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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of poly-β-alanine from carbon black (1983)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 10 (1983), S. 404-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It was found that the hydrogen transfer polymerization of acrylamide was initiated by lithium phenolate(OLi) group on the carbon black, which was introduced by the reaction of oxygen containing group on the carbon black with n-butyllithium, and that poly-β-alanine(Nylon 3) was effectively grafted onto carbon black surface: the grafting ratio at 80°C increased to 115% with an increase in conversion. The grafted polymer was considered to be propagated from OLi group on the surface. Furthermore, the ratio of hydrogen transfer polymerization to vinyl polymerization (T-ratio) increased with an increase of polymerization temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262181
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines initiated by carbon black surface (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Carbon blacks were found capable of initiating the ringopening polymerization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines at relativery high temperatures. The activation energy of the polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline was estimated to be 13.4 kcal/mol. Carbon black lost the initiating activity of the polymerization upon the blocking of carboxyl groups on the surface by the treatment with potassium hydroxide or diazomethane. Therefore, it was concluded that carboxyl groups on carbon black play an important role in the initiation of the polymerization. Furthermore, it was found that during the polymerization, poly(N-acylethyleneimine) was grafted onto carbon black by the termination of growing polymer chain with the surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275591
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of polyesters onto carbon black (1982)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 7 (1982), S. 589-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature and solvent on the polymerization of β-propiolactone initiated by carbon black containing potassium carboxylate groups (COOK) was investigated. The rate of the polymerization (Rp) was found to increase with a rise in temperature. On the other hand, Rp varied with the solvents in the following order: toluene 〈 chloroform ≪ N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). This order was in agreement with that of increasing dielectric constant of the solvents. Furthermore, it was found that the grafting ratio of the polyester onto the surface of carbon black and the molecular weight of the homopolymer formed decreased, depending on the solvents used, in the following order: toluene 〉 chloroform 〉 DMF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256091
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactive carbon black having isocyanate or acyl azide group (1985)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 13 (1985), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Introduction of isocyanate (NCO) group onto carbon black surface was achieved by the treatment of carbon black with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate. In addition, carbon black having acyl azide (CON3) group, a precursor of NCO group, was prepared by the reaction of COCl or COOCOOC2H5 group on carbon black with NaN3. The CON3 group on carbon black was relatively stable at below 20°C but readily decomposed to NCO group by heating (Curtius rearrangement). By the reation of NCO group on carbon black with hydroxyl group of polymers, such as polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol, these polymers were found to be grafted onto carbon black.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254654
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of polyester onto carbon black (1983)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 10 (1983), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The grafting of polyesters by the ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides with phthalic anhydride (PhAn) was carried out at 120°C by using carbon black that contained COOK groups as the initiating site of copolymerization. The copolymerization was easily initiated by COOK groups and polyester was effectively grafted onto carbon black: the grafting ratio of polyester obtained from PhAn and glycidyl methacrylate was increased up to about 63% with the increase in conversion. The polyester-grafted carbon black gave a stable colloidal dispersion in chloroform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263240
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon fiber as an initiator of cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Carbon fibers were found capable of initiating the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) at 60∼80°C. The activation energy of the polymerization was estimated to be 13.4 kcal/mol. The carbon fiber lost the initiating activity of the polymerization upon the blocking of carboxyl groups on the surface by the treatment with potassium bicarbonate or diazomethane. Therefore, it was concluded that carboxyl groups on carbon fiber play an important role in the initiation of the polymerization. Furthermore, it was found that during the polymerization, poly-NVC was grafted onto the surface; the grafting ratio was determined to be 39.7% (60°C, 24 h).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255064
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting onto carbon black by the reaction of reactive carbon black having acyl chloride group with several polymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acyl chloride group introduced onto carbon black rapidly lost its activity by the moisture in air. However, the decrease of acyl chloride group content in vacuum was negligibly small. By the reaction of the acyl chloride group with several polymers having hydroxyl or amino group, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI), these polymers were found to be effectively grafted onto carbon black; for instance, the grafting ratio of PEG (Mn=8.2×103), PVA (Mn=2.2×104), and PEI (Mn=2.0×104) was 18.5%, 32.9%, and 45.8%, respectively. The number of polymer grafted onto carbon black decreased with an increase of its molecular weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955888
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic grafting from carbon black (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic ring-opening copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a cyclic acid anhydride such as phthalic anhydride (PAn) and maleic anhydride was initiated by acylium perchlorate groups on carbon black to give alternating copolymer, i.e., polyester. Epichlorohydrin was found to act as effective promoter in the copolymerization. The polyester formed was effectively grafted from carbon black depending upon the propagation of the polymer from the surface: the grafting ratio of polyester from THF and PAn was increased up to about 65% with an increase in conversion. The polyester-grafted carbon black gave a stable colloidal dispersion in chloroform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254993
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by an enolizable ketone-carbon black system (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by an enolizable ketone (R1—CO—CH2—CO—R2)-carbon black system was investigated. Although enolizable ketone itself could not do so, the polymerization of MMA was initiated by enolizable ketone in the presence of carbon black. In addition, a chloranil-enolizable ketone system was able to initiate the polymerization of MMA. It was found that the enol form of the ketone and quinonic oxygen groups on the carbon black surface played an important role in the initiation system; namely, it was considered that the polymerization was begun by the ketone radical (R1—CO—CH—CO—R2) formed by a one-electron transfer reaction from enolate ion to quinonic oxygen groups. The effect of solvent on the process was also studied. The rate of the polymerization increased, depending on the solvent used, in the following order: benzene 〈 1,4-dioxane 〈 dimethyl sulfoxide 〈 N,N-dimethylformamide 〈 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Furthermore, it became apparent that during the polymerization poly(methyl methacrylate) was grafted onto the carbon black surface (grafting ratio was ca. 40% when benzene was used as solvent) and the carbon black obtained gave a stable colloidal dispersion in organic solvent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210212
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting polyesters onto carbon black. I. Polymerization of β-propiolactone initiated by alkali metal carboxylate group on the surface of carbon black (1982)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 20 (1982), S. 3297-3304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By use of carbon black that contained alkali metal carboxylate (—COOM; M=Li, Na, K, Rb, or Cs) group as catalyst the anionic polymerization of β-propiolactone (PL) was carried out at 50°C and the grafting of polyester onto the carbon black surface was investigated. Carbon black that contained —COOM group was prepared by the reaction of carboxyl group on the surface with corresponding alkali metal hydroxide and was able to initiate the anionic ring-opening polymerization of PL. The carbon black obtained from the reaction gave a stable colloidal dispersion in an organic solvent. It was confirmed that the polyester formed was grafted effectively onto the surface; for instance, by using carbon black that contained —COOK group as catalyst the grafting ratio was increased to 145% (viz., 1.45 g of polyester was grafted/1 g of carbon black) with an increase in conversion. Furthermore, the effect of alkali metal countercation (M+) on the polymerization was studied. The initiating activity of —COOM group on the surface increased in the following order: —COOLi 〈 —COONa 〈 —COOK 〈 —COORb 〈 —COOCs. This order was in agreement with that of increasing electropositivity of these alkali metals.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.170201204
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