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  • Immunocytochemistry  (41)
  • tropical zooplankton  (30)
  • bioavailability  (28)
  • Springer  (99)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1980-1984  (99)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (99)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (99)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and electrophoretic studies on the localization of the major haemolymph proteins (ceratitins) inCeratitis capitata during development (1984)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 194 (1984), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Major haemolymph proteins ; Development ; Cuticle ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ceratitis capitata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental profile of the major haemolymph proteins (ceratitins) inCeratitis capitata was studied. Ceratitin concentration in the haemolymph decreases dramatically during the last days of pupal life, while the amounts of ceratitins in whole organism extracts remain unchanged. By electrophoretic, immunological and immunofluorescence techniques it was revealed that ceratitins are reabsorbed by the fat body and a fraction of them is deposited in the cuticle. The possible role of ceratitins is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848952
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of phytohemagglutinin in the embryonic axis of Phaseolus vulgaris with ultra-thin cryosections embedded in plastic after indirect immunolabeling (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 162 (1984), S. 548-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin (localization) ; Phaseolus (lectin) ; Phytohemagglutinin ; Seed (lectin)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have examined the properties and subcellular localization of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), the major lectin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris.), in the axis cells of nearly mature and imbibed mature seeds. On a protein basis the axis contained about 15% as much PHA as the cotyledons. Localization of PHA was done with an indirect immunolabeling method (rabbit antibodies against PHA, followed by colloidal gold particles coated with goat antibodies against rabbit immunoglobulins) on ultra-thin cryosections which were embedded in plastic on the grids after the immunolabeling procedure. The embedding greatly improved the visualization of the subcellular structures. The small (4 nm) collodial gold particles, localized with the electron microscope, were found exclusively over small vacuoles or protein bodies in all the cell types examined (cortical parenchyma cells, vascular-bundle cells, epidermal cells). The matrix of these vacuoles-protein bodies appears considerably less dense than that of the protein bodies in the cotyledons, but the results confirm that in all parts of the embryo PHA is localized in similar structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399921
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of xipamide in patients with normal and impaired kidney function (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 513-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: xipamide ; electrolyte excretion ; bioavailability ; elimination ; extrarenal clearance ; chronic renal failure ; furosemide ; hydrochlorothiazide ; amiloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of a single oral dose of 40 mg xipamide on urinary excretion of Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in healthy subjects and in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment was compared with various conventional diuretics. Xipamide caused marked excretion of Na+ and Cl−, whereas the diuretic produced only moderate kaliuresis; urinary excretion of Ca2+ was increased in proportion to Na+, like the loop diuretics. Xipamide affected electrolyte excretion even in patients with a creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min, as do the loop diuretics, too. Therefore, the pharmacodynamic characteristics of xipamide are more like those of a loop diuretic than of a thiazide. Xipamide was good bioavailable, its t1/2β was 7 h and urinary recovery of the undegraded drug was 40% of the given dose. In renal insufficiency, t1/2β increased from 7 to only 9 h, yielding a moderate increase in the AUC. Urinary recovery of the drug was reduced in proportion to the reduction in the creatinine clearance of the patient. Therefore, significant extrarenal elimination of the diuretic must be postulated, which suffices to prevent significant drug accumulation in renal failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542150
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of phenytoin during pregnancy (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phenytoin ; epileptic women ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five epileptic women needing to commence phenytoin therapy during pregnancy received a single intravenous and a single oral dose of phenytoin several days apart before starting regular intake of the drug. Plasma phenytoin concentration — time data were analysed by three different pharmacokinetic techniques. However assessed, the mean oral bioavailability of the drug proved to be about 90% of the intravenous bioavailability. This finding makes it unlikely that impaired bioavailability accounts for the increase in oral phenytoin dosage necessary in pregnancy to maintain plasma phenytoin concentrations at pre-pregnancy values. Phenytoin clearance in the pregnant subjects was approximately double the published values for phenytoin clearance in nonpregnant persons. This suggests that increased (metabolic) clearance accounts for the increased phenytoin dosage requirement of pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395215
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implications of intraindividual variability in bioavailability studies of furosemide (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 595-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; bioavailability ; generic tablet formulations ; intrasubject variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intrasubject variation in bioavailability (rate and extent) and disposition of furosemide 40 mg was investigated using a repeated, randomized, double-blind cross-over study in 8 healthy subjects. Two generic tablet formulations (Lasix and Furix) and intravenous furosemide were compared on 6 separate days. Extensive intrasubject variability after oral administration was observed in AUC, mean absorption time (MAT) and urinary excretion. The variability (error variance) within the dosage forms was as large as that between the two generics. These variations most probably depended on the absorption process, since the repeated i.v. doses showed only marginal intrasubject variability. Absolute bioavailability was 56% for Lasix and 55% for Furix (AUC). The range was 20 to 84% between individuals and the maximal range within one individual was 20 to 61%. Confidence interval and Bayesian analysis showed a high probability of non-equivalence not only between but also within the generics when the separate cross-over experiments were analyzed (8 observations). When extending the analysis to 16 observations, bioequivalence was demonstrated for the two generic tablets. Rate of absorption, quantified as MAT, was 128 min for Lasix and 98 min for Furix (16 observations). Since MAT was significantly longer (p〈0.001) than the mean residence time after the i.v. dose (57 min), absorption was evidently the rate-limiting step in the overall kinetics of oral furosemide. Intraindividual variation in absorption is a confounding factor in bioavailability studies of furosemide using limited numbers of subjects. This is important to consider when designing and evaluating bioavailability studies for drugs showing these variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556898
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food does not effect in bioavailability of theophylline from Theolin Retard® (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 405-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; drug absorption ; bioavailability ; food intake ; sustained-release preparations ; Theolin Retard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of theophylline from a sustained release tablet preparation (Theolin® Retard 300 mg) was studied in 10 subjects both when fasting and immediately after a standardized breakfast. Intravenous aminophylline was used as the reference material. Food did not influence the absorption from Theolin Retard. The bioavailability was complete (93% after 30 h) both with and without food, and no difference was found in the time to peak of the plasma concentration curve (7 h), or the mean residence time (14 h). The absorption characteristics, with predominantly zero order kinetics, did not change with concomitant intake of breakfast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548776
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of food on pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil and its main metabolite, phenylacetic acid mustard (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlorambucil ; chronic lymphocytic leukaemia ; phenylacetic acid mustard ; food intake ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil (C) and its cytotoxic metabolite, phenylacetic acid mustard (PAM), has been studied in man after oral doses of chlorambucil. The administration of chlorambucil with food resulted in slower absorption than when fasting. However, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was unaffected. The mean ratio AUCPAM/AUCC was 2.8 (range 1.4–7.1) under fasting and 3.3 (range 1.3–7.4) under nonfasting conditions. The metabolite very probably plays an important role in the cytotoxic effects observed after administration of C, since calculations show that a major fraction of the metabolite is eliminated by alkylation reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553164
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the bioavailability of nitroglycerin from a transdermal therapeutic system (Nitroderm TTS) (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitroglycerin ; plasma concentration ; transdermal administration ; bioavailability ; pharmacodynamics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 healthy volunteers, intravenous infusions of nitroglycerin 4.8 and 10.6 µg/min yielded mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5±0.02 and 0.82±0.04 ng/ml as determined by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. The plasma concentrations reached in the same subjects 17 h after application of Nitroderm TTS 5 and 10 with in vivo release rates of 3.7 and 5.7 µg/min were 0.28±0.01 and 0.37±0.01 ng/ml, respectively. Thus, 75% of the quantity of nitroglycerin released by the systems passed into the circulation. The inter-individual and intra-individual variations in plasma concentrations were similar for both modes of administration. The nitroglycerin-induced morphological changes in the fingerpulse wave were clearly dose-dependent, but it seems that this pharmacodynamic parameter is determined less by the plasma concentration than by the nitroglycerin content of the vascular wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395198
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steady state bioavailability of a new oral formulation of Hydergine® in geriatric patients (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 133-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: co-dergocrine mesylate ; geriatric patients ; hydergine ; bioavailability ; steady state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative bioavailability of the newly developed formulation of co-dergocrine mesylate (Hydergine spezial, 1×4 mg) was determined in elderly patients under steady state conditions, with conventional Hydergine forte tablets (2×2 mg) as a reference. Both formulations were given once a day for 8 days in a randomised cross-over design. The areas under the curve showed that the bioavailability of the new tablet was about 30% higher (28±6.3%) than that of Hydergine forte. The peak plasma concentration was reached 3±0.9 h after administration. Because of its greater relative bioavailability higher plasma levels were found 2–24 hours after the Hydergine spezial formulation than after Hydergine forte tablets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546722
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioequivalence studies in humans of indomethacin capsules marketed in India (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indomethacin capsules ; bioequivalence ; volunteers ; pharmacokinetics ; statistical significance ; bioavailability ; comparative bioequivalence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two, separate 6×6 Latin square cross-over bioequivalence studies were performed in adult male volunteers using 10 different indomethacin capsule preparations marketed in India together with the pure drug powder as the standard. The products were evaluated with respect to plasma level at various times up to 8 h following administration of a 50 mg (2 × 25 mg) dose. Plasma samples were analysed by a fluorimetric method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated according to a two compartment model. Statistical evaluation of the data employed analysis of variance for a cross-over design (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test to ascertain the significance of differences between the products. Of the 10 products studied, two were found to be bioinequivalent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630296
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elucidation of the structure and receptor binding studies of the major primary, metabolite of dihydroergotamine in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 463-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dihydroergotamine ; 8′-hydroxy-dihydroergotamine ; plasma metabolites ; bioavailability ; receptor affinity ; healthy volunteers ; liver microsomal incubates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of dihydroergotamine and its metabolites have been measured after a single oral administration of 3 mg tritium-labelled drug to 6 male volunteers. The plasma level of non-volatile radioactivity declined biphasically with α- and β-phase half-lives of 2.1 h and 32.3 h, respectively. The peak plasma concentration was reached within 3.2h. Urinary excretion of total non-volatile radioactivity was low, amounting to 1.0% of the dose. The parent drug and four metabolites could be quantitated in urine and plasma samples. Metabolite 4 (8′-hydroxy-dihydroergotamine) was isolated from incubates of rat and monkey liver microsomal preparations. In human liver microsomal incubates, metabolite 4 was shown to be the primary metabolite of dihydroergotamine. In receptor binding studies performed with mammalian brain preparations, metabolite 4 had IC50-values at 6 monoaminergic binding sites similar to those of dihydroergotamine. Thus, it appears that the active principle consists at least of dihydroergotamine and its 8′-hydroxy derivative. As the concentration of metabolite 4 exceeded 5–7 times that of dihydroergotamine in urine and plasma, the bioavailability of dihydroergotamine should be reevaluated, taking into account the plasma concentrations of the parent drug and of its acitve metabolite, 8′-hydroxydihydroergotamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542142
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of amiodarone (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 533-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amiodarone ; bioavailability ; clearance estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542153
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of nadolol in healthy subjects (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 125-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nadolol ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma levels ; urinary excretion ; bioavailability ; circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 7 healthy subjects (3 males and 4 females), the kinetics of nadolol was investigated after oral doses of 60 and 120 mg. The t1/2 was 14.0±1.8 h. The peak plasma level was doubled on doubling the dose (from 69±15 to 132±27 ng/ml, respectively) and the urinary excretion (13.5%) rose similarly. The half-life of elimination was longer at night than in the day, probably because of the slower nocturnal flow of urine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546720
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of cimetidine and its metabolites in juvenile cystic fibrosis patients: Age related differences as compared to adults (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; cystic fibrosis ; bioavailability ; renal clearance ; renal function differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of cimetidine were studied in five cystic fibrosis patients (mean age 12.6 years) after oral and intravenous administration. As compared to healthy adult volunteers, cystic fibrosis children had an elevated cimetidine total body clearance (474 vs 300 ml/min/m2) as well as renal clearance (293 vs 232 ml/min/m2) whether normalized for body weight or surface area differences. Cimetidine elimination was elevated in juvenile cystic fibrosis patients as compared to adult volunteers, however, it did not differ significantly from that previously seen in age matched children. There were no appreciable differences in cimetidine metabolism after either route of administration. Differences between adults and cystic fibrosis children were attributed to developmental and age related differences between the two groups. The recommended pediatric dose of 15 to 20 mg/kg, although four-fold greater than that used in adults, produces serum concentrations similar to those seen in adults, and is adequate for most juvenile cystic fibrosis patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630284
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in man after intravenous and oral administration. Application of moment analysis (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; oral administration ; i.v. administration ; drug absorption ; moment analysis ; food effect ; dissolution effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Furosemide 40 mg was administered to 8 healthy subjects as an i.v. bolus dose, as 1 tablet in the fasting state, and as 1 tablet and a solution after food intake. The i.v. data gave a total body clearance of 162±10.8 ml/min and a renal clearance of 117±11.3 ml/min; the volume of distribution at steady state was 8.3±0.61. Oral administration gave a bioavailability of the tablet (fasting) of 51%. Food intake slightly reduced the bioavailability, but not to a significant extent. There was no significant difference in availability between the tablet and the solution. Moment analysis gave a mean residence time after the i.v. dose, MRTi.v., of 51±1.5 min. The mean absorption times (MAT) for all oral doses were significantly longer than the MRTi.v., indicating absorption rate-limited kinetics of furosemide. On average, food delayed the absorption by 60 min. The MAT for the tablet in the postprandial state was significantly longer than for the solution, indicating dissolution rate-limited absorption of the tablet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630286
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of aluminium phosphate on the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 271-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; prednisolone ; aluminium phosphate ; antacids ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten fasting subjects received 200 mg cimetidine orally either with water or 11 g aluminium phosphate mixture in a randomized, single dose, two-way cross-over study. Blood samples were taken for 12 h and urine was collected for 24 h. Cimetidine in plasma and urine was analysed by HPLC. There were no significant differences between the treatments with respect to peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, and urinary excretion. In 12 healthy subjects the absorption of prednisolone was investigated when given alone and together with 11 g aluminium phosphate. Blood samples were taken over 16 h and prednisolone in plasma was analysed by HPLC. There were no significant differences in the values of area under curve (AUC), Cmax and tmax. The results indicate that aluminium phosphate does not reduce the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630299
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of cimetidine in advanced cirrhosis (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 347-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; cirrhosis ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; clearance reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of impaired liver function on the pharmacokinetics of cimetidine was studied in 8 patients with advanced cirrhosis given single doses of 100 mg i.v. and 400 mg p.o. on separate days. Compared to a control group of 10 healthy volunteers, the total renal and nonrenal clearance was significantly reduced in the cirrhotic patients; (total plasma clearance mean ± SD) 356±181 vs 789±262 ml/min (p〈0.01); renal clearance (Clr) 296±100 vs 588±181 ml/min (p〈0.01) and nonrenal clearance (Clnr) 97±111 vs 205±89 ml/min (p〈0.05). Compared to published results for age-matched ulcer patients, both total and nonrenal clearance were lower whereas renal clearance was within the reported normal range. A significant reduction in volume of distribution (Vdβ) was found, from 2.1±0.1 l/kg in controls to 1.0±0.4l/kg, and in the patient group there was a significant correlation between Vdβ and total plasma clearance (r=0.72, p〈0.05). Volume of distribution in steady state (Vdss) did not differ from published results in age-matched controls. No significant change in half-life was found. Bioavailability, estimated by AUC-measurement, showed considerable patient variability (21–143%), with a mean of 70±39%. This was lower than in the controls. In contrast, measurement of urinary excretion showed higher bioavailability in the patients (66±23 vs 51±8%). No correlation was found between any of the kinetic parameters and the clinical and laboratory data. It is suggested that patients with advanced cirrhosis should be closely observed when given cimetidine, and a reduction in dose should be concidered if side effects are to be avoided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548766
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of phenytoin during pregnancy (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phenytoin ; epileptic women ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five epileptic women needing to commence phenytoin therapy during pregnancy received a single intravenous and a single oral dose of phenytoin several days apart before starting regular intake of the drug. Plasma phenytoin concentration — time data were analysed by three different pharmacokinetic techniques. However assessed, the mean oral bioavailability of the drug proved to be about 90% of the intravenous bioavailability. This finding makes it unlikely that impaired bioavailability accounts for the increase in oral phenytoin dosage necessary in pregnancy to maintain plasma phenytoin concentrations at pre-pregnancy values. Phenytoin clearance in the pregnant subjects was approximately double the published values for phenytoin clearance in nonpregnant persons. This suggests that increased (metabolic) clearance accounts for the increased phenytoin dosage requirement of pregnancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553163
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of food on pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil and its main metabolite, phenylacetic acid mustard (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlorambucil ; chronic lymphocytic leukaemia ; phenylacetic acid mustard ; food intake ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil (C) and its cytotoxic metabolite, phenylacetic acid mustard (PAM), has been studied in man after oral doses of chlorambucil. The administration of chlorambucil with food resulted in slower absorption than when fasting. However, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was unaffected. The mean ratio AUCPAM/AUCC was 2.8 (range 1.4–7.1) under fasting and 3.3 (range 1.3–7.4) under nonfasting conditions. The metabolite very probably plays an important role in the cytotoxic effects observed after administration of C, since calculations show that a major fraction of the metabolite is eliminated by alkylation reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395216
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the bioavailability of nitroglycerin from a transdermal therapeutic system (Nitroderm TTS) (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitroglycerin ; plasma concentration ; transdermal administration ; bioavailability ; pharmacodynamics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 healthy volunteers, intravenous infusions of nitroglycerin 4.8 and 10.6 µg/min yielded mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5±0.02 and 0.82±0.04 ng/ml as determined by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. The plasma concentrations reached in the same subjects 17 h after application of Nitroderm TTS 5 and 10 with in vivo release rates of 3.7 and 5.7 µg/min were 0.28±0.01 and 0.37±0.01 ng/ml, respectively. Thus, 75% of the quantity of nitroglycerin released by the systems passed into the circulation. The inter-individual and intra-individual variations in plasma concentrations were similar for both modes of administration. The nitroglycerin-induced morphological changes in the fingerpulse wave were clearly dose-dependent, but it seems that this pharmacodynamic parameter is determined less by the plasma concentration than by the nitroglycerin content of the vascular wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553146
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of oral and rectal flurbiprofen in children (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 367-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: flurbiprofen ; syrup ; suppository ; kinetics ; children ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight subjects, aged 6–12 years and weighing 18.8–36.7 kg, received single doses of flurbiprofen 50 or 75 mg (corresponding to 1.4–2.7 mg/kg) as syrup and suppository in a Latin square design. Half-life (2.7–3.2 h), elimination constant (0.22–0.26 h−1), area under the plasma level curve (72.4–77.3 µg·h·ml−1) and time to reach the concentration peak (1–0.75 h) were similar after the syrup and suppository. Flurbiprofen showed equivalent bioavailability after oral and rectal administration and the same pharmacokinetic profile was confirmed in children as observed in adults.
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    Cimetidine bioavailability and variable renal clearance (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 623-624 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; bioavailability ; renal clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556904
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    Bioavailability of cyclophosphamide from oral formulations (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 269-270 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyclophosphamide ; cytostatic drug ; cancer therapy ; female breast cancer ; bioavailability ; rapid release formulations ; gastric juice resistant formulation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating cytostatic compound, which is activated to its cytotoxic form in the liver [1]. Since the therapeutic range of CP in the treatment of human tumours, is small like other cytostatics, a constant high bioavailability is essential for its oral administration. Although CP has become one of the most widely used cytostatics [2], there do not appear to have been any bioavailability investigations providing the necessary information. The development of a very sensitive gas chromatographic analytical method has now permited investigation of the pharmacokinetics of oral CP in conventional clinical doses [3, 4, 5, 6].
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    Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of digitoxin by a specific assay (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 85-89 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: digitoxin ; radioimmunoassay ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; digitoxin metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of digitoxin were examined in six normal human subjects using an assay that separates digitoxin from its metabolites. After intravenous administration, the mean systemic clearance was 2.44 ml/min; the volume of distribution was 0.47 l/kg; and the elimination half-life was 6.5 days. After oral administration, the elimination half-life was 5.8 days. The bioavailability was 81.5% using the specific assay. Using a non-specific, direct serum digitoxin radioimmunoassay the bioavailability was 98.0%. Assay of aqueous fractions from extracted serum samples indicated higher levels of water-soluble metabolites following oral compared to intravenous digitoxin administration. These findings suggest that previously reported values for digitoxin bioavailability using non-specific methods may be falsely elevated due to the presence of digitoxin metabolites in serum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395212
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    Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of digitoxin by a specific assay (1984)
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: digitoxin ; radioimmunoassay ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; digitoxin metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of digitoxin were examined in six normal human subjects using an assay that separates digitoxin from its metabolites. After intravenous administration, the mean systemic clearance was 2.44 ml/min; the volume of distribution was 0.47 l/kg; and the elimination half-life was 6.5 days. After oral administration, the elimination half-life was 5.8 days. The bioavailability was 81.5% using the specific assay. Using a non-specific, direct serum digitoxin radioimmunoassay the bioavailability was 98.0%. Assay of aqueous fractions from extracted serum samples indicated higher levels of water-soluble metabolites following oral compared to intravenous digitoxin administration. These findings suggest that previously reported values for digitoxin bioavailability using non-specific methods may be falsely elevated due to the presence of digitoxin metabolites in serum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553160
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    Fine-structural heterogeneity and morphologic changes in rat pituitary prolactin cells after estrogen and testosterone treatment (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 195-202 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Prolactin cells ; Estrogen ; Heterogeneity ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was conducted to determine the functional and/or developmental relationships among three heterogeneous types of prolactin cells (I, II and III) in rats. Rats were injected subcutaneously daily with estradiol or testosterone propionate on days 10–20 after birth. Estradiol increased the proportion of cell types II and III, increased serum PRL levels 12-fold in males and 15-fold in females, and increased pituitary levels of prolactin 12-fold in males and 5-fold in females. Testosterone mainly increased the proportion of the Type-II cells, decreased serum levels of prolactin in males only, and did not change pituitary levels of prolactin. In a second experiment, treatment of rats with nafoxidine for five days after E2 treatment (days 10–20 after birth) increased the proportion of Type-I cells and decreased the proportion of Type-III cells and decreased serum and pituitary levels of prolactin by 50% in females and by 15 and 45% in males. In a third experiment utilizing adult male rats, estradiol and testosterone were found to modulate the relative ratios of the different types of PRL cells as they did in immature animals. The data taken as a whole suggest the possibility of an estrogen-stimulated conversion of one cell type to another, which may be a reflection of prolactin secretory activity.
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    Glial cells in the pineal gland of mice and rats (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 245-252 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Interstitial cells ; Astrocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antigenic markers characteristic of astrocytes and their differentiative states (i.e., glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and M1 and C1 antigens) were investigated in the pineal gland of mouse and rat using double immunolabeling techniques. In both species the socalled interstitial cells as characterized by TEM were shown to be astrocytes, since they expressed vimentin, but neither fibronectin (a marker for fibroblasts and endothelial cells) nor the neuron-specific L1 antigen or tetanus toxin receptors. Subpopulations of vimentin-positive pineal astrocytes were also GFAP- and C1- antigen-positive. M1- antigenpositive cells were not detected. It is concluded that a considerable proportion of interstitial cells in the pineal gland of rat and mouse are immature astrocytes which, in contrast to other parts of the central nervous system, persist into adulthood.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217142
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    Comparative immunocytochemical study of the subcommissural organ (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 427-441 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Reissner's fiber ; Ependyma ; Secretory process ; Comparative analysis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Vertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organs (SCO) of 76 specimens belonging to 25 vertebrate species (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) were studied by use of the immunoperoxidase procedure. The primary antiserum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with bovine Reissner's fiber (RF) extracted in a medium containing EDTA, DTT and urea. Antiserum against an aqueous extract of RF was also produced. The presence of immunoreactive material in cell processes and endings was regarded as an indication of a possible route of passage. Special attention was paid to the relative development of the ventricular, leptomeningeal and vascular pathways established by immunoreactive structures. The SCO of submammalian species is characterized by (i) a conspicuous leptomeningeal connection established by ependymal cells, (ii) scarce or missing hypendymal cells, and (iii) a population of ependymal cells establishing close spatial contacts with blood vessels. The SCO of most mammalian species displays the following features: (i) ependymal cells lacking immunoreactive long basal processes, (ii) hypendymal secretory cells occurring either in a scattered arrangement or forming clusters, (iii) an occasional leptomeningeal connection provided by hypendymal cells, and (iv) in certain species numerous contacts of secretory cells with blood vessels. In the hedgehog immunoreactive material was missing in the ependymal formation of the SCO, but present in hypendymal cells and in the choroid plexuses. The SCO of several species of New-and Old-World monkeys displayed immunoreactive material, whereas that of anthropoid apes (chimpanzee, orangutan) and man was completely negative with the antisera used.
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    Spatial and structural interrelationships between secretory cells of the subcommissural organ and blood vessels (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 443-449 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Ependyma ; Comparative aspects ; Immunocytochemistry ; Secretory process ; Blood vessels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 76 specimens (amphibians, reptilians, mammals) belonging to 25 different vertebrate species, the region of the subcommissural organ (SCO) was investigated with the use of a primary antiserum raised against an extract of bovine Reissner's fiber+the immunoperoxidase procedure according to Sternberger et al. (1970). In the SCO of a toad (Bufo arenarum) and several species of reptiles (lacertilians, ophidians, crocodilians), the ependymal cells were the only type of secretory cell displaying vascular contacts, whereas in mammals ependymal and hypendymal cells established intimate spatial contacts with blood vessels. In Bufo arenarum, but especially in the reptilian species examined, the ependymo-vascular relationship was exerted by a population of ependymal cells having a rather constant location within the SCO and projecting to capillaries that showed a remarkably constant pattern of anatomical distribution. In the SCO of mammals the modality and degree of the structural relationships between secretory cells and blood vessels varied greatly from species to species. In the SCO of the armadillo and dog the secretory tissue was organized as a thick, highly vascularized layer with most of the cells oriented toward the capillaries. A rather opposite situation was found in the SCO of New-and Old-World monkeys, where vascular contacts were restricted to a few ependymal cells.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the brain of the lizard, Lacerta muralis (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 521-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone ; α-MSH-like peptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Lizard (Lacerta muralis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) was studied in the brain of the lizard Lacerta muralis by means of immunocytochemical staining methods. α-MSH-like containing cells were found in the ventro-lateral preoptic area and the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Some scattered cells staining for α-MSH were also detected in the mesencephalo-diencephalic boundary region, while numerous α-MSH-like nerve fibres were localized in the medial eminence. No reaction was observed after the use of antiserum preabsorbed with synthetic antigen. These findings suggest that an α-MSH-like peptidergic system could possibly be involved in the hypothalamo-hypophysial regulation and/or play a role as neurotransmitter in this animal.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the human hypothalamus (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 203-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Hypothalamus, human ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary stalk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus, an immunocytochemical localization of this peptide was performed. Using antibodies developed against synthetic porcine neuropeptide Y (NPY), we have been able to localize immunoreactivity in neuronal cell bodies located exclusively in the infundibular nucleus. Immunostained fibers were found in several regions in the hypothalamus with a high concentration in the periventricular areas. Fibers were also found in the neurovascular zone of the median eminence, the pituitary stalk and the posterior pituitary. These results suggest that immunoreactive material related to porcine NPY is present in the human hypothalamus, with a distribution similar to that observed in the rat.
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical evidence for peptidergic neurotransmission in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 197-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptidergic neurotransmission ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three neuronal systems of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were immunocytochemically investigated at the ultrastructural level with the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Preliminary electrophysiological and cell-filling investigations have shown that a cluster of neurons which reacts positively with an antiserum against the molluscan cardio-active peptide FMRFamide, sends axons to the penis retractor muscle. In this muscle anti-FMRF-amide (aFM) positive axons form neuro-muscular synapses with (smooth) muscle fibers. The morphological observations suggest the aFM immunoreactive system to be involved in peptidergic neurotransmission. In the right parietal ganglion a large neuron (LYAC) is penetrated by aFM positive axons which form synapse-like structures (SLS) with the LYAC. The assumption that the SLS represent the morphological basis for peptidergic transmission is sustained by the observation that iontophoretical application of synthetic FMRFamide depolarizes the LYAC. The axons of a group of pedal anti-vasopressin (aVP) positive cells run in close vicinity to the cerebral ovulation (neuro-)-hormone producing cell system (CDC system) Synapses or SLS between the two systems were not observed. The fact that (bath) application of arg-vasopressin induces bursting in the CDC, may indicate that the vasopressin-like substance of the aVP cells is released non-synaptically.
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical demonstration of D2-protein in adrenal medulla (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 497-502 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: D2 glycoprotein ; Adrenal gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Cell adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of the glycoprotein D2 in rat adrenal gland was investigated using immunohistochemical methods, and D2 localization in cultures of adult bovine chromaffin cells was studied by immunofluorescence. D2 was found to be situated on nerve fibers passing through the adrenal cortex and in the medulla zone, and also on the surface of all chromaffin cells. In addition, it was strongly expressed on the surface of glial (Schwann) cells. Cortical cells were unreactive to the antiserum. In cultures, all adrenalin and noradrenalin [dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)-positive] cells were surface labelled for D2. A less frequent second cell type was recognized in vitro which was DBH negative but D2 positive. Such cells were presumed to be Schwann cells. These data are discussed in terms of the developmental origin of the cells and with regard to the putative functional rôle of D2 in cell adhesion phenomena.
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    Immunohistochemical study of the adenohypophysis of Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 211-214 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Pars distalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Amphibia ; Gymnophiona
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The indirect immunofluorescence method was used to identify and locate LTH-, STH-, LH-, TSH-, ACTH- and MSH-immunoreactive cells in the pituitary of Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Gymnophiona). The present study defines the histological and histochemical staining properties of each cell type identified.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) in smooth muscle fibers and absorptive epithelial cells in the small intestine of the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 207-209 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caldesmon ; Actin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Small intestine ; Smooth muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) (Sobue et al. 1982) and of actin was studied in the rat's small intestine by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Positive immunostaining for caldesmon was seen in smooth muscle cells of the intestinal wall, and of blood vessels, and in the apical portion of the absorptive epithelial cells. The immunoreactivity in goblet cells was difficult to recognize. The positive reaction to immunostaining for actin showed almost the same pattern as that for caldesmon. These results suggest that this calmodulin-binding protein may play an important role in the control of actin-myosin interaction in smooth muscle cells and in non-muscle cells.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of neurons in the nervous system of the Colorado potato beetle with antisera against FMRFamide and bovine pancreatic polypeptide (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 303-308 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Peptidergic neurons ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Particular neurons in the nervous system of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, are recognized by antisera against bovine pancreatic polypeptide and FMRFamide. Both antisera react with the same neurons. Solid phase absorptions showed that antiserum against bovine pancreatic polypeptide cross-reacts with FMRFamide, whereas antiserum against FMRFamide cross-reacts with bovine pancreatic polypeptide. Some of the immunoreactive neurons have axons branching extensively within the neuropile, which suggests that the peptide is used as transmitter. In the corpus cardiacum, a neurohaemal organ in insects, numerous immunoreactive axon terminals are present. Here, the peptide material is presumably released as a hormone.
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    Localization of corticotropin-releasing factor-containing neurons in the brain of the domestic fowl (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 245-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons were investigated in the brain of the domestic fowl by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique at the light-microscopic level. The detection of CRF-immunoreactivity was facilitated by silver intensification. CRF-containing perikarya were found in the paraventricular, preoptic and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus and in some extrahypothalamic areas (nuclei dorsomedialis and dorsolateralis thalami, nucleus accumbens septi, lobus parolfactorius, periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon, nucleus oculomotorius ventralis). Immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals were demonstrated in the external zone of the median eminence and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. These results indicate that an immunologically demonstrable CRF-neurosecretory system also exists in the avian central nervous system.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of caldesmon and actin in thyroid glands of rats (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 375-377 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Immunocytochemistry ; Caldesmon ; Actin ; Endocytosis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin interacting protein; Sobue et al. 1982) and actin was studied in the rat thyroid gland by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry, and the fine-structural distribution of actin filaments was examined by use of heavy meromyosin (HMM). Caldesmon and actin were demonstrated in the apical cytoplasm of almost all the follicle epithelial cells in normal as well as TSH-treated animals. Immunoreactivities for both caldesmon and actin showed almost the same pattern in localization. The smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels were also positive for caldesmon and actin. By electron microscopy, numerous actin filaments decorated by HMM and running perpendicularly or randomly to the apical surface were recognized in the apical cytoplasm of the follicle epithelial cell. These results suggest that caldesmon and actin, in conjugation with calmodulin, play a role in the regulation of cellular activity such as exocytosis and endocytosis in the apical portion of the follicle epithelial cell.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of urotensin I neurons in the caudal neurosecretory system of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urotensin ; Caudal neurosecretory system ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of urotensin I has been investigated in the caudal neurosecretory system of the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). The peptide is present in all the cells of the system both large and small, in the large axons passing to the urophysis, and in fine beaded fibres not only within the urophysis but also in a fine plexus lateral to the large cells in the spinal cord proper. The possibility that the caudal neurosecretory system is not a functionally uniform system but rather a collection of dissimilar cells of different synaptic inputs with a common entity, urotensin I, is discussed. Moreover, the feasibility of a urotensin I feedback loop is described.
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    Comparative immunocytochemical demonstration of ACTH-, LH and FSH-containing cells in the pituitary of neonatal, immature and adult rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 71-75 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary rat ; LH cells ; FSH cells ; ACTH cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of immunocytochemistry, the development of ACTH-, LH- and FSH cells was examined in the anterior pituitary of 5-day-old neonatal, 15-day-old immature and adult rats. ACTH-positive cells are angular and the periphery of these cells is strongly reactive with anti-ACTH serum. In contrast, LH- and FSH-immunopositive cells are ovoid elements, ranging in cell size and intensity of staining. Angular cells, in which only the cell periphery reacted with anti-LHβ serum, were observed in neonatal and immature rats; however, these cells were not stained with either anti-FSHβ serum or anti-ACTH serum. Observation of serial semithin sections revealed that ACTH-immunopositive cells do not react with either anti-LHβ or anti-FSHβ serum. Finally, it was observed that ACTH cells and LH cells are both functionally differentiated already in 5-day-old neonatal rats.
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of LH and FSH in the pituitary of the untreated male rat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 77-83 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary (rat) ; LH cells ; FSH cells ; Rapid freeze-substitution ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ferritin antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rapid freeze-substitution fixation was employed in immunocytochemical studies on the localization of LH and FSH in the typical gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary in the untreated male rat; a modification of a recently described ferritin antibody method (Inoue et al. 1982) was used in these studies. It was shown that rapid freeze-substitution fixation provides good preservation not only of the ultrastructure but also of the antigenicity. Both LH and FSH were clearly demonstrated in the same gonadotrophic cells, but the subcellular localization of these gonadotrophins differed: (i) LH was mainly located in small secretory granules, 250–300 nm in diameter; (ii) FSH was mainly present in large secretory granules, up to 500 nm in diameter. In the pituitary gland of the adult male rat, all gonadotrophs that react to antibodies against gonadotrophins are characterized by small and large secretory granules. Other types of cells of the anterior pituitary containing either small secretory granules or resembling corticotrophs with secretory granules assembled at cell periphery did not react to either anti-LH beta or anti-FSH beta serum. For light microscopy, the peroxidase antibody method was used. All of the gonadotrophin-positive cells contain both LH and FSH. None of the pituitary cells reacted to antibody against only one gonadotrophin. However, some cells are “LH-rich” while other cells are “FSH-rich”.
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    Ultrastructural evidence for endogenous testosterone immunoreactivity in the pituitary gland of the rat (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Gonadotropic cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Testosterone binding ; Cryo-ultramicrotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several attempts have been made to localize steroids by means of immunocytological techniques. However, these methods were found inadequate for detecting steroids bound to their receptors. To localize endogenous testosterone (T) in its target cells at the ultrastructural level, an immunocytological technique was performed on ultrathin sections obtained by cryo-ultramicrotomy. T was detected in the pituitary glands obtained from intact male or female rats and castrated rats, but not in castrated + adrenalectomized rats. Animals were also injected either with testosterone, with other steroids (estradiol, progesterone, corticosterone) or with an androgen antagonist (cyproterone acetate). In addition, some ultrathin sections were preincubated either with phosphate buffers of various pH, corticosterone, cyproterone acetate solution, or with T solution. The content of T in the pituitary before and after fixation was measured by radioimmunoassay; it decreased after fixation. T immunoreactivity was localized in the gonadotropic cells only, both in the male and female rats. At the subcellular level, the immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasmic matrix and in the nucleus. Immunoreactive T disappeared 1) in rats after castration+adrenalectomy; by means of radioimmunoassay no T was measured in these pituitary glands; 2) in rats injected with 25 (μg/rat of cyproterone acetate; 3) after preincubation of pituitary sections on a drop of cyproterone acetate (1 × 10-6 M). The immunocytological reaction was not modified when the rats were injected with estradiol, progesterone or corticosterone (1 mg/rat), or after preincubation of the sections with corticosterone (1 × 10-3 M), or a buffer solution at pH 7.6. Lower or higher pH values led to a strong decrease in the immunoreactivity. After injection of T (15 μg/rat) the immunocytological reaction was more abundant in the nucleus and less in the cytoplasm. The immunoreactivity was again observed when the sections were preincubated with cyproterone acetate solution and then with T solution. These data suggest that T can be detected by means of immunocytochemistry. It is probably bound to a specific binding site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213736
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    Evidence that oxytocin-secreting neurones are involved in the ultrastructural reorganisation of the rat supraoptic nucleus apparent at lactation (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 217-219 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Supraoptic nucleus (SON) ; Oxytocin neurones ; Neuronal appositions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pre-embedding immunocytochemistry was performed on vibratome sections of the hypothalamus of lactating rats using antiserum directed against oxytocin. Electron microscopy revealed that numerous immunopositive somata and dendrites in the supraoptic nucleus were in direct apposition, without glial interposition; a number of them were also bridged by “double” synapses. The observations support the contention that the ultrastructural reorganisation of the nucleus apparent at lactation affects the magnocellular neurones secreting oxytocin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213745
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    Ultrastructural localization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in rat salivary glands by immunocytochemistry (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 427-432 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: DPP IV ; Salivary glands ; Ultrastructural localization ; Immunocytochemistry ; PAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) (EC 3.4.14.5) in rat submandibular and parotid glands was studied immunocytochemically by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method, using a monospecific antiserum against rat kidney DPP IV. There were no differences in the immunocytochemical localization of DPP IV between submandibular and parotid glands. In these glands, DPP IV was primarily found to be associated with the luminal and intercellular canalicular plasma membranes of acinar cells and with the luminal plasma membranes of intercalated and striated duct cells. Occasionally, immunoreaction of DPP IV was detected in cytoplasmic vesicles (vacuoles), lysosomes, and multivesicular bodies in some acinar cells as well as in ductal epithelial cells. Furthermore, the reaction product was also found within the lumina of peri-acinar and peri-ductal capillaries and in the cytoplasm of some fibroblasts in the interstitial connective tissue. These data suggest that DPP IV in the submandibular and parotid glands may play some role in the secretion or reabsorption processes of secretory proteins and peptides in these glands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217869
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    Distribution and ultrastructure of S-100-immunoreactive cells in the human thymus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 509-514 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Thymus ; Interdigitating cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study deals with the localization and ultrastructure of S-100-immunoreactive cells in the human thymus. These immunoreactive cells are distributed mainly in the medulla with some scattered elements in the cortex. Electron-microscopic observation revealed that the cells are characterized by an irregularly shaped nucleus, tubulovesicular structures in the cytoplasm and characteristic interdigitations of the plasma membrane. The cells often embrace lymphocytes with their branched processes. On the basis of these morphological features, the immunostained elements were identified as interdigitating cells (IDCs). The immunocytochemistry for S-100 visualizes the precise distribution and extension of the IDCs under the light microscope and indicates that the IDCs form no structural networks such as those established by the thymic epithelial cells. Since the IDCs in human lymph nodes have also been reported to contain S-100-like immunoreactivity, S-100 protein can be regarded as a useful marker for identifying the IDCs in the human thymus and other lymphoid organs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226947
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a substance in the eyestalk of the prawn, Palaemon serratus, reactive with an anti-FMRF-amide rabbit serum (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 601-605 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; FMRF-amide ; Neurotransmitter ; Palaemon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of a specific antiserum against the molluscan cardio-excitatory tetrapeptide FMRF-amide in combination with the PAP-method it was possible to obtain positive immunocytochemical reactions in several neurosecretory regions of the eyestalk of the prawn Palaemon serratus. FMRF-amide-like material was found in perikarya and nerve fibers of the medulla terminalis and in neurons in the lamina ganglionaris. The immunoreactivity observed in the glandular tissue located at the basal insertion of the eyestalk muscles must be ascribed to a non-specific reaction. The identification of immunopositive nerve fibers, ending on a nerve bundle in the medulla terminalis, and the fact that immunoreactive material was absent in the neurohemal sinus gland seem to indicate a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226958
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    Differentiation of cells producing polypeptide hormones (ACTH, MSH, LPH, α- and β-endorphin, GH and PRL) in the fetal porcine anterior pituitary (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 615-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fetal porcine pituitary ; ACTH, MSH, β-LPH, α- and β-endorphin, GH, PRL ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study on the fetal porcine pituitary was (1) to detect by means of the immunoperoxidase technique the earliest stages of cells producing polypeptide hormones: β-MSH, ACTH, β-LPH, α- and β-endorphin, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), (2) to study the development of the synthesis and the storage of these hormones during fetal life, and (3) to detect whether several hormones can be located in one and the same cell. The corticotropic cells were revealed as the earliest functional elements of the fetal anterior pituitary. Our results indicate clearly that ACTH, β-MSH, β-LPH, α- and β-endorphin appear at 34 days in the same regular, round or ovoid cells; no differences in the time of their appearance could be observed. The ACTH-cells, irregular or angular in shape and endowed with cytoplasmic processes such as described in the adult pituitary, were not seen until day 50. The first GH-cells were detected between 40 to 45 days of fetal life. From day 45 to 90, the GH-cells greatly increased in number and in staining intensity of their progressively extending cytoplasmic area, but they displayed the same regular and round shape. The PRL-cells were the last cell type to appear in the fetal pituitary. The first PRL-cells, small in size and round or ovoid in shape with a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, were detected at day 70. At day 80, the PRL-cells increased in size and staining intensity. They displayed an irregular elongated or stellated shape and cytoplasmic processes resembling those characteristic of the adult pituitary. These data suggest that in the fetal porcine pituitary: (1) ACTH, β-LPH and related peptides are synthesized and stored in the same cells, and (2) PRL and GH appear in individual cellular elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226960
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    Subcellular localization of gonadotropic hormones in pituitary cells of the castrated pig with the use of pre-and post-embedding immunocytochemical methods (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 153-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary, porcine ; Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cellular compartments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pre- and post-embedding immunocytochemical methods based on the use of specific antibodies against β-subunits of porcine LH and FSH were applied to determine the changes occurring in the anterior pituitary of the pig after gonadectomy. The results showed that (1) the total number of immunoreactive gonadotropes increased from 21–25% in control animals to 24–37% in castrated animals; (2) all gonadotropes contained both LH and FSH; (3) several types of immunoreactive LH/FSH cells were revealed; and (4) the two immunocytochemical methods used with dispersed cells localized the hormones in the same subcellular sites. However, the staining intensity in the different locations varied depending on the method applied. With the post-embedding method, a dense reaction product was found in the secretory granules but the cisternae of RER and the Golgi saccules were always slightly reactive. After the pre-embedding method, the staining intensity in the RER-cisternae and in the Golgi saccules was greatly increased. Thus, the two methodological approaches used in this study have permitted to visualize immunocytochemically the gonadotropic hormones not only at the sites of their storage but also along the intracellular pathway of the secretory material, i.e., at the site of its synthesis and during its passage via the Golgi zone.
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    Immunocytochemistry and ultrastructure of the neuropil located ventral to the rat supraoptic nucleus (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 171-180 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Neuropil ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuropil located ventral to the SON was investigated by the use of immunoperoxidase staining for neurophysins, oxytocin and vasopressin, and electron miroscopy. The study was performed in six groups of rats: 1) control; 2) infusion of isotonic saline into the CSF; 3) infusion of hypertonic saline into the CSF; 4) drinking hypertonic saline for 4 days; 5) same as group 4 but injection of colchicine into the CSF on second day of dehydration; 6) salt loading for 3 months. In the control rats the ventral neuropil contained a few immunoreactive processes, the general morphology of which was completely different from that of the neurosecretory axons emerging from the SON at its dorsal aspect. In rats of groups 3 to 6 the ventral processes (VP) became loaded with neurosecretory granules, whereas the perikarya and axons were depleted. Based on their general morphology and reactivity pattern it is suggested that the VP are dendrites. Most of these “dendrites” were embedded in a glial cushion formed by the processes of a particular type of marginal glia. Some of these “dendrites” enveloped an arteriole penetrating the optic tract. All VP were rich in synaptic contacts. The possibility that the VP of neurosecretory cells may be functionally related to the subarachnoid CSF and the arteriolar blood flow is discussed.
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    Quantitative analysis of ACTH-immunoreactive cells in the anterior pituitary of young spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: ACTH cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry ; Spontaneous hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary ACTH-immunoreactive cells in the anterior pituitary of 4-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied with immunocytochemical and morphometric techniques. The results were compared with data from age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). No significant differences were found in volume density and average size of ACTH-immunoreactive cells between these two strains. However, SHR showed a significantly larger anterior lobe (2 P 〈 0.01) than WKY, indicating that the total number of ACTH-immunoreactive cells in the anterior pituitary is greater in SHR than in WKY. These data are in agreement with radioimmunological determinations showing a significantly elevated content (2 P 〈 0.01) but only a moderately higher concentration (0.05 〈 2 P 〈 0.10) of ACTH in the anterior pituitary of SHR as compared to WKY. The present results suggest an enhanced availability of ACTH in the anterior pituitary of 4-week-old SHR, a fact which could explain the markedly enhanced stress-induced release of ACTH previously found in these animals. This study further supports the hypothesis that, among other factors, an instability of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis may contribute to the development of genetically programmed hypertension.
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    Distribution of actin in migrating leukocytes in vivo (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 517-525 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Actin ; Cell motility ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blood cells proliferate extravascularly in the bone marrow and enter the circulation by migrating through endothelial cells of venous blood sinuses. This migration, or diapedesis, was suspected to involve actin. To test for the presence and distribution of actin, sections of rat bone marrow were examined by indirect immunocytochemistry. Affinity purified rabbit antichicken gizzard actin antibody, and goat-antirabbit IgG-FITC, or goat antirabbit IgG colloidal gold probes were used. The migrating cell contacts the endothelial cell and forms a podosome (a cortical bleb). Immunocytochemistry shows this region to contain actin. As diapedesis proceeds the podosome deforms, then breaches the endothelial cell. At this time the anterior portion of the leukocyte shows heavy labeling for actin. When the migratory cell traverses approximately half of its length through the endothelial cell, actin appears prominent in the caudal region of the cell. The immunocytochemical data suggest that actin is nonrandomly distributed in leukocytes undergoing diapedesis and may be a component of the force-generating mechanism responsible for this transcellular migratory event.
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    Granulated folliculo-stellate cells and growth hormone cells immunostained with anti-S 100 protein serum in the pituitary glands of the goat (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 7-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Goat ; Folliculo-stellate cell ; GH cell ; S-100 protein ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Goat pituitary glands were immunohistochemically studied with antisera for bovine S-100 protein, rat LHβ, FSH, TSHβ, prolactin, ovine GH, and porcine ACTH1–39 by use of the superimposition technique on adjacent sections. Folliculo-stellate (F-S) cells were divided into two categories on the basis of ultrastructural properties: One consisted of a mass of agranular cells in which the pseudolumina were equipped with microvilli and cilia. Elongate gap junctions were often observed among these cells. The other was a group of granulated cells with or without pseudolumina. In this group the gap junctions were shown to be disintegrated. The dense granules 150–250 nm in diameter began to accumulate in the cells. However, neither type of these F-S cells was immunostained for S-100 protein. On the other hand, numerous polygonal, elongate, irregular or stellate cells containing S-100 protein were distributed throughout the gland. Most of them were immunohistochemically identical with the GH cells laden with the secretory granules 250–450 nm in diameter, but some of them were identical to TSH and prolactin cells which immunostained faintly for S-100 protein. This appears to be the first demonstration of GH cells intensely immunostained for S-100 protein.
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    FMRF -amide-like immunoreactivity in brain and pituitary of the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri (Cyclostomata) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 363-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hagfish ; Brain ; Pituitary ; FMRF-amide ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paraffin sections of brain and pituitary of the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri were immunostained with an antiserum to FMRF-amide. Immunoreactivity was visible in a large number of neurons in the posterior part of the ventromedial hypothalamus and in long neuronal processes extending cranially from the hypothalamus to the olfactory system and caudally to the medulla oblongata. FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity was also found in cells of the adenohypophysis. These observations suggest that the hagfish possesses a brain FMRF-amide-like transmitter system and pituitary cells containing FMRF-amide-like material. Antisera to ACTH, α-MSH and pancreatic polypeptide gave no immunoreaction in hagfish brain or pituitary.
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    Secretory stages of individual CHH-producing cells in the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus, determined by means of immunocytochemistry (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 291-298 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone ; Astacus leptodactylus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Quantitative electron microscopy ; Secretory cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical staining demonstrates striking differences in staining intensity among individual crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH)-producing cells in the eyestalk of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus. Based on these differences we arbitrarily subdivided the CHH-cells into three categories representing increasing immunoreactivity respectively: + cells, + + cells, and + + + cells. Electron microscopic investigations reveal that these differences in immunostaining are correlated with differences in the numerical density of the neurosecretory granules in the cytoplasm and that these may reflect differences in activity among the CHH-cells. Morphometric analyses at the light- and electron-microscopic levels indicate that the three distinguished categories of immunopositive cells represent different stages in the CHH-synthesizing process of the cells. The results of the present study demonstrate the application of the PAP-technique at the light-microscopic level as a method to obtain information pertaining to the dynamics of secretory activity of the CHH-cells.
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    Occurrence and distribution of neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactive nerves in the respiratory tract and middle ear (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 321-327 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Immunocytochemistry ; Respiratory tract ; Ear, middle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres displaying neuropeptide-Y (NPY) immunoreactivity are abundantly distributed in the respiratory tract of cats, guinea-pigs, rats and mice. Fine beaded NPY fibres were seen in whole-mount spreads of the middle-ear mucosa. In the nasal mucosa and in the wall of the Eustachian tube NPY fibres were numerous around arteries and arterioles but sparse in the vicinity of veins; single fibres were found close to the acini of seromucous glands. In the tracheobronchial wall NPY fibres occurred in the proximity of blood vessels, in the subepithelial layer and in the smooth muscle. Surgical and chemical (6-hydroxydopamine treatment) sympathectomy resulted in disappearance of adrenergic and NPY-containing nerve fibres in the nasal mucosa. Sequential staining with antibodies against dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and NPY revealed that DBH and NPY occur in the same perivascular nerve fibres in the nasal mucosa. The distribution of NPY fibres in the respiratory tract suggests multiple functions of NPY, such as regulation of local blood flow, glandular secretion and smooth muscle activity.
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    Co-existence of immunoreactivity to anti-dopamine, anti-serotonin and anti-vasotocin in the cerebral giant neuron of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 411-412 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Biogenic amines ; Vasotocin ; Lymnaea stagnalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Consecutive sections of certain neurons in the central ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis appear to be immunoreactive to anti-dopamine and anti-serotonin. The Cerebral Giant Neurons stain in addition with antivasotocin. The observations indicate the presence of two biogenic amines within the same neuron and in addition their co-existence with a biologically active peptide.
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    Opsin-immunoreactive outer segments of photoreceptors in the eye and in the lumen of the optic nerve of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 515-522 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal photoreceptors ; Opsin ; Optic nerve ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cyclostome, Myxine glutinosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Opsin-immunoreactive sites in the eye and optic nerve of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, were studied by use of light-microscopic pre- and postembedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase or avidin-biotin-peroxidase techniques, and the immuno-electron-microscopic protein A-gold method. At the light-microscopic level, a strong opsin immuno-reaction was obtained on the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells with sheep and rat antibodies against bovine (rhod)opsin. These outer segments were located in the marginal photoreceptor space and in follicles of the retina, as well as in the tubular lumen of the optic nerve. Ultrastructurally, two classes of outer segments can be distinguished; most of them exhibited a strong antiopsin reaction, while certain elements lacked immunoreactivity with the antisera employed. The protein A-gold particles marked opsin-immunoreactive sites on the photoreceptor membranes. The presence of opsin-immunoreactive material in the retina and optic nerve of the hagfish strengthens the view that this primitive eye lacking a cornea, lens and vitreous body is engaged in light perception. The morphological similarity between the eye and pineal tissue is discussed in connection with the absence of a pineal organ in this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219867
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    Localization of a peptide identified by antibodies to gastrin/CCK in the gut of Cancer magister (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Gastrointestinal hormones ; Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cuticle ; Cancer magister
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A gastric peptide from the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), extracted and characterized previously (Larson and Vigna 1983b), was localized in the foregut (stomach) of this species by immunocytochemistry using antisera specific for the bioactive carboxy-terminal amino acid sequence common to gastrins and cholecystokinins (CCKs). Immunoreactivity was found in all gastric epithelial cells and in the procuticle. Electron microscopy revealed an absence of peptidergic secretory granules in the gastric epithelial cells. The pattern of immunostaining suggests that the gastric epithelial cells secrete this peptide apically where it is incorporated into the cuticle lining the lumen. Specific immunostaining could not be demonstrated in various neural ganglia or in the hypodermis. The distribution of this peptide is different from that of gastrin/CCK in vertebrates and other invertebrates. This suggests that the crab gastric peptide is sufficiently similar to gastrin/CCK to react with C-terminal specific antisera, but may be anatomically, functionally, and possibly phylogenetically otherwise unrelated.
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    Somatostatin in the brain and the pituitary of some teleosts (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 289-296 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin (SRIF) ; Brain ; Pituitary gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical investigations show that somatostatin (SRIF)-like immunoreactive material is present in the brain and the pituitary of nine different species of teleosts. In the brain, immunoreactive perikarya and fibers are observed in the preoptic periventricular nucleus, the entopeduncular nucleus, the anterior periventricular nucleus, and the nucleus lateralis tuberis. In the pituitary, SRIF-like-immunoreactive fibers occur in the proximal pars distalis (PPD), which contains the growth hormone (GH)-secreting cells. Nerve fibers are scattered among GH cells (cyprinids), or end on the basal lamina at the neuroglandular interface of the PPD (eel, salmonids). In the eel, the proximal neurohypophysis does not penetrate deeply into the PPD that is very poorly vascularized. In some species, e.g. Myoxocephalus, SRIF-like immunoreactive fibers are also observed in the caudal neurohypophysis, and even among MSH cells of the pars intermedia. In long-term starved carps and eels, the amount of SRIF-like material in the pituitary is clearly reduced. A possible role of SRIF in the concomitant stimulation of GH cells is discussed.
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    Immimocytological localization of a somatostatin-like substance in the brain of the giant slug, Limax maximus L. (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 349-353 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Slug brain ; Somatostatin-like material ; Maturation hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytological tests reveal the presence of a somatostatin-like substance in perikarya and axons in the brain of the giant slug Limax maximus L. Controls carried out on adjacent sections with absorbed antiserum or different antibodies raised against several biologically active peptides of vertebrates (ACTH-17-39, α- and β endorphin, α- and β MSH, methionin-enkephalin, TRH) demonstrate the specificity of the “staining”. However, some cells are both somatostatin- and FMRF-amide-positive. In the cerebral ganglia, the right Z-area cells, responsible for the synthesis of the maturation hormone (MH) are strongly somatostatin-positive. These results suggest a similarity between the MH and the somatostatin-like material contained in the Z-area cells. The simultaneous presence of two peptides in one and the same cell, the nature (elementary granules or soluble product) of the material, and its site of release are discussed.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of peptidergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems of the flatworm Microstomum lineare with antiserum to FMRF-amide (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRF-amide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system ; Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of the flatworm Microstomum lineare were studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical method, with the use of antisera to the molluscan cardioactive peptide FMRF-amide. FMRF-amide immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibres are observed in the CNS and the PNS. In the CNS, immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibres occur in the brain, in the epithelial lining and the mesenchymal surroundings of the ciliated pits, and positive fibres in the longitudinal nerve cords. In the PNS, immunoreactive fibre bundles with variocosities occur in the pharyngeal nerve ring, in symmetrical groups of perikarya on each side of the pharynx, and in the mouth area. Positive perikarya and meandering nerve fibres appear in the intestinal wall. A few immunoreactive cells and short nerve processes are observed at the male copulatory organ and on both sides of the vagina. Some immunoreactive peptidergic cells do not correspond to cells previously identified by histological techniques for neurosecretory cells. The distribution of immunoreactivity suggests that the FMRF-amide-like substance in CNS and PNS in this worm has roles similar to those of the brain-gut peptides in vertebrates. The status of FMRF-amide-like peptides as representatives of an evolutionarily old family of peptides is confirmed by the positive immunoreaction to anti-FMRF-amide in this primitive microturbellarian.
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    Immunocytochemical evidence for the involvement of golgi apparatus in the deposition of seed lectin ofBauhinia purpurea (Leguminosae) (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bauhinia purpurea ; Colloidial gold ; Golgi apparatus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin ; Lowicryl K4M ; Protein body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seed lectin of the tree legume,Bauhinia purpurea alba, was localized by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The pattern of lectin deposition and site of intracellular localization was examined in mid- to late-maturation seeds. The seed tissue was embedded in Lowicryl K4M, the use of which with seed tissues is discussed. Immunocytochemical labeling was accomplished with colloidal gold coupled to a second antibody. The immunocytochemical reaction was specific and sensitive. Protein bodies, Golgi apparatus and Golgi secretion vesicles were densely labeled. Golgi apparatus was oriented such that Golgi secretion vesicles were in close proximity to the protein bodies. The entire Golgi apparatus was labeled with no concentration gradient across the Golgi stack. These observations indicate that the final site of lectin deposition is the protein body, and that the Golgi apparatus plays an essential role in the deposition process.
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    Immunocytochemical identification of laticifers (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 122 (1984), S. 86-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Non-articulated laticifers ; Articulated laticifers ; Asclepiadaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary sensitive immunocytochemical method for the identification of laticifers has been developed. Frozen sections of various laticifer-bearing plant material, mounted on slides, were first flooded with the IgG fraction of rabbit anti-latex antiserum, prepared using whole latex ofAsclepias syriaca, then flooded with fluorescein-conjugated IgG fraction goat anti-rabbit IgG to visualize laticifers. Positive fluorescence was observed for laticifers in shoots and embryos ofA. syriaca andStapelia bella and embryos ofA. tuberosa. Laticifers did not fluoresce in shoots ofA. tuberosa andEuphorbia tirucalli, in embryos ofE. marginata, or in petioles ofMusa paradisiaca andCichorium intybus. Controls prepared with uninjected rabbit serum were negative (no fluorescence).
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    Immunocytochemistry in plants with colloidal gold conjugates (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 121 (1984), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Wheat germ agglutinin ; Lectin ; Cryosections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chitin-binding lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is found at the periphery of wheat embryos, and a similar lectin is present at the root tips of older plants (Mishkind et al. 1982). Although a ferritin-conjugated secondary antibody is adequate for localizing WGA in embryos, native electron-opaque particles make the electron microscope identification of added label equivocal in other wheat tissues. As reported here, however, unambiguous ultrastructural localization of WGA-like lectin in adult wheat roots can be obtained with rabbit anti-WGA followed by colloidal gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit (GAR) IgG. Colloidal gold (CG) was prepared by the reduction of gold chloride with citrate, ascorbate or phosphorous. GAR IgG, prepared from serum by antigen affinity chromatograhy, was adsorbed to the gold particles to produce a stabilized suspension of GAR-CG. Localization was performed on 8–12 μM frozen sections of tissue fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.3% glutaraldehyde, and 0.75% acrolein in phosphate-buffered saline containing 1M sucrose. Localization with GAR-CG was first compared to that ascertained in embryos using other probes and was then extended to the roots of adult plants. An advantage of the GARCG method is that it permits the visualization of antigen at both the light and electron microscope levels in the same section. At the light level, the anti-WGA-GAR-CG complex appears as a red stain that is localized in specific tissues of embryos and in the caps and outer layers of adult roots. Sections in which lectin was detected at the light microscope level were embedded in plastic and sectioned for subcellular examination. Electron dense gold particles indicative of WGA are found at the periphery of protein bodies in wheat embryos and in vacuoles of the roots of adult plants. Sections incubated with control IgG lack reaction product.
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    Absence of a significant pharmacokinetic interaction between hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene when coadministered (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 575-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: hydrochlorothiazide ; triamterene ; hydroxytriamterene sulfate ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; renal clearance ; interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene, and hydroxytriamterene sulfate were monitored in the plasma and urine of 24 healthy young men taking single doses of a liquid preparation containing both hydrochlorothiazide and triameterene, liquid preparations containing either of these drugs alone, and a combination tablet recently formulated with a dose ratio of hydrochlorothiazide: triamterene (1∶1,5) found to give optimal potassium-sparing effect. In contradiction to a recent publication, no interaction between the drugs affecting the bioavailability or renal clearance of either could be demonstrated. The previous report of drug-drug interaction probably arose from formulationrelated problems with bioavailability from the two capsule and two tablet products which had been studied. A well-formulated hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene combination tablet promotes plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene, and hydroxytriamterene sulfate which are virtually identical to those seen after either a combination liquid dosage form or simple liquid forms containing only one of the two drugs.
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    Disopyramide pharmacokinetics and bioavailability following the simultaneous administration of disopyramide and14C-disopyramide (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 289-313 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; disopyramide ; heart failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of total (bound plus unbound) and unbound disopyramide were compared following the simultaneous administration of an oral dose of disopyramide and an intravenous dose of14C-disopyramide in five normal volunteers and in 11 patients with congestive heart failure. The binding of disopyramide varied between 60 and 92% in patients and between 81 and 88% in normal subjects at postequilibrium drug concentrations of 10−7M. The binding of disopyramide to serum protein was concentration-dependent in all study subjects at serum concentrations achieved following drug administration. The association constant for the first binding site in serum from normal subjects and patients averaged 8.7X105 M−1 and 4.4X10 5 M−1, respectively (p 〈 0.05). The unbound clearance of disopyramide averaged 277ml/min and 209 ml/min in normal subjects and in patients (p 〈 0.05). When normalized for body weight, the unbound clearance between patients and normal subjects was not significantly different. The elimination half-life of unbound concentrations in normal subjects and in patients averaged 4.9 and 6.1 h, respectively (p 〈 0.05). The clearance and elimination half-life of total disopyramide was the same in both groups. Although the bioavailability of disopyramide averaged 0.85 in both groups, it was more variable in patients owing to the variability in the fraction of the dose absorbed. The unbound renal clearance and volume of distribution at steady state of disopyramide was related to cardiac index. The ratio of elimination half-lives of total and unbound disopyramide was related to the extent of serum protein binding.
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    Lack of influence of an intensive antacid regimen on theophylline bioavailability (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 315-331 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: theophylline ; antacids ; interaction ; bioavailability ; steady state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the influence of a large-volume, therapeutic antacid regimen, administered for three full days, on the steady-state bioavailability of a conventional-release and sustained-release theophylline product, Aminophyllin and Theodur, respectively. Nine stable asthmatics voluntarily completed a four-phase investigation requiring a total stay of 12 days in the Clinical Research Unit. The treatments consisted of administration of the formulations mentioned with and without antacids to each patient in a randomized sequence. Four patients participated in an additional phase where antacids were administered q2h around the clock for three days. After coadministration of theophylline plus antacids for two days, theophylline therapy was discontinued while numerous blood samples were obtained over 22 hr and analyzed for theophylline content via radioimmunoassay. Antacids had no predictable, consistent influence on theophylline absorption rate as determined by the absorption rate constant, the time to maximal theophylline concentration, or the lag time for theophylline absorption. Antacids had no detectable influence on theophylline elimination half-life and had no consistent, statistically significant effect on the extent of theophylline bioavailability, according to measurements of maximal concentration, AUCmeasured over the appropriate steady-state dosing interval, or elimination-rate adjusted AUC.The substantial intraindividual changes for all parameters of theophylline bioavailability that occurred for control and treatment phases likely represent spontaneous, random between-day variability in theophylline disposition independent of antacid administration, as evidenced by the comparability of the percent coefficient of variation for parameters of biovailability across all phases. Our data demonstrate that therapeutic antacid administration has no effect on steady-state theophylline bioavailability and does not alter the intrinsic variability in theophylline absorption. Based on the results of our data, it is unlikely that a clinically significant (〉20%) decrease in theophylline absorption would occur in any patient treated intensively with antacids concurrently.
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    A new statistical procedure for testing equivalence in two-group comparative bioavailability trials (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: bioavailability ; bioequivalence ; hypothesis tests ; sample size determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The clinical problem of testing for equivalence in comparative bioavailability trials is restated in terms of the proper statistical hypotheses. A simple t-test procedure for these hypotheses has been devloped that is more powerful than the methods based on usual (shortest) and symmetric confidence intervals. In this note, this new procedure is explained and an example is given, including the method for sample size determination.
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    Theoretical considerations in the calculation of bioavailability of drugs exhibiting Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 437-450 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: first-pass ; bioavailability ; Michaelis-Menten ; volume of distribution ; absorption rate constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two approaches used for bioavailability determination of drugs with Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics were examined by computer simulation. The first method involved treating the drug as though its clearance remained constant during elimination, and the conventional method of taking the ratio of areas under the curve resulting from the oral and intravenous doses was used to calculate bioavailability. The second approach involved using the Michaelis parameters, Vmax and Km,to determine concentration dependent clearance values, but based these calculations on peripheral drug concentrations rather than on concentrations entering or in the liver. We have developed a simulation method that was used to test the accuracy of the above two methods. In the simulations described, Vmax, Km,and hepatic blood flow were chosen to represent a drug with an extraction ratio of 0.9 under linear conditions, but with Michaelis-Menten kinetics occurring at the doses given. Absorption was assumed to be first-order, and metabolism was assumed to occur only in the liver. These simulations showed that the most accurate determination of bioavailability requires knowledge of the direct contribution of oral absorption to the concentration of drug entering the liver. Unexpectedly, the results also showed that if a drug has a large volume of distribution or a large absorption rate constant, or both, use of the much simpler conventional method of bioavailability determination may be appropriate even in cases where the degree of saturation is substantial.
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    Some Crustacea Copepoda from Venezuela (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 25-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Crustacea ; Copepoda ; Venezuela ; biogeography ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of 38 samples of aquatic fauna from Venezuela increased the number of known species here from 28 to 66. Fifteen new species for science are described. A list of Copepoda known from the other regions of South America is presented. From this list, it can be said that only 50% of the inland water Copepoda living actually in Venezuela are known.
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    Feeding in adult females of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Sars,1901), Copepoda-Calanoida, of Lobo Reservoir (Broa), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 15-23 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Copepoda ; feeding ; experiments ; filtration rate ; assimilation rate ; 14C ; algal culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to study the feeding process of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Copepoda-Calanoida) in the Lobo Reservoir (São Carlos, SP, Brazil). Non-ovigerous adult females and the 14C technique were used to measure filtration and assimilation rates. The diet contained the following phytoplankton species: Chlamydomonas sp., Ankistrodesmus gracilis, Melosira italica, Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella zoofingensis. The experiments were carried out using unialgal and mixed cultures during 2-, 4- and 6-h periods. The results of the filtration and assimilation rates were compared. The data obtained by statistical tests showed the highest assimilation rate in Argyrodiaptomus furcatus fed Chlamydomonas sp. in both culture types. However, Chlorella zoofingensis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were the most filtered species in unialgal and mixed cultures, respectively. A higher filtration rate was observed for the 2-h period than for the 4- and 6-h periods. Culture agent was also important. Higher assimilation and filtration rates were obtained during the log phase of Chlamydomonas sp. growth than during the stationary phase.
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    The distribution of brackish water Calanoida (Copepoda) along the coasts of Brazil (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; estuarine Calanoida ; marine zoogeography ; Brazilian coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of 18 species of Calanoida Copepoda found in the estuaries of the Brazilian coast is analyzed. A slight tendency of a latitudinal decrease in diversity, from North to South is found. Salinity ranges from the different species are discussed and in some cases interspecific vicariance patterns are found. Two basic types of estuaries of the Brazilian coast are characterized on the basis of environmental parameters and population dynamics.
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    An outline of the distribution patterns of the freshwater Copepoda of Israel and surroundings (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 151-154 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; freshwater Copepoda ; freshwater zoogeography ; Levantine province ; Israel ; Sinai Peninsula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the freshwater Copepoda in the Levantine province is analyzed. The characteristics of the five subprovinces of the freshwater fauna in the area are briefly presented and the representative species of Copepoda, mainly of the Harpacticoida, are mentioned. The presence of a palearctic enclave in the mountains of South Sinai and the presence of Ethiopian species in the Jordan-Dead Sea valley, is emphasized.
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    Zooplankton composition of ten reservoirs in southern Brazil (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 137-145 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; reservoirs ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The zooplankton of ten reservoirs of Sao Paulo State was analyzed as part of a larger project, ‘Typology of Reservoirs of São Paulo State’. Twenty-four genera of Rotifera, six species of Copepoda and at least nine species of Cladocera were found in samples collected on four occasions in 1979. In general, Rotifera dominated in most reservoirs, although fluctuations occurred during the year. The reservoirs were arranged in four groups, according to zooplankton density, whose range was 10 to 500 i 1−1. The average composition of Crustacea, in number of species at any one time is comparable to those of other water bodies, being a little higher than that of Colorado lakes. The number of species of limnetic Cladocera in Brazil is between those of Holarctic Region and Tropical Asia. Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Bosminopsis deitersi, and a few species of Daphnia are typical of Brazilian zooplankton. Thermocyclops crassus is common in the southern reservoirs but T. minutus seems to be more widely distributed in Brazil. Calanoida occurred in relatively few reservoirs in São Paulo and usually one species at one time. Brachionus and Keratella were more abundant closer to the Equator then to the Tropics, where other genera seem to be more abundant. The range in size of the planktonic Crustacea is relatively small when compared to temperate lakes, being similar to that of other tropical lakes.
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    Consumption of zooplanktonic organisms by Astyanax fasciatus Cuvier, 1819 (Osteichthyes, Characidae) in Lobo (Broa) reservoir, São Carlos, SP, Brazil (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; predation ; fish ; composition ; preferential ; food
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The consumption of zooplanktonic organisms by young and adult fish of Astyanax fasciatus in Lobo Reservoir was studied from October 1978 to September 1979 by analysing the abundance of zooplankton in the gut of fishes and relating it to the variation of the zooplankton community in the lake. To analyse the diet the following methods were used: numeric frequency of occurrence, and frequency rate. Astyanax fasciatus showed a large spectrum of feeding. The young stage feeds mainly on zooplankton and macroinvertebrates (insect larvae) but the adults also consume algae and detritus. Even in relation to the zooplankton the young stage showed a food preference different from that of the adults, selecting copepods over cladocerans, while the adults consumed more cladocerans.
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    Physiological responses of the early zoeal stages of Palaemon pandaliformis Stimpson and Palaemon northropi (Rankin) to salinity variation (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; crustacean larvae ; Palaemon pandaliformis ; Palaemon northropi ; respiratory metabolism ; palaemonid shrimp ; survival ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of salinity variation (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35‰S) on survival, moulting and respiratory metabolism of the early zoeal stages of the shrimps Palaemon pandaliformis and P. northropi from the northern coast of the State of São Paulo, Brazil is investigated. Freshly hatched larvae were maintained at 20 °C, in each salinity for a maximum of seven days. Oxygen consumption measurements were made at 20 °C for each salinity using Cartesian diver microrespirometers. In 0‰S, all P. northropi zoeae died after 24 h while 24% of the P. pandaliformis zoeae survived until 4 days. Zoeae of both species survived poorly in 7‰S, the best survival for the two species (90%) being registered in 28%.S. Palaemon northropi zoeae did not survive 35‰S while 45% survival was recorded for P. pandaliformis zoeae in this medium after seven days. Moulting did not occur in zoeae of either species in 0%.S, nor in P. northropi in 7‰S. The metabolism-salinity curve for P. pandaliformis zoea I is very stable over the range 0–21‰S while that for P. northropi exhibits complete salinity independence from 21–35‰ S. Thus, while the early zoeal stages, at least, are conspecific, both developing in the same environment as part of the coastal zooplankton community, they clearly maintain distinct physiological characteristics. The data presented possibly reflect genetic adaptations to the adult biotope already manifested in the first zoeae.
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    Spatial structure of the zooplankton community in the Cabo Frio region (Brazil) influenced by coastal upwelling (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 183-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; upwelling ; Brazil ; statistic analysis ; spatial structure ; copepod diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cabo Frio area (Central-southern Brazilian littoral) is characterized by a coastal upwelling due to prevailing E-NE winds, mainly during the spring-summer season. The geographic distribution of the zooplankton was described in order to separate ecological areas in terms of specific communities. Cluster analysis by weighted pair-group method (WPGA) and principal component (PC) analysis was performed on the most important hydrological parameters and zooplankton taxa. The first PC, explaining 38% of the total zooplankton variability, represented the influence of the nearshore-offshore gradient. Zooplankton communities and ecological areas were defined as follows: i) nearshore neritic: the richest region with more than 5 000 org. m-3. In this very narrow nearshore region we observed 3 groups of taxa deliminated by upwelling effects and trophic conditions: a) Ctenocalanus vanus, Penilia avirostris, Calanoides carinatus and Copepod larva, all herbivorous species associated with the phytoplankton blooms in the upwelling zone; b) Creseis acicula and Temora stylifera; c) Siphonophora, Chaetognaths and a high diversity of Copepoda dominated by Coryceus amazonicus, C. giesbrechti, Eucalanus pileatus, Clausocalanus acuicornis, all carnivorous or omnivorous feeders representing a high degree of complexity of the ecosystem. ii) offshore neritic: characterized by appendicularians, this region constitutes an intermediate zone between coastal and oceanic waters. iii) oceanic: occupied by the Brazil Current where zooplankton is poor, but diversified, with typical copepods from tropical warm water: Clausocalanus furcatus, Mecynocera clausi, Corycella gracilis, Oithona setigera, Coryceus typicus, Oncea conifera, Undinula vulgaris, Calocalanus pavo, Haloptilus longicornis, Lucicutia flavicornis.
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    Zooplankton feeding in the fish Trichogaster pectoralis Regan (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Trichogaster ; fish ; fish culturing ; planktivory ; Thailand ; rotifers ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The traditional culture method of Trichogaster pectoralis, using zooplankton produced from fermenting aquatic weeds as a source of food for the fry, leads to productions of ca 1 000 kg ha−1 a−1. If chicken manure is applied at a rate of ca 450 kg ha−1 month−1 instead, much more zooplankton is produced more rapidly, and fish production increases to ca 2 000 kg ha−1 a−1. This results from a higher survival rate of the fry, which feeds on rotifers, ciliates, copepods and cladocera until a size of ca 15.0 mm, when plant material also becomes important in the diet.
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    Assessment of factors influencing the composition, body size and turnover rate of zooplankton in Parakrama Samudra, an irrigation reservoir in Sri Lanka (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 201-215 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; flushing ; predation ; food limitation ; metabolism ; rotifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers which of the following factors influenced the taxonomic composition, body size, fecundity and birth rates of the zooplankton inhabiting a tropical irrigation reservoir: (a) wash-out and/or dilution of the population which arose from the water regime to which the reservoir was subjected by management; (b) the size-selective or species-selective predation; (c) the effect of food limitation upon the body size, egg size, post-embryonic duration and fecundities of the planktonic species and (d) the metabolic consequences of high tropical temperatures. Many of these impinge upon the characteristics of tropical zooplankton and it is appropriate that this synthesis of published results on the zooplankton of Parakrama Samudra, Sri Lanka, was prepared for the Symposium on Tropical Zooplankton held at Sao Carlos, Brazil, in December 1982. Daily losses of planktonic rotifers due to wash-out or by dilution were low and not significant compared with their capacity for recruitment but this may be a serious source of loss for the planktonic crustaceans which were virtually absent from this reservoir. Daily death rates (estimated by subtraction) were much higher and were mainly due to predation by a planktonic fish, Ehirava fluviatilis, and by Asplanchnella brightwelli. The main loss occurred during the day and on larger individuals of the brachionid species, Trichocerca spp. and Filinia longiseta, thus resulting in a small-sized rotifer community. This appeared to be due mainly to predation by the fish which was responsible also for the further reduction of rotifer body size in 1980 compared with 1979. Small rotifer body size was not caused by conditions of food deficiency because fecundity and birth rates were relatively high though not optimal. High tropical temperatures aggravate the cost of cumulative respiration resulting from food-limited prolongation of the juvenile phase and will raise the food threshold levels for growth and for reproduction above those adequate for temperate situations.
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    The freshwater zooplankton of Thailand (Rotifera and Crustacea) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Rotifera ; Cladocera ; Copepoda ; Thailand ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A list is given of all zooplankton species hitherto reported from Thailand, based on the author's own observations and on the literature. From a comparison with the fauna of some neighbour countries, it appears that important gaps remain to be filled-in.
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    Influence of predation by fish and water turbidity on a Daphnia gessneri population in an Amazonian floodplain lake, Brazil (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 243-247 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; predation by fish ; Daphnia gessneri ; Amazonian floodplain ; turbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The population behavior of Daphnia gessneri Herbst, 1967 in a floodplain lake (Lago Grande) of the lower Rio Solimões was investigated between April 1979 and March 1980 with regard to 1) predation by the fish called tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Characidae), 2) water level fluctuation and 3) water transparency. Zooplankton density samples were collected at two sites near mid-lake, where water depth and Secchi disc transparency were measured. In addition, qualitative samples of zooplankton and fish collections were taken at several sites in the adjacent floodplain areas. The author concludes that fluctuations in Daphnia gessneri populations correlate most with intense predation by fish and water turbidity.
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    Tropical lakes — functional ecology and future development:. The need for a process-orientated approach (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 231-242 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; lake typology ; planktivorous fish ; evolutionary ecology ; life histories ; photyplankton loss rates ; environmental problems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major classes of tropical lakes include shallow, lowland lakes; deep, tertiary lakes; high altitudinal lakes; rainforests lakes; and man-made lakes at all latitudes and altitudes. Basic ecological processes are similar in temperate and tropical lakes, including grazing, competition, predation and abiotic adaptation. Small tropical lakes of intermediate age are probably not biotically more complicated than similar-sized temperate lakes. The structure of the areas of adaptative radiation and the dispersal ability of the species are important for the present distribution of taxa. Fish play a key role in the tropics since many species both consume zooplankton and compete with them for algal and pelagic sestonic food. This important co-evolution between fish and algae, leaving a fraction of the algal community with a predation refuge, may have decreased the ability of zooplankton to exploit algae. In addition, heavy predation from juvenile and adult fish may greatly simplify the zooplankton community, and have resulted in the scarcity of Cladocera, notably the efficient filter-feeder Daphnia. Little is known of possible physiological constraints to cladoceran distribution, however. Thus similar co-evolution as hypothesized between fish and algae seems not to have occurred to such a great extent between fish and zooplankton. Diurnal patterns in habitat selection of fish may also influence nutrient re-distribution in the tropics as in many temperate lakes. Serious environmental problems threaten tropical lakes, including eutrophication, clear-cutting of the rain forest, unwise introduction of new species not adapted to prevailing conditions, overfishing, extensive use of biocids, and probably acidic rain in areas with poorly buffered waters. Important processes in tropical lakes could be elucidated by concentrating research upon the fate of phytoplankton successional production, involving competition, grazing, sinking, fungi and bacterial attack. Co-evolution of fish and algae should be further investigated as it could in part explain the general scarcity and simplicity of the zooplankton community. Limnocorral experiments should also be used for further assessing processes in tropical lakes.
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    The free-living inland aquatic nematodes of Africa — a review (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 259-291 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; aquatic nematodes ; zoogeography ; Africa ; checklist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During the past three decades, much attention has been given to free-living nematodes and, in particular, to the species of the African continent. Despite the current absence of evidence for the existence of planktonic species, several conditions are suggested that could lead to intrusion of the planktonic habitat, e.g. turbulent shallow waters, high food densities and preadaptations such as swimming ability and negative geotaxis. A new and more practical ecological classification of the inland free-living nematodes is proposed to avoid further incoherency in this regard. All the free-living inland aquatic species described in Africa are presented here in a checklist, including notes on their ecology and distribution. Many of the cosmopolitan species, included in the checklist, are now increasingly being recognized as conglomerates of species, each species of which occupies a restricted area. Finally the distribution of free-living inland aquatic species in Africa is discussed and some preliminary notes are presented.
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    The impact of zooplankton status on the management of Lake Kinneret (Israel) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 249-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Lake Kinneret ; zooplankton ; fish management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monthly averages of standing stock wet biomass of zooplankton in Lake Kinneret (Israel) varied between 11 and 76 g m−2 during 1969–1981, with the exception of two months. Averaged contributions of different groups were: Cladocera 58%, Copepoda 35% and Rotifera 7%. Total standing crop wet biomass is highest during January–June, averages varied between 35 and 50 g m−2, and decreases during summer–fall (23–36 g m−2). The winter biomass of Cladocera fluctuated between 22 and 35 g m−2 and dropped to a range of 9–23 g m−2 in summer, whereas copepod biomass varied very little around an average of 18 g (ww) m−2 with the exception of low values from April to June. The stock biomass of Rotifera is relatively high during winter floods season (December-March) whilst in summer it is very low. Young stages of fish in Lake Kinneret feed mostly on zooplankton and zoobenthic forms. The most abundant fish in the Kinneret ecosystem, Mirogrex terraesanctae terraesanctae, also feed on zooplankton at the adult stage throughout the year, and herbivorous fish consume zooplankton during the summer when lake plankton resources are limited. The summer ecosystem of Lake Kinneret is characterised as a ‘steady state’ type, in which the impact of the zooplankton-chain is of great importance. Increase of predation pressure on zooplankton by fish can disequilibrate the balanced trophic relations existing between nannoplankton production and zooplankton grazing capacity. Such a situation can lead to organics accumulation as nannoplankton blooms, resulting in water quality deterioration. Management options aimed at preventing collapse of zooplankton populations are discussed.
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    Biomass and production of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus, a tropical calanoid copepod in Broa Reservoir, southern Brazil (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 307-311 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; biomass ; production ; copepod ; development time ; tropical region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biomass and the production of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Sars), the most abundant copepod in Broa Reservoir (São Carlos, São Paulo State), were estimated, determining in the laboratory the development time and the quantity of organic carbon and establishing the relationship between these two parameters. The daily production was calculated from P = B(1- egt) and the annual production was obtained by integrating daily production against time. The maximum production of Argyrodiaptomus furcatus in the reservoir depends on the region considered and on the period of the year. The maximum production was 45.15 mg C m−3d−1 in March, 1976 at station II, region of macrophytes and 6.74 mg C m−3d−1 at station IV, near the dam. The mean production for the year is 6.26 mg C m−3d−1 at station II and 1.43 mg C m−3d−1 at station IV.
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    Description of Alona broaensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Cladocera) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 327-329 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Alona broaensis ; Broa reservoir ; Brazil ; Cladocera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A description and illustrations are given of Alona broaensis, a new species of Chydoridae. Its nearest relative is A. brasiliensis Bergamin.
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    The nature and origin of the crustacean zooplankton of Sahelian Africa, with a note on the Limnomedusa (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 313-325 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Cladocera ; Calanoida ; Cyclopoida ; Limnomedusa ; Sahel ; Pleistocene ; climate change ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The zooplankton of the major Sahel river basins Nile, Shari (Chad), Niger, and Senegal, is different from that found in the Sahara and in Equatorial Africa. Similarities and differences between the individual basins are numerous as well. Many species are shared by the Nile and Lake Chad, by Lake Chad and the Niger (plus Senegal), or occur in all four basins, or are restricted (endemic) to only one basin. These patterns are identical to patterns found in fish, molluscs, and macrophytes and show that crustacean zooplankton obeys the same laws of dispersal as these groups, in spite of its apparent preadaptation to passive dispersal. The patterns can be explained by the climatic fluctuations of the Upper Pleistocene and,Holocene. Following a general dry period over Africa between 20 000 and 13 000 BP, high river and lake levels prevailed between 12 500 and 8 400 BP. This was the period of maximum faunal interchange between all basins, and even with the Zaire basin. After a regression (8 000–7 000 BP), wetter conditions returned around 6 000 BP, but the Sahel itself remained dry, although its rivers and lakes, fed by waters of southern origin, showed higher levels than today. They flooded large areas of the southern Sahara, permitting aquatic animals and plants to reach the Adrar of Mauretania, the Tibesti, and the Ennedi mountains. Since 3 000 BP, present day conditions developed. This last period is characterized by species extinctions, as exemplified by the droughts in Lake Chad in historical times, and in spite of the tremendous diversity still extant here today. Between 6 000 BP and the present, however, very little speciation took place, and faunal exchange between basins was very limited.
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    Some remarks on the latitudinal distribution of Cladocera on the Indian subcontinent (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Cladocera ; latitudinal distribution ; Indian subcontinent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One hundred and thirty species of Cladocera have been recorded from the Indian subcontinent which extends from 6°N to 37°N latitude and covers an area of 4.5 million km2. The equatorial region has few Daphnia species, all belonging to the sub-genus Ctenodaphnia while the more northern parts have more species of Daphni including Daphnia s. str. The limnetic Cladocera lacks the carnivorous Polyphemidae and Leptodoridae at lower latitudes (equatorial). The common limnetic species of the equatorial region are eurytopic and extend throughout the subcontinent.
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    A review of systematics, distribution and ecology of tropical freshwater zooplankton (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 77-91 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; systematics ; distribution ; ecology review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on tropical freshwater zooplankton which commenced in the mid-19th century have been intensified during the past twenty years or so. The whole region, barring a few areas, has been investigated, including very recently tropical Australia. The widely scattered literature is briefly summarized with comments. Some general distributional patterns are emerging. There is a dearth of ecological studies especially on seasonality and production. Systematics lags behind the North Temperate zone in most tropical regions.
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    Ecological studies of Cladocera in the ricefields of Tanjung Karang, Malaysia, subjected to pesticide treatment (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; ricefield Cladocera ; pesticide effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temporal changes in the population densities of four dominant Cladocera (Moina micrura, Diaphanosoma excisum, Alona guttata and Macrothrix spinosa) were studied in untreated and pesticide treated rice plots over a growing season. M. micrura was the first dominant species to occur in all the plots which were initially devoid of vegetation except for the newly transplanted rice seedlings. With the growth of the rice seedlings and the appearance of aquatic macrophytes, open water ricefields were transformed into vegetated littoral conditions precipitating the disappearance of M. micrura and the appearance of the littoral A. guttata and M. spinosa, and the eurytopic D. excisum. The cladoceran community was affected by spraying of the pesticide FMC35001, an analogue of Furadan®. The response of the four dominant species to the pesticide treatment is discussed.
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    The freshwater zooplankton of Central America and the Caribbean (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 105-119 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Central America ; Caribbean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract So far mainly sporadic studies have been made on the freshwater zooplankton of this region. We studied material from Costa Rica, Cuba, Bahamas, El Salvador, Haiti and Trinidad and listed unpublished species data from Jamaica. In all 183 species of Rotifera; 104 of Cladocera; 64 Calanoida and Cyclopoida and a few Ostracoda are known from the region which includes Central America, the Caribbean Islands from the Bahamas to Trinidad and the islands off South America and Central America. Records from individual countries are generally low except for Cuban Cladocera and Copepoda. The total number of Copepoda and Cladocera recorded for the whole regions appears to be reasonably comprehensive. Daphnia is rare or absent from the equatorial regions and it is likely that the low species diversity may be due partly to the lack of a range of habitat types.
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    A study of the zooplankton community of Billings Reservoir — São Paulo (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; seasonal fluctuation ; reservoir ; eutrophic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition of the zooplankton of the Billings Reservoir and its variation in an eutrophic environment, subject to frequent blooms of algae (chiefly Cyanophyceae) was studied during one year (from October, 1977 to September, 1978) in two stations in the littoral and in the limnetic zone. The zooplankton community in the limnetic zone was dominated by cyclopoid copepods (Thermocyclops crassus and Metacyclops mendocinus) and by rotifers (Brachionus, Polyarthra and others) which represented, respectively 38.5 and 35.5% of the total zooplankton. At the littoral zone, cyclopoids were the most abundant (42.3%). The cladocerans were the least significant group at both stations, and calanoid copepods were found only at the littoral zone. A higher production of small filtrators, such as rotifers, cyclopoid nauplii and Bosmina sp was observed.
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    Species composition and seasonal abundance of zooplankton in two Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes — Lakes Abiata and Langano (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; species composition ; seasonal abundance ; Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition and annual cycle of the zooplankton of two Ethiopian Rift Valley soda lakes is described. Lake Langano has a conductivity of 1 400 to 1800 µS cm−1 and a permanent mineral turbidity. Lake Abiata is more concentrated (conductivity 19 000 to 23 000 µS cm−1) and more alkaline but less turbid; it is characterised by dense phytoplankton blooms, mainly cyanophytes. The zooplankton assemblage is typically tropical, with relatively few species of Cladocera and Copepoda. There was a marked difference in zooplankton between the two lakes, Lake Abiata showing much higher concentrations and greater wet season/ dry season differences. The species composition was also different. Lake Abiata lacked Cladocera, and calanoid copepods occurred only during the wet season with lower conductivities. These two phenomena were attributed to high sodium bicarbonate concentration and to dense cyanophyte blooms. Eleven species of rotifers occurred in Lake Abiata, including six Brachionus spp. but B. rubens was the only rotifer found in Lake Langano. The seasonal variation of the zooplankton is discussed in relation to seasonal fluctuations in conductivity and Chl a concentration.
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    Some comments on tropical littoral Cladocera, with a description of Alona incredibilis sp. nov. (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 155-158 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; littoral Cladocera ; Alona incredibilis sp. nov.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tropical littoral Cladocera with special reference to Alona incredibilis sp. nov. and Alonella brasiliensis Bergamin, 1935 from the Amazon basin, are commented upon.
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    Attempt at ecological prognosis of the plankton in the man-made lake ‘Parana medio (Chapeton transect)’, Argentina (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 159-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; ecological prognosis ; the Parana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Characteristics of the projected man-made lake on the Middle Parana are described, as well as environmental conditions in the river and their modifications in the future lake. The sources of the future plankton are considered. The formation of the future pelagic ecosystem, mainly of the zooplankton, during the initial and the subsequent stage is discussed.
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    The effect of Cyanophyta upon zooplankton in a eutrophic tropical lake (Lake Valencia, Venezuela) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 293-298 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; disappearance of cladocerans ; cyanophytes interfering ; eutrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect which Cyanophyta have upon the zooplankton varies according to the form of the alga (mucilaginous colonies or filaments) and its abundance. Periodical blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa were not detrimental for the zooplankton, in spite of the fact that copepods, cladocerans and rotifers consume small colonies. High concentrations of Lyngbya limnetica and Oscillatoria limnetica in Lake Valencia, Venezuela, proved to be inhibitory for cladocerans. A total absence of cladocerans was detected when filaments increased.
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    Diel migration and vertical distribution of Cladocera in Lake D. Helvecio (Minas Gerais, Brazil) (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 299-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; diel migration ; thermocline ; cladocerans ; vertical distribution ; summer ; winter ; tropical lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six genera of Clad ocera (Diaphanosoma, Daphnia, Ceriodaphnia, Moina, Bosmina, Bosminopsis), each of them usually with only one species were found in Lake D. Helvecio, a natural valley lake located in the eastern part of Brazil. Diurnal migratory movements of the organisms observed in this lake showed a different pattern in different species. Closely related species, which explore the same food source, live in different layers, thus avoiding interspecific competition. The migratory behaviour of the species was studied mainly in relation to temperature and oxygen distribution in the lake. Thus, analyses were made in the summer (January, 1978) when a strong stratification occurs with the establishment of a thermocline and an oxycline. Comparisons were made also with the data obtained in winter (July, 1978), when a complete mixing of water occurs.
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    Zooplankton associations in the swamps of southern Sudan (1984)
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    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 93-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; swamps ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Samples from the main Nile channel yield a poor zooplankton, deficient in species and heavily laden with organic debris. Samples from side arms and floodplain lakes yield a richer zooplankton, often containing 15–20 species of rotifers and ten or more species of Crustacea. When the floodplain lakes are heavily vegetated the number of species increases. For the Crustacea the index of diversity (α) normally varies between 0.6 and 2.4, but in a side arm of the Bahr el Zeraf it reaches 6.1 and in Lake Ambadi on the Bahr el Ghazal it reaches 8.4. The diversity of the rotifers is somewhat higher, normally ranging between 2 and 4.5, but reaching 23 in Lake Ambadi. The zooplankton of Lake Ambadi is the most distinctive and contains several species not found at other stations. The reasons for the peculiar zooplankton of Lake Ambadi are discussed.
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    Structure and dynamics of zooplankton communities, Alligator Rivers Region, N.T., Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 113 (1984), S. 1-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: tropical zooplankton ; Rotifera ; Cladocera ; Copepoda ; tropical Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biological monitoring in the Alligator Rivers region, northern Australia, provides baseline ecological information to assess the impact of uranium mining and milling and settlement in the area. Spatial and temporal variations 1978–1980 in zooplankton communities of the Magela Creek, a tributary of the East Alligator River, are described. Extremely diverse plankton assemblages occur late in the wet season (Dec.–May), with up to 80 taxa of rotifers and microcrustacea in some billabongs (= ox-bows), while there is a decrease in diversity but increase in population density as the dry season progresses. Natural fluctuations in water quality may be extreme, and limiting to plankters common elsewhere in the tropics. The plankton is composed largely of littoral or epiphytic taxa, with endemic species in all groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026590
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