinyl ether terminal and a monodisperse poly(vinyl ether) backbone (¯Mw/¯Mn〈1.1). Their perfect end-functionality (¯Fn≅1.0) was established by1H- and13C-NMR structural analysis. Macromers $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{5}$$ could copolymerize with alkyl vinyl ethers under cationic conditions.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 147-151 
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    Notes: Summary Some polymaleamidehydrazides were synthesized by the ring-opening polyaddition reaction between N,N′-bisisomaleimide and diamines(piperazine, phenylenediamines, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, and 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) containing LiCl Characterization of the polymers was carried out by elemental analysis, solibility in various solvents, IR, UV-VIS, PMR spectra, TG and DSC as well as by inherent viscosity measurements. These polymers began to decompose around 250°C.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 175-180 
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    Notes: Summary Correlation between optical activity and conformational behavior is attempted for the series of oligomannosides and pure mannan polysaccharide. Then, the principle of decomposing the contribution to optical rotation into some basic components is extended to the case of branched polymers. It is shown that the derived relationship fits the experimental rotation data gathered for this series. Conclusions about the influence of branching on solution behavior of galactomannan chains are drawn.
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    Notes: Summary It is confirmed that the polymethacrylonitrile radical is much less reactive than the polyacrylonitrile radical towardstrans-stilbene. Methacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile are similar in their reactivities towards the 2-cyano-2-propyl radical and the benzoyloxy radical.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 223-228 
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    Notes: Summary Poly(styrene(ST)-g-[propylene oxide(PO)-b-2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MeOz)])s were prepared by ionic polymerization. Alkaline hydrolysis of these graft-block copolymers were carried out and poly(ST-g-[PO-b-ethylene imine(EI)])s were obtained. Morphologies of these copolyraer specimens were obtained by electron microscope.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 249-256 
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    Notes: Summary The cationic ring-opening copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a cyclic acid anhydride such as phthalic anhydride (PAn) and maleic anhydride was initiated by acylium perchlorate groups on carbon black to give alternating copolymer, i.e., polyester. Epichlorohydrin was found to act as effective promoter in the copolymerization. The polyester formed was effectively grafted from carbon black depending upon the propagation of the polymer from the surface: the grafting ratio of polyester from THF and PAn was increased up to about 65% with an increase in conversion. The polyester-grafted carbon black gave a stable colloidal dispersion in chloroform.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 293-298 
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    Notes: Summary Chelating polymers were synthesized by polymer analogous reaction of polyethyleneimine with chelating agents: 2-hydroxy-4[2-chloroethanoyl]benzophenone, butanoic-4-oxo-4-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methyl-phenyl)acid and 4,4-′o-o-succinoyl-bis-resorcylaldehyde. The chelating agents were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polychelates are insoluble in water and common organic solvents and they were characterized by IR spectroscopy. These polymers were contacted with an aqueous solution of copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II).
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 58-66 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: latex ; amphoteric ; ionogenic ; size ; polystyrene
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    Notes: Abstract Amphoteric polystyrene latex colloids were prepared by the “emulsifier-free” emulsion polymerization of styrene. Two co-monomers, methacrylic acid (MA) (anionic) and dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (DMAM) (cationic) were used to promote the amphoteric nature of the resultant surfaces. Parameters such as particle size and the isoelectric point (IEP) were measured as a function of polymerization recipe. Particle size decreased with increasing initiator concentration according to the equation: log [d w]=−0.67 log [I] + 0.316 whered w is the weight average particle diameter andI is the concentration of initiator (potassium persulphate). The particle size also decreased with increasing temperature, increasing pH and addition of surfactant. Particle size was unaffected by the methacrylic acid content. The isoelectric point pH was decreased on decreasing initiator concentration and on increasing methacrylic acid content. The polymerization pathway was deduced to involve the cationic DMAM during the initiation phase and to involve the anionic MA as well as styrene, during the growth stage. A full polymerization pathway involving the formation of “oligomeric DMAM micelles” was postulated.
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Flotation ; mobility ; contact angle ; selectivity
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The following two cases of attachment of particles onto the “water-air” interface are considered: a) perfectly sliding three-phase contact, according to Nutt and b) three-phase contact of very strong hysteresis or detachment throught a “neck”. The corresponding expression relating the contact angle, mobility of the three-phase contact, the radius of the particles and the flotation selectivity parameter are obtained. Experimental data for the systems: for quartz-galena 10−5 M/1 solution of potassium ethylxanthogenate and for glass spheres 10−5 M/1 solution of dodcylamoniumchloride are presented. Particles in the range of radii from 10−5 to 10−5 cm are considered. The present study indicates a possibility to enhance flotation selectivity through the appropriate classification of initial material and/or collective concentrates, and separate flotation of the different size ranges. At some size ranges selectivity will be enhanced while at others the flotation process will be intensified.
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  • 71
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 783-790 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Ultradrawn polyethylene ; storage modulus E' ; radiation dose ; radiation-induced scission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the temperature dependence of mechanical properties of ultradrawn polyethylene in terms of storage modulus E' and loss factor tanδ by the measurement of the complex dynamic tensile modulus over ranges of temperature from 20 to 140
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  • 72
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 799-803 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Biopolymers ; thermoplastics ; dynamic modulus ; X-ray scattering ; mechanical anisotropy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic tensile modulus and X-ray scattering measurements were made for a series of bacterially produced poly-Β-hydroxybutyrate/Β-hydroxyvalerate (PHB/HV) random copolymers. The position of the primary relaxation is shifted to lower temperatures by increasing HV content and the material becomes generally softer. Drawn PHB/ 17% HV copolymer shows conventional mechanical anisotropy. Results are presented comparing the dynamic mechanical behaviour of isotropic PHB/HV with that of conventional thermoplastics such as polyethylene terephthalate, isotactic polypropylene and polyethylene.
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  • 73
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 812-817 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Charge density ; polyacrylamide ; NMR ; DSC ; T g
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract New methods are suggested for the determination of the charge density of acrylamide/acrylate copolymers.13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine the comonomer ratio by comparing the peak intensities of the methine carbon in acrylamide and acrylate monomers. Results were compared with those obtained by conductometric and potentiometric titration and were found to be in good agreement. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to determine the glass transition temperatures (T g) of the copolymers. A master curve was established by plottingT g versus charge density of the copolymers previously determined by NMR and conductometric titration. Compositions of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) samples can thus be determined by measuring theT g and reading the percent composition directly from the master curve.
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  • 74
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 822-831 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polypropylene ; isothermal crystallization ; spherulite ; growth rate ; equilibrium melting temperature ; surface energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The growth rate of isotactic polypropylene is deduced from microscopic observations during isothermal crystallizations. A change in the growth regime is observed at 138
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Energy distribution ; heterogeneous surface ; heat of adsorption ; zeolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Theε—θ function (energy level function) which represents surface heterogeneity was derived from theq—θ function (experimental heat function) in the case of reversible adsorption. The Langmuir equation was extended and applied to the procedure of calculations. An iterative calculation led to the most probableε—θ function by setting theq—θ function and adsorption temperature. As an example for actual cases, theε—θ function of Na-Y zeolite was calculated from theq—θ function obtained by the measurement of heats of adsorption of ammonia at 373 K. Theε—θ function thus derived seemed to be consistent with the positional distribution of sodium ions.
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  • 76
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 873-878 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Dielectric measurements ; high pressure ; glass relaxation ; poly(vinyl acetate) ; poly(vinyl chloride)
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the complex relative permittivity of poly(vinyl acetate) from 35 °C to 190 °C and poly(vinyl chloride) from 90 °C to 150 °C in the frequency range 10−2 −107 Hz and the pressure range 1–5000 bar are reported. Details of the pressure generating system and of the dielectric equipment are described.
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  • 77
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 1031-1040 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Monte Carlo method ; oriented branched chain ; order parameter ; molecular shape
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The conformational behaviour of phosphonic acid dialkyl ester (PAE) molecules in a uniaxial hydrophobic environment was studied using the Monte Carlo method with the well-known Metropolis algorithm. The influence of the surrounding molecules on ordering processes of the intrinsic PAE molecules was taken into account by a molecular field. The intramolecular energy was calculated using 6–12 atom-atom and torsion potential functions. Conformations were analysed using torsion angle distributions, segment and bond order parameters. The order parameters of the C-H bonds are compared with experimental results of2H NMR. Further a general method of determining the effective shape of a molecule is presented. The shape is defined by probability distribution for finding atomic coordinates within volume elements during a Monte Carlo run. Thus the asymmetry of a molecule can be visualized. PAE molecules studied show a positive asymmetry in all cases.
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  • 78
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 388-391 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Dilatometer ; inhomogeneous deformation ; gas adsorption ; elastomers
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements in a gas dilatometer on carbon-black filled rubber cross-linked with sulfur show a large pressure drop in the specimen chamber, which to a large extent cannot be explained by a volume change of the specimen. The extension ratio at which the pressure starts to fall depends on the carbon-black content. Comparative measurements in a deformation calorimeter show that crystallisation always begins first at higher strains. It is assumed that the investigated specimens are inhomogeneously deformed even at small strains, depending on the carbon-black content, and that internal voids are formed, onto the surfaces of which gas molecules are deposited. This gas adsorption causes the pressure drop measured in the dilatometer; it is dependent on the nature of the gas. Argon shows no interaction with internal surfaces in the specimen; for measurements in an argon atmosphere, volume increases and strain-induced crystallisation can be properly determined. It is presumed that strain-induced crystallisation sets in earlier for specimens with larger carbonblack content, corresponding to the more inhomogeneous character of the deformation.
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  • 79
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 396-398 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Bound water ; differential scanning calorimetry ; free water ; proteins
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    Notes: Abstract Differential scanning calorimetric studies of protein solution provided the freezable water content as a function of concentration. Total water content was obtained by vacuum dehydration. The difference between the two gave the non-freezing water content in protein solutions. The values obtained by these techniques were 2–3 times larger than those obtained on the basis of NMR measurements on the same solutions.
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  • 80
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 417-419 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Osmotic pressure ; calculation ; micellar solutions
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    Notes: Abstract The spherical cell model of colloidal solutions is applied in calculations of the osmotic pressure of micellar systems. The predictions of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation (MPB) and of the Modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation (MPB) containing the leading terms of the fluctuation potential and the exclusion volume corrections to the mean potential acting on simple ions are compared with the results of recent computer simulations. Both PB and MPB seem satisfactory for solutions with monovalent counterions while the MPB is preferable for studies of the solutions containing divalent countenons.
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  • 81
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 420-423 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: adsorption kinetics ; ionic surfactants ; electric double layer influence ; theory
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    Notes: Abstract The kinetic equation to describe the adsorption process of ionic surfactants (derived in part 1) will be solved numerically. The results show the effect of parameters such as ion valencyz, thickness of theDL x −1, and surfactant parametersΓeq,K, andK ads on the adsorption process. The results can be used to decide whether the model can explain experimental data on charged surfactant molecules or not.
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  • 82
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 620-623 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Biozan R ; chloramphenicol ; coupling ; antimicrobial activity ; dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The coupling of chloramphenicol on Biozan R (Hercules) by activation with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was studied. The esterification is influenced by the chloramphenicol/dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ratio, concentration of the reactants and reaction time. The microbial tests performed with products of different chloramphenicol contents attest their antimicrobial activity and their possible use, especially in ophtalmology.
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  • 83
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 631-637 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polysulphurnitride ; halogen doping ; multiple diffraction ; grain boundary
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract (SN)x crystals doped with iodine atoms showed ten or more additional diffuse streaks perpendicular to the b*-axis, appearing between the layer lines of the electron diffraction pattern of pristine (SN)x. However, only four of these were observed in the X ray diffraction pattern. These four diffuse streaks suggest that the iodine atoms are structured with a one-dimensional order. The extra diffuse streaks can be explained by the double diffraction between the four streaks and the spotty diffractions of (SN)x. The double diffraction results from the microfibrillar nature of the (SN)x. From X-ray microanalysis of doped (SN)x, the iodine content in the specimen was found to change mainly in the direction along the chain axis and almost constant in the direction perpendicular to it. The distribution of iodine atoms indicates that the dopants diffuse preferentially along the molecular axis through disordered domains between fine fibrils comprised in (SN)x crystals. Then the dopants are settled in the narrow disordered domains and give the extra streaked diffraction.
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  • 84
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 638-646 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Impregnation ; liquid, fabric ; vacuum void
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism for liquid epoxy resin impregnation through polyester nonwoven fabric, sandwiched between two circular glass plates in atmospheric pressure, has been studied by the Kozeny-Carman equation improved by the introduction of the theoretical calculated capillary force and the gas leakage parameter for the void formation in the impregnating area. Impregnating velocity increases with reduced gas pressure. Experimental data on the vacuum impregnation were analyzed by the improved Kozeny-Carman equation by using wettability under measurements of the ascending heights due to liquid epoxy resin impregnation in a vacuum. The gas leakage quantity, obtained from the gas leakage parameter, is related to the gas pressure at the starting point of the impregnation. Voids for most of the impregnation stage disappear with passing impregnating time, 120 minutes as well as breaking the vacuum in the chamber.
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  • 85
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 673-681 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Contact angle ; drop size ; vapor environment
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Advancing contact angles are reported for the water-PTFE, water-copper, water-stainless steel, water-PMMA andn-decane-PTFE systems for a range of liquid drop sizes. The angles were determined at 25 °C in an air or nitrogen-saturated atmosphere and compared with those measured at the boiling point in an environment only of its vapor. For water-PTFE and water-PMMA systems, a decrease in contact angle with decreasing drop size was observed in an air-saturated environment at 25 ° confirming the data of Good and Koo. An increase in contact angle however occurred with decreasing drop size at the boiling point in the pure vapor atmosphere confirming the results of Boyes and Ponter. The introduction of nitrogen decreased the contact angle although the trend remained the same.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Binary monolayers ; cephalines ; surface and equilibrium spreading pressure ; demixing ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract 1. The F/A-isotherms of the binary system dimyristoylcephaline/dipalmitoyl-N-methyl-cephaline using premixed and separate spreading at 295 K and the concentration dependence of the equilibrium spreading pressureF e in the temperature range between 295 K and 308 K were measured and compared. 2. The thermodynamical analysis of the F/A-isotherms and of the equilibrium spreading pressure refers to the conclusion that in the binary monolayers under the equilibrium conditions both cephalines arefully immiscible. 3. It was shown that various spreading techniques lead to different experimental results. From the long-term investigations we found that the equilibrium state of the mixtures was reached immediately in the case of separate spreading. On the other hand with pre-mixed spreading this equilibrium state was obtained only after 20 h. 4. The shape of the F/A-isotherms of dimyristoyl-cephaline depends on the surface technique. From the flat parts in the F/A-isotherms of dimyristoyl-cephaline, obtained by discontinuous compression, and from the flat parts in theF e- xb-curves of the mixtures it was shown that in the monolayers a phase transition offirst order takes place.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wurden die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der F/A-Isothermen (Gemischt- und Getrenntspreitung) beiT=295 K und die SpreitungsdrückeF e des binären Systems Dimyristoylkephalin/Dipalmitoyl-N-methylkephalin im Temperaturbereich zwischen 295 K bis 318 K durch Anwendung verschiedener Oberflächentechniken gemessen. 2. Die thermodynamische Analyse der Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der F/A-Isothermen und der Spreitungsdrücke ergab, daß beide Kephaline unter Gleichgewichtsbedingungen vollständig unmischbar sind. 3. Aus Langzeituntersuchungen geht hervor, daß sich der Gleichgewichtszustand der Mischung bei der Getrenntspreitung sofort, dagegen bei der Gemischtspreitung erst nach ∼ 20 Stunden einstellt. 4. Der Verlauf der F/A-Isotherme des Dimyristoylkephalins hängt sowohl von der Kompressionstechnik als auch von der -geschwindigkeit ab. Im Fall der diskontinuierlichen Kompression wird der Gleichgewichtszustand erreicht. Unter diesen Bedingungen enthält die Isotherme eine Unstetigkeit in der Fläche (horizontaler Bereich). Es handelt sich um eine Umwandlung 1. Ordnung. Diese Umwandlung 1. Ordnung ist auch für die Mischungen im Temperaturbereich zwischenT=295 K bisT= 303 K typisch. In denF e- xb-Kurven treten ebenfalls horizontale Bereiche auf.
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  • 87
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 682-685 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 5-trifluorouracial ; sodium poly-α ; L-glutamate ; interaction ; viscosity ; 5-trifluoromethyluracil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of our research is to obtain an understanding of the binding mechanism and its correlations in terms of chemical structure and the potentiactive drug activity. The interaction of 5-fluorouracil (5-fluorouracil is used as an anticancer drug) with sodium poly-α,L-glutamate in aqueous solution was studied with a spectral method and viscosity measurement. From the binding data, the molar change in enthalpy, entropy and the number of binding sites on the polymer were calculated. It is very interesting that the value ofΔH0 of the binding of 5-fluorouracil with sodium poly-α,L-glutamate is smaller than that of 5-trifluoromethyluracil (although 5-trifluoromethyluracil is not used as an anticancer drug, the compound has a similar structure to 5-fluorouracil).
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  • 88
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 686-689 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Soybean-phosphatidylcholine ; X-ray ; dielectric constant ; phase-transition ; chain-melting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Soybean-Phosphatidylcholine Phospholipon® 100 has a stable gel conformation in the as-prepared state. We observed a main phase transition (chain melting) above 30 °C in the first heating run. This transition is marked 1. by a change of the lamellar repeat distance recorded by small angle X-ray diffraction, and 2. by an increase of the imaginary part of the dielectric constant. After the first heating up to + 90 °C the chains “melt” in a broad temperature range between −60 °C and +90 °C. The high stability of chain conformation in the temperature range −60 °C to +30 °C of the as-prepared state is due to the low water content of the material.
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  • 89
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 697-707 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Semicrystalline polymers ; hardness ; modulus ; non-homogeneous microphase ; structure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of micro-hardness and elastic modulus data for different lamellar systems in the light of both eutectoid copolymer and chain folded lamellar microphases is presented. A novel thermodynamically derived expression offering a fair description of hardness (stress required to plastically deform a crystal) of autonomous non-homogeneous microphases in terms of the average crystal thickness, including a defective surface boundary is developed. The present results characterize the mechansim of plastic deformation as primarily governed by the initial mosaic-block structure controlling the “solid state” mechanism underlined. The average dimensions of the remaining blocks after crystal destruction are thus related to the original block dimensions before plastic deformation. Within this context it is shown that the dissipated energy for crystal destruction increases very rapidly with the molar mass-function of crystalline material. The elastic deformation of these lamellar systems at small strains is correlated to the rubber-like behaviour of the cluster-network. Finally, the role of the average thickness of the non-homogeneous microcrystallites is stressed as describing concurrently the elastic and plastics properties of the polymer allowing a quantitative description of the correlation found between micro-hardness and elastic modulus.
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 708-713 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: PMMA ; association ; photoelasticity ; optical anisotropy ; crosslinking density
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Swollen PMMA networks show significant deviations from the theory of rubber elasticity. The unusual mechanical, optical and swelling properties have been explained by the existence of associations, well known for PMMA solutions. Unswollen PMMA networks show stress optical properties which are very similar to the networks swollen in carbon tetrachloride which is known as a strong complexing solvent. This indicates that associations exist in the bulk material. Swelling in carbon tetrachloride does not change the content of associations, only the glass transition temperature is reduced. Increasing the amount of crosslinking agent proves that the stress optical coefficient depends on the crosslinking density. This is contrary to the theoretical predictions. An explanation given by the effect of short network chains is not satisfactory. However, the consideration of a crosslinking chain instead of a crosslinking point gives a sufficient explanation. An oriented crosslinking chain gives a positive contribution to the total optical anisotropy while a PMMA chain shows a change from negative values (hindered rotation) to positive values (free rotation).
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  • 91
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 738-743 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The creep of a rigid material based on poly(vinylchloride) modified with benzidine is studied under tensile stress conditions. Based on the proposed rheological model, the creep equation is derived. The modifications induced by the mechanical stress on some physical properties of the material are studied. The analysis of the facture surfaces shows a “brittle” character of the fracture, especially in the final stage of the process.
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  • 92
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 744-748 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Carrageenan ; gel ; alkali metal ion ; DSC ; large deformation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry and extension tests were carried out on kappa-carrageenan gels in the presence of the alkali metal salts LiCl, NaCl, KCl and CsCl. The endothermic peak accompanying the melting of gels shifted to higher temperatures with increasing concentrations of alkali metal salt. The breaking force of gels increased with increasing concentrations of added KCl and CsCl, and decreased with increasing concentrations of added NaCl. The breaking force of the gel containing LiCl decreased with the first level of addition, then increased slightly with two further additions and finally decreased again at the highest level of addition.
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  • 93
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    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Thermooxidation ; chain scission ; oxygen absorption ; morphology ; isotactic polypropylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstracts A model of the thermooxidation of semicrystalline polymers involving two processes simultaneously is described. The first process is initiated by oxygen dissolved in the interspherulitic amorphous pahse. The second is related to a slower rate of polymer chain scission m the interlamellar amorphous pahse, which is controlled by oxygen diffusion into the spherulite. The presented model describes an exampble of isotactic polypropylene and predicts the effect of polymer morphology on the process of thermooxidation. It leads to the conclusion that the initial rate of polymer chain scission depends on the amount of interspherulitic amorphous phase fraction but the slower rate, considered in steady state conditions of oxygen diffussion into the interlamellar amorphous phase, depends depends on spherulite size according to the derived equation.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Cryostructurization ; freezing of poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solutions ; rheological properties of cryogels
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    Notes: Abstract Rheological properties of the cryogels produced by freezing of concentrated aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) have been studied. These properties were shown to depend on the polymer concentration in the initial solution, on PVA molecular weight, cryostructurization duration and temperature. Electron microscopy demonstrates the heterogeneous porous structure of these cryogels and the dependence of the observed pattern on the conditions of formation of the studied objects.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyelectrolytes ; aqueous solutions ; neutron small angle scattering ; chain conformation ; excluded volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Small angle neutron scattering measurements have been carried out on the tetramethylammonium salt of the polystyrenesulfonic acid withDP w =310 and 1060 in water solution with tetramethylammonium chloride with ionic strength between 0.02 M and 1.0 M. The scattering curves in the scattering vector range 0.05 nm−1≤Q≤1.8nm−1 have been fitted using the form factor of a worm-like chain of finite thickness. The conformational parameters mean square radius of gyration, statistic chain element, mass per unit length and mean square radius of the cross-section have been determined experimentally and used for describing the conformation of the coils. By these molecular weights and ionic strengths, excluded volume is not necessary to explain the conformation changes depending on the salt content of the solutions; relatively short coil molecules can be described in their unperturbed dimensions even in a thermodynamically good solvent: a change in the stiffness of the chain according to Odijk's theory succeeds in describing the conformation of the polyions. Together with a slow decrease of the coil dimension by increasing salt content, a transition at ionic strength 0.1–0.5 M between two different conformations has been observed. The conformation at lower ionic strength is characterized by higher stiffness of the chain and lower mass per unit length than the form at higher salt concentration.
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    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 56-64 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymeric antiredeposition agents ; adsorption ; hydrophilization ; steric repulsion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In laundering, oily soils are detached from textile surfaces and dispersed. In addition, the washing solution should reduce the redeposition of free suspended soil particles onto the textile fibres. In the case of a recommended predetermined dosage of a detergent the main part of the required stabilizing effect is due to the surfactants, complexing agents, builders and zeolites. Polymeric antiredeposition agents cause only gradual additional improvements. In the case of a weak dosage the stabilizing effects of the surfactants and builders rapidly decrease and the effects of the polymeric antiredeposition agents increase. The mechanism of these effects is characterized by high selectivity of the textile substrates. In the case of polar textiles (for instance cotton) carboxy methyl cellulose is often successfully used. In this case the mode of action is mostly due to steric repulsion of the adsorbed layer. In the case of hydrophobic polyester fibres cellulose ethers with hydrophobic sidechains (for instance hydroxy propyl cellulose) show very good effects. In this case the steric component of the polymeric repulsion is supported by the decrease of the driving force of the heterocoagulation (hydrophilization of all hydrophobic interfaces). For this reason combinations of several antiredeposition agents are often used for mixed fabrics. The performenace of the polymeric agents for polyesters can be characterized by their ability to cause strong effective irreversible hydrophilization effects despite the competitive influences of the residual detergent ingrediences.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Waschprozeß werden ölige Anschmutzungen von textilen Oberflächen abgelöst und dispergiert. Die Flotte soll darüber hinaus das Wideraufziehen (Redeposition) frei schwebender Schmutzanteile auf Textilfasern vermindern. Bei empfohlener Solldosierung eines Waschmittels entfalten Tenside, Komplexbildner, Builder und Zeolithe den größten Teil der erforderlichen Stabilisierungswirkung. Polymere Vergrauungsinhibitoren bewirken nur graduelle zusätzliche Verbesserungen. Mit fortschreitender Unterdosierung nimmt die stabilisierende Tensid-und Builder-Wirkung schnell ab und die Bedeutung polymerer Vergrauungsinhibitoren steigt. Der Wirkungsmechanismus weist ein hohes Maß an Selektivität gegenüber textilen Substraten auf. Auf polarem Gut (z. B. Baumwolle) wird oft mit Erfolg Carboxymethylcellulose eingesetzt. Die Wirkungsweise beruht in diesem Falle weitgehend auf der sterischen Polymerschutzwirkung adsorbierter Schichten. Auf hydrophoberen Polyesterfasern zeigen Celluloseether mit hydrophoben Seitenketten (z. B. Hydroxypropylcellulose) sehr gute Effekte. Dabei wird die sterische Komponente der Polymerschutzwirkung durch Erniedrigung der treibenden Kraft der Heterokoagulation (Hydrophilierung sämtlicher hydrophober Grenzflächen) verstärkt. An Mischgeweben werden daher oft Kombinationen mehrerer Vergrauungsinhibitoren genutzt. Die vergrauungsinhibierende Wirksamkeit polymerer Substanzen für Polyester kann durch deren Fähigkeit, ungeachtet der Konkurrenz mit restlichen Inhaltsstoffen des Waschmittels möglichst starke effektiv irreversible Hydrophilierungseffekte hervorzurufen, charakterisiert werden.
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  • 97
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    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Self-diffusion ; obstruction factor irreversible processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The self-diffusion of small molecules in colloidal systems is calculated using the cell model to describe the effect of varying concentration of colloidal particles. The relevant boundary conditions are found using arguments from the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. From a general description of the self-diffusion in systems with spherically symmetrical particles we derive expressions for the concentration dependence of the effective self-diffusion coefficientD eff for several cases of practical importance. It is shown that when the molecule studied is strongly attracted to the particle a minimum inD eff is expected around volume fractionΦ=0.35. It is also shown that the often made distinction between free and bound molecules is often problematic and a more general description is proposed. The obstruction effect generated by the excluded volume is discussed both for spherical and spheroidal systems. It is pointed out that the often used formula due to Wang ((1954) J Amer Chem Soc 76:4755) is incorrect for self-diffusion and for the obstruction factor for spheres we obtain (1+0.5Φ)−1. This expresion is tested both by experiments on water diffusion in systems containing latex particles and through computer simulations and it is found valid over a wide concentration range. For prolate ellipsoids the obstruction factor is not greatly different from that for spheres, while for oblate aggregates the limiting obstruction factor of 2/3 can be obtained at low concentrations. It is demonstrated that this effect can be used to distinguish between different aggregate shapes. It is also shown that the disorder present in a solution of colloidal particles leads to a decrease in the obstruction effect.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 877-882 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rheology ; DSC ; gel ; polysaccharide ; Ahnfeltia plicata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic modulus began to decrease rapidly and loss tanδ showed maxima at the temperature range from 40 °C to 65 °C in polysaccharide gels extracted fromAhnfeltia plicata. An exothermic peak appeared at about 30 °C in heating DSC thermograms for these gels. Endothermic DSC peaks accompanying gel-sol transition appeared at the temperature range from 60 °C to 80 °C. The effects of alkali pretreatment and of maturation on the rheological and thermal properties of these gels were examined.
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  • 100
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    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Mechanochemical reactions ; molecular mechanism of fracture ; PVC ; tensile stress ; deformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with molecular phenomena appearing during deformation of poly(vinyl chloride) under tensile stress conditions. By using indirect techniques (reactions with radical acceptors, with vinylic monomers, electron microscopy) the formation of free radicals, appearing as a consequence of splitting of chemical bonds, is evidenced. The amount of reacted radical acceptor or monomer was proved to be related to solution concentration and to the duration of mechanical stress.
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