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  • Articles  (114)
  • paleolimnology  (54)
  • stress  (28)
  • Coleoptera  (25)
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  • Springer  (114)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (114)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (114)
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  • Articles  (114)
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  • Springer  (114)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (114)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 291-296 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous ; Salvinia weevil ; Feeding characteristics of larvae ; Development of larvae ; Plant nutrition ; Temperature effects on development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après leur naissance, les larves de Cyrtobagous sp. passent de 1 à 4 jours à brouter les racines, et de 0 à 9 jours dans les bourgeons de la plante hôte, Salvinia molesta, avant d'y creuser une galerie dans le rhizome. Bien que les larves aient été capables de survivre jusqu'à 38 jours en broutant les racines, quant elles furent privées de rhizome, elle ne purent achever leur développement. Quand les galeries furent commencées, le développement larvaire, entre 21° et 31°, dépendit de la température et de la teneur en azote de l'hôte. Les larves ne se développèrent pas à 17°. Une haute valeur nutritive de l'aliment consommé par les larves réduisit la durée du développement, mais n'influença pas la durée ultérieure de leur développement nymphal. Les lieux de prise de nourriture et les dégâts produits par des larves isolées furent précisés.
    Notes: Abstract Newly-emerged larvae of a salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous sp. spent from 1–4 days browsing on the roots and from 0–9 days in the buds of the host plant, Salvinia molesta, prior to tunnelling into the rhizome of this aquatic weed. Although larvae were able to survive up to 38 days browsing on roots when rhizomes were withheld, they were unable to complete development. After tunnelling began, larval development between 21° and 31° was dependent on temperature and nitrogen levels in the host. Larvae failed to develop at 17°. High nutritional intake by the larvae reduced larval development time but did not influence duration of their subsequent pupal development. The feeding sites and plant damage produced by individual larvae were assessed.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Negret ; Melanic mutant ; X-linked mutation ; Flour Beetle ; Tribolium confusum ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Storage pests ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; Prostephanus truncatus ; (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; (±)-1-methyl-butyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate ; Dominicalure ; Aggregation pheromone ; Monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réponses de Prostephanus truncatus Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) à deux constituants de la phéromone d'agrégation de Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2-méthyl-2-penténoate et le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2,4-diméthyl-2-pentéoate, connus comme “Dominicalure 1” et “Dominicalure 2”, ont été étudiées au laboratoire et au champ. Auslaboratoire ces composés ont été essayés individuellement et en mélange 1:2. Une membrane de caoutchouc imprégnée de phéromone a été utilisée comme émetteur lent, et une courbe de réponse en fonction de la dose a été établie. P. truncatus répondait plus vigoureusement à la Dominicalure 2 seule. Tous ces traitements ont été comparés dans un essai aux champs en Tanzanie, dans lesquels des pièges en carton ondulé contenant des diffuseurs de phéromone étaient placés dans des entrepôts de maïs dans les fermes. La Dominicalure 1 et le mélange de 1 et 2 étaient tous deux efficaces pour piéger R. dominica. La Dominicalure 2 a piégé plus de P. truncatus que les autres traitements et était à peu près aussi efficace que le contrôle visuel pour détecter la présence de cet insecte dans les stocks. On peut envisager que la Dominicalure 2 pourrait servir de base à un programme pour lutter contre P. truncatus en Afrique de l'Est.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field studies have been made of the responses of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) to two components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) — (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate and (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate, known as “Dominicalure 1” and “Dominicalure 2” respectively. In the laboratory, these compounds were tested individually and as a 1:2 mixture; P. truncatus responded most strongly to Dominicalure 2 alone. All three treatments were compared in a field trial in Tanzania to monitor both R. dominica and P. truncatus in farm stores. Dominicalure 1 or a mixture of 1 and 2 were both highly effective for trapping R. dominica. In contrast, Dominicalure 2 trapped more P. truncatus than the other treatments and was about as effective as visual inspection at demonstrating the presence of the beetle in stores. Dominicalure 2 could form the basis of a monitoring programme for P. truncatus in East Africa.
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  • 4
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    International journal of earth sciences 72 (1983), S. 1167-1196 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Experiment ; anisotropy ; stress ; strain ; pure shear ; simple shear ; buckling ; bending ; macroscopic fabric ; symmetry ; flexural-slip fold ; kink band ; Jura-Mountains ; Rhenish Massif (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Ruhr district)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An applicable interpretation of fabrics should be based mainly on geometrical considerations in order to cover available field data. Therefore a theory on the formation of foldtype fabrics including congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds as well as kink bands in materials subjected to rhombic and different monocline strain types is derived by means of particle motion fields for homogeneous and isotropic bodies. The analysis of experimental results and their comparison with field observations largely confirms the theory and contributes to its improvement. Some trends can be established: With increasing monocline character of the strain type, the probability of concentric and congruent flexural-slip folding is reduced. It is substituted by kink band formation. While the portion of monocline strain is enlarged with depth, rhombic fold symmetry indicates, in the realm of elastic-plastic behaviour, the proximity of the surface of the earth or of a detachment surface. With gradual increase of the rock anisotropy, the development of shear faults, kink folds and, finally, congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds is favoured.
    Abstract: Résumé L'interprétation, en vue de son application, de la genèse des formes structuraux résultant de processus tectoniques doit être basée essentiellement sur des raisonnements géométriques pour qu'elle corresponde à la structure des observations faites sur le terrain. Pour cette raison, une théorie de la formation des formes structuraux d'aspect plissé, y compris des plis semblables ou isopaques à glissement banc sur banc ainsi que des knicks, est développée à partir d'une figuration générale des mouvements des particules dans les corps homogènes et isotropes soumis à des déformations à symétrie orthorhombique ou monoclinique. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux et des comparaisons avec des observations sur le terrain confirment largement la théorie et contribuent à son perfectionnement. Quelques tendances se dessinent: avec l'accroissement du caractère monoclinique de la déformation s'accroît aussi la probabilité de la formation des knicks plutôt que des plis à glissements banc sur banc, concentriques et congruents. Tandis que la déformation monoclinique prend une part plus importante avec la profondeur, la symétrie orthorhombique des plis en régime de déformation élastoplastique indique la proximité de la surface de la Terre ou d'une surface de décollement. Avec l'augmentation de l'anisotropie des roches, la formation de cassures de cisaillement, de knicks et enfin de plis semblables et isopaques à glissement banc sur banc est favorisée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine anwendungsbezogene Deutung der Gefügegenese muß in erster Linie auf geometrischen Überlegungen beruhen, damit sie auf Geländedaten übertragen werden kann. Ausgehend von Partikelbewegungsfeldern, die für homogene und isotrope Körper gelten, wird eine Theorie der Genese faltenförmiger Gefüge entwickelt, die konzentrische und kongruente Biegegleitfalten und Knickzonen bei rhombischen und monoklinen Deformationstypen erfaßt. Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten und der Vergleich mit Geländebefunden bestätigen weitgehend die Theorie und tragen zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung bei. Einige Trends zeichnen sich ab: Mit steigender Monoklinität des Deformationstyps nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bildung von Knickzonen auf Kosten von konzentrischen und kongruenten Biegegleitfalten zu. Während der Anteil monokliner Deformation zur Tiefe hin größer wird, zeigt eine rhombische Symmetrie der Falten im elastisch-plastischen Bereich die Nähe der Erdoberfläche oder einer Abscherungsfläche an. Bei zunehmender Anisotropie werden zunächst bevorzugt Scherbrüche, dann Knickzonen und schließlich kongruente und konzentrische Biegegleitfalten gebildet.
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  • 5
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    International journal of earth sciences 72 (1983), S. 421-450 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Experiment ; anisotropy ; stress ; strain ; pure shear ; simple shear ; buckling ; bending ; macroscopic fabric ; symmetry ; flexural-slip fold ; kink band ; Jura-Mountains ; Rhenish Massif (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Ruhr district)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An applicable interpretation of fabrics should be based mainly on geometrical considerations in order to cover available field data. Therefore a theory on the formation of foldtype fabrics including congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds as well as kink bands in materials subjected to rhombic and different monocline strain types is derived by means of particle motion fields for homogeneous and isotropic bodies. The analysis of experimental results and their comparison with field observations largely confirms the theory and contributes to its improvement. Some trends can be established: With increasing monocline character of the strain type, the probability of concentric and congruent flexural-slip folding is reduced. It is substituted by kink band formation. While the portion of monocline strain is enlarged with depth, rhombic fold symmetry indicates, in the realm of elastic-plastic behaviour, the proximity of the surface of the earth or of a detachment surface. With gradual increase of the rock anisotropy, the development of shear faults, kink folds and, finally, congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds is favoured.
    Abstract: Résumé L'interprétation, en vue de son application, de la genèse des formes structuraux résultant de processus tectoniques doit être basée essentiellement sur des raisonnements géométriques pour qu'elle corresponde à la structure des observations faites sur le terrain. Pour cette raison, une théorie de la formation des formes structuraux d'aspect plissé, y compris des plis semblables ou isopaques à glissement banc sur banc ainsi que des knicks, est développée à partir d'une figuration générale des mouvements des particules dans les corps homogènes et isotropes soumis à des déformations à symétrie orthorhombique ou monoclinique. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux et des comparaisons avec des observations sur le terrain confirment largement la théorie et contribuent à son perfectionnement. Quelques tendances se dessinent: avec l'accroissement du caractère monoclinique de la déformation s'accroît aussi la probabilité de la formation des knicks plutôt que des plis à glissements banc sur banc, concentriques et congruents. Tandis que la déformation monoclinique prend une part plus importante avec la profondeur, la symétrie orthorhombique des plis en régime de déformation élastoplastique indique la proximité de la surface de la Terre ou d'une surface de décollement. Avec l'augmentation de l'anisotropie des roches, la formation de cassures de cisaillement, de knicks et enfin de plis semblables et isopaques à glissement banc sur banc est favorisée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine anwendungsbezogene Deutung der Gefügegenese muß in erster Linie auf geometrischen Überlegungen beruhen, damit sie auf Geländedaten übertragen werden kann. Ausgehend von Partikelbewegungsfeldern, die für homogene und isotrope Körper gelten, wird eine Theorie der Genese faltenförmiger Gefüge entwickelt, die konzentrische und kongruente Biegegleitfalten und Knickzonen bei rhombischen und monoklinen Deformationstypen erfaßt. Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten und der Vergleich mit Geländebefunden bestätigen weitgehend die Theorie und tragen zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung bei. Einige Trends zeichnen sich ab: Mit steigender Monoklinität des Deformationstyps nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bildung von Knickzonen auf Kosten von konzentrischen und kongruenten Biegegleitfalten zu. Während der Anteil monokliner Deformation zur Tiefe hin größer wird, zeigt eine rhombische Symmetrie der Falten im elastisch-plastischen Bereich die Nähe der Erdoberfläche oder einer Abscherungsfläche an. Bei zunehmender Anisotropie werden zunächst bevorzugt Scherbrüche, dann Knickzonen und schließlich kongruente und konzentrische Biegegleitfalten gebildet.
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  • 6
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1449-1464 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dytiscidae ; Agabus seriatus ; Agabus obtusatus ; defensive secretions ; steroids ; regeneration ; pygidial glands ; prothoracic glands ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretions of the dytiscid species,Agabus seriatus (Say) andAgabus obtusatus (Say), were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The intrinsic ability ofA. Seriatus andA. Obtusatus to regenerate their prothoracic gland defensive secretions under laboratory conditions was determined by analyzing the secretions every seventh day for five weeks. Both beetles regenerated ∼ 80% of their prothoracic gland components within two weeks.A. seriatus was injected with [4-14C]cholesterol and after a three-week regeneration period 7.5% of the14Clabel was found in the steroidal defensive secretion from the prothoracic glands.
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  • 7
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1533-1541 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; attractant ; 1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Douglas-fir beetle ; 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 1-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (1,2-MCH-ol) was synthesized, identified as a compound found in volatiles of the female Douglas-fir beetle, and shown by bioassays to be an aggregation pheromone. 1,2-MCH-ol matches in both GC retention index and mass spectrum a compound released by the female after feeding. 3,3-MCH-ol was also synthesized as a candidate compound; its mass spectrum is presented because published mass spectra are incorrect for this compound. Synthetic 1,2-MCH-ol increased arrestment and stridulation of males in olfactory walkways and increased trap catches of flying beetles. Males were more responsive to 1,2-MCH-ol than females.
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  • 8
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Buprestidae ; Cerambycidae ; Cleridae ; Scolytidae ; wood-boring beetles ; bark beetles ; ethanol ; host attractants ; hardwood tree insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol, methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde—chemicals identified in the inner bark of living trees—were used to bait vane traps placed in crowns of oak trees in Connecticut. Ethanol-baited traps caught more cerambycid, scolytid, and clerid beetles than unbaited traps. Buprestidae were not attracted to ethanol. Acetaldehyde and acetone were not attractive to any family. A mixture of ethanol, methanol, and acetaldehyde was no more attractive than ethanol alone. The vane traps were very effective at catching Cerambycidae and Scolytidae, but ineffective compared to sticky panels at catching Buprestidae.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips paraconfusus ; aggregation pheromone ; enantiomer ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; interruption ; allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Antennae of male and femaleIps paraconfusus were equally and highly sensitive to their male-produced, multicomponent aggregation pheromone. Female and male antennae were highly sensitive to the pheromonal component, (S)-(−)-ipsenol, but essentially insensitive to its antipode, (R)-(+)-ipsenol. Further, female and male antennae were more sensitive to the pheromonal component, (S)-cis-verbenol, than to its antipode, (R)-cis-verbenol. Dramatic sexual dimorphism in chiral sensitivity to the ipsdienol enantiortiers was found, with female antennae being more sensitive to the conspecific pheromonal enantiomer, (S)-(+)-ipsdienol, and male antennae being more sensitive to the antipode, (R)-(−)-ipsdienol. Since (R)-(−)-ipsdienol is the principal pheromone of CaliforniaIps pini and interruptsI. paraconfusus aggregation, male antennae appear to be more sensitive to an interspecific allomone than a conspecific pheromone. Of the conspecific pheromonal enantiomers, both male and female antennae were most sensitive to (S)-(+)-ipsdienol, intermediately sensitive to (S)-(−)-ipsenol, and least sensitive to (S)-cis-verbenol. However, when enantiomeric sensitivities were compared to the estimated concentrations of these components in the natural pheromone, (S)-(~)-ipsenol tended to equal or approach the potency of (S)-(+)-ipsdienol as an antennal stimulant, while antennal responsiveness to (S)-cis-verbenol was dramatically less than for the other two pheromonal components. The behavioral implications of such physiological sensitivities are discussed in regard to perception of multicomponent synergistic pheromones and the relative efficacy of each component as an orientation cue.
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  • 10
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 585-606 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips paraconfusus ; pheromone ; enantiomer ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; interruption ; allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antennal sensitivities of both male and femaleIps paraconfusus were found generally to be greatest for conspecific aggregation pheromones (ipsdienol, ipsenol); intermediate for an additional conspecific pheromone (cis-verbenol), an aggregation synergist (2-phenylethanol), and pheromones/allomones of sympatric species (trans-verbenol, verbenone, and frontalin); and lowest for both host terpenes (alpha-pinene and myrcene) and other bark beetle-produced odorants (exo-brevicomin and linalool). Of the enantiomeric compounds tested, antennae of both sexes did not differ in sensitivity between thetrans-verbenol enantiomers at low dosage levels; but at higher dosages, the conspecific-produced enantiomer, (1R,4S,5R)-(+)-trans-verbenol, elicited larger mean EAG responses than its antipode, (1S,4R, 5S)-(−)-trans-verbenol. At the mid-dosage range, female antennae tended to be slightly more responsive to (S)-(−)-verbenone than to (R)-(+)-verbenone, while male antennae were equally responsive to stimulations by either verbenone enantiomer. In field bioassays there was a large and significant reduction in trap catches ofI. paraconfusus on traps where the (S)-(−)- or (R)-(+)-enantiomers of verbenone were evaporated beside logs containing boring conspecific males. Only when the (S)-(−)-enantiomer of verbenone was evaporated beside logs containing boring males did the sex ratio ofI. paraconfusus trapped shift from female-dominated to male-dominated attraction. Thus both physiological and behavioral data suggest a differential chiral sensitivity of female beetles for the verbenone enantiomers. The relative sensitivities between different chiral compounds derived from one or the other of the common precursoral host terpenes, (S)-(−)- and (R)-(+)alpha-pinene or myrcene, are discussed.
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  • 11
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 13-31 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula (Goeze) ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; tergal gland secretion ; defense ; mating stimulants ; female sex pheromone ; hydrocarbons ; n-aldehydes ; substituted 1 ; 4-benzoquinones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At high concentrations, the defensive tergal gland secretion (TGS)3 of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, inhibits the male copulatory response (grasping with parameres). Inhibitory chemicals, for which a function as alarm substances is assumed, aren-undecane, 1-undecene,n-dodecanal, toluquinone, and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. When emitted in small amounts, however, the TGS releases the male grasping response. The main components with aphrodisiac effect are (Z)-4-tridecene,n-dodecanal, and (Z)-5-tetradecenal. These supplementary mating stimulants, which are not sex specific, work synergistically with the aphrodisiac female sex pheromone from thé epicuticular lipids and are discussed as alerting pheromones of short-term effect. Antennal movements of resting males as an indication of the recognition of a female and the approach to the mate are released at somewhat longer distances, when the TGS is additionally present.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus multistriatus ; S. scolytus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; elm bark beetle ; multistriatin stereoisomers ; Dutch elm disease ; aggregation pheromone ; field responses ; attractant baits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The field responses of English populations of the Dutch elm disease vectors,Scolytus multistriatus andS. scolytus to baits containing 4-methyl-3-heptanol, a host synergist [(−)-α-cubebene or (−)-limonene] and (±)-α-, (+)-β-, (−)-β-, (±)-γ-, or (±)-δ-multistriatin were examined. (±)-α-Multistriatin, released at 5–10 μg/day, enhanced the response ofS. multistriatus to baits containing 4-methyl-3-heptanol and either of the host synergists but had no effect on the capture ofS. scolytus. The release of larger amounts (57 or 365 μg/day) of (±)-α-multistriatin interrupted the response of both species to the 4-methyl-3-heptanol baits. It appears that α-multistriatin has multiple functions as a behavior-modifying substance for the two beetles. The (+)-β-, (−)-β-, (±)-γ-, and (±)-δ-multistriatins were inactive when released at 5–10 μg/day. The results of these field experiments suggest that one bait can be formulated to capture both species.
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  • 13
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 397-422 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cruciferae ; chemical defense ; gradient ; glucosinolate ; herb-ivory ; insect-plant interactions ; Cardamine cordifolia ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Homoptera ; Psyllidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insect use of native crucifers may be related to patterns in mustard oil content. Consequently, in 1979 we measured glucosinolate content of Rocky Mountain bittercress,Cardamine cordifolia (Cruciferae), using paper and gas chromatography, in relation to: plant organ, phenology, elevation, habitat, leaf position and weight, and plant consumption by two adapted insect herbivores. Results for each are as follows. (1) The predominant constituent in all vegetative organs was 2-butylglucosinolate; concentration of isothiocyanate-yielding glucosinolates (IYG) was highest in roots (1.11 mg/gfr. wt) and lowest in stems (0.07 mg/g). (2) Concentration of IYG appeared to be higher in plants lacking oxazolidinethione-yielding glucosinolates (OYG) than in those with OYG. (3) Terminal cauline leaves had a higher content of IYG than leaves in other positions on a plant. (4) Heavy leaves had significantly higher concentrations of IYG than did lighter leaves. (5) IYG concentrations were not directly related to elevation. (6) Leaves of plants occurring naturally in the sun had concentrations of IYG similar to those of plants in the usual shaded habitat. However, experimental removal of overhanging willows caused a significant, stress-induced increase in IYG concentrations. Finally, (7) feeding by two adapted herbivores, chrysomelids and psyllids, was associated with lower, rather than higher, IYG concentrations. The results demonstrate significant variation in glucosinolate content in a native crucifer and suggest that some of this variation can be partitioned in relation to the ecological and environmental axes examined.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cryptolestes ferrugineus ; rusty grain beetle ; aggregation ; pheromone ; macrolide ; (E,E)-4,8-dimethyl-4,8-decadien-10-olide ; (3Z,11S)-3-dodecen-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide ; 11-dodecanolide ; 4-nonanolide ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two synergistic macrolide aggregation pheromones were isolated from Porapak Q-trapped volatiles obtained from the frass ofCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). These compounds were identified as (E,E)-4,8-dimethyl-4,8-decadien-10-olide (I) and (3Z,11S)-3-dodecen-11-olide (II) and given the trivial names ferrulactone I and II, respectively. Analysis of captured volatiles from separated male and female adults disclosed that the pheromones are male-produced. Additional macrolides were identified in frass volatiles, but were devoid of any pheromonal activity. The structures of I and II were confirmed by comparison with synthetic materials.
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  • 15
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 657-672 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoplusia includens ; soybean looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Epilachna varivestis ; Mexican bean beetle ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; feeding preferences ; nutrition ; food utilization ; host-plant resistance ; induced resistance ; glyceollin ; isoflavonoids ; soybean ; phytoalexins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of soybean phytoalexins on the feeding of the soybean looper and Mexican bean beetle were investigated to test the hypothesis that phytoalexins might be a defense mechanism of plants against insects as well as against pathogens. Short-term behavioral responses to the phytoalexins were analyzed using dual-choice tests with phytoalexin-rich and phytoalexin-poor (control) tissues. Phytoalexin production was elicited with ultraviolet radiation. Results from the dual-choice tests indicated that 6th instar soybean looper larvae fed equally on the control and phytoalexin-rich tissues. Feeding by adult and 4th instar Mexican bean beetles, however, was strongly deterred by the phytoalexins as evidenced by “single-bite” mandible scars on the phytoalexin-rich cotyledon discs. Nutritional effects of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin glyceollin on early instar soybean looper larvae were tested by incorporating the phytoalexin into an artificial medium at a level of 1% dry weight (0.15% fresh weight). The larvae were reared for 7 days from emergence on diets of control and glyceollin-containing media. Although survival on the glyceollin diets was initially less than on the control diets, under the experimental conditions glyceollin had no significant effect on the growth, development, or subsequent survival of the larvae. Efficiency of food utilization (ECI) was reduced, indicating that the phytoalexins may be a mild digestibility-reducing factor for the loopers. Implications of the results for host-plant resistance are discussed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1353-1361 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Canavanine ; Caryedes brasiliensis ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Dioclea megacarpa ; plant-insect interactions ; amino acids
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the bruchid beetle,Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae) have the ability to avoid significant incorporation ofl-canavanine, the guanidinooxy structural analog ofl-arginine, into de novo synthesized proteins. This ability is related to a highly discriminatory protein-synthesizing system which exhibits marked ability to avoid processing an array of nonprotein amino acids structurally related to arginine.
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    Plant molecular biology 2 (1983), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: stress ; differentiation ; plant cell cultures ; heat shock
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of proteins synthesized by carrot cells after heat-shock was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A study was made of the time of appearance and disappearance of the heat-shock bands and a comparison was made of the heat-shock proteins present in cell extracts obtained from cell suspensions, callus, protoplasts and the different stages of somatic embryogenesis. From this comparison a number of differences and hence of stage-specific markers could be seen. This type of analysis was also carried out in the presence of α-amanitin in order to get information on the type of control of heat-shock protein synthesis. It turned out that in all stages after the initial globular stage, α-amanitin does not alter the heat-shock protein pattern suggesting pre-existence of the relative mRNA's.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 22-26 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: ultrastructure ; myocardium ; stress ; catecholamines
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: stress ; myocardium ; anoxia ; reoxygenation
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 137-140 
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    Keywords: ultrastructure ; adrenal medulla ; stress
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 170-172 
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    Keywords: stress ; myocardium ; hypoxia
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: atrium ; stress ; infarct ; phospholipases ; chloroquine
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 351-353 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: blood plasma ; stress ; radioimmune method
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  • 24
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    Keywords: stress ; cytochromes P-450 and b5 ; demethylase activity ; lipid peroxidation
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    Keywords: atrium ; stress ; myocardial infarct ; lipid peroxidation ; actioxidants
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 757-759 
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    Keywords: rats ; stress ; ischemia ; reperfusion ; contractile function of the heart ; cardiac output
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 763-766 
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    Keywords: stress ; contractile function of the heart ; glucocorticoids
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1000-1003 
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    Keywords: stress ; cortisol ; injections ; circadian rhythms ; 11-hydroxycorticosteroids
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1101-1104 
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    Keywords: serotonin ; S2 receptors ; stress ; behavior
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1046-1050 
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    Keywords: stress ; bioelectrical activity ; hormones ; reticular formation
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1275-1278 
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    Keywords: stress ; psychotropic drugs ; high-energy compounds ; brain
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1414-1416 
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    Keywords: stress ; α-adrenoblocker phentolamine ; β-adrenoblocker inderal
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1348-1351 
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    Keywords: monoamines ; analgesia ; stress ; auricular electroacupuncture
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    Keywords: stress ; myocardium ; glycogen ; uridine ; extensibility
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    Keywords: atrium ; myocardium ; stress ; adaptation
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1679-1681 
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    Keywords: myocardial infarction ; atrium ; gamma-hydroxybutyric acid ; stress
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1692-1695 
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    Keywords: stress ; psychotropic drugs ; oxidative phosphorylation ; brain
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1716-1718 
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    Keywords: stress ; depression ; contractility of the heart
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1723-1726 
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    Keywords: stress ; adrenal gland ; phenazepam ; sodium hydroxybutyrate
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    European journal of plant pathology 89 (1983), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tobacco ; virus infection ; ethylene ; salicylic acid ; stress ; cycloheximide ; actinomycin D
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are induced in tobacco and other plant species by both biotic and abiotic agents, comprising necrotizing and non-necrotizing viruses, viroids, fungi, bacteria, specific physiological conditions and a variety of chemicals. Both ethephon and the natural precursor of ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, are good inducers and induction under all conditions investigated so far appears to be mediated by ethylene, except treatment with benzoic acid or its derivatives salicylic acid, aspirin, and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Whereas the production of ethylene appears to result from a general reaction to stress, the mechanism by whicho-hydroxylated benzoic acids induced PRs is different. In ‘Samsun NN’ tobacco, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and ethephon induced PRs in both the treated and the untreated leaves at 20°C, but not at 32°C. However, salicylic acid induces PRs only in the treated leaves, but is as effective at 32°C as it is at 20°C. It has been proposed, therefore, that ethylene leads to the temperature-sensitive synthesis of a, presumably aromatic, compound that mimics the action of salicylic acid and functions as the natural inducer of PRs. The induction of PR 1a and 1b by salicylic acid or ethephon is blocked by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D, whereas their accumulation upon TMV infection is inhibited up to 50% by actinomycin D. Actinomycin D similarly inhibits ethylene production in TMV-infected tobacco, supporting a role of ethylene in the induction of PRs in tobacco and indicating that ethylene acts by regulating the translation of the PR-mRNAs constitutively present but not translated in non-stimulated plants.
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    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 43-57 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; paleolimnology ; diatoms ; sediment chemistry ; peatland management
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stratigraphy of diatoms and chemistry in the surface sediment deposited at 35 m depth in Lake Polvijärvi was studied. The existence of annual laminations or varves in the sediment allowed a precise dating of the profile. Diatoms were analysed in 0.5 cm sequences; from 0 to 16.0 cm continuously and then intermittently every fourth 0.5 cm down to 44.0 cm. Sediment chemistry (loss-on-ignition, C, N, Fe, Mn, Mg, P, chlorophyll and carotenoids) was analysed from sediment surface down to 10.5 cm of altogether 33 subsamples, each containing 1–3 varves, and spanning the period 1921–1980. From 4.5 cm depth upwards the diatom concentration strongly increases, and the plankton diatom succession from Tabellaria flocculosa through Asterionella formosa to Melosira ambigua and Fragilaria crotonensis reflects a marked eutrophication of the lake. This algal succession occurs in pace with an increase in sediment accumulation rate and changes in sediment chemistry, which indicate increased allochthonous inputs and enhanced algal production in the lake. The change of the lake ecosystem is contemporaneous with extensive peatland draining and fertilizing that was carried out on its watershed during the past two decades. Existing chemical data from a number of lakes situated within the drainage area prove that at present the treated peatlands are the main source of nutrient loading of Lake Polvijärvi. A former period with indications of slightly increased productivity of the lake was dated by varve counting to AD 1690–1910 (35–12 cm). This period (characterised by Asterionella formosa) may coincide with that of the slash-and-burn cultivation in the area.
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    Keywords: cypress swamp ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; periphytic algae ; phosphorus ; phytoplankton
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both periphytic and planktonic algae are found in areas of the seasonally flooded Great Dismal Swamp (Virginia, U.S.A.). The dynamics of these algae were studied in a cypress stand and the periphytic algae appeared to be important as nutrient conservers. Clear temporal patterns in phytoplankton dominance were also observed.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; magnetism ; dating ; Australia ; North America ; Japan ; Europe ; Near East
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnomagnetic records from five regions of the world have been combined with historical magnetic field observations in order to produce regional geomagnetic master curves.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lakes ; sediments ; eutrophication ; Cladocera ; Switzerland
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Species composition and density of cladoceran populations changed in Lakes Zürich, St. Mortiz and Baldegg as human populations increased in these watersheds. Lake Zürich sediments became annually laminated in the 1890's as a result of increased organic input as the size of the cities surrounding the lake grew. At the same time, the Bosmina species changed from a oligotrophic form (longispina) to a eutrophic form (longirostris). An increase in Daphnia spp. populations also occurred at this time in the lake's history. Bosmina longispina reappeared in the lake in 1965 as the lake's trophic status changed from eutrophic to mesotrophic due to effective sewage treatment facilities. Annual laminations appear in the Lake St. Moritz sediments about 1910. Shortly thereafter, a shift from B. longispina to B. longirostris occurred. This change in trophic status is associated with increased tourism in the area. Lake Baldegg sediments also show annual laminations beginning in 1885 and a similar shift in the Bosmina species. Other cladoceran remains were too scarce to be useful in interpreting the histories of these lakes.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; magnetic minerals ; sediment sources
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review outlines the origin and environmental significance of magnetic minerals in lake sediments. Attention is drawn to situations where the patterns of mineral magnetic variation is a reflection of processes other than changing erosion rates and fire incidence. The use of mineral magnetic techniques in sediment source tracing, palaeoclimatic studies and the reconstruction of particulate pollution history is illustrated by means of case studies from Britain and N. America. The value of magnetic susceptibility as an on-site core logging technique is shown by reference to data from Lake Washington.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; secondary ferrimagnetic oxides ; S.I.R.M. ; magnetic susceptibility ; laminated sediments
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The magnetic parameters S.I.R.M. and magnetic susceptibility have been used to try and establish the fire histories of lake drainage basins. The technique is demonstrated using sediments from three lakes: Llyn Bychan (N. Wales), a lake with a recently burnt catchment, Lake Biscarrosse (S. W. France), a lake with a well documented fire history, and Lake Laukunlampi (E. Finland), a lake with laminated sediments and a long, but unknown fire history.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sedimentation pattern ; magnetic susceptibility ; Scanian lakes ; palaeomagnetism
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    Notes: Abstract Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used to correlate synchronous depths in ca. 50 l m. cores of recent sediment from a small lake (area ca. 55 ha) in Scania, southern Sweden. The three-dimensional picture of sediment accumulation which emerges provides a basis for studying sediment deposition patterns through time. Using a palaeomagnetic chronology, the results show that the pattern and rate of accumulation have dramatically altered during the past 350 years, thus making semiquantitative studies of downcore sediment properties in a single core problematical. Possible reasons for these phenomena are briefly discussed.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; X-ray radiography of sediment cores ; sedimentary properties ; sediment accumulation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract X-ray radiographs of unextruded sediment cores are used for the documentation and the interpretation of primary and secondary sedimentary structures, and for the correlation of synchronous laminations between different cores. The vertical variation in bulk density, water content and void ratio, and the increase of solids with increasing sediment depth are calculated from the recorded film density along the radiographs. The X-ray radiographic technique for the study of sedimentary properties is fast and non-destructive. The technique is especially valuable when studying the uppermost part of the sediment cover and the processes of sediment redistribution and sediment accumulation. Studies are being undertaken in several Swedish lakes and coastal bays, where mono- and stereoradiographs are being used to classify bottom and sediment types, to interpret changes in the depositional environment, and to calculate past and present rates of sediment accumulation.
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    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sediment core positioning ; hydrographic survey ; computer contouring ; morphometric calculation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Automated techniques for sediment core site positioning, hydrographic survey, and contour mapping are described. The computer contouring system can be extended to calculate values for morphometric variables such as maximum length (1max), maximum width (wmax), lake perimeter (10), lake area (A) and lake volume (V). The techniques are exemplified using results from Augher Lough, Northern Ireland.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 75-79 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Dead Sea climate ; pore-waters ; diffusion ; sediments ; salinity ; porosity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The salinity of lakes is subject to variations imposed by climatic changes. These variations are recorded in the salinity profile of pore waters. Meromictic lakes, such as the Dead Sea, are a special case where waters which underlie the mixolimnion reflect salinity variations. In a sediment core from Dead Sea shallow waters, the salinity profile exhibited a minimum at about 1.9 m depth. It is shown by a diffusion model that this minimum can be attributed to lower salinities which prevailed at the sediment water interface for several decades around the turn of this century. No such minimum was observed in a sediment core from the deepest part of the lake where, during the last two centuries, the overlying brines had a constant salinity.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; geochemistry ; trace elements
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A geochemical study of lacustrine sediments was undertaken as part of a major paleolimnological project concerned with the impact of man on lakes. Factor analysis was applied to the geochemical data obtained from a core from one lake. Three principal factors which explained most of the variance of the initial data were identified. Factor I is related to the organic:mineral component ratio of the sediment, and can be considered as an indirect index of change in lake trophic status through time. Factor II is related to the granulometric composition of the sediment and matches evidence for changes in the hydrological regime of the lake. Factor III reflects changes in redox potential and is more closely related to processes occurring within the lake than other factors. Specific geochemical associations of elements are connected with each factor and are the factor indicators. The correlation of these associations are analyzed as geochemical indices of the variability of sediment accumulation conditions in time.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; assemblage indicators ; Finland
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diatom assemblages from the topmost sediment of 49 lakes were ordinated by means of a program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging (Decorana). Five lake groups were separated, each having more or less characteristic diatom assemblages and water quality. Shifts from one group to another caused by factors such as acidification, artificial drainage, diffuse nutrient loading and sewage are discussed.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; East Africa ; transfer functions ; pH-indicators
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose is to establish the quantitative relationship between recent diatom floras and ecological parameters, in order to extrapolate the results to the past. The parameter pH is here considered as an example. This work is based on the study of about I60 diatom samples from East Africa and of their corresponding biotopes. We propose some statistical methods to interpret the data. Correspondence analysis allows us to define the pH-indicator species. The regression calculations allow pH values to be calculated using the percentage of the diatom species in a sample.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; organic matter ; bacteria ; aerobic decomposition ; oxygen consumption
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The investigations were carried out in lakes situated in the forest zone (Karelian Isthmus, Baltic zone, South Ural) and in the forest-steppe (South Ural) of the USSR. The lakes differ in their bioproductivity and in the intensity of their human influence. The amount of organic matter accumulating in the sediments is closely related to production and decomposition processes in the trophogenic layer. Processes of organic matter transformation were found to be most active in the uppermost sediment. The quantity of bacteria shows no correlation with the organic matter content of the sediment. Increase in organic matter, up to 70–80% of dry weight, is often accompanied by a decrease in bottom bacteria. The intensity of aerobic decomposition of the labile organic matter can be judged from the oxygen demand of the sediments. However, it is important to differentiate between chemical and biological oxidation processes. The quantity of bottom bacteria correlates closely with the value of oxygen consumption only in cases of high sediment redox potentials.
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    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sedimentary pigments ; primary production ; core analyses
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    Notes: Abstract A statistically significant correlation of the type y = axb between sedimentary plant pigments and contemporary algal primary production has been found in a study of the recent trophic evolution of twelve Italian lakes. The equation is used to assess baseline production levels in periods (50–70 years ago) when human influence was low.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lake ontogeny ; lake succession ; eutrophication
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnologists frequently invoke the term ‘eutrophication’ for describing apparent enrichment phases in the history of a lake. I argue that this term is often used incorrectly and that alternative explanations can serve as more accurate descriptions. Increased organic content in the sedimentary record may result from increased nutrient availability (eutrophication), but it can also reflect decreased residence time of water, or changes in biotic interactions, or changes in lake morphometry. Additionally, I argue that ‘eutrophication’ is an inappropriate term for describing the aging process of lakes. Lake ontogeny is the preferred term, as it does not imply directional changes in nutrients, nor in community structure.
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    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lakes ; eutrophication
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Problems relating to the disappearance and eutrophication of lakes as a result of human activity are presented. A study area was selected located in an agricultural/forest region where human influence on lakes used to be minimal. In the past 25 years a number of lakes have completely disappeared and others have become rapidly enriched. Human interference has included: the pulling down of water mills, drainage and river canalisation, construction of holiday resorts, development of intensive farming, increased mineral fertilization, and the extension of roads and road traffic.
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 177-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sediment chemistry ; heavy metals ; ATP
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This investigation is concerned with the impact of industrial and municipal waste discharge on lakes near the city of Tampere, Finland. The record of P, Zn and ATP in the recent sediments of Vanajavesi I, a polluted lake, and Mallasvesi, a largely unpolluted lake, are compared.
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  • 59
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Chironomidae ; subfossil remains ; shallow lake ; eutrophication ; Lake Balaton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, is about 20 000 years old. An enormous increase in tourism and the disproportionate building development of the last few decades has resulted in the acceleration of eutrophication in the lake. Widespread research to reveal the causes of water-quality deterioration and possible ways of protection against it have recently started. The investigation of the larvae of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the sediment of the open-water zone has also begun. The contemporary faunal composition strongly correlates with the trophic gradient along the longitudinal axis of the lake. We therefore supposed that the eutrophication process should be identifiable from the analysis of subfossil chironomid head capsules from the upper (15 cm thick) layer of the sediment. We found that quantitative results could only be obtained when fragments as well as relatively intact head capsules are considered. Our data verify that the originally oligo-mesotrophic community has been gradually replaced by eutrophic species in a west to east direction. Large-bodied larvae belonging to the Chironomus plumosus group mix the sediment down to 15 cm as they build their tubes and consequently alter the original proportions of head capsules at the different levels. So the sequence of communities through the sediment-layers is not quite reliable.
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  • 60
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 181-184 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Clostridium perfringens ; sewage pollution ; eutrophication
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The horizontal and vertical distribution of the gram-positive, non-motile, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium Clostridium perfringens Holland was studied. The aim of the study was to estimate the quantity of C. perfringens at different depths of the sediment and evaluate the effect of human effluent which the lake received between 1940 and 1956. C. perfringens lives in the colon of man. Because it is spore forming and cannot multiply under a temperature of 20 °C and, according to the studies of Seppänen et al. (1979) it can be at least 300 years old, it may be a suitable paleolimnological indicator of pollution by human effluent. The results showed that the amounts of Clostridium increased at the same level where redox potential decreased in the sediment due to the beginning of effluent disposal at a depth of 40 mm. The maximum number of Clostridium colonies occurred between 0–30 mm depth.
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  • 61
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Lake Michigan ; geochemistry ; stratigraphy ; Quaternary ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stresses placed on Lake Michigan since the advent of industrialization require knowledge of the sedimentology of the whole lake in order to make informed decisions for environmental planning. Sediment accumulation rates are low: areas of the lake receiving the most sediment average only 1 mm a−1; deep-water basins average 0.1 to 0.5 mm a−1; and large areas are not receiving any sediment. Sediment was deposited rapidly (typically 5 mm a−1), in the form of rock flour, during the deglaciation of both Lake Michigan and Lake Superior Basins. Then the rate of accumulation decreased by 80–90% and has remained relatively constant since final deglaciation. Because active sedimentation occurs mostly in the deep water areas of the lake, the sediment remains undisturbed and contains a record of the chemical history of the lake.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; annual laminations ; magnetism ; sediment influx ; sediment chemistry ; eutrophication
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sediments of Loe Pool, a eutrophic coastal lake in south west England, consist largely of laminated clays and clay-gyttjas. Studies of the diatom microstratigraphy of frozen sediment cores from the Pool indicate that the laminations are annual, and that they contain pairs of light and dark bands formed by seasonal variations in the supply of sediment to the Pool from its catchment. Analysis of the magnetic properties of individual laminations demonstrates the presence of physical and mineralogical microstratigraphic variations, which may also be related to seasonality. A varve chronology, which is confirmed by 137Cs analysis and historical records, has been used to provide a timescale for the interpretation of data from other paleolimnological studies. A close agreement between variations in the abundance of sedimentary Sn, and the history of mining in the catchment, has been found. Similarly, analysis of total organic matter, total phosphorus, sedimentary chlorophyll a, sterols, diatoms and Cladocera in the uppermost sediments all indicate eutrophication of the Pool in the period AD 1940 to the present.
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  • 63
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; colluvium ; soil chemistry ; clay ; phosphorus loading ; tropical lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The long-term impact of Maya culture on a lowland tropical watershed is assessed, using data from a 9.2 m sediment core taken from deep water (28 m) in Lake Quexil. Human population growth, estimated by the 1980 archaeological survey, is associated with a shift in the composition of the sediment to a dominance by inorganic material, the Maya clay formation, beginning ca. 3500 B.P. Increasing settlement densities are correlated with accelerated influxes of phosphorus, carbonates, and siliceous sediment. However, chemical data do not track short-term population fluctuations closely. Because much of the sediment is delivered as colluvium, and not by running water, there is a lag between terrestrial disturbance and impact on the aquatic system. As an indication of this lag, contemporary high sedimentation rates are a residual of Maya activity that virtually ceased some 300–400 years B.P. Comparison of the deep-water core with a shallow-water (7 m) section, based on palynological correlation, reveals only minor differences in proximate chemical composition. Chemical influxes are much higher at the deep-water site, however, as a consequence of sediment focusing in this hyperconical basin. Chemical analyses of soil samples from 21 test pits in the Quexil basin support the principal conclusion that bulk soil movement was the mode of nutrient transfer to the lake, following forest clearance by the Maya.
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  • 64
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; clay ; cultural disturbance ; erosion ; Guatemala ; Mayan archaeology ; silt ; particle-size analysis ; tropical lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term changes of sedimentary particle-size distribution in two tropical lowland lakes were compared with changes of human population sizes, estimated archaeologically, in the drainage basins. Mean particle size of silt and clay fractions (〈64 µm) varied between 3 and 15 µm. High positive skewness and kurtosis of the distributions were associated with smaller particle sizes; hence small mean size resulted from greater influx of small particles while influx of larger particles was probably constant. An inverse correlation between mean particle size and human population size is interpreted to mean that disturbance-induced erosion results in delivery of very fine inorganic particles at higher rates. Within any one basin, particle-size stratigraphy is more precisely related to archaeological time periods than is pollen stratigraphy. An absolute chronology still eludes us, owing to the failure of 14C dating of calcareous, colluvial sediments, but our relative chronology is now more precise than before. If certain assumptions about past hydrologic relations can be met, particle-size analysis is a way of comparing the histories of geographically very different lakes, including lakes from tropical, temperate, and arctic regions.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; temperature ; body weight
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two series of experiments were carried out to determine the relation of the rate of phosphorus and nitrogen excretion by the planktonic rotifers to ambient temperature and individual body weights of these animals. The following formulas describing this relation were obtained: EP=0.0154 W−1.27 e0.096T EN=0.0879 W−1.01 e0.088 T, where EP and EN denote the rate of P and N excretion, respectively, in µg · mg dry wt−1 · h−1, W is body weight in µg dry weight, and T is temperature in °C.
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  • 66
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    Hydrobiologia 100 (1983), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassays in situ ; algal growth ; nitrogen ; phosphate
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassays with water of eutrophic Lake Tjeukemeer were carried out in the laboratory, and, in the lake itself, by placing plexiglass tubes (∅ 9 cm) firmly in the mud. In the laboratory nitrogen had a strong growth-promoting effect on the concentrations of chlorophyll a, N-cell and COD-cell. In the bioassays in situ nitrogen increased the concentration of chlorophyll a, but not those of cellular N and cellular COD. It is argued that chlorophyll a is not a good indicator for algal growth in bioassays and that the extrapolation of laboratory experiments — where nitrogen limited algal growth — to the field situation — where light limited algal growth — often leads to erroneous results, especially in shallow eutrophic lakes. The main reason is probably that in bioassays in the laboratory the nutrient supply — both from external loading and from sediments — is often different and that processes like denitrification occur in the lake, but not in the bioassays.
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    Hydrobiologia 100 (1983), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton biomass ; tropical lakes ; Kenya
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two of three Kenyan lakes studied between November 1979 and October 1980 have very short 33PO4 turnover times, indicating a high phosphorus (P) demand throughout the year. The P turnover time in Lakes Oloidien and Sonachi is as rapid as in the most P deficient temperate zone lakes. The third lake, Lake Naivasha, has a lower overall P demand and a wide seasonal range, with lowest demand between November 1979 and February 1980 when a P deficiency was unlikely. On an annual basis the Lake Naivasha status is, however, not statistically different from that recorded during the summer in Lake Memphremagog, a generally P-limited temperate zone lake. Lake Naivasha and Lake Oloidien fit well to the line of best fit for the Dillon-Rigler relationship relating total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a derived in temperate zone lakes. Thus, temperate zone models predicting aspects of lake behaviour on the basis of TP may also be applicable to these two tropical lakes. Saline lake Sonachi had not only a short P turnover time but also responded dramatically to the fertilization of enclosures with P. However, it does not fit the TP-chla or the total nitrogen-chla plots from the temperate zone. This suggests that, in this saline lake at least, much of the TP is unavailable to the algae, with some of it in a particulate form that is readily extracted with boiling water. The epilimnetic N:P ratios also characterize lakes Oloidien and Sonachi lakes as highly P deficient and lake Naivasha as more moderately P limited. A single set of measurements in Winam Gulf (Lake Victoria) also showed a rapid P turnover time and thus P limitation, but as in lake Sonachi much of the TP was in a non-algal particulate form. Occasional measurements in three other hypertrophic and saline lakes suggest them to be primarily light limited on the basis of their very high photosynthetic cover. These findings support the hypothesis of a primary P limitation for those lakes not light limited, and contradicts literature suggestions that nitrogen is the primary limiting element in tropical lakes.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pissodes strobi ; Pissodes approximatus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; grandisol ; grandisal ; Pinus strobus ; white pine weevil
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two related volatile compounds were identified from each of two species ofPissodes bark weevils and implicated as components of their aggregation pheromones. Grandisol (cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutaneethanol), and its corresponding aldehyde, grandisal, were isolated from males of bothP. strobi andP. approximatus and were found in the abdomens and hindguts of the respective species. In field tests synthetic grandisol and grandisal together with odors from cut pine acted synergistically in attracting both sexes ofP. approximatus. This response was similar to that elicited by maleP. approximatus feeding on cut pine. Males and females of natural populations ofP. strobi were more responsive to caged males feeding on leaders of white pine than they were to leaders alone. The combination of grandisol, grandisal, and leaders was less attractive than males on leaders, but more attractive than leaders alone. From isolation of pheromone components at different times of the year, it was determined that males of both species produced grandisol and grandisal only at times when cohort females were reproductively mature.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 129-142 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetle ; Pinus ponderosa ; ipsenoi ; ipsdienol ; cis-verbenol ; pheromone ; attractant ; intraspecific competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract About equal numbers of each sex of flyingIps paraconfusus Lanier (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were caught on traps several meters downwind from a male-infested ponderosa pine log releasing pheromone while a significantly different ratio of over four times more females than males were caught at the pheromone source. Females oriented directly to higher concentrations of colonizing males in a felled tree while males tended to land on the host in adjacent uncolonized areas. The attraction response of walking males to a 1∶1∶1 mixture of the synthetic pheromone components ispenol-ipsdienol-cis-verbenol was reduced progressively at higher concentrations while female response continued to increase. These responses may function to regulate density of colonization and limit intraspecific competition.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 159-180 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Creophilus maxillosus ; defensive secretion ; ant repellent ; bioassay ; isoamyl acetate ; isoamyl alcohol ; iridodial ; actinidine ; dihydronepetalactone ; (E)-8-oxocitronellyl acetate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The abdominal defensive glands ofC. maxillosus secrete a mixture (70μg/beetle) of isoamyl alcohol (I), isoamyl acetate (II), iridodial (III), actinidine (IV), dihydronepetalactone (VE), and (E)-8-oxocitronellyl acetate (X). When disturbed, the beetle everts the glands and revolves the abdomen so as to wipe the glands against the offending agent. Fecal fluid is commonly emitted at the same time and may become added to the glandular material. Ants (Formica exsectoides) are effectively fended off by the beetle and were shown in bioassays (Monomorium destructor) to be repelled by the four major components of the secretion (II, III, X, VE); the principal component (VE) was the most active. Some anatomical features of the glands are described.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Douglas-fir beetle ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; electroantennograms ; host selection ; attractants ; aggregation ; 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one ; 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol ; frontalin ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; limonene ; camphene
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms were obtained fromD. pseudotsugae in response to the pheromones 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (3,2-MCHone), 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (3,2-MCHol), frontalin,trans-verbenol, verbenone, and the host terpene hydrocarbons limonene and camphene. Male and female beetles were 10 and 100 times more sensitive to 3,2-MCH-one and 3,2-MCHol than to the other compounds. Of the other compounds, males were most sensitive totrans-verbenol, verbenone, and camphene, while females were most sensitive to frontalin, limonene, and camphene. The results parallel and help explain behavior of individual males and females during host tree selection, aggregation, and colonization.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1513-1523 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; European elm bark beetle ; pheromone ; epideictic pheromone ; twig-crotch feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The three components of the European elm bark beetle pheromone dispensed from polyethylene vials attached to the boles of healthy juvenile elms affected the rates of beetles landing and twig feeding on the baited trees. Maximum attraction to the tree occurred when all three pheromone components were presented together in a ratio of 1∶1∶8 for 4-methyl-3-heptanol (H), α-multistriatin (M), and α-cubebene (C). M released either alone or in excess of its natural ratio with H and C induced twig-crotch feeding. H presented alone had no effect on attraction or twig-crotch feeding, but in combination with M it induced landing on and boring into the tree bole. We concluded that the ratio of M and H being released influenced incoming beetles either to land on and colonize the bole or to feed in twig crotches. M in excess of H, known to occur when most females are mated, terminates colonization and deflects incoming beetles to crowns of elms.
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  • 73
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dytiscidae ; pygidial glands ; aromatic defensive secretions ; age classes ; seasonal variation ; Agabus bipustulatus ; Agabus paludosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aromatic pygidial gland constituents ofAgabus bipustulatus L. andA. paludosus F. were quantitatively determined. Concentration fluctuations were found to be dependent on age and season. Both in quantity and quality of the secretion, young beetles differ from mature beetles by storing only small amounts of gland material with different portions of constituents. Seasonal variations are mainly due to the changing population structure of the species.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Temnochila chlorodia ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Trogositidae ; western pine beetle ; attractant ; pheromone ; trap ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sticky trap with 3 m2 surface area was modified by changes in attractant release rate, vertical dispersion of the attractant, and addition of a tree trunk silhouette to the trap axis. As attractant release rate increased, the number ofDendroctonus brevicomis caught at the source of attractant and at 1.5 and 5.2 m above ground on two vertical silhouettes 4.5 m away increased. In one experiment, more beetles were caught at a dispersed source of attractant than at a point source. Fewer beetles were caught at the lower traps on the two outlying silhouettes when a silhouette was at the source, than when no silhouette was at the source. As attractant release rate increased, the catch of a predator,Temnochila chlorodia, increased at the source.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity relationships ; pheromone ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dutch elm disease ; electroantennogram ; chemoreception ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; analogs ; attractant ; aggregation ; beetle ; bark beetle ; alcohols ; ketones ; esters ; epoxides ; carboxylic acids ; amines ; isothiocyanates ; halides ; azides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of analogs of the title compound (1), with several different functional groups in place of the 3-OH and with a variety of substituents, were tested for biological acitivity by a laboratory walking-beetle assay. The electroantennogram (EAG) response was determined for many of these, as well. Field tests with baited sticky traps were carried out on compounds with activity in the walking-beetle assay and/or that gave a high EAG response. Structure-activity correlations with parameters reflecting hydrophobic, steric, electronic, and van der Waals interactions with olfactory receptors were examined primarily on the basis of the behavioral tests. Electronic substituent effects on the 3-position functional group and steric effects were found to correlate best. It is suggested that the strength of a hydrogen bond to the 3-oxygen or 3-nitrogen (as proton acceptor) is important in chemoreception by receptors that are involved in the behavioral response.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 803-815 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Caryedes brasiliensis ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; l-canavanine ; l-canaline ; Dioclea megacarpa (Leguminosae) ; allelochemicals ; detoxification ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This communication reviews recent biochemical studies ofl-canavanine that have provided significant understanding of the interaction between the seed ofDioclea megacarpa (Leguminosae) and the bruchid beetleCaryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae). The principal biochemical bases are proposed for: canavanine toxicity, the ability of the beetle larvae to adapt to its presence, the metabolic sequestration and detoxification of ammonia, and the potential amplification by microbial symbionts of the beetle's abilities to adapt to toxic components of the host.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus ; Amaranthus retroflexus ; allelopathy ; chlorogenic acid ; seedling growth ; plant debris ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When added to soil,Helianthus annuus debris from plants grown under various nutrient stresses in the greenhouse and field had a significant negative effect onAmaranthus retroflexus seedling dry weight production. The regression models for dry weight versus total phenolic compounds and the variation in N, P, and K contents of theHelianthus debris were significant. It was possible to partially simulate debris inhibition ofA. retroflexus seedling dry weight production when chlorogenic acid alone was added to the soil instead ofHelianthus debris. The inhibition ofAmaranthus growth byHelianthus debris and chlorogenic acid was not evident when nutrient solution was applied to the soil.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica ; southern corn rootworm ; spotted cucumber beetle ; western spotted cucumber beetle ; sex pheromone ; 10-methyl-2-tridecanone ; ketone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone has been isolated and identified from virgin females of the southern corn rootworm (SCR),Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. The synthesized compound, 10-methyl-2-tridecanone was shown to be attractive to males of the SCR, and also to males ofD. u. undecimpunctata Mannerheim, the western spotted cucumber beetle (WSCB), and ofD. u. duodecimnotata in Mexico. Males of both the SCR and the WSCB strongly preferred theR over theS enantiomer. The resolved enantiomers were not tested againstD. u. duodecimnotata.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus zeamais ; Sitophilus granarius ; Sitophilus oryzae ; maize weevil ; granary weevil ; rice weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; interspecific attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A dual-choice pitfall bioassay was used to demonstrate the existence of a male-produced aggregation pheromone in the maize weevil. Both males and females showed a highly significant preference for extracts of disks exposed to wheat-feeding males over extracts of disks exposed to wheat kernels only. Neither sex responded significantly to extracts from females. Mating did not reduce pheromone release by males. Response by virgin females to pheromone was significantly higher than response by mated females, but males of either mating status responded equally well. There was no apparent daily periodicity in the responsiveness to pheromone. Rice and maize weevils showed a strong interspecific cross-attraction. Granary weevils of both sexes responded well to maize weevil extracts, but only females showed a significant response to rice weevil extracts. Neither maize nor rice weevils responded significantly to granary weevil extracts.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; fertilization ; Norway spruce ; quartz-porphyry site ; reforestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of young Norway spruce plantations on quartz-porphyry sites can be improved by applying phosphorus fertilizer as this acid parent rock is extremely poor in phosphorus. If fertilization is performed in connection with reforestation, the increment in height and volume of the developing crop increases for a period of about ten years. Additional liming prolongs the duration of the P-fertilization effect up to 20 years. Liming stabilizes phosphorus in an available form in the humus layer and upper soil horizon. Nitrogen deficiency occurs only 10 to 15 years after planting and N applied up to then has no positive effect on spruce growth.
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    Hydrobiologia 107 (1983), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake waters ; organic matter ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The increase of inorganic nitrogen subsequent to the addition of organic matter was investigated in replicate lake-water aliquots. Two experiments used freshly killed bacteria as the organic addition. In both, inorganic nitrogen in the water column increased only after a lag period following the organic addition, and only if the amount of organic matter added exceeded a threshold value. Two other experiments used freshly killed algae as the organic addition; in these, neither the lag period nor the threshold value were seen. A qualitative explanation for these observations is offered.
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    Hydrobiologia 98 (1983), S. 223-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; paleolimnology ; lakes ; Minnesota ; sediments ; microfossils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fossil diatom assemblages from the sediment/water interface in 105 Minnesota lakes were compared with measurements of alkalinity, sulphate, total phosphorus, transparency, and water depth at the sample site. Similar assemblages were placed together using cluster analysis and comparisons of environmental variables between diatom clusters were made using an analysis of variance. Total alkalinity and transparency showed the greatest difference among clusters. Samples from shallow eutrophic prairie lakes were dominated by Melosira granulata, Stephanodiscus niagarae and, occasionally, by Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Deep oligotrophic lakes had modest percentages of Cyclotella comta. Dilute acid lakes were dominated either by Melosira distans and M. italica or by Tabellaria fenestrata, Cyclotella stelligera, and in some cases C. glomerata. Assemblages with Cyclotella glomerata and Synedra nana were found in naturally meromictic lakes. Stephanodiscus hantzschii showed a preference for extremely eutrophic lakes. The relationships between recently deposited diatom assemblages and the lake environmental conditions studied here can be used to evaluate the extent of past environmental change in lakes.
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  • 83
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    Hydrobiologia 99 (1983), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonification ; aquatic macrophyte ; decomposition ; Nasturtium officinale ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; stream ecology ; watercress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the decomposition of watercress in the laboratory at 10° and 20 °C, and in the field. Rates varied from 0.058 g g−1 day−1 in the laboratory to 0.115 g g−1 day−1 in the field. There was a rapid generation of particles of size 〈500 µm. It is thought that washout of these from the litterbags in the field accounted for high field decomposition rate. Formation of dissolved nitrogen compounds during decomposition followed a time series from NH inf4 sup+ to NO in2 sup− to NO inf3 sup− withdissolved organic nitrogen accumulating at the end of decomposition. Ammonification rates were 480 and 657 g NH4-N g−1 (dry wt) day−1 and nitrification rates on the decomposing tissue were 640 and 571 µg NO3-N g−1 (dry wt) day−1 at 10° and 20 °C respectively. Fifty-six per cent of the initial plant N was regenerated as NO3-N 21% as DON and 25% remained as refractory particulate N.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chrysophycea ; cultural eutrophication ; paleolimnology ; resting cyst ; statospore ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent sediments of Frains Lake, Michigan contain a rich and well preserved association of chrysophycean cysts. Forty one forms are revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Taxonomic descriptions. and SEM micrographs are provided for the dominant forms. The three dominant taxa throughout the sediments, Cysta minima, C. modica and C. subbavaricum, do not show significant shifts in proportional abundance associated with European settlement and the onset of cultural eutrophication. However, certain subdominant taxa do show clear trends. Density counts indicate a dramatic decline in cyst concentration (by volume and by dry mass) and a sharp increase in absolute accumulation (net annual influx) following settlement. The Frains Lake profile of chrysophycean cysts is compared to sequences of other North American and European temperate lakes. The utility of chrysophycean cysts as paleoenvironmental indicators is considered on the basis of these results.
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  • 85
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; pollen ; diatoms ; Synuraceae ; Chrysophyta ; meromixis ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent history of Little Round Lake, a small meromictic lake in southeastern Ontario, is considered. Pollen analyses were used to identify past changes in terrestrial vegetation, whilst limnological conditions were interpreted on the basis of diatom and chrysophyte microfossils. Contemporaneous with the arrival of European settlers (ca. A. D. 1850), the predisturbance assemblage of oligotrophic Cyclotella diatoms was replaced by Synedra spp., which then succeeded to a eutrophic flora dominated by Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Meanwhile, synuracean algae were almost completely excluded. Over the last 30 years, the algal microfossils indicate that the lake underwent a marked return to oligotrophy. Evidence is presented which suggests that this shift was related to the cultural enhancement of meromixis by the seepage of road salt.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; acidic precipitation ; lake acidification ; heavy metal pollution ; diatoms ; cladocerans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from nine lakes in southern Norway (N) and six in northern New England (NE) were dated by 137Cs, 210Pb and in NE also by pollen, and were analyzed geochemically and for diatoms. Cores from two N and three NE lakes were analyzed for cladocerans. 137Cs dating is unreliable in these lakes, probably due to mobility of Cs in the sediment. In Holmvatn sediment, an up-core increase in Fe, starting ca. 1900, correlates with geochemical indications of decreasing mechanical erosion of soils. Diatoms indicate a lake acidification starting in the 1920's. We propose that soil Fe was mobilized and runoff acidified by acidic precipitation and/or by soil acidification resulting from vegetational succession following reduced grazing. Even minor land use changes or disturbances in lake watersheds introduce ambiguity to the sedimentary evidence relating to atmospheric influences. Diatom counts from surface sediments in 36 N and 31 NE lakes were regressed against contemporary water pH to obtain coefficients for computing past pH from subsurface counts. Computed decreases of 0.3–0.8 pH units start between I890 and I930 in N lakes already acidic (pH 5.0–5.5) before the decrease. These and lesser decreases in other lakes start decades to over a century after the first sedimentary indications of atmospheric heavy metal pollution. It is proposed that the acidification of precipitation accompanied the metal pollution. The delays in lake acidification may be due to buffering by the lakes and watersheds. The magnitude of acidification and heavy metal loading of the lakes parallels air pollution gradients. Shift in cladoceran remains are contemporary with acidification, preceding elimination of fishes.
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  • 87
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 131-133 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; recent sediments ; diatoms ; chrysophytes ; 210lead
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diatom and chrysophyte remains in recent sediments have been examined. The upper stratigraphy is dated by reference to phytoplankton records whilst the lower depends on dates from 210Pb analysis, which shows some unexplained variation. Recent changes, due to farming and domestic drainage, form part of the long term response of the lake to events upon the catchment.
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  • 88
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Traunsee ; artificial meromixis ; ostracods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Traunsee is the deepest (189 m) lake in Austria and has been holomictic until the beginning of industrial discharges from the alkali works in Ebensee. The input of soluble compounds such as CaCl2 and NaCl have produced meromictic conditions. The relatively high oxygen content of the monimolimnion is due to water movements promoted by the large inflow and wind-action. The industrial discharges have caused both meromictic conditions and the deposition of highly alkaline sediment in the southern portion of the profundal zone. The effect of the discharges on the benthic fauna was evaluated by comparing the subfossil benthic fauna of four cores taken inside and outside the affected area. The ostracod fauna resembles that of other large lakes in the Salzkammergut, but also includes groundwater species such as Kovalevskiella and Cypridopsis subterranea. Leucocythere mirabilis has been found for the first time in an Austrian lake. Ostracods and other benthic organisms such as Testacea were not apparently influenced by the meromictic condition. They are, however, missing in all areas covered by the alkaline sludge.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; salinity ecology ; annual lamination ; sulphide mud ; meromixis ; Baltic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diatoms have been studied in an annually laminated sulphide mud which was deposited after the impoundment of the sea-bay of Gennarbyviken. It was possible to follow how the measured decrease in salinity in the basin was reflected by the diatom flora of the sediment which had been deposited concurrently
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  • 90
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; eutrophication ; reservoirs ; Bosmina ; Chironomidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eutrophication of reservoirs can be detected by changes in the abundance of insect and crustacean remains in the sediments. In recently constructed reservoirs, the time of impoundment can be determined through the presence of chironomid head capsules. The initial phase is characterised by highly enriched water as can be seen by the abundance of Bosmina remains. If further nutrient input into the reservoir remains low, the upper part of the sediment column is almost completely lacking in invertebrate remains.
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  • 91
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; marine/brackish-freshwater ; transition basin ; wildfowl ; gregarious waterfowl ; allochthonous nutrients ; seasonal eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new and very special course of events starts in a freshwater basin, just isolated from the sea. In NW Europe this is mainly caused by land uplift in Holocene times or by regression of the sea. It has been thoroughly documented by the gradual change in the composition of the fossil diatom floras. Attention is drawn to the possible impact of migrating birds, especially wildfowl, breeding, resting and moulting in those often shallow, sheltered lakes along the Scandinavian coastlines. The gregarious wildfowl species might seasonally increase the allochthonous input of nutrients in the lake ecosystems and cause marked changes in biotic interactions. A working hypothesis is suggested, that the wildfowl species in question were appreciably more numerous before the arrival of man. Consequently, their effect on seasonal eutrophication cannot be neglected in the paleolimnological context.
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  • 92
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Greenland ; Holocene ; oligotrophication ; pollen analysis ; macrofossils ; arctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract During the Holocene most West Greenland lakes passed from an early eutrophic stage, rich in both flora and fauna, through a mesotrophic to an oligotrophic stage with very low productivity. Temperature conditions were limiting factors only in the very beginning, whereas chemical factors alone were decisive later on.
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  • 93
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Pleistocene aridity ; calcite ; dolomite ; gypsum ; laminated gyttja
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transition from an arid, glacial Late Pleistocene to an early Holocene (Gamblian ‘pluvial’) moist period has not been documented in Central America. Finding accessible volcanic lakes too youthful, and knowing that most Florida and Yucatan lakes were dry during glacial ages, we sought appropriate deposits lying deeper than 40 m in the deeper karst lakes of the Peten, in northern Guatemala. The bottom half of a 19.7 m core from Lake Quexil, and the bottom third of a 15 m core from Lake Salpeten, appear to be of Pleistocene age. The sediments contain lacustrine shells, sponge spicules, and Pinus pollen, and include several bands of humified gyttja with fragments of wood, but are dominantly montmorillonitic and mixed-layer clays and may be in part colluvial, like the later Holocene Maya clay. Calcite, gypsum, and (in presently saline Lake Salpeten only) dolomite indicate shallow, closed, moderately saline lakes 30–40 m lower than at present. In both cores a layer of inorganic sediment with gypsum dominant, perhaps recording the most arid phase of the glacial Late Pleistocene, overlies a similar clay layer with calcite dominant. As calcite and dolomite occur throughout the section(s), both minerals are believed to be detrital, but one source of calcite is algal crusts, formed and exposed today in the littoral and supralittoral zones. The early Holocene rise of lake levels formed several meters of fossiliferous gyttja with pollen of mesic tropical forest, now assigned to the pan-tropical Gamblian moist episode. Where deposited in oligomictic or meromictic lakes 〉 30 m deep, Gamblian gyttja of pollen zone Pl is finely laminated, the dark layers being richer in Ptot and Stot and poorer in Fe, Mn, Mg, and K than the light (clay) layers, but we cannot yet say that the laminae are annual.
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  • 94
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; pollen analysis ; sediment accumulation rate ; vegetation history ; Holstein ; Postglacial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Pollen analysis was carried out on the sediments of 10 lakes in eastern Holstein. Sediment accumulation rates varied considerably both from lake to lake and also between respective periods. Increases in sediment accumulation rate often coincide with the Neolithic settlement periods. Faunal remains have been examined from two of these lakes (cf. Günther 1983; Hofmann 1983).
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  • 95
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lake development ; trophic status ; Chironomidae ; Cladocera ; Ostracoda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microfossil analysis was carried out on 90 samples of a sediment core from Grossensee. The diversity of subfossil Cladocera, Chironomidae, Chaoborus, and Ostracoda reflects at least five different stages of development. Three extended cycles correspond to different climatic periods in the first 10 000 years of the lake's history, while during the last 2 000 years, two shorter cycles can be identified which correlate with proofs or even historical events for human activity in the catchment area. During this time the profundal fauna changed from stenoxibiontic to euryoxibiontic species. In the planktonic fauna a succession of three Eubosmina types, B. longispina, B. coregoni kessleri, and B. coregoni coregoni, was observed. The chydorid and ostracod assembly of the littoral showed no clear change.
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  • 96
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; cladoceran analysis ; chironomid analysis ; successions ; lake development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the subfossil assemblages of chironomids and cladocerans significant changes were found during the late-glacial and postglacial development of a small, shallow North German lake. The successions observed were obviously not related to eutrophication but to factors such as climatic conditions and lake siltation. The absence of species of the subgenus Eubosmina during postglacial times as well as the predominance of Alonella species among the chydorids was due to the small dimensions of the water body.
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  • 97
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Pannonian lakes ; infilling process ; environmental change ; hydrosere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on the stratigraphy and development of a former lake near the town of Vracov, SE Moravia, Czechoslovakia, are presented. The infilling process and vegetation succession are described. An attempt to reconstruct changes in habitat conditions during the last ca. 13 000 years has been made.
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  • 98
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 241-245 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatom succession ; lake development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Late-glacial and Postglacial sediments of the former Komořany Lake in North-West Bohemia were studied by means of diatom analysis to trace the pattern of past environmental change in the lake. Several phases of lake development could be distinguished. Originally the Komořany Lake was a eutrophic shallow water basin. The diatom succession in the early Postglacial sediment indicates alternating alkaliphilic, epiphytic and planktonic diatom communities associated with changes in water level in the basin. At the beginning of the Subatlantic period the water level began to rise and the development of planktonic diatoms, typical of small eutrophic lakes, occurred. Later, the basin became shallow again and the number of indifferent and acidophilous diatoms increased. This is typical for the final phase of the infilling process of a lake before its transformation to peatland
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatom flora ; sediments ; Vistula Lagoon ; Poland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability of Actinocyclus kuetzingii (A.S.) Sim. in the Littorina deposits of the Vistula Lagoon and Lake Druzno were studied. During the time of the Littorina Lake Druzno was a part of the Vistula Lagoon. In the different parts of the Lagoon both the abundance of A. kuetzingii and the diameter of its valves change in a manner associated with phases of the Littorina transgression. Coscinodiscus (Actinocyclus) kuetzingii fo. subsalsa Brockmann is probably an ecotype of A. kuetzingii (A.S.) Sim.
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  • 100
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 257-260 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; palynology ; bacteriology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There are many lake basins in the Soviet Union, both in the humid and the arid regions, including lowland and alpine, and shallow and deep-water lakes. Lithological, geochemical, radiological and paleobiological methods have been utilized in studying the history of these lakes. Lake Zaisan in Kazakhstan is described as an example of lake development in the arid zone, whilst the lake systems of the Pribaltica, where human influence on the environment is clearly recorded, exemplifies the humid zone.
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