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  • healthy volunteers  (37)
  • Nitrogen  (30)
  • hypertension  (28)
  • Springer  (92)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (92)
  • 1955-1959
  • 2009
  • 1984  (92)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (92)
  • 1955-1959
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A concise simulation model for interpreting N-fertilizer trials (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 355-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; fertilizer ; dynamic model ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A concise model is described for calculating day-to-day increments in nitrogen uptake and dry matter of crops grown with different levels of N-fertilizer. Inputs are the initial distribution of inorganic-N down the profile, the maximum yield, the maximum depth of rooting, and the mineralization rate. The validity of the model was tested against measurements of the %N and total dry weights of storage roots and foliage in nine N-fertilizer trials with sugar beet, six of which included both irrigated and unirrigated treatments. Agreement between the model and experiment was good except in one experiment severely attacked by virus yellows. Simulation studies with the model indicated that no simple correlation would be expected between N fertilizer requirement and any single indicator of N availability for crops grown under a wide range of conditions in the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049116
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between the cardiovascular effects and steady-state kinetics of clonidine in hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 309-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: clonidine ; hypertension ; therapeutic window ; steady state concentration ; pharmacokinetics ; cardiovascular effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clonidine was given orally as monotherapy in increasing daily doses from 3.1 to 25.7 µg/kg to patients with essential hypertension (n=6). When a steady state concentration in plasma was reached at each dose level, the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured during a dosage interval. Effect time — plasma concentration data were submitted to nonlinear regression analysis, which showed that the observed BP effects could be dissociated into depressor and pressor components. A window for the antihypertensive effect was established. At a plasma clonidine concentration of 0.65±0.07 ng/ml 50% of the maximal depressor effect was found, and it was only separated by a factor of 2 from the half maximal pure pressor concentration in plasma. No relationship between the change in heart rate and the plasma clonidine was observed. The findings strengthen the importance of close monitoring of clonidine therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548760
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of oxprenolol and metoprolol on serum lipid concentration (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 331-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; oxprenolol ; hypertension ; beta-blockers ; HDL-cholesterol ; intrinsic sympathomimetic activity ; cardioselectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a reduction in HDL-cholesterol is peculiar to non cardioselective beta blockers or whether it is also produced by cardioselective beta1-blockers. 16 patients with primary arterial hypertension on a balanced isocaloric diet were given oxprenolol 120 to 240 mg/day or metoprolol 100 to 200 mg/day in a random cross-over study. No significant change was observed after either treatment in fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides. HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly decreased on metoprolol, from 41 to 36 mg/dl (p〈0.05), while oxprenolol did not affect it at all. The difference might depend on intrinsic sympathomimetic activity which is possessed by oxprenolol and which metoprolol lacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548763
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pafenolol, a new β1-selective blocking agent, in mild hypertension. Result of an inpatient study and a subsequent outpatient follow-up (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 549-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pafenolol ; hypertension ; antihypertensive therapy ; beta1-blocking agent ; exercise tests ; plasma levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pafenolol, a new selective adrenergic beta1-blocking agent, has been tested for the first time in 6 hypertensive patients. After single oral doses of pafenolol 25 to 100 mg, there was a marked reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise tests. These effects were dose dependent. A significant positive correlation was found between the reduction in heart rate during exercise and the plasma level of pafenolol 5 hours after drug intake (correlation coefficient r=0.94). Side effects were mild and seemed to be dose dependent. It is concluded that this new beta1-blocking agent was effective in reducing blood pressure and was well tolerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543483
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alcohol and bupropion pharmacokinetics in healthy male volunteers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 627-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bupropion ; ethanol ; pharmacokinetic interaction ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was performed to determine whether there is a pharmacokinetic interaction between alcohol and the novel antidepressant bupropion. In the first part 8 healthy male volunteers received single doses of 100 mg bupropion hydrochloride orally on 2 occasions accompanied by either ethanol in orange or plain orange drink according to a balanced cross over design. Plasma bupropion concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay and kinetics analysed with the aid of NONLIN. Blood alcohol levels were assessed by breathalyser. The disposition of bupropion was adequately described by a 2 compartment model and kinetic parameters were not significantly altered by the presence of alcohol. In the second part of the study the same subjects received 40 ml ethanol in orange drink 3.5 h after ingestion of 100 mg bupropion or dummy tablet in a double blind cross over fashion. Bupropion did not affect alcohol kinetics. In contrast to many other psychotropic drugs there is no evidence for a kinetic interaction between bupropion and alcohol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543497
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacodynamics and kinetics of etozolin/ozolinone in hypertensive patients with normal and impaired kidney function (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 687-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: etozolin ; ozolinone ; furosemide ; hypertension ; renin ; catecholamines ; chronic renal failure ; steady state kinetics ; plasma levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect on urinary electrolyte excretion, renin release and plasma norepinephrine of single oral doses of 400 mg etozolin (E) and of 40 mg furosemide (F) were studied in hypertensive patients with normal (n=6) and impaired kidney function (n=6). E caused a marked saluresis up to 24 hours, showing its long duration of action. F, however, displayed a brief, brisk peak diuresis, followed by a rebound from the 4th to the 24th hours. The brisk peak diuresis induced by F was associated with pronounced release of renin, almost twice that induced by E. In chronic renal failure the renin release in relation to the magnitude of the diuresis was increased, i.e. the sensitivity of these patients to changes in water homeostasis was increased. E and F stimulated the sympathetic system to roughly the same extent. Patients with essential hypertension had higher plasma levels of norepinephrine than hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. In addition, hypertensive patients with normal renal function (n=4) and varying degrees of renal impairment (n=11) were also given 400 mg daily for 2 weeks. Effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis were monitored, as well as the plasma kinetics of metabolite I, ozolinone. At the end of the 2 week treatment E had significantly lowered systolic (−12 mm Hg) and diastolic (−9 mm Hg) blood pressure, and had produced a significant loss of body weight, without altering plasma electrolytes or blood chemistry. There was no accumulation of the effective metabolite ozolinone under conditions of severe impairment of kidney function. It is concluded that E can effectively control high blood pressure in patients with normal and impaired kidney function. Its effective metabolite ozolinone did not accumulate in chronic renal failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541926
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Once daily indapamide in the treatment of the elderly and young hypertensive (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 397-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indapamide ; hypertension ; cardiovascular reflexes ; diuretic effect ; blood pressure variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nine elderly and 11 young hypertensives underwent continuous ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (BP), assessment of cardiovascular reflexes and M-mode echocardiography as hospital in-patients prior to treatment with once-daily indapamide (2.5 mg). They were followed as out-patients for 4 months during which time casual BP was measured at monthly intervals. The patients were then readmitted to hospital and studied using the same protocol under similar standardised conditions. The results showed that indapamide reduced casual and ambulatory BP in both young and elderly although the most marked effect was seen on systolic BP. Assessment of cardiovascular reflexes indicates that at least part of the hypotensive action of indapamide is due to a diuretic effect. Treatment with indapamide has comparable results on both young and elderly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00549585
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term effects of captopril on renal function in hypertensive patients (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: captopril ; hypertension ; glomerular filtration ; para-aminohippuric acid ; renal function ; severe drug reaction ; nephrotic syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of captopril up to 450 mg/day on blood pressure and renal function were investigated during sustained treatment of 10 patients whose severe hypertension had not responded to previous therapy. All the patients were kept on diuretics and most of them on β-blockers, too. A control determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and para-aminohippuric acid clearance (CPAH) was performed during the prior treatment. The effect of the addition (or substitution) of captopril were assessed after an average of 25 days (short-term) and 26 weeks (long-term). Short-term treatment produced a 15.5% decrease in mean blood pressure and interindividually variable effects on renal function. On average GFR was somewhat lower and CPAH slightly higher than the control values (not significant). This pattern is quite similar to the effects of most other antihypertensive drugs. On long-term therapy GFR rose by a mean of 9% (NS) and CPAH by 17% (p〈0.02). However, in a patient who developed a captopril-induced nephrotic syndrome, GFR dropped to 56% and CPAH to 50% of the control values. In another patient a transient rise in serum creatinine accompanied a severe drug reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548761
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The disposition of inhaled lysine theophylline in volunteers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 635-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; inhalation ; saliva-serum distribution ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six healthy volunteers received an iv infusion of 317 mg lysine theophylline (equivalent to 197 mg anhydrous theophylline) in order to calculate theophylline clearance by standard methods. They subsequently received a 20 minute inhalation of nebulised lysine theophylline. Serum and salivary theophylline concentrations were measured and all saliva was collected for the first hour. From these concentrations estimates were made of the distribution of theophylline into the blood and saliva with 40% to 94% identified in the blood. Very high salivary concentrations were reached during the inhalation phase with saliva: serum concentration ratios of between 60 and 1600.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543500
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of the selective benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 115-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: benzodiazepine antagonist ; Ro 15-1788 ; healthy volunteers ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the selective benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 has been studied in 6 healthy male volunteers following a single intravenous dose of 2.5 mg. The drug was only slightly bound to plasma proteins (40±8%, mean±SD). A negligible amount (〈0.2% of the dose) of unchanged drug was recovered in urine. Hepatic elimination was rapid, as shown by a short t1/2 of 0.9±0.2 h, and high total plasma and blood clearances of 691±216 ml/min and 716±199 ml/min, respectively. The fast decline of plasma levels from about 60 to 2 ng/ml accounts for the short-lasting reversal of benzodiazepine-induced sedation by Ro 15-1788.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553165
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the bioavailability of nitroglycerin from a transdermal therapeutic system (Nitroderm TTS) (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitroglycerin ; plasma concentration ; transdermal administration ; bioavailability ; pharmacodynamics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 healthy volunteers, intravenous infusions of nitroglycerin 4.8 and 10.6 µg/min yielded mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5±0.02 and 0.82±0.04 ng/ml as determined by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. The plasma concentrations reached in the same subjects 17 h after application of Nitroderm TTS 5 and 10 with in vivo release rates of 3.7 and 5.7 µg/min were 0.28±0.01 and 0.37±0.01 ng/ml, respectively. Thus, 75% of the quantity of nitroglycerin released by the systems passed into the circulation. The inter-individual and intra-individual variations in plasma concentrations were similar for both modes of administration. The nitroglycerin-induced morphological changes in the fingerpulse wave were clearly dose-dependent, but it seems that this pharmacodynamic parameter is determined less by the plasma concentration than by the nitroglycerin content of the vascular wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395198
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of disodium chromoglycate on changes in nasal airway resistance induced by platelet activating factor (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 371-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: disodium chromoglycate ; nasal airway resistance ; platelet activating factor ; healthy volunteers ; rhinomanometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirteen healthy subjects participated in a double blind, randomized, cross-over investigation of whether or not intranasal disodium chromoglycate could block the change in nasal airway resistance induced by platelet activating factor (PAF). Placebo or active drug was given for 3 days before intranasal challenge with PAF. Nasal airway resistance before and at intervals after callenge was determined with a rhinomanometer. Pretreatment with disodium chromoglycate blocked the decrease in nasal airway resistance induced by PAF. This indicates an alternative mode of action of disodium chromoglycate in the treatment of allergic airway diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542179
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of canrenone and metabolites after base hydrolysis following single and multiple dose oral administration of spironolactone (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 441-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: spironolactone ; canrenone ; metabolites ; pharmacokinetics ; single/multiple oral doses ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of canrenone and ‘total metabolites’ after base hydrolysis was studied in eight young volunteers following single and multiple dose oral administration of spironolactone. The plasma levels of canrenone and ‘total metabolites’ were fitted to a two-compartment open model with a first-order absorption process. From our eight normal subjects studied, the harmonic mean of the distributive half-life (t1/2α) of canrenone was found to be 1.66 h, and the harmonic mean of the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2β) to be 22.6 h. Harmonic means of the distributive and elimination half-lives of ‘total metabolites’ after base hydrolysis were 2.48 h and 28.8 h respectively. The accumulation ratio of canrenone was 2.53, whereas that of ‘total metabolites’ was 1.89. Despite the fact that spironolactone has been shown to induce hepatic metabolism of other drugs, no evidence of autoinduction was noted in the present study, as plasma levels of canrenone and ‘total metabolites’ were found to obey a linear two-compartment model with reproducible absorption and disposition after single and multiple doses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00549592
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of alaproclate on antipyrine metabolite formation in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 447-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alaproclate ; antipyrine clearance ; serotonin reuptake inhibitor ; healthy volunteers ; antipyrine metabolism ; metabolite clearance ; alaproclate kinetics ; inhibition of drug metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alaproclate, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, presently undergoing clinical trial for the treatment of major depressive disorders, has been shown to inhibit hexobarbital metabolism in mice. In the present study the influence of oral alaproclate on the total plasma clearance of antipyrine and on the formation of its metabolites was investigated in 10 healthy volunteers. The peak level of alaproclate was reached after about 1.5 h, and after a distribution phase, its plasma elimination half-life was between 3.0 and 3.5 h. Antipyrine tests were performed before treatment, during the first four doses and after the seventh dose of alaproclate 200 mg/day. During treatment, total plasma antipyrine clearance and the clearance for production of all antipyrine metabolites were reduced by 30%, indicating non-selective inhibition of oxidative drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in man by alaproclate. After the last dose of alaproclate, antipyrine plasma clearance and the clearance to its metabolites returned to control values. In order to allow more detailed evaluation of the results, the time course of the clearances for production of metabolites was investigated. This revealed that the extent of inhibition of metabolite formation by alaproclate was dependent on the plasma alaproclate level, indicating a rapidly reversible inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00549593
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance and pharmacokinetics of A515U, an acyclovir analogue, in healthy volunteers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 471-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acyclovir ; A515U ; 6-deoxyacyclovir ; pharmacokinetics ; prodrug ; antiviral chemotherapy ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A515U (6-deoxyacyclovir) is an analogue of acyclovir devoid of antiviral activity in vitro but which is well absorbed and undergoes conversion to acyclovir after oral administration to rats. The tolerance and pharmacokinetics of various doses of A515U have been studied in 8 healthy volunteers. Single oral doses of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg A515U and 400 mg acyclovir for comparison were administered to the volunteers at weekly intervals. Concentrations of the parent drug and acyclovir were determined in plasma and urine. The prodrug was well tolerated and did not cause adverse reactions or changes in haematological or biochemical variables. It was well absorbed and conversion to acyclovir was rapid and extensive at all doses. Plasma concentrations of acyclovir achieved with 50 mg A515U orally were comparable to and less variable than those produced by 400 mg acyclovir. A515U was rapidly cleared with a short plasma elimination half life of approximately 0.5 h. The attainment of high plasma concentrations of acyclovir by oral administration of a prodrug may represent an important advance in antiviral chemotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00549597
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of visual function in healthy subjects after administration of Ro 15-1788 (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 505-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: benzodiazepine antagonist ; visual function ; intrinsic effect ; Ro 15-1788 ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ro 15-1788 is a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, which has also been shown to have some agonist properties. Since benzodiazepine receptors are involved in the physiological mechanisms of vision, a possible intrinsic effect of Ro 15-1788 was sought in 6 healthy volunteers by study of psychophysical flicker thresholds, including critical fusion frequency and low frequency modulation threshold, and pattern reversal visual evoked response, using double blind cross-over methodology. In each session 2 tablets of Ro 15-1788 30 mg were administered. Using a two factorial univariate analysis of variancé, no change was detected in any of the parameters studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00549604
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect on heart rate over 24 hours of pindolol administered for 14 days (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 535-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; healthy volunteers ; heart rate ; intrinsic sympathomimetic activity ; diurnal heart rate ; nocturnal heart rate ; rebound effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect on heart rate of pindolol 5, 15 and 30 mg/day, a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker possessing intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, administered to 8 healthy volunteers for 14 days was studied. Heart rate was continuously recorded over 24 h during placebo treatment before each sequence, every 2 days during treatment, and then on the 15th, 17th and 18th days. Pindolol in the three doses used had no significant effect on mean heart rate over 24 h. It tended to lower mean diurnal heart rate non-significantly between noon and 6 p.m. Pindolol raised nocturnal heart rate between midnight and 6 a.m. to a comparable extent at all the doses used. Sympathetic tone is at its lowest during that period, which makes it possible to detect the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of pindolol. After cessation of treatment, a rebound effect was observed, cardioacceleration being most marked after 30 mg/day.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556888
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acute administration of zetidoline, a new antidopaminergic drug, on plasma prolactin and aldosterone levels in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 29-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: zetidoline ; prolactin ; aldosterone ; dopamine ; healthy volunteers ; pharmacodynamic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neuroendocrinological effects of acute oral administration of 20 mg zetidoline, a new antipsychotic drug with antidopaminergic properties, were evaluated in 8 healthy volunteers, by a double-blind, crossover comparison with placebo. Zetidoline significantly increased serum prolactin (p〈0.01 at 1–3 h; p〈0.05 at 4–6 h). No significant change was observed in blood levels of aldosterone, renin, cortisol, growth hormone and electrolytes, or in blood pressure and heart rate. The data suggest that the drug increases prolactin through blockade of dopaminergic receptors. The lack of change in the aldosterone levels may be evidence against the hypothesis of dopaminergic control of aldosterone secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546704
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of beta-blocking drugs on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive non-diabetic patients (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blocking drugs ; insulin sensitivity ; pancreatic beta-cell function ; hypertension ; propranolol ; atenolol ; insulin secretion ; plasma GIP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of two beta-blocking drugs on endogenous insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were investigated in a double blind cross-over study in 13 hypertensive patients. The patients were randomly allocated to each of three 2-week treatment periods with propranolol 80 mg b.i.d., atenolol 50 mg b.i.d. and placebo b.i.d. Endogenous insulin secretion was assessed by measuring serum insulin and C-peptide before and 6 min after iv administration of glucagon; insulin sensitivity was determined by measuring insulin binding to erythrocytes, and as the glucose disappearance rate (KITT) after i.v. insulin. Fasting concentrations of serum free fatty acids (S-FFA) and plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (P-GIP) were also recorded during the three study periods. Both propranolol and atenolol reduced blood pressure, heart rate and S-FFA concentrations compared to placebo, and all patients showed measurable plasma concentrations of propranolol and atenolol. The results can be considered representative, therefore, of clinical beta-blockade. The two drugs did not significantly influence the fasting blood glucose level. There was an increase in fasting and glucagon-stimulated serum C-peptide concentration during propranolol therapy compared with placebo (p=0.037 and p=0.030, respectively), although this was not reflected by a significant change in serum insulin. Propranolol and atenolol did not significantly influence insulin binding to erythrocytes, but they clearly reduced the glucose disappearance rate KITT was compared to placebo (p=0.0036 and p=0.0003, respectively). The findings support the view that beta-blocking drugs can influence glucose metabolism by mechanisms other than inhibition of endogenous insulin secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546701
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Should the acetylator phenotype be determined when prescribing hydralazine for hypertension? (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acetylator phenotype ; hydralazine response ; hypertension ; blood pressure control ; lupus syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of acetylator phenotype in determining the response to hydralazine when it was added to diuretic and β-blocker at doses not exceeding 200 mg daily was examined in 57 hypertensive patients. 81% of rapid acetylators needed 200 mg hydralazine daily compared to 38% of slow acetylators (p〈0.01). Despite higher doses of hydralazine the blood pressure was controlled in only 27% of rapid acetylators compared to 65% of slow acetylators (p〈0.02). The relation of acetylator phenotype to blood pressure response was statistically independent of initial blood pressure, age, sex, body weight and serum creatinine (p〈0.005). Current recommendations on hydralazine dosage are unsatisfactory for the 40% of hypertensive patients who are rapid acetylators. We suggest measurement of the acetylator phenotype in patients who respond incompletely to 200 mg hydralazine daily. About 70% of these patients will be rapid acetylators in whom the dose of hydralazine can be increased safely.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00546706
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  • 21
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    Elucidation of the structure and receptor binding studies of the major primary, metabolite of dihydroergotamine in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 463-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dihydroergotamine ; 8′-hydroxy-dihydroergotamine ; plasma metabolites ; bioavailability ; receptor affinity ; healthy volunteers ; liver microsomal incubates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of dihydroergotamine and its metabolites have been measured after a single oral administration of 3 mg tritium-labelled drug to 6 male volunteers. The plasma level of non-volatile radioactivity declined biphasically with α- and β-phase half-lives of 2.1 h and 32.3 h, respectively. The peak plasma concentration was reached within 3.2h. Urinary excretion of total non-volatile radioactivity was low, amounting to 1.0% of the dose. The parent drug and four metabolites could be quantitated in urine and plasma samples. Metabolite 4 (8′-hydroxy-dihydroergotamine) was isolated from incubates of rat and monkey liver microsomal preparations. In human liver microsomal incubates, metabolite 4 was shown to be the primary metabolite of dihydroergotamine. In receptor binding studies performed with mammalian brain preparations, metabolite 4 had IC50-values at 6 monoaminergic binding sites similar to those of dihydroergotamine. Thus, it appears that the active principle consists at least of dihydroergotamine and its 8′-hydroxy derivative. As the concentration of metabolite 4 exceeded 5–7 times that of dihydroergotamine in urine and plasma, the bioavailability of dihydroergotamine should be reevaluated, taking into account the plasma concentrations of the parent drug and of its acitve metabolite, 8′-hydroxydihydroergotamine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542142
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  • 22
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    Comparison of methods to detect side-effect on clinical application of chloranolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 555-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tobanum® ; beta-blocker ; chloranolol ; hypertension ; angina pectoris ; arrhythmia ; detection methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The incidence of side-effects on administration of chloranolol (Tobanum®), a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, to 2066 patients with hypertension, angina pectoris or arrhythmias was measured by three different methods. In 600 patients in an efficacy trial (Group 1) both spontaneously reported complaints and objective signs were tabulated. A side effect — directed method, utilising a questionnaire containing a list of possible side-effects was also used, with the questionnaire being completed by the physician. 35 questions referred to anticipated and other side-effects. The trial was performed in two groups: in 537 patients a placebo was also given (Group 2), and in another set of 929 patients (Group 3) the questionnaire inquiry was performed uncontrolled, without placebo. All three groups were comparable in their distribution of sexes, ages and diagnoses, the mean daily dose of chloranolol its use alone or in combination, and in a similar duration of treatment. 55% of all patients received chloranolol therapy for a period of more than 3 months. The ratio of in- and outpatients was 1:5. The side-effect incidence was independent of the age and sex of the patients and of the dose of chloranolol. The incidence was also unaffected whether chloranolol was used alone or in combination. The number of side-effects differed markedly between the three groups, their ratio was 1:10:24 in Groups 1, 2 and 3. Two-thirds of the side-effects subsided spontaneously within 1 month of their onset. The duration of the side-effects varied according to their character: cardiorespiratory side-effects were of the shortest duration and those affecting the central nervous system were the most enduring. The appreciable differences in incidence could be attributed to the methods of collection of the data. It has been stated that placebo controlled trials using a detailed questionnaire are the most suitable for estimating the incidence of side-effects; recording side-effects spontaneously reported by patients are insufficiently sensitive, and uncontrolled trials using a questionnaire have been shown to be too sensitive. The revealed incidence of side effects leading to interruption of treatment is less affected by the method chosen. In 100 patients (4.8%) therapy had to be suspended because of the side-effects of chloranolol (Group 1: 1%, Group 2: 6.20%, Group 3: 6.6%). Comparison of the incidence of cessation of therapy due to side-effects did not show an appreciable difference between the various beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents, including chloranolol.
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  • 23
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    Pizotifen increases 5-HIAA urinary excretion in male healthy volunteers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pizotifen 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ; homovanillic acid ; urinary excretion ; healthy volunteers ; migraine prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A single dose of 0.5 mg pizotifen or a placebo was administered to 10 healthy male volunteers in a double blind cross-over trial. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in hourly urine samples were determined by liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. The 5-HIAA levels were strongly correlated with the HVA levels in control samples (r=0.95, p〈0.001). Pizotifen produced a significant increase in the urinary 5-HIAA/HVA ratio over the 3 hours following absorption of the drug (+0.21, +0.18, +0.19, p〈0.05). The increase demonstrates an interaction between pizotifen and 5-HT metabolism, which may be involved in its antimigraine effect.
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  • 24
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    The pharmacokinetics of a new radiosensitiser, Ro 03-8799 in humans (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 483-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: radiosensitiser ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers ; tumour patients ; Ro 03-8799
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new hypoxic cell radiosensitiser, Ro 03-8799 has been administered intravenously to human volunteers and its kinetic parameters derived from plasma and urine data. Good penetration of drug into tumour tissue is found, consistent with its large volume of distribution. The plasma clearance of this compound is rapid due to high metabolic and renal clearances. These parameters combine to produce an elimination half-life of 5.6 h, approximately half that of misonidazole, a well studied radiosensitiser. It is hoped that this decrease in total body exposure will also reduce the cumulative toxicity seen when misonidazole is administered repeatedly.
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  • 25
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    Pharmacokinetics of valpromide after oral administration of a solution and a tablet to healthy volunteers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 501-503 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: valpromide ; valproic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of valpromide, a primary amide of valproic acid, was investigated in 6 healthy, adult male volunteers, each of whom was given 900 mg as a marketed, enteric-coated tablet and a solution. Valpromide was biotransformed to valproic acid after the administration of the tablet and the solution with a bioavailability of 0.79±0.24 and 0.77±0.12, respectively, relative to a marketed tablet of valproic acid. The absorption of valpromide was not rate-limited by dissolution. As a solid, non-hygroscopic, neutral prodrug of valproic acid, valpromide may be a good alternative to valproic acid and sodium valproate.
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  • 26
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    Propranolol vs metoprolol vs labetalol: A comparative study in essential hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; beta-blockers ; propranolol ; metoprolol ; labetalol ; exercise ; heart rate ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double blind, within patient investigation of twenty-four patients (nineteen males and five females) with a mean age of 46.3 years (SD 10.9 years) with mild to moderate essential hypertension a comparison between equipotent beta-blocking doses of propranolol, metoprolol and labetalol was carried out. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured in lying, sitting and standing positions and before, during and after isometric and dynamic exercise. Peak expiratory flow was recorded before and during dynamic exercise. All the active treatments were better than placebo in reducing blood pressure and heart rate. Comparing the effects of treatment, labetalol lowered sitting diastolic pressure significantly more than propranolol and standing diastolic pressure than both propranolol and metoprolol. Metoprolol and propranolol were more effective in reducing heart rate. Propranolol significantly reduced peak flow rate compared to labetalol. During the exercise, both isometric and dynamic, the heart rate and the blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, of the treated patients were lower than those on placebo. There was little difference between the drugs in the influence on blood pressure, but metoprolol and propranolol were significantly more effective than labetalol in lowering the heart rate.
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  • 27
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    Reduced peripheral vascular symptoms in elderly patients treated with α-methyldopa — A comparison with propranolol (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alpha-methyldopa ; propranolol ; hypertension ; side effects ; blood pressure control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A multicentre study of 6–10 weeks duration was performed in 60 ambulant hypertensive patients aged over 60 years to compare the efficacy of methyldopa and propranolol with particular reference to the occurrence of cold extremities and sleep disturbances. Blood pressure was effectively controlled by both drugs being reduced from a mean of 180/108 mmHg to 161/93 with methyldopa and 180/108 to 162/94 with propranolol. More patients treated with methyldopa (74%) achieved the target diastolic blood pressure of 95 mmHg or below compared with those treated with propranolol (58%). Side effects were more frequent in the propranolol group necessitating the withdrawal of four patients from the study. Only one patient on methyldopa was withdrawn. The incidence of cold extremities was significantly greater with propranolol. The occurrence of sleep disturbances was similar in both groups. In this group of elderly patients methyldopa was better tolerated than propranolol.
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  • 28
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    Steady state pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim 300 mg once daily in healthy volunteers assessed by two independent methods (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: trimethoprim ; concentration ; urinary excretion ; healthy volunteers ; steady state ; pharmacokinetics ; serum creatinine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The steady state pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim was determined after 300 mg orally once daily to 6 healty volunteers for 9 days. The microbiological assay of plasma level was unreliable at trimethoprim concentrations 〉4 µg/ml, so results from an HPLC-assay are given. Steady state was present after 3 days. The plasma concentration peaked 1 to 4 h (mean 2.0 h) after the dose at a mean of 6.0 µg/ml (range 3.1–9.5 µg/ml); the minimum value was 1.5 µg/ml (range 0.6–2.9 µg/ml). The mean AUCss was 77 µg/ml · h and the mean plasma clearancess was 67 and 74 ml/min on Days 8 and 9. Renal clearance was about 60% of the plasma clearance. The average plasma half life was 10.6 h (range 8.7–15.3 h). Thus, there was considerable interindividual variation in all pharmacokinetic parameters. 72 h after the last dose trimethoprim was detectable in plasma in only 1 of the 6 subjects. The minimum urinary concentration of trimethoprim during treatment was always well above (range 22 to 220 µg/ml) the MIC values for most urinary tract pathogens. Therefore, a daily dose of 300 mg trimethoprim results in a therapeutic concentration in urine at steady state that lasts throughout the dosing interval and in most subjects probably lasts also for a further 24 h. Trimethoprim administration raised mean serum creatinine from 67 to 97 µmol/l, probably due to competitive inhibition of the tubular secretion of creatinine.
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  • 29
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    Effect of indapamide on renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate and arginine vasopressin in plasma in essential hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 543-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indapamide ; hypertension ; glomerular filtration ; arginine vasopressin ; free water clearance ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), arginine vasopressin in plasma (AVP), free water clearance ( $${\text{C}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ ) and blood pressure (BP) were determined in 11 patients with essential hypertension at the end of 3 consecutive periods of observation each of 6 of weeks duration; indapamide 2.5 mg daily was given in period 2 and placebo in periods 1 and 3. RPF and GFR were reduced by 9% and BP by 9%/14% supine and 14%/12% standing during indapamide treatment. Changes in renal haemodynamics were not correlated with those in BP. AVP was not significantly altered by indapamide and was not correlated with BP. Indapamide reduced $${\text{C}}_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}$$ possibly due to the reduction in GFR. It is concluded that indapamide evidently induces redistribution of the cardiac output, with enhanced muscle blood flow and reduced renal perfussion, and that AVP does not seem to be involved in blood pressure regulation in mild to moderate essential hypertension under basal conditions.
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  • 30
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    Is the feeling of cold extremities experienced by hypertensive patients due to their disease or their treatment? (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 47-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blockers ; hypertension ; ISA ; CS ; cold extremities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with essential hypertension were interviewed prior to entering therapeutic studies in general practice. Patients' age, sex and details of antihypertensive therapy (if any) were noted, as were their spontaneously reported symptoms. Complaints of cold extremities were highest in those taking a beta-blocker (4.1%). Those untreated or taking other therapies complained less often. Those patients taking a beta-blocker with ISA complained less often (3.1%) of cold extremities than those taking a beta-blocker without ISA (5.2%).
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    Inhibition of platelet function by a controlled release acetylsalicylic acid formulation — Single and chronic dosing studies (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acetylsalicylic acid ; platelet function ; salicylate ; controlled release formulation ; single dosing ; continuous dosing ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extent to which a controlled release acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) formulation inhibited platelet function has been evaluated in single and chronic dosing studies. In the single dose study, the platelet inhibitory effect of the controlled release formulation was compared with that of an equivalent dose of soluble ASA and an equimolar dose of sodium salicylate (SA). In the chronic dosing study, ASA dose-response curves for platelet function, including cyclooxygenase activity, were determined for various doses (20–1300 mg) of the controlled release (enteric coated pellets) ASA formulation taken by volunteers daily for one week. Platelet function was assessed by the degree of inhibition of aggregation for several aggregating agents, and the degree of inhibition of activity of platelet cyclooxygenase quantified by the estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Plasma ASA and SA concentrations were also determined in each study. The controlled release product inhibited platelet function to the same extent as an equimolar dose of soluble ASA, but did so with much lower and sometimes undetectable peak systemic plasma ASA concentrations. SA, the direct metabolite of aspirin, did not have any effect on platelet function. The ASA dose-platelet function response curves obtained from chronic dosing with the controlled release formulation appeared to be similar to those reported previously for the soluble product. The inhibition of platelet function appeared to be unrelated to plasma ASA concentrations.
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  • 32
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    Long acting nifedipine in the treatment of severe hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; blood pressure decrease ; drug combination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medication of patients receiving hydralazine, captopril and minoxidil was replaced by a new galenical form, long-acting nifedipine. An additional decrease in blood pressure was observed in most of the patients. Renal function was maintained in all of them. Adverse reactions may be reduced by the use of long-acting nifedipine, which would permit a reduction in the dosage of captopril and minoxidil.
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  • 33
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    Evidence for a peripheral component in the sympatholytic actions of clonidine and guanfacine in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; alpha2-adrenoceptors ; blood pressure ; clonidine ; guanfacine ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time courses of the changes in plasma growth hormone and noradrenaline concentrations in response to 15 min infusions of clonidine 0.2 mgs and guanfacine 2 mgs, were studied in six normal volunteers, in a double-blind, randomised, crossover study. Plasma noradrenaline fell within 15 min of the commencement of drug administration, by 36±14% after clonidine (p〈0.05) and by 32±11% (p〈0.05) after guanfacine. Plasma growth hormone was not significantly elevated until the 30th minute to 12.0±4.7 lU/ml (p〈0.05) after clonidine and 14.7±11.5 lU/ml (p〈0.05) after guanfacine, having been undetectable prior to both drugs. The reduction in plasma noradrenaline by these α2-adrenergic agonists, prior to activation of central adrenoceptors as detected by changes in plasma growth hormone, is evidence for a peripheral component in their sympatholytic effect.
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  • 34
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    The effect of bupropion, a new antidepressant drug, and alcohol and their interaction in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bupropion ; alcohol interaction ; healthy volunteers ; performance ; autonomic functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of bupropion and ethanol were examined alone and in combination in a placebo controlled, double-blind, crossover study in 12 healthy volunteers. Results were subjected to analysis of variance and differences ofp〈0.05 taken as significant. In the main study using the Wilkinson auditory vigilance test, no active treatment or combination of treatments produced significant change compared with placebo. However, when compared with bupropion 100 mg, vigilance was significantly impaired by 32 ml alcohol alone though not when combined with bupropion. No significant changes in reaction time or short term memory occurred. Visual analogue scales indicated that the subjects were mentally slower after alcohol 32 ml than after placebo. Combination of bupropion 100 mg with alcohol 32 ml abolished this difference. A similar pattern occurred with group ratings indicating mental sedation. Subjects were clearly able to differentiate between the 16 ml and 32 ml doses of alcohol when assessing their degree of inebriation. Combination of bupropion with alcohol made no difference to the ratings of inebriation. The top dose of alcohol tended to increase energy in the low frequency EEG bands. Combination of the top alcohol dose with bupropion, however, produced a significant reversal with lowered energy in the 4–7.5 Hz band. Combination of bupropion with alcohol failed to change the blood alcohol concentration achieved.
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  • 35
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    Pharmacokinetics of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in healthy volunteers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 119-121 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: S-adenosyl-L-methionine ; pharmacokinetics ; protein binding ; dose-dependent kinetics ; healthy volunteers ; urinary excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) kinetics was studied in 6 male subjects given 100 and 500 mg i. v. Drug concentrations in plasma and urine were assayed using a radioenzymatic method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated according to an open two-compartment model. The apparent volumes of distribution after the 100 and 500 mg doses were 407±27 and 443±36 ml/kg (mean±SEM), terminal half-lives 81±8 and 101±7 min and body clearances 3.7±0.5 and 3.1±0.2 ml/min per kg. Urinary excretion was 34±3 and 40±2% of the administered dose. The results demonstrate that drug disposition occurs more via metabolism than via renal excretion, and it is not dependent on the administered dose. Binding of AdoMet to serum proteins is negligible.
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  • 36
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    Studies of the bioavailability of nitroglycerin from a transdermal therapeutic system (Nitroderm TTS) (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitroglycerin ; plasma concentration ; transdermal administration ; bioavailability ; pharmacodynamics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 healthy volunteers, intravenous infusions of nitroglycerin 4.8 and 10.6 µg/min yielded mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5±0.02 and 0.82±0.04 ng/ml as determined by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. The plasma concentrations reached in the same subjects 17 h after application of Nitroderm TTS 5 and 10 with in vivo release rates of 3.7 and 5.7 µg/min were 0.28±0.01 and 0.37±0.01 ng/ml, respectively. Thus, 75% of the quantity of nitroglycerin released by the systems passed into the circulation. The inter-individual and intra-individual variations in plasma concentrations were similar for both modes of administration. The nitroglycerin-induced morphological changes in the fingerpulse wave were clearly dose-dependent, but it seems that this pharmacodynamic parameter is determined less by the plasma concentration than by the nitroglycerin content of the vascular wall.
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  • 37
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    Crossover comparison of moxonidine and clonidine in mild to moderate hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: moxonidine ; clonidine ; hypertension ; double-blind crossover ; side-effects ; withdrawal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of moxonidine·HCl·H2O (MOX) was compared with that of clonidine·HCl (CLON) in a randomized double-blind crossover study in 20 hypertensive outpatients (BP range 154–178/96–108 mmHg). After 2 weeks without antihypertensive medication, either MOX 0.2 mg daily or CLON 0.2 mg daily was given and the dose was titrated until the diastolic blood pressure fell below 90 mmHg. The first treatment period was continued for 2 weeks and, after crossover without a wash-out period, it was followed by the second treatment for a further 2 weeks. Within the first 4 days of administration 0.2–0.4 mg of either agent caused a significant decrease in BP (p〈0.001) from a mean of 166/100 mmHg to 149/86 mmHg after CLON (approx. −10/−14%), and 163/99 mmHg to 146/84 mmHg after MOX (approx. −10/−15%). No significant difference in the fall in BP or pulse rate was detected between the two drugs. In the mean daily dose of 0.3 mg both drugs showed the same antihypertensive activity, but on CLON a higher incidence of side effects (p=0.003) was noted, and after discontinuation of therapy a more rapid rise in BP (systolic BP p〈0.01, diastolic BP p〈0.02) was found. 17 patients on CLON complained of side effects, especially tiredness and dry mouth, whilst only 6 patients on MOX were affected (p=0.003).
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  • 38
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    Systemic and cardiac haemodynamic interactions between guanfacine and hydrallazine in hypertensive patients (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 393-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: guanfacine ; hydrallazine ; hypertension ; sympathetic nervous activity ; plasma renin activity ; cardiac and systemic haemodynamics ; blood pressure ; limb blood flow ; limb vascular resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of guanfacine and hydrallazine on cardiovascular haemodynamics and on sympathetic nervous activity has been studied in 16 patients with essential hypertension. Two groups of patients were investigated: in Group A guanfacine brought the blood pressure back to normal (diastolic blood pressure ⩽90 mmHg), and in Group B diastolic blood pressure was 〉 90 mmHg and required the addition of hydrallazine. Guanfacine significantly decreased heart rate, plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of noradrenaline, without altering cardiac contractility. In Group B, guanfacine 2 to 6 mg/day produced a significant decrease in blood pressure from 178.7/112.4 to 164.4/102.9 mmHg and in heart rate from 77.1 to 62.7 beats/min after 4 weeks of treatment. Guanfacine did not significantly alter preejection period, cardiac output or total peripheral resistance. Hydrallazine 50 to 300 mg/day caused a further reduction in blood pressure from 164.4/102.9 to 150.7/90.2 mmHg and an increase in heart rate from 62.7 to 72.1 beats/min. Limb blood flow was increased from 4.55 to 5.93 ml/100 g/min and limb vascular resistance was decreased from 39.55 to 23.6 mmHg 100 g·min/ml. Hydrallazine also caused a slight increase in plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of noradrenaline. It is concluded that guanfacine is a useful agent to block a hydrallazine-induced increase in sympathetic nervous activity.
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    Piretanide, a potassium stable diuretic, in the treatment of essential hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: piretanide ; hypertension ; triamterene ; double blind comparison ; potassium ; magnesium ; side-effects ; serum electrolytes ; serum parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a randomized, double blind, parallel group study in out patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension the effects of piretanide on serum electrolytes and on blood pressure were compared with those of triamterene alone and the combination piretanide + triamterene. 136 patients entered the study; 18 patients did not fulfill the inclusion criteria (RRdiast was below 95 mmHg or above 120 mmHg) at the end of the placebo period, 6 dropped out due to side effects, and 1 due to lack of efficacy. Data from 1 patient were not evaluated because the patient did not come regularly for checkups. The results for 110 patients were analyzed. Piretanide 6 mg b.d. and piretanide 6 mg + triamterene 50 mg b.d. produced a significant reduction both in supine and erect blood pressure, which was evident at 2 weeks and which increased over the ensuing 12 week trial period. A mean maximal fall of 16.5% was noted in the piretanide group and 15% in the piretanide + triamterene group. Triamterene alone (50 mg b.d.) also reduced diastolic and systolic blood pressures but the reduction was significantly less (diastolic blood pressure) than in both the piretanide groups, and it showed a more rapid return to pretreatment level during a placebo washout phase at the end of the study. A reduction in standing diastolic blood pressure below 95 mmHg was attained in 84% of patients in the piretanide group, 82% in the piretanide + triamterene group and in only 58% of the triamterene group. There were no significant changes within groups nor differences between the three groups in serum potassium or magnesium. 7 patients were withdrawn from the study because of side-effects due to too marked a clinical action (polyuria, orthostatic disorders and hypotension), one from the piretanide group, and the others in the piretanide + triamterene group. One patient in the triamterene group left the study prematurely due to the lack of effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00549586
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  • 40
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    Plasma kinetics of dipyrone metabolites in rapid and slow acetylators (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 453-458 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dipyrone ; metabolism ; metabolite pharmacokinetics ; acetylation polymorphism ; healthy volunteers ; dapsone phenotyping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the dipyrone metabolites 4-methylaminoantipyrine (MAA), 4-aminoantipyrine (AA), 4-formylaminoantipyrine (FAA) and 4-acetylaminoantipyrine (AAA) were evaluated following the administration of a single oral 1.0 g dose of dipyrone to 23 healthy volunteers. Twelve were slow and 11 were rapid acetylators as previously determined by dapsone phenotyping. For MAA and FAA the mean peak plasma concentrations were 10.5±2.8 µg/ml and 2.1±0.8 µg/ml and the half-lives were 3.3±1.0 and 10.1±1.8 h, respectively. No significant difference was found between rapid and slow acetylators in MAA and FAA kinetics. For AA, the mean peak plasma concentrations were 2.7±0.6 and 1.6±0.7 µg/ml (p〈0.01), the peak times 6.7±2.1 and 3.1±1.1 h (p〈0.01) and the half-lives were 5.5±1.0 and 3.8±1.2 h in slow and rapid acetylators, respectively. For AAA, the mean peak plasma concentrations were 1.6±0.4 and 4.4±1.1 µg/ml (p〈0.01) and the peak time 16.1±5.1 and 10.0±2.6 h (p〈0.01) in slow and rapid acetylators, respectively. There was no difference in the elimination half-life between the two groups (10.6±2.2 h). Thus, it has been demonstrated that the AAA/AA ratio is an indicator of the acetylation phenotype, as it is closely correlated with that determined by dapsone (r=0.895, p〈0.0005).
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  • 41
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    Interference by ranitidine with aldosterone secretion in vivo (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 495-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ranitidine ; aldosterone secretion ; sodium depletion ; drug interference ; plasma renin activity ; biochemical parameters ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of a 3-day oral course of ranitidine on plasma aldosterone level has been studied in 6 normotensive volunteers maintained in a state of sodium depletion. A significant fall in plasma aldosterone (p〈0.05–0.02), in both the overnight recumbency levels and in the levels obtained during a two hour period of ambulation was observed. The change took place in the absence of variation in plasma renin activity and potassium. Plasma cortisol and prolactin levels were lower after ranitidine at the beginning of the test but their values were not significantly different after ambulation during ranitidine therapy. Ranitidine appears to interfere with aldosterone secretion in vivo.
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  • 42
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    Double-blind comparison of once-daily bopindolol, pindolol and atenolol in essential hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 529-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents ; hypertension ; adverse reactions ; atenolol ; bopindolol ; pindolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of once-daily bopindolol, a nonselectiveβ-adrenoceptor blocking agent with partial agonist activity, and of pindolol and atenolol in the treatment of essential hypertension has been compared. 369 patients were investigated in a double-blind parallel-group study. The treatment period was 10 weeks. Blood pressure normalisation (diastolic BP equal to or less than 90 mmHg) was to be achieved by a stepwise increase in the dose of the test drugs, and, if required, by addition of a diuretic. Normalisation of blood pressure was achieved in 71 to 76% of the subjects, with no significant differences between bopindolol, pindolol, and atenolol. Special attention was given to evaluation of side effects by using two methods for registration of all adverse events during the study. A low incidence of drug-induced side effects was observed, with no significant difference between bopindolol, pindolol, and atenolol. There was no evidence of unsuspected adverse reactions due to bopindolol.
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  • 43
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    Effects of stream channelization on exports of nitrogen and phosphorus from north Carolina coastal plain watersheds (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 151-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Watersheds ; Budgets ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Channelization ; Swamps ; Floodplain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen and phosphorus exports from channelizedstream watersheds were elevated over those from nearby natural swamp-stream watersheds. Nitrate exports were significantly greater from channelized-stream watersheds, and higher exports were attributed to faster groundwater drawdown, continual streamflow, and transformation of former floodplain to croplands following channelization. Exports of total organic nitrogen and total nitrogen were also significantly greater from channelized-stream watersheds. Differences in the exports of ammonium, filterable reactive phosphorus, and filterable unreactive phosphorus between the two watershed types were not detectable. Particulate phosphorus exports were significantly higher from channelized-stream watersheds, presumably because of greater erosion potential of nearby croplands and steep channel banks in the altered watersheds. The presence of nonpoint sources of pollution increased watershed exports of nutrients regardless of stream morphology. Examination of nutrient budgets for a portion of swamp floodplain at the base of one natural-stream watershed revealed that changes in local groundwater hydrology and stream morphology associated with channelization appeared to have greater effect on nutrient exports than simply the loss of bordering forested floodplain.
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  • 44
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    Effect of a reversible and selective MAO-A inhibitor (cimoxatone) on diurnal variation in plasma prolactin level in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimotaxone ; MAO inhibitor ; plasma prolactin ; circadian rhythm ; healthy volunteers ; hypothalamic MAO ; prolactin secretion ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prolactin (PRL) secretion is stimulated by serotonin (5-HT) and inhibited by dopamine (DA). 5-HT is generally recognized as a substrate for type A monoamine oxidase (MAO), whereas DA is considered as a substrate for either A or B, or both forms of MAO, depending on the species and tissues used. The effect of cimoxatone, a reversible, selective MAO-A inhibitor, on diurnal variation in plasma PRL level was investigated in healthy adults after a single 40 mg oral dose, as an indirect approach to investigating whether DA is preferentially a substrate for Type A or B MAO in man. The circadian rhythm in PRL, stress conditions and diet were taken into account in the present study, which was placebo-controlled. There was a slight but significant reduction in circulating PRL in the six subjects, which persisted for at least 9 h after cimoxatone. However, the duration of the decrease in plasma PRL was shorter than the inhibition of MAO-A. The results are not inconsistent with the presence of both forms of MAO in the human hypothalamus and with DA as a substrate for both forms in this region, if it is assumed that the hypothalamic concentrations of the drug during the period 0–9 hours was sufficiently high to inhibit DA deamination by both forms of MAO.
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    Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of aprindine in healthy volunteers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 129-131 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: aprindine ; antiarrhythmic agent ; healthy volunteers ; plasma level ; oral administration ; pharmacokinetics ; urinary excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition of aprindine following a single oral dose can best be described by a two-compartment open model. The mean plasma half-life (t1/2β) increased from 8.0±2.1 h (SD) after a 25 mg dose to 9.4±2.9 h after 50 mg and to 15.8±2.6 h after 100 mg, with a decrease in total plasma clearance (Cl/F) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss/F) and during β-phase (Vdβ/F). The area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the amount of unchanged aprindine excreted in the urine increased in a non-linear fashion with the increase in dose. The t1/2β after multiple oral doses showed a 3-fold increase over the single dose value. These results indicate that aprindine shows dose-dependent non-linear kinetics.
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  • 46
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    Comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol as initial treatment in uncomplicated hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; hydrochlorothiazide ; atenolol ; side effects ; therapeutic efficacy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After screening a local population in the northern part of The Netherlands for hypertension, 119 patients with a diastolic pressure (DP) between 95 and 120 mmHg were randomised and treated either with 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide (n=59) or 100 mg atenolol (n=60). After 1 month of treatment 6 patients in the hydrochlorothiazide group and 24 patients in the atenolol group had reached a DP⩽90 mmHg (p〈0.001). 43 of the 50 non-responders to hydrochlorothiazide were switched to atenolol and 30 of the 35 non-responders to atenolol were changed to hydrochlorothiazide. One month after the switch 19 patients in the atenolol group and 2 patients in the hydrochlorothiazide group had reached a DP⩽90 mmHg (p〈0.001). After 6 months of treatment 32 of the 43 atenolol responders and 7 of the 8 hydrochlorothiazide responders were still receiving the same medication, as their DP was still⩽90 mmHg. Non-responders to either medication were given the combination (n=46). 21 patients now became normotensive as did a further 10 after increasing the dose of atenolol to 200 mg. Thus, in all 70 patients had a blood pressure ⩽90 mmHg after treatment for 4 months. Both drugs induced a significant reduction in the total of number of complaints after 1 month of treatment. They did not differ from each other. The reduction was seen both in responders and non-responders and persisted during treatment for 6 months. It is concluded that in terms of short-term efficacy the cardioselective, hydrophilic beta adrenoceptor-blocking drug atenolol is preferable to hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of uncomplicated hypertension.
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    Pharmacokinetics and hypotensive effect in healthy volunteers of pinacidil, a new potent vasodilator (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 603-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pinacidil ; hypertension ; pinacidil pyridine-N-oxide ; urinary excretion ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preliminary investigation in 3 healthy volunteers suggested that intravenous pinacidil in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg had a potent but well-tolerated hypotensive action in the supine position. Facial flushing, uncomfortable chest sensation and distressing postural hypotension occurred at serum concentrations above 300 ng/ml. Pinacidil, 0.2 mg/kg, was given intravenously over 4 min to 15 healthy volunteers in the supine position. Maximum fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 15.7±6.0 mmHg. Maximum rise in heart rate was 23.8±6.6 beats/min. Pinacidil serum distribution half-life ( $${\text{T}}_{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{${\text{1}}$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{1}} {{\text{2}}\alpha }}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{${{\text{2}}\alpha }$}}}$$ ) was 13.4±8.5 min and elimination half-life ( $${\text{T}}_{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{${\text{1}}$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\text{1}} {{\text{2}}\beta }}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{${{\text{2}}\beta }$}}}$$ ) was 2.13±0.49 h. The apparent volume of distribution (Vdβ) was 90.3±13.21 and total body clearance was 31.1±9.61/h. Pinacidil was approximately 40% bound to plasma protein over the concentration range 40–400 ng/ml. Urinary excretion of unchanged pinacidil accounted for 5.7 ± 1.3% of the administered dose over 24 hours and urinary excretion of the major metabolite, pinacidil pyridine-N-oxide, was 31.6±9.2% of the administered dose. It was concluded that intravenous pinacidil is a potent vasodilator hypotensive compound, with a duration of action between 1.5 and 2 h.
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    Pharmacokinetics of endralazine (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 661-661 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: endralazine ; hypertension ; elimination half-liefe ; compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543509
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  • 49
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    Effect of dose of charcoal on the absorption of disopyramide, indomethacin and trimethoprim by man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 761-767 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: drug absorption ; intoxication ; activated charcoal ; disopyramide ; indomethacin ; trimethoprim ; healthy volunteers ; adsorption capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of various charcoal-to-drug ratios for the absorption of drugs was studied in 6 healthy volunteers and in vitro at two pHs. Disopyramide 200 mg, indomethacin 50 mg and trimethoprim 200 mg were ingested on an empty stomach with 100 ml water. After 5 min the subjects ingested a charcoal suspension in 300 ml — 2.5 g, 10 g, 25 g or 50 g of Norit A, or 10 g of PX-21, or water 300 ml only. Increasing the dose of activated charcoal from 2.5 g to 50 g reduced the gastrointestinal absorption of disopyramide and indomethacin from 30–40% to 3–5%, and that of trimethoprim from 10% to 1% of the respective controls. Disopyramide and trimethoprim were best adsorbed by charcoal in vitro at neutral and indomethacin at acid pH, but saturation of the adsorption capacity was apparent at charcoal-to-drug ratios less than 7.5. Combining the in vitro and in vivo results it can be concluded that the dose of activated charcoal to be given in acute intoxication should be as large as possible, because the drug history is often unknown.
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  • 50
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    The effect of bupropion, a new antidepressant drug, and alcohol and their interaction in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bupropion ; alcohol interaction ; healthy volunteers ; performance ; autonomic functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of bupropion and ethanol were examined alone and in combination in a placebo controlled, double-blind, crossover study in 12 healthy volunteers. Results were subjected to analysis of variance and differences ofp〈0.05 taken as significant. In the main study using the Wilkinson auditory vigilance test, no active treatment or combination of treatments produced significant change compared with placebo. However, when compared with bupropion 100 mg, vigilance was significantly impaired by 32 ml alcohol alone though not when combined with bupropion. No significant changes in reaction time or short term memory occurred. Visual analogue scales indicated that the subjects were mentally slower after alcohol 32 ml than after placebo. Combination of bupropion 100 mg with alcohol 32 ml abolished this difference. A similar pattern occurred with group ratings indicating mental sedation. Subjects were clearly able to differentiate between the 16 ml and 32 ml doses of alcohol when assessing their degree of inebriation. Combination of bupropion with alcohol made no difference to the ratings of inebriation. The top dose of alcohol tended to increase energy in the low frequency EEG bands. Combination of the top alcohol dose with bupropion, however, produced a significant reversal with lowered energy in the 4–7.5 Hz band. Combination of bupropion with alcohol failed to change the blood alcohol concentration achieved.
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    Long acting nifedipine in the treatment of severe hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 13-17 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; blood pressure decrease ; drug combination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medication of patients receiving hydralazine, captopril and minoxidil was replaced by a new galenical form, long-acting nifedipine. An additional decrease in blood pressure was observed in most of the patients. Renal function was maintained in all of them. Adverse reactions may be reduced by the use of long-acting nifedipine, which would permit a reduction in the dosage of captopril and minoxidil.
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  • 52
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    Evidence for a peripheral component in the sympatholytic actions of clonidine and guanfacine in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; alpha2-adrenoceptors ; blood pressure ; clonidine ; guanfacine ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time courses of the changes in plasma growth hormone and noradrenaline concentrations in response to 15 min infusions of clonidine 0.2 mgs and guanfacine 2 mgs, were studied in six normal volunteers, in a double-blind, randomised, crossover study. Plasma noradrenaline fell within 15 min of the commencement of drug administration, by 36±14% after clonidine (p〈0.05) and by 32±11% (p〈0.05) after guanfacine. Plasma growth hormone was not significantly elevated until the 30th minute to 12.0±4.7 lU/ml (p〈0.05) after clonidine and 14.7±11.5 lU/ml (p〈0.05) after guanfacine, having been undetectable prior to both drugs. The reduction in plasma noradrenaline by these α2-adrenergic agonists, prior to activation of central adrenoceptors as detected by changes in plasma growth hormone, is evidence for a peripheral component in their sympatholytic effect.
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    Pharmacokinetics of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in healthy volunteers (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 119-121 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: S-adenosyl-L-methionine ; pharmacokinetics ; protein binding ; dose-dependent kinetics ; healthy volunteers ; urinary excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) kinetics was studied in 6 male subjects given 100 and 500 mg i. v. Drug concentrations in plasma and urine were assayed using a radioenzymatic method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated according to an open two-compartment model. The apparent volumes of distribution after the 100 and 500 mg doses were 407±27 and 443±36 ml/kg (mean±SEM), terminal half-lives 81±8 and 101±7 min and body clearances 3.7±0.5 and 3.1±0.2 ml/min per kg. Urinary excretion was 34±3 and 40±2% of the administered dose. The results demonstrate that drug disposition occurs more via metabolism than via renal excretion, and it is not dependent on the administered dose. Binding of AdoMet to serum proteins is negligible.
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  • 54
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    Is the feeling of cold extremities experienced by hypertensive patients due to their disease or their treatment? (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 47-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blockers ; hypertension ; ISA ; CS ; cold extremities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with essential hypertension were interviewed prior to entering therapeutic studies in general practice. Patients’ age, sex and details of antihypertensive therapy (if any) were noted, as were their spontaneously reported symptoms. Complaints of cold extremities were highest in those taking a beta-blocker (4.1%). Those untreated or taking other therapies complained less often. Those patients taking a beta-blocker with ISA complained less often (3.1%) of cold extremities than those taking a beta-blocker without ISA (5.2%).
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    Inhibition of platelet function by a controlled release acetylsalicylic acid formulation — Single and chronic dosing studies (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acetylsalicylic acid ; platelet function ; salicylate ; controlled release formulation ; single dosing ; continuous dosing ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extent to which a controlled release acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) formulation inhibited platelet function has been evaluated in single and chronic dosing studies. In the single dose study, the platelet inhibitory effect of the controlled release formulation was compared with that of an equivalent dose of soluble ASA and an equimolar dose of sodium salicylate (SA). In the chronic dosing study, ASA dose-response curves for platelet function, including cyclooxygenase activity, were determined for various doses (20–1300 mg) of the controlled release (enteric coated pellets) ASA formulation taken by volunteers daily for one week. Platelet function was assessed by the degree of inhibition of aggregation for several aggregating agents, and the degree of inhibition of activity of platelet cyclooxygenase quantified by the estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Plasma ASA and SA concentrations were also determined in each study. The controlled release product inhibited platelet function to the same extent as an equimolar dose of soluble ASA, but did so with much lower and sometimes undetectable peak systemic plasma ASA concentrations. SA, the direct metabolite of aspirin, did not have any effect on platelet function. The ASA dose-platelet function response curves obtained from chronic dosing with the controlled release formulation appeared to be similar to those reported previously for the soluble product. The inhibition of platelet function appeared to be unrelated to plasma ASA concentrations.
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    Pharmacokinetics of the selective benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 115-117 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: benzodiazepine antagonist ; Ro 15-1788 ; healthy volunteers ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the selective benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788 has been studied in 6 healthy male volunteers following a single intravenous dose of 2.5 mg. The drug was only slightly bound to plasma proteins (40±8%, mean±SD). A negligible amount (〈0.2% of the dose) of unchanged drug was recovered in urine. Hepatic elimination was rapid, as shown by a short t1/2 of 0.9±0.2 h, and high total plasma and blood clearances of 691±216 ml/min and 716±199 ml/min, respectively. The fast decline of plasma levels from about 60 to 2 ng/ml accounts for the short-lasting reversal of benzodiazepine-induced sedation by Ro 15-1788.
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    Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the ergot derivative, transdihydrolisuride, in man (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 335-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: transdihydrolisuride ; dopamine agonist ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; prolactin levels ; side-effects ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels and urinary excretion of the dopamine agonist, transdihydrolisuride (TDHL), were measured by radioimmunoassay in healthy male volunteers given TDHL 50 µg i.v. and oral doses of 200, 400 and 800 µg. Plasma prolactin was also measured by radioimmunoassay. Following i.v. injection, the concentration of TDHL declined with a half-life of 37±19 min. The total clearance was 38±27 ml/min/kg and the apparent volume of distribution was 1.3±0.4 l/kg. The bioavailability of oral TDHL was proportional to the dose; after 200, 400 and 800 µg the bioavailability was 20±25%, 31±24% and 48±26%. TDHL was almost totally metabolized and less than 0.5% of the dose was excreted unchanged in urine in 24 h. Plasma prolactin levels were depressed by 66±15%, 75±11% and 80±7% after TDHL 200 µg, 400 µg and 800 µg. The effect lasted for more than 12 h after the lowest dose and for more than 24 h after 400 and 800 µg. Side effects, mainly nausea and headache, only occurred at the two highest dose levels.
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    Intravenous and oral administration of molsidomine, a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: molsidomine ; vasodilators ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; dose-response relationship ; haemodynamics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 12 healthy male volunteers, molsidomine 1, 2 and 4 mg i.v. increased resting heart rate and decreased systolic blood pressure, the latter still being affected after 8 hours. After single oral doses of 1 and 2 mg, systolic pressure tended to be reduced for 90 minutes and exercise heart rate tended to be increased. After oral treatment with 2 mg molsidomine three times daily for 1 week, the pharmacokinetic parameters and the effects on heart rate and blood pressure after the final dose were not different from those after the first dose. The terminal half-life was independent of dose and route of administration. Clearance and distribution volume were not dose-dependent. The bioavailability of a 2 mg oral dose of molsidomine was 44%. Inter-individual variation in heart rate, blood pressure and pharmacokinetics was observed.
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    Pinacidil, a new vasodilator, in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 287-289 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pinacidil ; hypertension ; vasodilator ; patients ; side-effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new vasodilator drug, pinacidil, N″-cyano-N-4-pyridyl-N′-1, 2,2-trimethylpropylguanidine, was studied in an open trial in 15 patients with moderate to severe hypertension. Four patients received pinacidil monotherapy, and in 11 patients it was used with a diuretic or a beta-blocker. In all but one patient normotension was achieved with a mean daily pinacidil dose of 46.7 mg b.i.d. (range 20–100 mg). Side effects were few and were action-related. There was no evidence of early toxicity. Pinacidil is a promising new antihypertensive vasodilator, which deserves further clinical evaluation.
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    The effect of ageing on the response to frusemide in normal subjects (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 303-306 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: frusemide ; renal function ; ageing ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of IV frusemide was studied in six healthy young (mean age 26.5 years, range 21–33) and six healthy old (mean age 72.8 years, range 66–80) volunteers. A 24-h urine collection before frusemide showed no difference in volume and sodium excretion, although the old excreted less potassium. Creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in the older subjects. After frusemide, 20 mg IV, the pattern of sodium and water excretion over a 5-h period was different in the two groups. The peak effect was greater in the young and occurred within the first 30 min, but was delayed to between 30 and 60 min in the old. Thus in the young the time for 50% of the total sodium and water to be excreted was half that in the old. This delay in sodium and water excretion was related to baseline creatinine clearance. However, the total water, sodium and potassium excreted in the 5 h after frusemide did not differ in the two groups. These results suggest that the renal effects of frusemide are different in healthy elderly subjects as compared to the young. The delayed and reduced peak response is consistent with fewer nephrons in the elderly kidney.
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    Cardiovascular effects of two different xanthines in healthy subjects. Studies at rest, during exercise and in combination with a beta-agonist, terbutaline (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 319-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; enprofylline ; terbutaline ; haemodynamic response ; adenosine antagonism ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic response to two xanthines, enprofylline and theophylline, was studied in 6 healthy male volunteers at rest, during exercise and in combination with the beta2-agonist, terbutaline. At rest the haemodynamic effects of both xanthines were small and were qualitatively different from each other. While theophylline exerted a “pressor” response, enprofylline seemed to have arterial dilating ability. During exercise both xanthines as compared to placebo were associated with a higher heart rate and in general with increased systolic blood pressure. In combination with terbutaline enprofylline and theophylline both increased systolic blood pressure more than placebo, i. e. they augmented the positive inotropic effect of terbutaline. The systolic blood pressure was higher after theophylline than enprofylline despite their equipotent bronchodilator activity. This may reflect different inotropic effects of the xanthines as well as a difference in their influence on the response to adenosine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542168
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    A “once a day administration” sustained-release theophylline formulation: Disposition and pharmacokinetics (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 325-328 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; sustained release ; pharmacokinetics ; chronic administration ; healthy volunteers ; plasma levels ; GCMS assay ; stable isotope technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of a new sustained-release preparation of theophylline (Dilatrane à Action Prolongée capsules filled with homogenous microgranules) has been after its studied administration to 7 healthy volunteers at 8 p.m. in order to achieve therapeutic levels at night and in the morning. In separate trials the test dose of 500 or 600 mg was administered for 7 days, once daily at 8 p.m. Plasma theophylline levels were measured by capillary gas chromatography with a mass specific detector after pentylation, using internal standards labelled with stable isotopes (15N-1,3 and 13C-2 theophylline). The new sustained-release preparation showed a monophasic regular absorption phase with very low interindividual variability. After administration, the plasma level stayed within 80% of the peak levels for 8.5±1.5 h. There was a good correlation between the dose and the steady state plasma level (r=0.9587; p〈0.05). This preparation can be chronically administered once daily day at 8 p.m. in order to achieve a therapeutic level during the night and the morning, and to provide sufficient protection during the nycterohemeral period, with a once dose a day schedule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542169
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    Botryococcus braunii carbon/nitrogen metabolism as affected by ammonia addition (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid ; Ammonia ; botryococcus braunii ; Botryococcenes ; Carbon ; Hydrocarbon ; Metabolism ; Nitrogen ; Resting state ; Terpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carbon metabolism in photosynthesizing and respiring cells of Botryococcus braunii was radically changed by the presence of 1 mM NH4Cl in the medium, when the so-called “resting state” previously had been subjected to a nitrogen-deficient medium. Ammonia addition to the algae photosynthesizing with 14C-labelled HCO 3 - almost completely inhibited the synthesis of 14C-labelled botryococcenes and other hexane-extractable compounds, and also inhibited the formation of insoluble compounds; however, it resulted in a large increase in the synthesis of alanine, glutamine, other amino acids, and especially of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Total CO2 fixation decreased about 60% and O2 evolution decreased more than 50%. CO2 fixation in the dark with ammonia present led to labelled products derived from phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation, such as glutamine, glutamate, and malate. Respiratory uptake of O2 increased by about 70%. The inhibition of terpenoid synthesis and increased synthesis of C5 amino acids by Botryococcus upon ammonia addition indicates 1) a diversion of acetyl coenzyme A from synthetic pathways leading to terpenoids and 2) increased operation of pathways leading to the synthesis of amino acids, especially 5-aminolevulinic acid, a precursor to chlorophyll biosynthesis.
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    Genetics of nitrogen metabolism and physiological/biochemical selection for increased grain crop productivity (1984)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 97-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Nitrogen ; Grain crops ; Selection ; Plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It is necessary to increase protein productivity of grain crops to meet present and future world protein requirements. Conventional plant breeding methodology has been to select genotypes with enhanced yield or grain protein concentration. In addition to this determination of end product, we suggest measurements of a number of physiological and biochemical processes of nitrogen (N) metabolism which precede plant maturity as selection criteria for enhanced N metabolism and grain crop productivity. The measurement across the growing season of genotypic variation in components of N metabolism would constitute a physiological/biochemical selection program to be incorporated with the determination of harvestable end product. A properly designed physiological/biochemical selection program would integrate the effects of plant genotype, environment, and their interactions allowing identification of the factors limiting productivity of particular genotypes, and would also estimate end product. Our review of literature pertinent to whole plant N metabolism suggests that such a selection program initially include NO 3 - uptake, N2 fixation, N accumulation, N remobilization, seed protein synthesis, and Nitrogen Harvest Index.
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    Changes in β-adrenoreceptor density in intact lymphocytes of hypertensive subjects (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1633-1635 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hypertension ; β-adrenoreceptors ; lymphocytes ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00802937
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    The uptake of soil and fertilizer-nitrogen by barley growing under Scottish climatic conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Barley ; Fertilizer ; Mineralization ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were carried out using15N-labelled calcium nitrate, to investigate the relative uptake by barley of fertilizer-N and soil-N. On imperfectly drained till soils uptake of soil-N increased with increasing rate of fertilizer, but remained constant on a brown sand, possibly due to more efficient root exploration in the latter soil. In four out of five seasons, late uptake of soil-derived N was a major feature, and uptake from ploughed soil as compared with uptake from direct-drilled soil was correlated with seasonal rainfall patterns. Significantly higher quantities of both fertilizer- and soil-derived N were taken up by winter barley than by spring barley, reflecting the longer growth period and higher dry matter yield from the former crop.
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    Biological and biochemical analysis of soils (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 127-137 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adenylate pool ; Biomass volume ; CO2 evolution ; Chitin ; DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Enzymes ; Fluorescent antibody ; Fumigation-respiration ; Fungi Histochemistry ; Imunofluorecence ; Jones-Mollison technique ; Microcosms ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Oxygen consumption ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxins ; Plate counts ; Rhizobium ; Rhizosphere ; Sulphur ; Xenobiotics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary There is an immense literature on biological and biochemical analyses of soils. Such analyses have revealed the enormous richness of species in soil and their vast range of metabolic potentials and ecological diversity. Accordingly, the approaches used to investigate the soil biota and its biochemistry usually have to be modified or adapted depending upon the purpose of the investigation. Studies of micro-organisms in the soil environment, are complicated because microbial cells are commonly attached to surfaces where they live side-by-side with other populations in consortia usually containing different morphological and physiological types. Such assemblages of organisms cannot be described quantitatively using cultural techniques, such as plate counts, which underestimate both cell numbers and viable biomass. The development of more powerful observational and staining techniques has improved our knowledge of the diverse morphological and biochemical composition of soil micro-communities. Such findings have been amplified at a grosser level by laboratory studies with multi-component systems (microcosms) to mimic field situations and to assess the range of biochemical potentials of microbial consortia. But despite notable advances in analytical methods we are still, with a few exceptions, unable to detect or identify those microorganisms which carry out specific biochemical transformations or determine whether particular cells are alive, dormant or dead at the time of observation. Considerable work has been done to define some of the fundamental ecological attributes of microbial assemblages in soil. Productive work on the metabolic activities of the soil microbiota, specially geochemical transformations of C, N, S and P, has been under way for more than a century. But only in more recent years have more sensitive and reproducible analytical methods become available to measure viable biomass in soil. This will enable some insight to be gained into the role that microbial biomass plays as a labile source and sink for plant nutrients.
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    Denitrification in field soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 213-226 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Arable crops ; Cultivation ; Denitrification ; Drainage ; Gas ; Chromatography ; Grassland ; Inorganic N fertilizer ; Irrigation ; Nitrogen ; Nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recent denitrification research is reviewed to answer questions a) how much N is lost from the soil as N2 and N2O and b) how do agronomic practices affect this loss? The methods used to quantify denitrification are also discussed. Gaseous losses of inorganic N range between the equivalent of 0 to 20 per cent of the fertilizer N applied to arable soils and 0–7 per cent on grassland soils. Losses are greater on undrained land and also after using direct drilling to establish arable crops. Appendix 1 summarizes reported measurements of gaseous N losses.
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    Concepts of soil organic matter transformations in relation to organo-mineral particle size fractions (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 287-295 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Concepts ; Cultivation effects ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen-15 ; Organic matter models ; Particle size fractions ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in the composition of organo-mineral particle size fractions as a result of cultivation of a grassland soil are discussed with reference to models of soil organic matter formation and turnover. The data presented indicated that physically stabilized organic matter is an important reservoir, with an intermediate turnover time, which is responsible for nutrient supply in agricultural soils. Possible mechanisms of stabilization and mobilization of organic matter are presented in the light of the arrangement of organic and inorganic components of the soil.
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    Litterfall and nutrient returns in red alder stands in western Washington (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 343-351 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus rubra ; Aluminum ; Annual returns ; Essential elements ; Litterfall ; Leaf litter ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Red alder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Litterfall was collected over 1 year from eight natural stands of red alder growing on different sites in western Washington. The stands occurred at various elevations and on different soils, and differed in age, basal area, and site index. Most litterfall was leaf litter (average 86 percent). Amounts of litterfall and leaf litter varied significantly (P〈0.05) among the sites. Average weights of litterfall and leaf litter in kg ha−1 yr−1, were 5150 and 4440, respectively. Weight of leaf litter was not significantly (P〈0.05) related to site index, stand age, or basal area. The sites varied significantly (P〈0.05) in concentrations of all elements determined in the leaf litter, except Zn. Average chemical concentrations were: N, 1.98 percent; P, 0.09 percent; K, 0.44 percent; Ca, 1.01 percent; Mg, 0.21 percent; S, 0.17 percent; SO4−S, nil; Fe, 324 ppm; Mn, 311 ppm; Zn, 53 ppm; Cu, 13 ppm; and Al, 281 ppm. There were significant correlations between some stand characteristics and concentrations of some elements, and among the different chemical components of the leaf litter. Important correlations were found between stand age and P concentration (r=−0.84,P〈0.01); weight of leaf litter and P concentration (r=0.74,P〈0.05); weight of leaf litter and K concentration (r=0.71,P〈0.05); concentrations of N and S (r=0.81,P〈0.05); and concentrations of Fe and Al (r=0.98,P〈0.01). Returns of the different elements to the soil by leaf litter varied among the different sites. Average nutrient and Al returns, in kg ha−1 yr−1, were: N, 82; Ca, 41; K, 19; Mg, 8; S, 7; P, 4; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1; Zn, 0.2, and Cu, 〈0.1.
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    Cycling of nitrogen in modern agricultural systems (1984)
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 3-21 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Barley ; Budgets ; Fauna ; Fertilizers ; Global cycles ; Lucerne ; Meadow fescue ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Agro-ecosystems have developed from mixed- and multiple-cropping systems with relatively closed N cycles to intensively managed monocultures with large N inputs in the form of commercial fertilizers. Cultivation of increasingly larger areas of land has resulted in substantial losses of soil organic matter and N. Also, the move from slash and burn agriculture to intensively ploughed systems has resulted in losses through increased erosion. The use of N fertilizers has increased rapidly toca. 60 Tg N yr−1 (1980/81), which is equivalent to at least 40% of the N fixed biologically in all terrestrial systems and 36% more than is fixed in all croplands. On a global scale, the major losses of N from agro-ecosystems are estimated to be: harvest, 30 Tg; leaching, 2 Tg; erosion, 2–20 Tg; denitrification 1–44 Tg; and ammonia volatilization, 13–23 Tg. However, the data base is very crude and several estimates may be wrong by as much as one order of magnitude. Additions of N fertilizers have both direct and indirect effects on soil microorganisms. The possible importance of such effects is briefly discussed and a specific example is given on long-term effects on soil microbial biomass and nitrification rates in 27-year-old cropping systems with different N additions: (i) 0 kg N ha−1 yr−1, (ii) 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1, (iii) farmyard manureca. 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Few detailed N budgets exist for agro-ecosystems, despite its major importance as a limiting plant nutrient and the large losses of N from such systems. In conclusion, preliminary nitrogen budgets for four cropping systems (barley receiving 0 or 120 kg N ha−1 yr−1; meadow fescue ley with 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and a lucerne ley) are presented, with special attention to N flow through the soil organisms.
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    Tillage effects on nitrogen uptake by maize from fine textured soils in the northwestern Corn Belt, USA (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen uptake ; Tillage ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen (N) accumulation data from a replicated field study were fitted to a tanh (time) function and the derivate obtained to determine relative maximum rates of accumulation by maize. Both positive and negative effects of tillage on N accumulation rates were observed. Most of the N accumulation occurred over a 30-day period and time of N accumulation was not affected by tillage. Tilled profiles tend to contain greater NO3−N, greater aeration, and lower moisture contents than untilled profiles, and these characteristics interact to affect plant N accumulation.
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    Copper deficiency inPinus radiata planted in a podzol in Victoria, Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 73-86 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertiliser ; Foliar analysis ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Pinus radiata ; Potassium ; Soil organic matter ; Steenbjerg effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Copper deficiency inPinus radiata in Gippsland, Victoria was found to be associated with acid, organic-rich sandy podzols. A trial designed to find a Cu supplement for P and NPK fertilisation on these soils showed significant growth in stem-length following Cu-solution treatment in the nursery, and Cu fertiliser applied in the field up to at least 13.5 kg Cu ha−1. The Steenbjerg effect was evident in foliar concentrations of nutrients following fertilisation; this makes diagnosis from foliar analysis difficult. Foliar Cu∶N ratios proved a more sensitive indicator of Cu fertiliser treatment than either Cu or N alone. Two phases of seasonal drainage and podzol development were identified in the experiment. Trees growing on the better-drained, more acid soil with a high content of organic matter responded better to Cu fertiliser.
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    Effect of substrate concentration, inorganic nitrogen, O2 concentration, temperature and pH on dehydrogenase activity in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 285-293 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Dehydrogenase ; Electron transport system ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen pH ; Substrate ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dehydrogenase activity was measured in a sandy loam soil under a variety of incubation conditions using the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan (INT-formazan). There was a high positive correlation between dehydrogenase activity and substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and soil pH. Dehydrogenase activity also displayed a high negative correlation with O2 concentrations. Ammonium sulfate at concentrations from 40 to 120 μg/g soil had no significant effect on dehydrogenase activity. However, at concentrations of 160 and 200 μg/g, dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced. Potassium nitrate at concentrations ranging from 40 to 200 μg/g had no significant effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, whereas sodium nitrite significantly inhibited activity at concentrations of 120 and 160 μg/g soil.
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    The release, diffusion and nitrification of nitrogen in soils surrounding sulfur-coated urea granules (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 345-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium sulfate ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Slow-release fertilizers ; Sulfur-coated urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We have compared sulfur-coated urea granules (SCU) with ammonium sulfate granules (AS) in regard to nitrogen (N) release, diffusion, nitrification and the effect of irrigation. In the experiments plastic containers were filled with six layers of soil, separated from each other by fine nylon cloths. The fertilizer granules were placed between the two central layers, and irrigation was simulated by application of tap water to the uppermost layer. Nitrogen release from the SCU was slow, and after three months, 29.5% of the applied N remained in the granules. At the end of the experiment there was a deficit of 37.1% N in the case of the AS granules, while there was virtually none with the SCU. Throughout the experiment, N from SCU remained at a relatively even level, while 95% of the N applied as AS had disappeared after irrigation. Nitrification was rapid in both cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02450368
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    Mineralization of C and N from microbial biomass in paddy soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon ; Chloroform fumigation ; Drying ; Mineralization flush ; Nitrogen ; Paddy soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil samples of paddy fields with different fertilizer managements in Yamaguchi Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan were used to investigate the contribution of microbial biomass to the pool of mobile plant nutrients in paddy soil. The quantities of nutrients mobilized in soils which had been fumigated or dried were closely related to the quantities available in freshly killed biomass. A “KN-factor” (28 days) of 0.24 for the proportion of total N mineralized from dead biomass in paddy soils was obtained. It was observed that the C to N ratio mineralized from freshly killed biomass by chloroform fumigation of paddy soils was nearly 10 under aerobic conditions. For an approximate calculation of biomass C from the flush-N by chloroform fumigation of paddy soils, the equations of (B=33 Fn, 10 days) and (B=26 Fn, 28 days) were indicated. In oven-dried (70°C, 24 h) and rewetted soils, about 66% of N was mineralized from the freshly killed biomass during 28 days of incubation and the remaining 34% was derived from non-biomass organic matter of paddy soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205577
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    Nitrite: a key compound in N loss processes under acid conditions? (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chemo-denitrification ; Iron oxyhydroxide ; Nitrate ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrite ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Reduced conditions ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrite is very important in N transformation processes because it is an intermediate product in the aerobic nitrification as well as in the anaerobic denitrification process. Under soil conditions whereby aerobic and anaerobic zones are close to each other, the mobile nitrite can be a link between both N transformation processes. Because of its low stability in acid conditions, nitrite can be a key compound in N loss processes. The results are presented in three sets of incubation experiments using soil+added nitrite before and after oxidation of organic matter; soil+added nitrite and various iron oxide minerals; nitrite solutions without soil but with added ferrous iron. It was found that under acid conditions, soil organic matter as well as the soil mineral phase have a stimulating effect on the nitrite decomposition. Conditions favouring the solubility of Fe(III)-compounds and promoting the formation of Fe2+ increase the nitrite decomposition, even under slightly acid conditions. Of the gaseous decomposition products, only trace amounts of NO2 occur while NO is the major component. Conditions whereby NO and NO2 cannot escape from the medium promote production of some nitrite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205583
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  • 78
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    Modelling C and N turnover through the microbial biomass in soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 257-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass turnover ; Carbon ; Experimental verification ; Models ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many mathematical descriptions of C and N transformations in soils have been developed in the last decade, but only a few explicitly model the activity and mass of soil organisms. Great difficulties still exist in establishing basic parameters governing the kinetics of microbial turnover. The present state of the art is discussed briefly. The model of Van Veen and Frissel on C transformations and related mineralization and immobilization of N has been developed further based on laboratory and field data obtained with different Australian soils. Firstly, case studies show the large effects of the frequency of drying and rewetting of soils on the decomposition of organic matter and on the turnover of biomass. Secondly, the more refined model embraces the concept that soils have characteristic capacities to preserve both organic matter and microorganisms. Preservation of microorganisms could result from protection against predation and/or from amelioration of harsh environmental conditions. Biomass formed in excess of a soil's preservation capacity is assumed to die at a relatively high rate. Furthermore, biomass and its immediate organic products of decay are considered to form mainly a closed system from which only small proportions of the products leak out as stabilized materials. These concepts have been tested with data from laboratory experiments in which14C- and15N- labelled substrates and bacteria were added to a clay and sandy soil. Net mineralization of C and N (labelled and unlabelled) and changes in the total and labelled biomass as determined by the chloroform fumigation technique allowed for a thorough testing of these concepts in the manner in which they were included in the model. The fits between experimental observations and model outputs were very close. The model indicated that the contrasting metabolism of both C and N in a clayversus a sandy soil could largely be explained by differences in the capacities of the two soils to preserve microorganisms. The ability of a simulation model to describe accurately not only short-term events,e.g. N cycling during one growing season, but also the same processes over, say a decade, is an important criterion in assessing its predictive power. In this paper some of the results will be discussed of testing the model, developed from a consideration of the aforementioned laboratory studies, for its accuracy in describing the decomposition of plant residues in an 8-year field experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205585
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  • 79
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    Extractable N and P in relation to microbial biomass in UK acid organic soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chloroform-fumigation ; Microbial biomass ; Mor humus ; Nitrogen ; Peat ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Samples of peat and mor humus were treated with CHCl3 to kill microbial cells and the amounts of C as CO2, N as soluble- and mineral-N, and P as inorganic-P released by the treatment were compared with estimates of the microbial biomass by the Anderson and Domsch test and ATP determination. Increased amounts of soluble-N and inorganic-P, extracted with 1M KCl and 0.01M CaCl2 respectively, were detected immediately after the fumigation treatment. However, the subsequent rates of production of CO2−C and mineral-N measured during a 10-day incubation period at 25°C were low and variable, resulting in anomalously low estimates of microbial biomass. The flush of inorganic-P was more consistent and, in mor humus, generally related to biomass-C as measured by the Anderson and Domsch test.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205574
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  • 80
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    Dynamics of organic matter in soils (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass dynamics ; carbon ; Nitrogen ; Nutrient management ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of C, N, S, and to some extent P are expressed by a knowledge of the size and turnover rates of plant constituents such as soluble C and N components, cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin. Soil organic matter constituents include: the microbial biomass as determined chemically or microscopically, non-biomass active components determined by isotopic dilution, stabilized N constituents for which good techniques are not yet available, and resistant or old C and associated N determined by carbon dating. The processes involved in the nutrient transformations and transfers are reasonably well understood. The control mechanisms require further elucidation to be able to extrapolate from the laboratory to the field, and between field sites. Major control mechanisms requiring further insight include the effects of C availability on transformations of C and N. The other control for which every little is known is that of spatial compartmentalization. Compartmentalization ranges from landscape or management sequences to pedogenic layers, rhizosphere-mycorrhizal effects, clay-sesquioxide surfaces, aggregation, localized enzymes, and microbial effects such as membrane boundaries. Control mechanisms for concurrent mineralization-immobilization, the stabilization of microbial products, and the relative role of the biomass as a catalyst rather than as a source-sink for nutrients, must be understood. There is potential for combining a knowledge of microbial production and turnover with that of the roles of the soil organic active fraction as a temporary storehouse for nutrients. This, in conjunction with management techniques such as zero tillage and crop rotation, should make it possible to better utilize soil and fertilizer N, especially in areas of the world where the cost of nutrients is high relative to the value of the crop grown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205586
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  • 81
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    Relationships of bio-climatic zones and lithology with various characteristics of forest soils in Greece (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 101-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Base saturation ; Bio-climatic zones ; Calcium ; Clay accumulation ; Copper ; C:N ratio ; EDTA ; Forest soils ; Greece ; Iron ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Potassium ; Soil classification ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soils derived from a number of different parent materials (lithologies) and developed along a climatic gradient, manifested by the altitudinal succession of natural vegetation zones (Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Mountainous and Pseudoalpine), were sampled throughout mainland Greece. In soils derived from siliceous parent materials low in clay, acidity increase and percent base saturation decreases from the Mediterranean to the Pseudoalpine vegetation zones. Clay illuviation is found mainly in soils developed in the Mediterranean and the sub-Mediterranean zones. No such changes are apparent in clayey soils rich in bases. Organic matter content of the mineral portion of the soil profile increases by a factor of 2 with a decrease in mean annual air temperature of about 10°C. The pattern of change in clay and soil organic matter content with climate is in relatively good agreement with soil development trends in the area, when soil profiles are named according to the FAO-Unesco soil map of the world. Concentrations of Ca and Mg decrease and those of total N, total and extractable P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn increase from the Mediterranean to the Mountainous zone. Within the same zone, however, concentrations of N, Ca, K, Fe, Mn and Zn decrease, but those of Mg, total and extractable P increase with soil depth. The concentrations of most macro- and micronutrients in the humic horizon are several times higher than those in the mineral portion of the soil profile due to biological enrichment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182148
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    The effects of pH and aluminium toxicity on the growth and symbiotic development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity ; Aluminium ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interaction of pH (4 or 6), aluminium (0 or 16 ppm at pH 4) and N source (symbiotic or combined) on the growth and nutrient status of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was studied in a glasshouse experiment. Low pH significantly decreased the growth of the plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation but at pH 4 the addition of 16 ppm Al further depressed growth in both nitrogen regimes. Al-ions appear to exert their effect primarily on the root system, as shown by the reduction in total length and fresh weight. The symbiotic development of the plants was affected by low pH but more markedly by the Al treatment. Shoot nitrogen concentrations were reduced from ca. 2.6% at pH 6 to 1.8% and 0.9% at pH 4 without and with aluminium respectively. Calcium concentration was decreased by low pH and further by Al in both nitrogen regimes. In all Al-treated plants, the aluminium was mainly accumulated in the roots and was associated with an increase in their phosphorus concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140049
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    Effects of nitrogen nutrition on xylem sap composition of Casuarinaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 291-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Casuarinaceae ; Citrulline ; Frankia ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The major nitrogenous compound in the xylem sap ofCasuarina equisetifolia is citrulline, irrespective of nitrogen nutrition (dinitrogen fixation, nitrate or ammonium). The detection of citrulline in non-nodulated Casuarina suggests that its formation is not confined to root nodules. This precludes the possibility of using the relative citrulline content of xylem sap for quantification of N2 fixation in Casuarina. The possibility exists, however, that the relative abundance of citrulline to other nitrogenous compounds (e.g. amides or nitrate) in the xylem sap could be used as an indicator of N2 fixation and should be evaluated further.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197162
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  • 84
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    Effects of fertilization on the nutrient distribution of aboveground components ofAbies balsamea (L.) Mill (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 433-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Balsam fir ; Foliar analysis ; Lime ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The following fertilizer treatments were applied to a 20-year-old aspen-birch-sprucefir stand in southeastern Maine: N at 448 kg/ha, P at 112 kg/ha, N and P applied as above in addition to 1751 kg/ha Ca and 27 kg/ha Mg. Five years after treatment, foliar concentrations of N, P and Ca for understory blasam fir exhibited significant increases in response to fertilization with those nutrients. Mean five-year height growth, adjusted for pretreatment differences, increased 36 percent in response to fertilization with N alone and in combination with P and lime.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140050
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    Seasonal changes in foliar macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) inEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mine soils of the Darling Range, Western Australia (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 377-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Seasonal trends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seasonal changes in the foliar concentration of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in sapling trees ofEucalyptus saligna Sm. andE. wandoo Blakely growing in rehabilitated bauxite mined areas in the Darling Range of Western Australia are described. Foliar N concentration decreased with age of the fully expanded leaf tissue. Leaf N concentrations were also high when rates of litter decomposition were expected to be high during the period of early spring. The greatest foliar N difference between trees growing in good soil conditions and those from poorer soil conditions also occurred during this period. Levels of P in leaves were highest in young developing leaves but once the leaves reached full size, no seasonal trend in P concentration was observed. Foliar K was lower during the winter and probably related to the period of maximum leaching by precipitation. High foliar K during summer, however, could be related to the role of K in lowering cellular water potential. Leaf Ca was highest during early sping. Low mobility of cellular Ca during the cool portion of the year was indicated. Foliar Mg showed a weak pattern of decreasing concentration with leaf age. The best season for sampling for these broadleafed evergreen species to provide information on plant nutrient status appears to be in spring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323052
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    Effects of roots and litter on mineralization processes in forest soil (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 391-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Carbon ; Clear cutting ; Exponential decay ; Forest ; Litter ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Podzol ; Respiration ; Rhizosphere Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf litter breakdown and fine root production, including exudation, are two major influences upon carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates in forest soil. Sieving and root removal experiments were used to examine their effects. Although carbon mineralization rates declined in smaller particle size fractions of forest litter, this trend largely disappeared when results were calculated on an ash-free basis. Nitrogen mineralization by contrast, was greatest in smaller fractions. Much of the variation in carbon mineralization rates appeared to be associated with fine roots. A rapid initial exponential decay phase noted in laboratory respiration studies was probably associated with disappearance of available carbon in the form of root exudates and/or the microorganisms dependent on them. Clear cutting caused a marked reduction in the size of available carbon pools, reflecting decreased root exudation and rhizosphere activity. A model of mineralization is proposed which represents the available and humified carbon pools.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02140046
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    Preliminary studies of the fertilizer capability of some novel high analysis multinutrient compounds (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Adamantane-type compounds ; Fertilizer ; High analysis nutrient compounds ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Phytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a preliminary assessment of the fertilizer capability of three high analysis NP(S) compounds, their possible phytotoxic effects were investigated in solution culture tubes. One of the compounds was studied in more detail in pot experiments with sand and a red-brown earth soil. Two adamantane-type compounds (APA and APAS) were capable of supplying N and P to plants, but also showed toxicity effects. With APA, this effect appeared to be dissipated in soil but not in sand. The toxic effect was alleviated by addition of soluble P or soluble P + N. Some plants absorbed excessive amounts of P, probably not all in the form of orthophosphate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051623
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    Prevalence of nitrous oxide reducing capacity in denitrifiers from a variety of habitats (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene inhibition ; Denitrifiers ; Electron acceptor ; Incubation ; Nitrate ; Nitrous oxide ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 81 strains isolated by T. N. Gamble from soils from eight countries, fresh water lake sediments and nitrified poultry manure were examined for their ability to grow on N2O as their electron acceptor, as well as for their tendency to produce N2O from NO 3 − in the absence and presence of acetylene. Seventy-seven of the 81 strains were confirmed as denitrifiers. Fifty-nine of the 77 strains grew on N2O, while 12 strains produced N2O but could not utilize it. Six strains reduced NO 3 − to N2 but could not grow on N2O, suggesting that even if N2O is always an intermediate product of denitrification, it is not always a freely diffusible intermediate. The organisms, however, would consume N2O that accumulated early in growth and accumulated N2O in the presence of acetylene. Thus the total number of N2O users was 65 strains or 83% of the total tested. This implies that the N2O reducing capacity of denitrifiers occur widely in nature. A high proportion ofPseudomonas fluorescens biotype II reduced N2O. The accumulation of N2O from NO 3 − in the presence of acetylene provides strong evidence that N2O is generally an intermediate in denitrification as well as provides additional support for the usefulness of this chemical as a general inhibitor of N2O reduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323056
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    Fertilization of orange trees with sulfur-coated urea. Nitrogen levels in leaves and fruits (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus ; Controlled-release fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; Nutrition ; Sulfur-coated urea ; Ammonium nitrosulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of one application of the slow-release fertilizer, sulfur-coated urea, on the nitrogen level in leaves, fruit and bark of Washington Navel orange trees was studied during the different periods of the annual vegetative cycle, in comparison with two annual applications of the fertilizer ammonium nitrosulphate. Results indicate that a single spring application of 750 g nitrogen per tree maintains N levels in old leaves, spring shoots, ovaries, fruit and bark statistically equal to those obtained using double doses of ANS in two applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02161180
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  • 90
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    Foliar and twig macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in selected species ofEucalyptus used in rehabilitation: sources of variation (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Branch nutrients ; Calcium ; Eucalyptus saligna ; Eucalyptus wandoo ; Foliar nutrients ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rehabilitation ; Soil nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The macronutrient variation within four 6 year oldEucalyptus saligna and four 5 year oldE. wandoo growing on rehabilitated bauxite pits was determined. Significant differences in mean nutrient concentrations were generally recorded between good soil condition sites and poor soil sites, between tree individuals, branch height, and plant organ type; but mean nutrient values were not different among canopy aspects. Fully expanded leaves of the current year provided the most uniform nutrient levels among the plant organs and showed major differences between sites with good soil nutrient conditions and those with poor conditions. Differences in foliar and branch levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, the variation between sites, canopy heights and plant organ types, and the use of foliar nutrient levels to indicate deficiencies are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323051
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  • 91
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    Changes in biochemical composition and energy utilization during metamorphosis of leptocephalous larvae of the bonefish (Albula) (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 10 (1984), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Lipid ; Protein ; Carbohydrate ; Nitrogen ; Ash ; Caloric content ; Larval development ; Nutrition ; Elopiformes ; Albulidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Energy use and changes in whole-body content of lipid, protein, nitrogen, carbohydrate and ash were followed during metamorphosis of leptocephalous larvae of the bonefish (Albula). During metamorphosis, which requires about 8–12 days, larvae lost about 3–4 mg of lipid, or about 50% of the total lipid content. Lipid levels, calculated on a dry weight basis, showed no discernible trends, with values ranging from 138–185 mg (g dry wt)−1. Protein content was 8.4 mg per larva and showed no significant change. However, protein levels increased from 147 to 329 mg (g dry wt)−1. Nitrogen content decreased slightly from about 3.5 to 3.2 mg per larva. A comparison of protein and nitrogen values, expressed as % dry weight, showed that, in larvae which were just beginning to metamorphose, 70% of the total nitrogen was non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The NPN decreased to 58% of the total nitrogen towards the end of metamorphosis. Carbohydrate content fell from about 3.5 to 0.6 mg per larva, which represents an 83% loss. Carbohydrate levels also fell from about 81 to 32 mg (g dry wt)−1. In addition, most of the carbohydrate appears to be bound to protein. Ash content decreased by 52%, from 4.6 to 2.2 mg per larva. Caloric content fell slightly from about 182 to 141 calories per larva whereas caloric density showed no discernible trends, with values ranging from 4.180 to 4.725 kcal (g dry wt)−1. These results indicate that metamorphosing leptocephali, which apparently do not feed, probably derive most of their energy requirements from metabolizing endogenous lipid and carbohydrate stores formed during the premetamorphic interval.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001477
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  • 92
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    Changes in morphometric parameters of the cerebral microcirculation in experimental hypertension (1984)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1283-1285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: cerebral microcirculation ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804324
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