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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 4180-4187 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Major parts of our proven calibration facility have been totally renewed and other equipment has been added to fulfill the actual requirements for efficient calibration of modern space ion mass spectrometers. The main change was the replacement of the old two axes turntable by a new four axes turntable that can be used in a wide range with high precision. An additional effort has been made to design and test a new expansion system with higher transmission and improved quality with respect to overall homogeneity, parallel trajectories, and angular divergence of the ion beam. A personal computer is used to survey the state of the whole vacuum system permanently and to vent, pump down, and bakeout the calibration chamber automatically. A main computer has been installed which controls the turntable, the ion beam, the beam diagnostics, experimental high voltages, and the data acquisition with our detectors. A general interface allows the full control of the whole system for the complete automated calibration of a flight instrument. As an example, the calibration of the toroidal imaging mass-angle spectrograph instrument for the POLAR mission is described. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A novel misalignment offset reduction technique is extended in order to separate a piezoresistive voltage, from the Hall voltage, in doubly connected Hall elements based on silicon. In a special configuration, this method exploits directional averaging using biaxial current injection from four electrically separate current sources in order to cancel in situ the stress-generated off-diagonal piezoresistive voltage across the Hall voltage contacts. Measurements suggest field-equivalent offsets below 1 mT in (001) surface n-Si devices with current injection in the [110] direction. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 368-368 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 554-561 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Interfacial tension ; washing performance ; mixed micelles ; flotation ability ; dispersion ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Significant correlations become apparent between synergisms of micelle formation in surfactant mixtures and a series of physico-chemical properties and applications. Examples are emulsifying, dispersing, wetting, flotation, washing and cleaning ability. As a result, the effect of a co-surfactant with respect to problems of application can be predicted by a few surface tension measurements only.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 176-182 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Polymere ; Chrom ; Gelatine ; Benetzbarkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The adsorption of gelatin on chromium-surfaces in aqueous solution at 298 K depends clearly on the pH-value. At constant pH-value the shape of the isotherms formally belong to the high-affinity-type. The largest saturation capacity and the ellipsometrically determined thickness of the layer are found between the isoelectric points of the gelatin (IEP G =5,1) and of the chromium-surface (IEPCr≃5,6). Under these conditions the solubility of gelatin in water reaches a minimum and the apparent molecular weight a maximum. The maximal adsorption of gelatin on chromium is based largely on unspecific hydrophobic interactions. Measurements of layer thickness andwetting tension indicate, that the adsorption of gelatin on chromium is not fully reversible. Even after intensive rinsing in pure water there remains a gelatin layer of approximately 3 nm thickness, which graduelly leads to a hydrophobization of the initially hydrophilic chromium surface. This effect is also observed with weakly water soluble natural (albumin,γ-globulin, Na-caseinate) and synthetic polymers (PVA, PVP, MHPC, Polypropylenglycol, which various surfaces either hydrophobize or hydrophilize, depending on the original state.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Adsorption von Gelatine an Chrom-Oberflächen ist in wäßriger Lösung bei 298 K deutlich pH-Wert-abhängig. Bei konstantem pH-Wert entspricht der Verlauf der Isothermen formell dem High-Affinity-Typ. Die größte Sättigungskapazität und ellipsometrisch bestimmte Schichtdicke liegen zwischen den isoelektrischen Punkten der Gelatine (IEP G =5,1) und der Chromoberfläche (IEPCr≃5,6). Hier erreicht auch die Wasserlöslichkeit der Gelatine ein Minimum und das scheinbare Molekulargewicht ein Maximum. Die maximale Adsorption von Gelatine an Chrom beruht weitgehend auf unspezifischen hydrophoben Wechselwirkungen. Schichtdickenbestimmungen und Benetzungsspannungsmessungen zeigen, daß die Adsorption von Gelatine an Chrom nicht vollständig reversibel ist. Auch nach intensivem Abspülen mit reinem Wasser bleibt eine Gelatineschicht von ca. 3 nm Dicke zurück, die die ursprünglich hydrophile Chromoberfläche graduell hydrophobiert. Diesen Effekt zeigen auch weitere schwach wasserlösliche natürliche (Albumin,γ-Globulin, Na-Caseinat) und synthetische (PVA, PVP, MHPC, Polypropylenglykol) Polymere, die verschiedene Oberflächen je nach Ausgangszustand entweder hydrophobieren oder hydrophilieren.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 56-64 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymeric antiredeposition agents ; adsorption ; hydrophilization ; steric repulsion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In laundering, oily soils are detached from textile surfaces and dispersed. In addition, the washing solution should reduce the redeposition of free suspended soil particles onto the textile fibres. In the case of a recommended predetermined dosage of a detergent the main part of the required stabilizing effect is due to the surfactants, complexing agents, builders and zeolites. Polymeric antiredeposition agents cause only gradual additional improvements. In the case of a weak dosage the stabilizing effects of the surfactants and builders rapidly decrease and the effects of the polymeric antiredeposition agents increase. The mechanism of these effects is characterized by high selectivity of the textile substrates. In the case of polar textiles (for instance cotton) carboxy methyl cellulose is often successfully used. In this case the mode of action is mostly due to steric repulsion of the adsorbed layer. In the case of hydrophobic polyester fibres cellulose ethers with hydrophobic sidechains (for instance hydroxy propyl cellulose) show very good effects. In this case the steric component of the polymeric repulsion is supported by the decrease of the driving force of the heterocoagulation (hydrophilization of all hydrophobic interfaces). For this reason combinations of several antiredeposition agents are often used for mixed fabrics. The performenace of the polymeric agents for polyesters can be characterized by their ability to cause strong effective irreversible hydrophilization effects despite the competitive influences of the residual detergent ingrediences.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Waschprozeß werden ölige Anschmutzungen von textilen Oberflächen abgelöst und dispergiert. Die Flotte soll darüber hinaus das Wideraufziehen (Redeposition) frei schwebender Schmutzanteile auf Textilfasern vermindern. Bei empfohlener Solldosierung eines Waschmittels entfalten Tenside, Komplexbildner, Builder und Zeolithe den größten Teil der erforderlichen Stabilisierungswirkung. Polymere Vergrauungsinhibitoren bewirken nur graduelle zusätzliche Verbesserungen. Mit fortschreitender Unterdosierung nimmt die stabilisierende Tensid-und Builder-Wirkung schnell ab und die Bedeutung polymerer Vergrauungsinhibitoren steigt. Der Wirkungsmechanismus weist ein hohes Maß an Selektivität gegenüber textilen Substraten auf. Auf polarem Gut (z. B. Baumwolle) wird oft mit Erfolg Carboxymethylcellulose eingesetzt. Die Wirkungsweise beruht in diesem Falle weitgehend auf der sterischen Polymerschutzwirkung adsorbierter Schichten. Auf hydrophoberen Polyesterfasern zeigen Celluloseether mit hydrophoben Seitenketten (z. B. Hydroxypropylcellulose) sehr gute Effekte. Dabei wird die sterische Komponente der Polymerschutzwirkung durch Erniedrigung der treibenden Kraft der Heterokoagulation (Hydrophilierung sämtlicher hydrophober Grenzflächen) verstärkt. An Mischgeweben werden daher oft Kombinationen mehrerer Vergrauungsinhibitoren genutzt. Die vergrauungsinhibierende Wirksamkeit polymerer Substanzen für Polyester kann durch deren Fähigkeit, ungeachtet der Konkurrenz mit restlichen Inhaltsstoffen des Waschmittels möglichst starke effektiv irreversible Hydrophilierungseffekte hervorzurufen, charakterisiert werden.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 57 (1908), S. 414-430 
    ISSN: 0863-1778
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ale Resultate der vorliegenden Arbeit sind anzuführen: 1. Der von NERNST konstruierte elektriesche Druckofen hat sich vollständig bewährt und dürft für vide Prozesse ein wertvolles Hilfsmittel bilden. Das Ammoniakgleichgewicht ist nach der Formel: log x=3065/T -6.918 für das Temperaturgebiet von 700 - 1040° C durch eine Serie untereinander gut stimmender Vereuche festgelegt.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 39 (1906), S. 4327-4330 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1995-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 10
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