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  • Books
  • Articles  (11,836)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (11,836)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1984  (11,836)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (11,836)
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  • Books
  • Articles  (11,836)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (11,836)
  • 1950-1954
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Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Deformation of Small Viscous Drops and Bubbles in Shear Flows (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 45-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000401
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wave Action and Wave-Mean Flow Interaction, with Application to Stratified Shear Flows (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 11-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000303
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flows (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 99-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000531
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer-Extended Series (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 287-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001443
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic Parameters of Gaseous Detonations (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 311-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001523
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perturbed Free Shear Layers (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 365-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.002053
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Karl Pohlhausen, As I Remember Him (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000245
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical Solution of the Nonlinear Boltzmann Equation for Nonequilibrium Gas Flow Problems (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 67-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.000435
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear Interactions in the Fluid Mechanics of Helium II (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 139-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001035
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vortex Shedding from Oscillating Bluff Bodies (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 195-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001211
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modern Optical Techniques in Fluid Mechanics (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 223-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001255
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secondary Flow in Curved Open Channels (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 179-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001143
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aeroacoustics of Turbulent Shear Flows (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 263-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001403
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability and Coagulation of Colloids in Shear Fields (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 245-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001333
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supercritical Airfoil and Wing Design (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16 (1984), S. 337-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.002005
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Itinerant Electron Magnetism (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.000245
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Properties of Small Particles (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 49-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.000405
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoeffects at the Semiconductor/Liquid Interface (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 95-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.000523
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tailoring of Piezoelectric Ceramics (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 27-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.000331
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synchrotron Radiation Photoemission Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 67-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.000435
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the Pseudopotential Model to Solids (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 119-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.001003
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer Fatigue (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 171-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.001131
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inorganic Ion Exchangers with Layered Structures (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 205-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.001225
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer Modification of Electrodes (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 145-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.001045
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-Speed Machining of Metals (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 231-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.001311
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proton Transport in the szlig/szlig"-Aluminas (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 279-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.001431
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ceramics Via Polymer Pyrolysisdagger (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 297-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.001501
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion Implantation in Metals (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 335-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.002003
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brittle Fracture and Toughening Mechanisms in Ceramics (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 14 (1984), S. 373-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.14.080184.002105
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EFFECT OF CRACK LENGTH ON FATIGUE THRESHOLD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper puts forward a new method for analysing the behaviour of very short fatigue cracks. A probability function is introduced into the definition of the growth threshold, which rationalises the scatter in experimental data produced using an aluminium bronze alloy. This probability function can be visualised in terms of the microstructure of the material.It is shown that, in this material as in mild steels, fatigue crack initiation is not the critical stage. Initiation occurs relatively easily, but the cracks so formed may grow to only a few grain diameters in length before being arrested; thus it is the behaviour of cracks of this length which is critical in determining the fatigue strength of the material.These observations, when combined with the probability functions, allow estimation of the probability of failure of a component or structure in service with greater confidence than the methods used at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00195.x
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON THE HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED 9Cr-1Mo FERRITIC STEEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The high temperature low cycle fatigue properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel in a hot forged and a hot rolled condition have been evaluated. The hot forged material exhibited inferior fatigue properties as compared to the finer grained hot rolled material. Analysis of the data indicates that a larger grain size adversely affects the initiation stage but has little effect on the propagation stage. A steeper slope on the Coffin-Manson plot results when the number of cycles to initiation is reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00198.x
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ON THE OVERLOAD INDUCED FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOR IN ALUMINUM AND STEEL ALLOYS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The overload induced fatigue crack propagation behavior of several aluminum and steel alloys was examined as a function of the baseline stress intensity factor range (δKb). In order to gain a clearer understanding of the parameters which influence the cyclic delay phenomenon, under both plane strain and plane stress conditions, tests were conducted at δKb values ranging from the near threshold regime to high δK levels approaching fast fracture. Large amounts of overload induced cyclic delay (˜100,000 cycles) were observed at both high and low δK levels (provided the plastic zone size/thickness ratio and plastic zone size/grain size ratio approached unity, respectively) with significantly less delay occurring at intermediate δK values. All alloys examined exhibited this type of delay behavior which can be described by a “U-shaped” plot. The delay phenomenon at high δKb levels under plane stress conditions was attributed to increased crack closure associated with large tensile displacements in the wake of the advancing crack. At low δKb levels increasing cyclic delay was attributed to an increased effective overload ratio as δK approached δKth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00188.x
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM HEATING CYCLES ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN 7075-T651 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Changes in the crack growth behavior of 7075-T651 aluminum specimens which had been exposed to temperatures between 121 and 179°C were evaluated. Specimens were fatigue tested at room temperature under flight-by-flight loading conditions. Results from these tests were then compared with data from the as-received material. Exposure to 141°C or more produced a definite increase in specimen life, apparently due to a decrease in crack growth rate. In contrast, preliminary experiments using constant amplitude loading did not show noticeable effects of these thermal treatments on fatigue lifetime. The thermal treatments were found to cause overaging of the metastable precipitate microstructure, which was thought to be responsible for the changes in fatigue response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00190.x
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SHORT CRACK FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR IN A MEDIUM CARBON STEEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The initiation stage and short crack behaviour in torsional fatigue of a 0.4% C steel was investigated by a replication technique.The fatigue cracks initiated and propagated in the ferrite phase which is located at the prior austenite grain boundaries in the form of long allotriomorphs. At this stage of crack development it is proposed that crack growth rate depends on the extent and intensity of plasticity at the tip of the crack. Crack growth per cycle is correspondingly proportional to the strength of the slip band. The ferrite-pearlite boundaries are strong barriers to crack propagation, which is manifested by a deceleration of growth and possible arrest. On raising the stress level the previously non-propagating cracks may continue to grow by branching or joining with other cracks in the ferrite phase. This process is repeated until the stress fields of one or more dominant cracks attain a critical value to sustain continued growth that leads to failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00408.x
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE BEHAVIOUR OF STAINLESS STEEL CLADDINGS IN AIR AND UNDER VACUUM AT 300°C (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: CT type specimens containing two layers of 309L and 308L cladding stainless steels welded to A508 carbon steel and 316 stainless steel were specially devised to test the influence of R ratio and environment on the crack propagation rate behaviour of cladding materials at 300°C. Large effects are shown. The crack growth rate under vacuum can be smaller by more than one order of magnitude as compared to air. Large differences are also shown on the fracture surfaces, where it is observed than vacuum promotes the formation of large crystallographic {111} facets. The effect of environment is briefly discussed on the basis of existing gas adsorption models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00411.x
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  • 36
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    THE EFFECT OF REST PERIODS ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF Ti-6A1-4V (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The monitoring of fatigue crack initiation mechanisms and short fatigue crack growth usually involves interrupting otherwise continuous load cycling for examination of the test-piece. This permits attainment of high resolution over a large area of surface where the fatigue cracks could initiate. However, breaks in the fatigue cycling can affect the fatigue endurance of the test-piece and in the present study of Ti-6A1-4V this has been shown to depend on the duration of the rests, the number of cycles between rests, the type of examination employed and the hydrogen content of the material. The results of the work are discussed in terms of the possible influence of the monitoring technique on the fatigue process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00413.x
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  • 37
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    FATIGUE CRACK TIP MECHANICS OF A POWDER METALLURGY ALUMINUM ALLOY IN VACUUM AND HUMID AIR (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack tip opening displacements and strains in the material very close to the crack tip have been determined from measured displacements for cracks grown in both vacuum and humid air environments. The environment alters both the relations between crack tip opening displacement and crack tip strain, and the effect of cyclic stress intensity on these factors. Results of dynamic observation of intermittent crack growth are correlated with fractographic evidence. The relationships between crack tip parameters are used in a previously developed mathematical model. The effect of wet air on fatigue crack growth is found to be a reduction in crack tip plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00357.x
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  • 38
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    FATIGUE-CRACK ARREST IN MILD STEEL SPECIMENS UNDER CONSTANT AMPLITUDE LOADING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Unexpected arrest of long fatigue cracks was observed in mild steel single edge notch three-point bend specimens tested under constant amplitude loading. Arrest was associated with a low, but still positive, slope of the crack length against stress intensity factor curve, and can be explained using the R -curve concept for fatigue-crack growth. At a stress ratio of 0.1, the fatigue threshold was 6.6, 7.3 or 8.0 MN/m3/2 depending on the definition of threshold used. This has obvious implications for both the development of a standard test method for the fatigue threshold and the application of data to practical problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00360.x
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  • 39
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    SHORT CRACK BEHAVIOUR IN NODULAR CAST IRON (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue crack growth rates have been determined on standard specimens containing long cracks (∼5–10mm) and on specimens containing two-dimensional short cracks (∼0.10–0.50mm). Large differences have been observed indicating that at a given stress intensity factor short cracks propagate much faster than long cracks. Mouth opening displacement measurements for both specimen geometries have shown that the crack closure effect is largely responsible for the observed effect. These results are used to rationalize the behaviour of short cracks initiated from natural sites which were either graphite nodules or microshrinkage pores. The three-dimensional aspect of these natural small cracks is analysed and discussed in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00194.x
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  • 40
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    FATIGUE UNDER CYCLIC COMPRESSIVE LOAD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: For ultra-high strength steels and aluminium alloys, a fatigue crack could initiate from a notch tip under cyclic compressive load. The threshold value for fatigue crack initiation under compressive load can be as great as four times that under tensile load. The crack grew at a decreasing rate until eventually it stopped growing altogether under cyclic compressive load with a maximum length of 0.2-0.5 mm. If the minimum compressive load was near zero, i.e. compression to zero load cycling, the threshold value was near that under tensile loading and the compressive fatigue crack could continue to grow; however, the crack growth rate under compression to zero load fatigue was 10–100 times less than that under the tensile fatigue loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00196.x
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  • 41
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    IN-REACTOR LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE OF TYPE 0Kh16N15M3B STAINLESS STEEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation has been carried out on austenitic stainless steel 0Kh16N15M3B under normal conditions and also to neutron irradiation of 6.8 × 1016nm-2s-1 (E 〉 0.1 MeV) intensity. Thin-walled torsion cylindrical specimens were tested in strain-controlled fully reversed loading mode at 923 K. Various ranges of strain, pre-loading fluences and half-cycle hold times (1, 5 and 30min) were applied. Neutron irradiation was found to result in hardening of the steel, stimulating cyclic stress relaxation and a reduction in cyclic life. When acting together, neutron irradiation and static loads cause a more significant reduction in the number of cycles to failure than if summed up as independent factors. Application of a kinetic failure criterion based on a damage parameter enables an estimation to be made of the limiting state of the steel under high-temperature cyclic loading with hold periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00199.x
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  • 42
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    EFFECTS OF PRE-MOULDED WOVEN CFRP PATCHES ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH IN 7475-T761 ALUMINIUM ALLOY SHEET (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue crack propagation tests have been made on 150 mm wide panels of 1.6 mm thick 7475-T761 clad aluminium alloy sheet with and without adhesively bonded patches of pre-formed carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). The test frequency was 10 Hz, the minimum stress: maximum stress ratio, R, was 0.1 and the peak applied fatigue stress was 60 MPa.The tests were undertaken to assess the possibility of preventing the growth of fatigue cracks, or reducing their rate of growth, by the application of CFRP patches to one face only of pre-cracked aluminium alloy sheet. The variables examined included the type of patch and adhesive; the size, shape and thickness of the patch; and the effect of chamfering the edges of the patch and the removal of the cladding prior to patching.Results indicated that correctly designed and bonded CFRP patches substantially decreased the subsequent crack growth rate. The size and thickness of the patch had significant effects upon the reduction of fatigue crack growth rate whereas the shape of the patch, chamfering and the removal of the cladding prior to patching had little influence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00200.x
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  • 43
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    INFLUENCE OF ADIABATIC SHEAR BANDS ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF A TITANIUM ALLOY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experimental investigation is reported of the possible effects of adiabatic shear bands, caused by projectile impact, on the fatigue strength of a titanium alloy (Ti-6%A1-4%V). No significant reduction in fatigue strength due to the presence of adiabatic shear bands was found, nor did the fatigue cracks initiate from the bands. The results are relevant to the problem of foreign object impact damage to compressor blades in gas turbine aeroengines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00191.x
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  • 44
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    CREEP-FATIGUE STUDIES UNDER A BIAXIAL STRESS STATE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In order to study creep-fatigue interactions under multiaxial stress states, both push-pull and reversed torsion low-cycle fatigue tests were carried out using an austenitic stainless steel, SUS 304, at 923 K in air. From the tests, it is concluded that the hold-times introduced at the peak strain reduce low-cycle fatigue lives in the push-pull mode, but in the torsional mode they were not so harmful. This difference in the hold-time effect is discussed from considerations of crack formation and propagation and the stress amplitude applied to the specimen.Both maximum principal strain range, Δε1, and the von Mises' equivalent strain range, Δεeq, provide a nearly adequate comparison base for the assessment of biaxial low-cycle fatigue lives in tests without strain hold-time but are inadequate for hold-time tests. An equivalent stress range, Δσ*, which includes the effect of the stress parallel to the fatigue crack and which was previously proposed by the authors for no hold-time tests, is applied to the hold-time tests in the biaxial stress state. It is found that Δσ* is a good parameter for the correlation of biaxial low-cycle fatigue data in both no hold-time and hold-time tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00407.x
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  • 45
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    SMALL FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR UNDER TWO STRESS LEVEL MULTIPLE LOADING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Small fatigue crack growth behaviour in a low alloy steel was investigated under two stress step multiple loading in which the secondary stress was below the fatigue limit. Crack growth rates were presented in terms of a stress intensity factor and compared with data obtained under constant amplitude loading. In the higher ΔK region, crack growth rates increased monotonously with increasing ΔK even though the stress level was below the fatigue limit, and tended to be lower than those for constant amplitude loading. In the lower ΔK region, cracks showed a complicated behaviour, that is, an initial high growth rate was observed followed by an arrest or a drop to a minimum value and then a gradual increase. The average crack growth rates per cycle at both primary and secondary stresses in each block were approximately consistent with the da/dn-ΔK relation for constant amplitude loading. A suggestion for the prediction of crack growth life is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00409.x
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  • 46
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00354.x
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  • 47
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    FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION IN ALUMINIUM ALLOYS UNDER PROGRAMMED BLOCK LOADING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Tests for fatigue crack initiation were carried out on two different aluminium alloys. Results and analysis of initiation under constant amplitude loading are presented; elastic and elastoplastic analyses are applied. Initiation under programmed block loading is investigated and damage accumulation is discussed. Tests were performed on two notch root radii:5 and 0.5mm. The electric potential method was used to detect fatigue crack initiation. Three point bending tests on smooth specimens were carried out to follow the evolution of damage during the crack initiation phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00356.x
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  • 48
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    THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN ON HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— High strain fatigue properties of AISI 316, AISI 316N and Sandvik 253MA have been investigated at 600°C. The two latter alloys, which contain significant amounts of N, exhibit a higher resistance to fatigue than 316. This effect is accompanied by a planar dislocation slip mode in 316N and 253MA as opposed to a wavy slip mode in 316. The results provide strong evidence that N improves fatigue strength in austenitic stainless steels, by inhibiting cross-slip of screw dislocations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00359.x
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  • 49
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    CREEP LIFE OF AISI 316 STAINLESS STEEL SUBJECTED AT 550°C TO STEP CHANGES IN TENSILE LOAD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A phenomenological model of cumulative creep damage combining simulated grain boundary cavitation with internal redistribution of stress is developed and matched to constant load tensile creep data for an AISI 316 stainless steel tested at 550°C. The model is shown to predict the creep life of the material when it is subjected to single step changes in load provided the strain rates subsequent to the change are imposed in the model. It is inferred that this supports current suggestions that cavitation failure may be strain controlled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00361.x
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  • 50
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH LAWS FOR BRITTLE AND DUCTILE MATERIALS INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF STATIC MODES AND ELASTIC-PLASTIC DEFORMATION (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A fatigue crack growth damage accumulation model is used to derive laws for the fatigue crack growth rates of brittle and ductile materials. The damage accumulated during cyclic loading is assumed to be proportional to the cyclic change in the plastic displacement in the crack tip yielded zone. The static mode contribution to the fatigue damage is assumed to be proportional to some power of the crack tip displacement. The laws are applicable in either the small or large scale yielding regimes provided that the stress ratio remains positive. Static modes are assumed to be controlled by the fracture toughness value in brittle materials, and by the gradient of the crack growth resistance curve in ductile materials. In the analysis of ductile materials it is assumed that the crack growth resistance of the material is not significantly altered by fatigue crack growth.The growth rate equations are expressed in terms of the near field value of the J-integral, i.e. the value which would be calculated from assuming the material deformed in a non-linear elastic manner during the increasing load part of the fatigue cycle. Examples are given of the predictions of the growth law for ductile materials. It is predicted that after the initiation of stable tearing the crack growth rate, when expressed in terms of the cyclic change in the stress intensity factor, depends on both the structural geometry and the degree of crack tip plastic deformation. In both brittle and ductile materials the fatigue crack growth rate is predicted to accelerate as the failure criteria relevant to static crack instability are approached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00193.x
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  • 51
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    INTERPRETATION OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN ALUMINIUM ALLOYS UNDER PROGRAMMED BLOCK LOADING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of cycle ratio R on the crack propagation rate for two aluminium alloys is analysed. Fatigue crack growth under programmed block loading is presented, linear damage accumulation is established for some flight simulation tests. Aspects covered include microscopic and fractographic observations. The incidence of crack closure is examined and the concept of equivalent constant amplitude is applied. The agreement between predictions and test results is very promising.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00197.x
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  • 52
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    FATIGUE DAMAGE IN 1045 STEEL UNDER CONSTANT AMPLITUDE BIAXIAL LOADING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The progressive nature of fatigue damage under multiaxial stress states has been investigated. Experiments were performed on thin-wall tubular specimens of 1045 steel in tension, torsion and combined tension-torsion loading. Two equivalent strain amplitudes, one in the high cycle fatigue (HCF) region and one in low cycle fatigue (LCF) region were employed in this study. Four recently proposed damage theories were evaluated. Crack depth was used as a damage parameter in comparing damage curves under different loading modes.Different types of crack systems were observed in the HCF and LCF regions. The damage curve obtained in tension loading can be used to evaluate the damage behavior under combined tension—torsion loading. The results of torsion loading show that torsional damage behavior is different from the above two loading modes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00187.x
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  • 53
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    FATIGUE STRENGTH OF 7075-T6 ALUMINIUM ALLOY UNDER COMBINED AXIAL LOADING AND TORSION (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fatigue strength of 7075-T6 aluminium alloy under combined axial loading and torsion was examined. The S-N relations were correlated with the von Mises criterion for the high cycle region (Nf≥ 104 cycles) and with the Tresca criterion for the low cycle region (Nf 〈 104 cycles), where Nf is the cycles to failure. This transition at Nr= 104 cycles was related to the occurrence of macroscopic plastic straining and a change in fracture modes. The results are discussed in comparison with those for a high strength steel (SNCM8) in a previous study. Particular attention is given to differences in cyclic deformation behaviour, fracture modes and fatigue crack growth rates between the two materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00189.x
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  • 54
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    A NOTE ON THE INFLUENCE OF REST PERIODS ON THE FATIGUE ENDURANCE OF A TITANIUM ALLOY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: S-N curves have been determined for continuous cycling and for interrupted cycling using commercial purity titanium, and also a Ti-6Al-4V alloy in four different states of heat treatment. The incorporation of rest periods during the fatigue tests resulted in increased lives to fracture to an extent which appeared to be independent of specimen composition or microstructure, and hence primarily a function of the titanium itself. Failures from internal crack origins were found at longer lives from some specimens for both continuous and interrupted tests. It is suggested that the observed effects are due to localised hardening and strain ageing as a consequence of oxygen and/or nitrogen pick-up from the testing environment, and also as a result of oxygen and/or nitrogen present in the starting material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00192.x
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  • 55
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    FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF A RAIL STEEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fatigue behavior of a hot-rolled, control-cooled, plain carbon eutectoid rail steel has been characterized. The data include monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves, low cycle fatigue data and near-threshold fatigue crack growth rate behavior in air and in vacuo. The effects of environment and mean stress on the near-threshold fatigue crack growth rates of rail steel are significant. At a low stress ratio (R), ΔKo is lower in vacuum (7 MPa √m) than in moist air (10 MPa √m). At high R, ΔKo is higher in vacuum (6 MPa √m) than in air (4 MPa √m). The beneficial effect of moist air on FCGR at low ΔK and low R is attributed to an increase in closure due to fracture surface roughness and oxide film.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00410.x
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  • 56
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    CYCLIC DEFORMATION OF A1-4%Cu ALLOY POLYCRYSTALS CONTAINING θ″ PRECIPITATES (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The cyclic deformation of polycrystalline A1-4%Cu alloy containing θ precipitates was investigated by strain controlled tests, and compared to monocrystalline cyclic behavior. The cyclic deformation of the polycrystals was found to depend on the grain size, and in coarse-grained material (grain diameter = 1 mm) a definite plateau was observed in the cyclic stress-strain (CSS) curve. In order to explore the relationship of cyclic behavior between single crystals and polycrystals, three available orientation factors were examined. This relationship can be interpreted by selection from the different types of orientation factors (Taylor factor, Sachs factor and Maximum Schmid factor), which operate to different degrees depending on the magnitude of the strain amplitude and the grain size.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00412.x
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  • 57
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— An analysis is presented of factors causing fatigue crack resistance in metals exposed to liquid corrosive environments. A new approach involving invariant diagrams is proposed that takes simultaneous account of the stress-strain state and the electrochemical conditions at the tip of a crack. Variations in electrochemical conditions at the tip of a stationary crack and the relationship between the electrochemical conditions at the crack tip and the fatigue crack growth rate in aqueous corrosive environments are discussed with the aid of these diagrams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00355.x
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    A MODEL FOR CALCULATING THE FATIGUE CRACK OPENING LOAD AND ITS APPLICATIONS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A model is proposed for calculating the fatigue crack opening load based on the concept of residual strain in the overload plastic zone. An equation relating the fatigue crack opening load to loading parameters is given. The model is used to evaluate the retardation effect due to overload under various loading conditions. It is found that the calculated results agree with test data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00358.x
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  • 59
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    Kinetic study on propylene polymerization by a high activity catalyst system: MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et-AlEt3/PhCO2Et (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 479-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic study was performed in short time propylene polymerization with a high activity-high stereospecificity catalyst system composed of MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3/PhCO2Et. The concentration of the active centers, [C *], the propagation rate constant, k p, and the chain transfer rate, r tr, were determined. The change of these values by the change of polymerization conditions, the concentration of monomer, AlEt3, and the temperature, were studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265491
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  • 60
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    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization by phase transfer catalysis (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 493-496 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyethers from 1,4-bis(chloromethylene)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene and 4,4′-biphenol were obtained by phase transfer catalysis, using different catalysts and solvents. The molecular weights and yields were determined, showing a solvent effect and a influence of the catalysts used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045326
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  • 61
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    Copolymerization of 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate with maleic anhydride (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 511-515 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate with maleic anhydride is presented. The copolymerization reaction appears to be associated with the cycloaddition of maleic anhydride at the anthracene nucleus. It is also shown that for 9-anthrylmethylmethacrylate/maleic anhydride molar ratio lower than 1/2 the copolymers have an alternating structure with 1/2 composition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045329
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  • 62
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    Changes of liquid-crystalline polymer structure with temperature (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 561-564 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermal changes in the structural state of liquid crystalline polymers with mesogenic side groups and the kinetics of mesophase formation were studied by means of smallangle X-ray scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045338
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  • 63
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    Morphology of coalescence processes: secondary fracture, cracks and spherulites (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 579-584 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Similarity in the shapes of fracture curves and spherulite boundaries makes possible to generalize the respective theories to the case of coalescence of two spreading processes of growth, disturbances or excitations. The geometrical shape of a coalescence curve depends on three parametres: the distance of their spreading centres, the relation of spreading velocities and the time delay of the spreading. According to the character of the process, the shielding effect may take place. In this case, the coalescence curve is composed of two parts which are to be described separately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045341
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    Engineering plastics from lignin (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Low density polyurethane foams (ca. 2 lbs./cu. ft.) with acceptable strength and excellent flammability resistance properties were formulated with a commercial furan polyol containing 20% hydroxypropyl lignin derivative. Propylene oxide-modified lignin from two sources, kraft and organosolv lignin, were employed. The organosolv lignin derivative exhibited better foaming characteristics than the corresponding kraft lignin, which collapsed when the rising foam was touched for testing. The weight contribution of lignin derivative was limited to 20% by compatibility with the fluorocarbon blowing agent, and solubility in polyol. Preliminary tests encourage further research on structural materials containing hydroxypropyl lignin derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258264
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    Statistical treatment of allophanate crosslinking in the formation of polyurethane networks (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Crosslinking of polyurethanes by a reaction of isocyanate groups with urethane groups leading to trifunctional allophanate branch points is treated statistically using the theory of branching processes. The occurrence of gelation in the diol — diisocyanate system and its dependence on the excess of isocyanate groups and the intensity of allophanate formation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258269
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    The penultimate unit effect of radical copolymerization (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 55-58 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of polar β- and γ-substituents on the selectivity of alkyl radical additions to alkenes has been measured. Although these substituents don't influence the nucleophilicity of radicals they reduce the rate of addition to diethyl fumarate. It is concluded that the penultimate unit effect is a through space repulsive interaction of polar substituents between the radicals and the alkenes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258272
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    Synthesis and characterization of α-methylstyrene-butadiene-α-methylstyrene linear block copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary α-methylstyrene-butadiene- α-methylstyrene linear block copolymers with a ‘pure’ block structure were prepared by sec-butyllithium and coupling agent in a four-step process. Their morphology is built up of microdomains of poly- α -methylstyrene, including the unbonded segments, dispersed in a polybutadiene matrix. Cylindrical domains arranged in a hexagonal lattice or irregularly shaped domains in a disordered phase are observed, depending on the molecular weight of the poly- α -methylstyrene segment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258275
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    Thermotropic polyesters with mesogenic groups based on substituted hydroquinone units and highly flexible siloxan spacer in the main chain (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 93-98 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New thermotropic Polyesters having mesogenic groups based on substituted hydroquinone units and highly flexible oligosiloxan spacer in the main chain, are synthesized and characterized. The mesophase formed at low temperature are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy. The liquid crystalline behaviour of these polyesters, particulary their transition temperatures and the mesophase width could be explained on the basis of their structural features.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258278
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    Solution copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins by a MgCl2 supported TiCl4 catalyst (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 111-117 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins, i.e. propylene, butene-1, 4-methyl-pentene-1(4-MP-1), was carried out by a MgCl2 supported TiCl4 catalyst in combination with Et3Al at a temperature as high as 170 °C at which the polymerization system was homogeneous. This catalytic system showed very a high activity and produced copolymers having a density of 0.91–0.94 g/ml. Of these three kinds of comonomers, propylene showed the highest reactivity and caused most frequently the termination of a polymer growing by chain transfer reaction and produced copolymers having the broadest MWD.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263333
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    The interaction of poly(N-methacryloyl-L-alanine) with copper (II) (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 133-139 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The poly(N-methacryloyl-L-alanine) (PNMA):Cu system was investigated by potentiometry, conductimetry and Cu(II) specific measurements. After the formation of a 2∶1 PNMA:Cu complex involving only the carboxylate groups, two other complexes are successively formed with additional neutralization of one and two protons per cupric ion respectively. The stability constant of the first complex was determined by the Bjerrum method and was found similar to that of the poly(acrylic acid):Cu complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263336
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    Lewis acid initiated melt reactions of polystyrene and EPDM rubber (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 157-163 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain high impact polystyrene (PS), experiments have been performed on coupling of EPDM rubber and PS in the mixing chamber of a HAAKE plastograph. Lewis acids were added to the melt and the torque increase observed by their addition proved that chemical reactions take place in the system. During the reaction, the rubber proved to be more active, it became crosslinked and/or it was coupled with the PS molecules. Only a small fraction of the PS present coupled to the rubber molecules. No significant degradation process could be detected. Mechanical properties (tensile modulus and strength) improved during the reaction. This can be interpreted by the increased solubility of the coupled rubber molecules in the continuous PS phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263339
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    Solvation of ion pairs with poly(ethylene oxide) (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Solvation of ion pairs of the alcoxide type with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been studied by optical spectroscopy. Values of binding constants 200–400 l/mol indicate a sufficiently effective ion-pair cation solvation. Being cross-linked PEO preserves its ability to bind and localize ion pairs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263342
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    Announcement (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263344
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    Guayule rubber centered block copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 203-208 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A synthesis concept has been developed for selective cleavage of cis-1,4-poly(isoprene) — guayule or natural rubber — with synchroneous functionalization, conversion of the telechelics to bifunctional macroinitiators and subsequent polymerization of the hard blocks. Thermoreversibly crosslinked poly(methylmethacrylate)-(b-cis 1,4-poly(isoprene)) threeblock copolymers synthesized in this way have been characterized, and mechanical properties have been measured. In parallel α, ω — poly(isobutylene) diols capable to form bifunctional macroinitiators have been synthesized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275969
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    Carbon fiber having isocyanate group on the surface (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 523-530 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Reaction between diisocyanate and the hydroxyl groups on the surface of carbon fiber oxidized by nitric acid was investigated. It was found that polar solvents were favorable for the reaction. Stronger amines and Ba-laurate catalysts gave good results. Further, rigid polyurethane foam reinforced by the carbon fiber thus prepared was found to show improved bending properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958658
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    Effects of substituants in stilbene upon its reactivity in radical polymerizations (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 531-534 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and styrene have been performed in the presence of thecis andtrans isomers of 4-methoxy-4′-chlorostilbene (SSTL) using as initiators benzoyl peroxide and 2-cyano-2-propylazoformamide, both enriched with carbon-13.13C-NMR spectra of the polymers show that SSTL units are present at many of the sites adjacent to benzoate end-groups but not to a detectable extent at sites adjacent to 2-cyano-2-propyl end-groups. The presence of the substituents in the molecule of stilbene greatly enhances its reactivity towards the benzoyloxy radical.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958659
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    Melt-crystallization of n-alkanes and polyethylene in a temperature gradient (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 543-546 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary When C36H74 was crystallized from a melt-state in a temperature gradient, crystallization proceeded at a crystal-melt boundary plane which is perpendicular to the temperature gradient. The melt-state was studied by striking the incident X-ray near the crystallizing plane. The intensity profile from the melt-state shows weak anisotropy. This fact suggests that the melt-molecules are slightly oriented perpendicular to the crystallizing plane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958661
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    A comparative study of the conformational mobility of octamethyltetrasiloxane and cyclododecane in the solid state (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 557-563 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A crystalline mesophase state in which molecules show conformational mobility is discussed for cyclododecane and octamethyltetrasiloxane.13C and29Si solid state NMR spectra show changes of the resonance signals which can be explained by changes of the conformation. The transition temperatures in the NMR spectra are correlated with the thermal transitions detected by DSC. Comparisons with the solution spectra give evidence that in case of octamethyltetrasiloxane, the conformational mobility is determined mainly by the molecular packing in the crystal, while packing effects are neglegibly small for cyclododecane. The data are discussed with concern to the corresponding linear chain molecules, i. e. poly(ethylene) and poly(dimethylsiloxane).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00958664
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    Investigation of the immobilisation of bovine serum albumin, trypsin, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase to poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-co-cellulose and poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)-co-pectin (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-pectins (107% graft), activated with p-benzoquinone, immobilised 122 mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) per g of copolymer and 22.4 mg of trypsin per g of copolymer. This latter figure was replicated when p-toluene sulphonyl chloride was used for activating the copolymer. In a separate exercise p-benzoquinone was used to couple diaminohexane to the copolymer. This modified product immobilsed 396 mg of trypsin/g when glutaraldehyde was used in coupling. A 25% grafted, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-cellulose immobilised 39.5 mg of BSA per g of copolymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401706
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    Fully oriented non-fibrous crystalline polyacetylene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 401-405 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The preparation of fully oriented non-fibrous crystalline polyacetylene is demonstrated. Poly-7,8-bis-(trifluoromethyl)-tricyclo-[4.2.2.0]-deka-3,7,9-triene, poly-(BTFM-TCDT), is polymerized by a ring opening metathetical polymerization. Films cast from a solution of poly-(BTFM-TCDT) (precursor polymer) can be converted to polyacetylene by heating. During this conversion process an uniaxial stress is applied to the precursor polymer film which results in a high orientation of the polymer chains. SEM pictures show a compact and homogeneous morphology, whereas sharp and well defined electron diffraction (HEED) patterns indicate a fully oriented crystalline transpolyacetylene material. Consequently we present polarized infrared spectra, expecially for the C-H out-of-plane deformation vibration (1010 cm−1), which exhibit a tremendous dichroism for infrared radiation polarized parallel and perpendicular to the chain axis (c-axis, orientation direction).
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    Physico-chemical studies of polymeric carriers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 437-442 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aqueous acid-base titration measurements were made on alternating poly/N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic acid/copolymer. It was found, that P/NVP-co-MAc/ behaves as a monobasic polyacid in potentiometric titration. Furthermore it was concluded, that definite dissociation constant can not be determined in the usual way, as the actual value of K depends on the nature of the titrant as well as on the concentration of the polyacid solution. Continous pH-induced conformational transition of polymer chains occured during titration. Stabilizing effect of sodium ion on the ring structure of monoanion units is supposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265484
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    MgCl2 supported titanium catalyst prepared by mechanical pulverization (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 471-477 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary MgCl2 supported titanium catalysts were prepared by mechanical pulverization or MgCl2 with titanium compounds using two types of machines, rotatory mill and vibratory mill. Both methods gave substantially the same results, although vibratory mill much saved the milling time. The nature of the fixed titanium compounds was not homogeneous, and the titanium compounds fixed at an earlier stage of milling, which could be located at exposed “active” edge positions of MgCl2 particles, showed higher activity in ethylene polymerization. On the other hand, those fixed at the later stage showed lower activity and caused reaggregation of the particles. Furthermore, chlorine-free titanate compounds, Ti(OBu)4 and Ti(OEt)4, also could be fixed on MgCl2 which showed high activity in ethylene polymerization.
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    Polymerizations of α-olefins and styrene with MgCl2-supported titanium catalyst system: MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3PhCO2Et (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 485-489 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic analysis was performed in a short time polymerizations of 1-butene,4-methyl-1-pentene and styrene by using a catalyst system composed of MgCl2/TiCl4/PhCO2Et with AlEt3/PhCO2Et which is known as a highly active and highly stereospecific catalyst system in olefin polymerization. The concentration of the active centers, [C *], the propagation rate constant, k p, and the chain transfer rate, r tr, were determined for each monomer. It was found that the values of [C *] were almost same for every monomer, but the values of k p changes widely in the following order: propylene〉1-butene〉4-methyl-1-pentene〉styrene.
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    Emulsion polymerization: some nonionic emulsifier effects (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 497-504 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The colloidal properties of aqueous solutions of surface active materials have been found to have profound effects on the properties of latexes produced via emulsion polymerization. It has been observed that depending on the polymerization temperature and the concentration of the ingredients it is possible to create either an oil-in-water or a water-in-oil emulsion at the beginning of the reaction. This may, as the polymerization proceeds, undergo phase inversion and lead to two constant rate regions and a bimodally distributed particle size latex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045327
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  • 85
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    Autooscillating regime of sorption of low molecular weight solvent by ionomers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 229-236 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of differential and integral sorption of toluene by statistical copolymers of styrene and acrylic acid (3.8 and 8.0 mole %) has been investigated over the temperature range 20–40°C. The observed autooscillating regime of toluene sorption is due to the competition of different relaxation processes. The effect on sorption kinetics of toluene of the morphology of ionomer films was investigated by infrared spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275973
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  • 86
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    Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 299-301 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Liquid crystalline comb-like polymers with spontaneous polarization are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263142
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  • 87
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    Molecular dynamic simulation of motion in solid polymers. Rotator phase of n-alkane (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 303-309 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The method of molecular dynamic computer simulation is applied for the investigation of structure and dynamics of C10-n-alkane in the solid state. Analyzed is the behaviour of individual molecules as well as of a whole crystal. The investigated system consists of 31 molecules of C10-n-alkane at the temperature 150–275 K. The influence of chemical defects, such as methylene group or chlorine atom, on the dynamics of the system is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263143
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  • 88
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    Evidence by light scattering of hydroxyethylcellulose aggregation induced by solution filtrations (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 327-330 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is reported from light-scattering results that a thermoreversible aggregation may occur when hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) solutions are filtered. The aggregation extent depends on concentration and filter porosity but not on filtration pressure. The aggregates are in part responsible for filter plugging and could arise from a cellulose type interchain association of unsubstituted anhydroglucose units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263147
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  • 89
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    Synthesis and thermal analysis of styrene and α-methylstyrene multiblock copolymers (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 331-335 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Multiblock copolymers of styrene and α-methylstyrene (¯Mn ≦ 70.000 g.mole−1) with various α-methylstyrene contents were synthetized by anionic polymerization. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of these copolymers have been measured by D.T.A. A single Tg was observed over the whole composition range. This Tg obeys the derived GORDON and TAYLOR equation. Moreover these copolymers are heat resistant up to temperatures of at least 280°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263148
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  • 90
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    Anomalous copolymerization behavior of styrene and ethyl methacrylate at high conversion (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 343-348 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Styrene and ethylmethacrylate were copolymerized in bulk at 62°C and several monomer feed ratios. At moderately high conversion, anomalous copolymerization behaviour occurred. Although the onset of the departures from expected copolymerization behaviour seems to be related to the onset of the gel-effect, this relation did not hold when mimicking higher conversion by adding an amount of homopolymer. Obviously the propagation reactions are not only affected by changes in diffusion characteristics but also by changes in other medium characteristics e.g. interactions between monomeric and copolymeric species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263150
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  • 91
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    Kinetics of the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole by trityl salts in nitrobenzene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 359-362 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole by trityl salts in nitrobenzene at 20°C has been studied. The kp values are independent of initiator concentration and an average value of 8.9.104M−1s−1 has been obtained which, according to the reaction conditions, has been interpreted in terms of propagation by free ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263153
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  • 92
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    Characterization of polycyclohexene by high field 13C-NMR spectroscopy (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 12 (1984), S. 475-479 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 13C NMR spectrum of polycyclohexene is recorded at 50.5 MHz and interpreted in terms of its different stereoisomers. The ratio of threo to erythro forms in the polymer is 2∶1. The spectrum is also sensitive to tacticity of the polymer chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255437
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  • 93
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    Reactions of dialkoxicarbenium ions with styrene and 1.1-diphenyl ethene (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 7-11 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Several dialkoxicarbenium ions have proved to initiate the cationic polymerization of styrene. In order to elucidate the mechanism of initiation, some of these dialkoxicarbenium ions were reacted with 1.1-diphenyl ethene and the reaction products are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401707
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  • 94
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    Polyisobutylene model elastomers prepared using demonstrably complete end-linking reactions (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cationic polymerizations with a trifunctional initiator-chain transfer agent were used to prepare three-arm polyisobutylene [C(CH3)2CH2] (PIB) molecules with hydroxyl groups at all three chain ends. Extensive spectroscopic analyses confirmed the essentially perfect trifunctionality of the polymers, which were then end-linked using an aromatic diisocyanate to give trifunctional model networks. The PIB elastomers were found to have negligible sol fractions, which demonstrates that the end-linking reactions used to prepare them were essentially complete. They were studied, swollen, with regard to their equilibrium stressstrain isotherms in uniaxial extension at 25°C. As was found to be the case for trifunctional and tetrafunctional PIB networks prepared from the linear chains, the results were in satisfactory agreement with theory and yielded no evidence that inter-chain entanglements contribute to the modulus at elastic equilibriums.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401709
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  • 95
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    3. Telechelic diene prepolymers: (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 25-27 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A one step synthesis of butadiene telechelic prepolymer is reported here. Butadiene is reacted with metallic lithium in tetrahydrofurane in the presence of dimethylchlorosilane. This typical synthesis leads to α,ω-dihydrogenodisilane dimers, trimers and tetramers of butadiene, which can be used as crosslinkers for the synthesis of rubber like networks. These oligomers have been characterized by usual methods such as 1H.NMR, IR spectroscopy, gel permeation and gas chromatography.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401710
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  • 96
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    Soluble polymers in organic synthesis (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reversible attachment of C-terminal amino acids to poly(ethylene glycol) supports succeeds in high yields by reaction of amino acid derivatives with 4-(2-bromopropionyl)phenylacetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimidester and subsequent coupling to the polymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401714
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  • 97
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    Determination of the microstructure of acrylonitrile-butadiene and styrene-butadiene copolymers using carbon-13 NMR (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 63-67 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The microstructures of copolymers such as acrylonitrile-butadiene and styrene-butadiene are determined directly from the 13C NMR spectra without resorting to “empirical factors.” Experimental parameters were devised to overcome the difficulties due to long spin-lattice relaxation times or to different nuclear Overhauser effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401716
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  • 98
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    Temperature dependence of self diffusion of polystyrene and polyethylene in the melt an interpretation in terms of the free volume theory (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The temperatur dependence of the self diffusion coefficients of polystyrene and polyethylene in the melt was measured with the pulsed field gradient nmr technique. The temperature and molar mass dependences of the self diffusion coefficients can be described by the free volume model. Taking into account the matrix effect we detected the beginning of the break of the reptation process for polystyrene at low molar masses. The activation energies of the self diffusion process are comparable with those observed for viscosity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401718
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  • 99
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    Active centers of TiCl3 catalysts for propene polymerization1) answer to Bukatov et al. 2) pol. bull. 11, 91–92, 1983 (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 91-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401722
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  • 100
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    Cationic polymerization of isobutylene initiated by diol/boron trichloride systems (1984)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 11 (1984), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cationic polymerizations of isobutylene initiated by 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexane diol (HMD) and bis-para-2-hydroxy-2-propylbenzene (BPP)/BCl3 were carried out in CH2Cl2 solution at −30 °C, in presence or in absence of 2,6-ditert-butylpyridine (DtBP).IR, 1H NMR and C13 NMR analysis of the resulting polyisobutylenes (PIB) show the insertion of the diol skeleton in the polymers. GPC chromatograms show that the presence of DtPB prevents protonic initiation. The synthesis of PIB with phenolic end groups was carried out by alkylation of α, ω unsaturated oligoisobutylene in CH2Cl2 at −30 °C initiated by SnCl4. Previously,the alkylation was carried out on a model:2,2,4-trimethyl pentene (TMP). Spectroscopic analyses show that the alkylation takes place mainly on para-position. UV titration of phenyl ring and chemical titration of chlorine show that the functionality of PIB is 2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258014
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