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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Percussive Foraging: Stimuli for Prey Location by Aye-Ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 19 (1998), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: aye-aye ; Daubentonia madagascariensis ; foraging ; insect larvae ; acoustics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) use the thin middle finger to tap on wood in search of subsurface cavities containing insect larvae. When a cavity is located, they gnaw away wood until the prey can be extracted. Previous researchers suggested that acoustical cues reveal cavity location. We designed five studies to identify the cavity features that provide acoustical cues. When cavities were backfilled with gelatin or acoustical foam, excavation was still successful, suggesting that the reverberation of sound in air-filled cavities is not necessary for detection. Moreover, when the density of cavity content was varied, there was no difference in excavation frequency. On the other hand, a one-dimensional break in the subsurface wood was an effective stimulus for excavation. These studies suggest that a simple interface beneath the surface is sufficient to elicit excavation and that neither prey nor cavity nor even small air pockets are necessary to elicit the behavior. These results raise provocative questions as to how the aye-aye manages to forage efficiently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020363128240
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vocal tract resonances in oscine bird sound production: evidence from birdsongs in a helium atmosphere (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 325 (1987), S. 53-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] One factor determining the acoustic resonances of a tube such as the vocal tract is sound velocity10. When atmospheric nitrogen (comprising 80% of ordinary air) is replaced with the less dense gas helium, the velocity of sound increases from 331 m sec"1 to 578 m sec"1, and the resonance ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325053a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defense of a rove beetle (Creophilus maxillosus) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 159-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Creophilus maxillosus ; defensive secretion ; ant repellent ; bioassay ; isoamyl acetate ; isoamyl alcohol ; iridodial ; actinidine ; dihydronepetalactone ; (E)-8-oxocitronellyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The abdominal defensive glands ofC. maxillosus secrete a mixture (70μg/beetle) of isoamyl alcohol (I), isoamyl acetate (II), iridodial (III), actinidine (IV), dihydronepetalactone (VE), and (E)-8-oxocitronellyl acetate (X). When disturbed, the beetle everts the glands and revolves the abdomen so as to wipe the glands against the offending agent. Fecal fluid is commonly emitted at the same time and may become added to the glandular material. Ants (Formica exsectoides) are effectively fended off by the beetle and were shown in bioassays (Monomorium destructor) to be repelled by the four major components of the secretion (II, III, X, VE); the principal component (VE) was the most active. Some anatomical features of the glands are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987779
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flock-specific recognition of chickadee calls (1983)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 12 (1983), S. 317-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Playback tests were conducted to determine whether black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) flocks recognize the difference between their own calls and those of another flock. The ‘chick-a-dee’ call of the species includes flock-specific acoustic differences that arise, in part, from vocal convergence among flock-members. The call is used in behavioral contexts such as flock territory defense and predator ‘mobbing’, suggesting its importance in coordinating flock behavior. The results show significant differences between responses to foreign and resident calls. Test flocks responded to foreign calls by increasing their own calling rate and decreasing their foraging rate at a feeder set up above the playback speaker. Test flocks' responses to their own calls did not differ significantly from baseline levels of behavior. The significance of flock recognition based on an acoustic signal is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302899
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Song-type sharing in song sparrows: implications for repertoire function and song learning (1998)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 42 (1998), S. 437-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Birdsong ; Repertoires ; Song sharing ; Song learning ; Geographic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One hypothesis for the function of song repertoires is that males learn multiple song types so that they may share songs with neighbors, allowing them to match during territorial interactions. In at least one song sparrow population, in Washington, territorial males share a high proportion of song types with their neighbors and use these shared songs in matching. We recorded song sparrows in Pennsylvania and quantified sharing of whole songs and song segments. We found that song sharing is an order of magnitude less common in the Pennsylvania population. We found sharing of song segments to be significantly more common than the sharing of whole songs in three of the five fields we examined, while we found no significant differences between whole and partial song sharing in the remaining two fields. Finally, we found no evidence that sharing is greater between birds in the same field compared to birds in different fields. Taken with the data from Washington song sparrows, these results provide evidence for intraspecific geographic variation in the organization of song repertoires, and suggest that song sharing has not been a strong selective force in the evolution of song repertoires in song sparrows as a species. Furthermore, Washington and Pennsylvania song sparrows differ in how they learn song, in that Washington birds copy whole songs, while Pennsylvania birds appear to copy and recombine song segments, as has been found in laboratory studies of song learning. Thus both song learning and the function of song repertoires differ between populations of song sparrows. Such intraspecific geographic variation offers a unique opportunity to explore the ecological and historical factors which have influenced the evolution of song.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050458
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal patterning of within-song type and between-song type variation in song repertoires (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Song types ; Repertoires ; Sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In many songbird species, males sing a repertoire of distinct song types. Song sparrows typically are described as having repertoires of about a dozen song types, but these song types are themselves quite variable and some songs are produced that appear intermediate between two types. In this study we quantify the similarity between successive songs produced by song sparrows in order to determine if differences between song types are emphasized or deemphasized in bouts of continuous singing. In spite of the high degree of variation within song types and similarity between song types observed in this species, we show that transitions from one song type to the next are distinct as compared to transitions within sequences of the same type (Figs. 4 and 5). Variation does not “accumulate” across sequences of the same song type, and the average variation observed within a continuous sequence of the same song type is significantly less than is predicted from the total variation recorded for that type across many different bouts (Fig. 6). These results support the view that song sparrows include two levels of variation in their singing: differences between song types as is commonly observed in species with song repertoires, and an independent level of variation observed for songs of the same type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209779
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal patterning of within-song type and between-song type variation in song repertoires (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words: Song types ; Repertoires ; Sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. In many songbird species, males sing a repertoire of distinct song types. Song sparrows typically are described as having repertoires of about a dozen song types, but these song types are themselves quite variable and some songs are produced that appear intermediate between two types. In this study we quantify the similarity between successive songs produced by song sparrows in order to determine if differences between song types are emphasized or deemphasized in bouts of continuous singing. In spite of the high degree of variation within song types and similarity between song types observed in this species, we show that transitions from one song type to the next are distinct as compared to transitions within sequences of the same type (Figs. 4 and 5). Variation does not “accumulate” across sequences of the same song type, and the average variation observed within a continuous sequence of the same song type is significantly less than is predicted from the total variation recorded for that type across many different bouts (Fig. 6). These results support the view that song sparrows include two levels of variation in their singing: differences between song types as is commonly observed in species with song repertoires, and an independent level of variation observed for songs of the same type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209779
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual differences and within-flock convergence in chickadee calls (1981)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 9 (1981), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A detailed sound analysis of the Chick-adee call of the black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) was performed in order to determine a basis for individual recognition and for imitation within winter flocks. During the winter of 1978–1979 members of five free-living black-capped chickadee flocks were uniquely marked for individual identification, and their calls were recorded in the field. Nested analysis of variance of temporal call parameters measured from sonagrams and spectral parameters from frequency spectra showed that there were significant differences between individuals within flocks for every parameter measured. There were significant differences between flocks in the frequency ranges 800–2,200 Hz and 4,000–5,300 Hz, in the spectral parameters bandwidth and maximum frequency, and in the duration of the Dee syllable and total call duration. Members of four of the five flocks were captured in December 1978 and held in aviaries segregated by original flock membership. In January 1979 the memberships of the three aviaries were rearranged to form experimental flocks. After one month, there were significant differences among the experimental flocks in the duration of the Dee syllable and total call duration. Convergence, as indicated by a significant decrease in variance among members (F-test), occurred in the experimental flock in Aviary 1 and was concentrated in the frequency ranges 1,300–1,800 and 6,200–6,900 Hz. The members of this experimental flock differed from each other in the number of 100 Hz frequency intervals within which each changed its own call. The Chick-a-dee call contains sufficient information that it can potentially be used by black-capped chickadees for individual recognition. In addition, both field and aviary data suggest that flock members converge in some call characteristics. Possible explanations of the social significance of vocal convergence in chickadee flocks are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302935
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal patterning of within-song type and between-song type variation in song repertoires (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Song types ; Repertoires ; Sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In many songbird species, males sing a repertoire of distinct song types. Song sparrows typically are described as having repertoires of about a dozen song types, but these song types are themselves quite variable and some songs are produced that appear intermediate between two types. In this study we quantify the similarity between successive songs produced by song sparrows in order to determine if differences between song types are emphasized or deemphasized in bouts of continuous singing. In spite of the high degree of variation within song types and similarity between song types observed in this species, we show that transitions from one song type to the next are distinct as compared to transitions within sequences of the same type (Figs. 4 and 5). Variation does not “accumulate” across sequences of the same song type, and the average variation observed within a continuous sequence of the same song type is significantly less than is predicted from the total variation recorded for that type across many different bouts (Fig. 6). These results support the view that song sparrows include two levels of variation in their singing: differences between song types as is commonly observed in species with song repertoires, and an independent level of variation observed for songs of the same type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197003
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  • 10
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    Unknown
    Context-dependent categorical perception in a songbird (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-05
    Description: Some of the psychological abilities that underlie human speech are shared with other species. One hallmark of speech is that linguistic context affects both how speech sounds are categorized into phonemes, and how different versions of phonemes are produced. We here confirm earlier findings that swamp sparrows categorically perceive the notes that constitute their learned songs and then investigate how categorical boundaries differ according to context. We clustered notes according to their acoustic structure, and found statistical evidence for clustering into 10 population-wide note types. Examining how three related types were perceived, we found, in both discrimination and labeling tests, that an “intermediate” note type is categorized with a “short” type when it occurs at the beginning of a song syllable, but with a “long” type at the end of a syllable. In sum, three produced note-type clusters appear to be underlain by two perceived categories. Thus, in birdsong, as in human speech, categorical perception is context-dependent, and as is the case for human phonology, there is a complex relationship between underlying categorical representations and surface forms. Our results therefore suggest that complex phonology can evolve even in the absence of rich linguistic components, like syntax and semantics.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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