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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lymantria dispar (L.) ; diet switching ; nitrogen ; specialization ; plant-animal interactions ; insect behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) larvae were reared from hatch on 1.25% N or 3.5% N artificial diet (previous diet) and switched reciprocally to the other diet (current diet) after molting into the second, third, fourth, or fifth instar. The nitrogen concentration of food consumed during previous instars had a strong residual effect on the growth rate in subsequent instars when a diet switch was made during instars two through four, but did not affect growth rate of fifth-instar larvae despite effects on food consumption and utilization. In early instars, larvae reared on 1.25% N artificial diet and then switched to 3.75% N diet had lower mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae continuously reared on 3.75% N diet. Conversely, larvae reared on 3.75% N diet and switched to 1.25% N had higher mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae reared continuously on 1.25% N diet. Relative to larvae previously reared on 1.25% N diet, fifth-instar male larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet had slightly lower consumption rates, higher net growth efficiency (ECD), and higher gross growth efficiency (ECI). Larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet tended to have lower food assimilation efficiency (AD) and lower nitrogen assimilation efficiency (AD(N)). Although both previous and current diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected larval growth and food utilization, the interaction term between these was not significant for any response variables except ECD and ECI. Because the interaction term reflects the effect of switching per se, the results indicate that there was a metabolic cost associated with switching, but no inherent net cost or benefit of diet-switching to growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; microenvironment ; irrigation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This study examined the impact of irrigation water on certain aspects of an insect-plant relationship in the field including the assessment of plant-mediated water effects on an herbivore's development, survival, and behavior, and plant damage parameters and host tissue water status. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design in the field over two years in North Carolina (NC). Four blocks were subjected to three different irrigation treatments initiated ca. one week before anthesis: optimal, intermediate, deficit water supply. Each plant was infested with one (1986) or two (1987) black head stage, E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.)] (ECB) egg masses at tasselling. ECB development, tunnelling site, and survival as well as plant tissue water status (tissue % water contents [θ] & leaf water potentials [Ψ]) were recorded through July. The irrigation effect on ECB parameters was slight and variable. Internal stalk temperatures of optimal plants were consistently cooler than their deficit counterparts (1 day-degree/day). With degree-days included as an explanatory variable in the analyses, there were no significant irrigation effects on the ECB parameters, except for total proportion of ECB's bored into maize plant parts. More ECB's bored into drier plants than in optimal plants; however, this trend was not significant in 1987. Plant water indices showed that though Ψ responded to irrigation, there were only minor changes in tissue θ, particularly in view of the larger diurnal tissue changes observed and the relatively high, sustained stalk θ levels seen over all treatments. Examination of ECB pupal θ confirmed that dietary water changes were minor or non-limiting to the insects' developmental physiology, because pupal θ was not sensitive to the irrigation treatments. Though water supply changes have drastic developmental and agronomic consequences for the maize plant, little or no changes were seen in the ECB feeding environment. Furthermore, a plant damage model was developed whereby the total % of ECB's tunnelled into maize was related to the mean larval age. The implications of this model on the understanding of ECB tunnelling behavior, damage potential, and pest management is noted.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonia ; synthesis ; nitrogen ; rate-determining step ; potassium promotion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The simple concept of a single rate-determining step, the dissociation of N2(a), in ammonia synthesis is inconsistent with experimental results. It is proposed that three reaction steps, N2(a) → 2N(a) (1) N(a) + H(a)→NH(a) (2) NH3(a)→NH3(g) (3) are dominant in determining the rate of synthesis. Under industrial conditions reactions (2) and (3) are more important than (1). The role of K+ as promoter in these reactions is discussed, especially as an “anchor” for adsorbed oxygen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemisorption ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; platinum ; water gas shift reaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between sites responsible for nitrogen chemisorption and sites responsible for stronger adsorption of carbon dioxide on platinum black is reported. A 2 to 1 ratio has been found between molecules of more strongly adsorbed carbon dioxide and molecules of nitrogen chemisorbed on individual samples. This relationship has allowed us to deduce the structure of chemisorbed carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is relatively weakly chemisorbed on platinum. Reasons for the weakness of this chemisorption are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 72 (1983), S. 1167-1196 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Schlagwort(e): Experiment ; anisotropy ; stress ; strain ; pure shear ; simple shear ; buckling ; bending ; macroscopic fabric ; symmetry ; flexural-slip fold ; kink band ; Jura-Mountains ; Rhenish Massif (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Ruhr district)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract An applicable interpretation of fabrics should be based mainly on geometrical considerations in order to cover available field data. Therefore a theory on the formation of foldtype fabrics including congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds as well as kink bands in materials subjected to rhombic and different monocline strain types is derived by means of particle motion fields for homogeneous and isotropic bodies. The analysis of experimental results and their comparison with field observations largely confirms the theory and contributes to its improvement. Some trends can be established: With increasing monocline character of the strain type, the probability of concentric and congruent flexural-slip folding is reduced. It is substituted by kink band formation. While the portion of monocline strain is enlarged with depth, rhombic fold symmetry indicates, in the realm of elastic-plastic behaviour, the proximity of the surface of the earth or of a detachment surface. With gradual increase of the rock anisotropy, the development of shear faults, kink folds and, finally, congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds is favoured.
    Kurzfassung: Résumé L'interprétation, en vue de son application, de la genèse des formes structuraux résultant de processus tectoniques doit être basée essentiellement sur des raisonnements géométriques pour qu'elle corresponde à la structure des observations faites sur le terrain. Pour cette raison, une théorie de la formation des formes structuraux d'aspect plissé, y compris des plis semblables ou isopaques à glissement banc sur banc ainsi que des knicks, est développée à partir d'une figuration générale des mouvements des particules dans les corps homogènes et isotropes soumis à des déformations à symétrie orthorhombique ou monoclinique. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux et des comparaisons avec des observations sur le terrain confirment largement la théorie et contribuent à son perfectionnement. Quelques tendances se dessinent: avec l'accroissement du caractère monoclinique de la déformation s'accroît aussi la probabilité de la formation des knicks plutôt que des plis à glissements banc sur banc, concentriques et congruents. Tandis que la déformation monoclinique prend une part plus importante avec la profondeur, la symétrie orthorhombique des plis en régime de déformation élastoplastique indique la proximité de la surface de la Terre ou d'une surface de décollement. Avec l'augmentation de l'anisotropie des roches, la formation de cassures de cisaillement, de knicks et enfin de plis semblables et isopaques à glissement banc sur banc est favorisée.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Eine anwendungsbezogene Deutung der Gefügegenese muß in erster Linie auf geometrischen Überlegungen beruhen, damit sie auf Geländedaten übertragen werden kann. Ausgehend von Partikelbewegungsfeldern, die für homogene und isotrope Körper gelten, wird eine Theorie der Genese faltenförmiger Gefüge entwickelt, die konzentrische und kongruente Biegegleitfalten und Knickzonen bei rhombischen und monoklinen Deformationstypen erfaßt. Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten und der Vergleich mit Geländebefunden bestätigen weitgehend die Theorie und tragen zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung bei. Einige Trends zeichnen sich ab: Mit steigender Monoklinität des Deformationstyps nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bildung von Knickzonen auf Kosten von konzentrischen und kongruenten Biegegleitfalten zu. Während der Anteil monokliner Deformation zur Tiefe hin größer wird, zeigt eine rhombische Symmetrie der Falten im elastisch-plastischen Bereich die Nähe der Erdoberfläche oder einer Abscherungsfläche an. Bei zunehmender Anisotropie werden zunächst bevorzugt Scherbrüche, dann Knickzonen und schließlich kongruente und konzentrische Biegegleitfalten gebildet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 72 (1983), S. 421-450 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Schlagwort(e): Experiment ; anisotropy ; stress ; strain ; pure shear ; simple shear ; buckling ; bending ; macroscopic fabric ; symmetry ; flexural-slip fold ; kink band ; Jura-Mountains ; Rhenish Massif (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Ruhr district)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract An applicable interpretation of fabrics should be based mainly on geometrical considerations in order to cover available field data. Therefore a theory on the formation of foldtype fabrics including congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds as well as kink bands in materials subjected to rhombic and different monocline strain types is derived by means of particle motion fields for homogeneous and isotropic bodies. The analysis of experimental results and their comparison with field observations largely confirms the theory and contributes to its improvement. Some trends can be established: With increasing monocline character of the strain type, the probability of concentric and congruent flexural-slip folding is reduced. It is substituted by kink band formation. While the portion of monocline strain is enlarged with depth, rhombic fold symmetry indicates, in the realm of elastic-plastic behaviour, the proximity of the surface of the earth or of a detachment surface. With gradual increase of the rock anisotropy, the development of shear faults, kink folds and, finally, congruent and concentric flexural-slip folds is favoured.
    Kurzfassung: Résumé L'interprétation, en vue de son application, de la genèse des formes structuraux résultant de processus tectoniques doit être basée essentiellement sur des raisonnements géométriques pour qu'elle corresponde à la structure des observations faites sur le terrain. Pour cette raison, une théorie de la formation des formes structuraux d'aspect plissé, y compris des plis semblables ou isopaques à glissement banc sur banc ainsi que des knicks, est développée à partir d'une figuration générale des mouvements des particules dans les corps homogènes et isotropes soumis à des déformations à symétrie orthorhombique ou monoclinique. L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux et des comparaisons avec des observations sur le terrain confirment largement la théorie et contribuent à son perfectionnement. Quelques tendances se dessinent: avec l'accroissement du caractère monoclinique de la déformation s'accroît aussi la probabilité de la formation des knicks plutôt que des plis à glissements banc sur banc, concentriques et congruents. Tandis que la déformation monoclinique prend une part plus importante avec la profondeur, la symétrie orthorhombique des plis en régime de déformation élastoplastique indique la proximité de la surface de la Terre ou d'une surface de décollement. Avec l'augmentation de l'anisotropie des roches, la formation de cassures de cisaillement, de knicks et enfin de plis semblables et isopaques à glissement banc sur banc est favorisée.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Eine anwendungsbezogene Deutung der Gefügegenese muß in erster Linie auf geometrischen Überlegungen beruhen, damit sie auf Geländedaten übertragen werden kann. Ausgehend von Partikelbewegungsfeldern, die für homogene und isotrope Körper gelten, wird eine Theorie der Genese faltenförmiger Gefüge entwickelt, die konzentrische und kongruente Biegegleitfalten und Knickzonen bei rhombischen und monoklinen Deformationstypen erfaßt. Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten und der Vergleich mit Geländebefunden bestätigen weitgehend die Theorie und tragen zu ihrer Weiterentwicklung bei. Einige Trends zeichnen sich ab: Mit steigender Monoklinität des Deformationstyps nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bildung von Knickzonen auf Kosten von konzentrischen und kongruenten Biegegleitfalten zu. Während der Anteil monokliner Deformation zur Tiefe hin größer wird, zeigt eine rhombische Symmetrie der Falten im elastisch-plastischen Bereich die Nähe der Erdoberfläche oder einer Abscherungsfläche an. Bei zunehmender Anisotropie werden zunächst bevorzugt Scherbrüche, dann Knickzonen und schließlich kongruente und konzentrische Biegegleitfalten gebildet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): acidification ; Chrysophyceae ; cyst ; paleolimnology ; Sierra Nevada ; statospore ; stomatocyst
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Thirty-three lakes in the Sierra Nevada range of California were investigated as part of a paleoecological study of the potential effects of acid deposition on sensitive lake/watershed ecosystems. Chrysophyte cysts from surface sediment samples were analyzed and compared with data on pH and alkalinity. This paper identifies the twenty-five dominant chrysophyte cyst taxa and provides information on their morphology, abundance, distribution and ecology. Chrysophycean cysts were generally abundant and well-preserved in lake sediments of our study sites. Twelve taxa occurred in more than twenty of the thirty-three lakes; these taxa were often quite abundant. In contrast, only nine taxa occurred in ten or fewer lakes. Abundance Weighted Mean (AWM) pH varied from 6.45 to 8.34 and AWM alkalinity varied from 46 to 588 μeq/L. We delineated pH preference categories, based on AWM pH values and frequency diagrams of cyst abundance vs. lake-water pH. We classified five taxa as acidophilous, nine as circumneutrals, six as alkaliphilous and five as indifferent. Given that the cyst types differ greatly in their abundance relative to pH and alkalinity, it is clear that they have potential for paleolimnological studies of Sierra lakes biogeochemistry.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): coring device ; paleolimnology ; sediments
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 253-255 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; paleoecology ; limnology ; coring ; sediments ; education
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Instructions for construction and use of a simple and inexpensive sediment coring device are presented. The sampler is suitable for use in high school and undergraduate science courses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 191-214 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): geochemistry ; metals ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology ; United States
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Sediment cores from 30 low-alkalinity lakes in northern New England (NE), New York (NY), the northern Great Lakes States (NGLS) of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Florida (FL) have been dated by 210Pb and analyzed for water and organic content, eight major elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K) plus four trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and V). Variations in the percentages of major elements through time are dominated by long-term independent variations in the abundance of SiO2, FeO, and to a lesser extent Ca and Al. Additional variations are caused by varying proportions of inorganic matter. Major variations in chemistry are generally unrelated to documented distrubances in the watersheds; most disturbances are minor fires or selective logging. Accelerated accumulation of Pb from atmospheric sources into sediment first occurs in sediment dated between 1800 and 1850 in NY and NE, slightly later in the NGLS region, and about 1900 in FL. Modern accumulation rates in all areas are comparable (ca. 1 to 4 μg cm−2 yr−1). Accumulation rates of Pb in some lakes have declined significantly from 1975 to 1985. Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Zn and Cu is also indicated by generally increasing accumulation rates in sediment cores, but the record is not as clear nor are chemical profiles in all lakes parallel to the trends in atmospheric emissions inferred on the basis of fossil fuel consumption, smelting, and other industrial activities. Inter-lake variations in profiles of Cu and Zn are large. Vanadium accumulation rates increase by the 1940s in NY and NE, but not until the 1950s in the NGLS region. This timing correlates with regional trends in the combustion of fuel oil, a major source of atmospheric V. Acidification of some of the lakes is suggested by decreases in the concentration and accumulation rates of Mn, Ca, and Zn in recent sediment, relative to other elements of catchment origin. The decreases generally occur slightly before the onset of acidification as indicated by diatoms. Increased sediment accumulation rates for Fe may indicate the acidification of watershed soils. The use of the accumulation rate of TiO2 as an indicator of rates of erosion and for normalization of trace metal accumulation rates is in question for lakes where the flux of TiO2 from the atmosphere varies and is a significant fraction of the total flux of TiO2 to the sediment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): diatoms ; paleolimnology ; paleoclimatology ; sediments ; radiocarbon chronology ; East Africa (Kenya)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract A 12 m sediment core recovered from the south basin of Lake Turkana, northwestern Kenya, reveals four major diatom assemblages that span approximately 5450 to 1070 years BP based on AMS radiocarbon analyses. The oldest assemblage, Zone D (5450 to 4850 yr BP), is dominated by Melosira nyassensis and Stephanodiscus spp. and is interpreted to reflect higher lake levels, fresher water and more variable seasonal mixing of the water column than the modern lake. Melosira dominates the assemblage in Zone C (4850 to 3900 yr BP) with some Surirella engleri and Stephanodiscus. This assemblage indicates a continuation of relatively high lake levels and seasonal mixing of a stratified lake. The brief peak of Surirella, interpreted as benthic, suggests an episode of slightly lower lake level. Thalassiosira rudolfi and Surirella predominate since the beginning of Zone B (3900 to 1900 yr BP), reflecting a decrease in lake level and increase in water column salinity. Increasing dominance of Surirella in Zone A (1900 to 1070 yr BP) may suggest that the lake continued to decrease in depth. Salinity probably rose to levels comparable with the modern lake. These results are consistent with paleoclimatic interpretations based on carbonate abundance, lamination thickness, oxygen isotope and bulk geochemistry profiles from this core and cores recovered from the north basin. It extends the known paleolimnology beyond 4000 yr BP of the earlier research to 5450 yr BP and into the early to mid Holocene pluvial phase in northern intertropical east Africa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 55-71 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): Malawi ; sediments ; diatom ; paleolimnology ; paleoecology ; nutrients
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Lake Malawi lies in a major rift valley in Central Africa that is some 700 m deep and 550 km long. A total of 242 cores and 111 grab samples were recovered between 1984 and 1989 and form the data base for a study of diatom distribution in this lake basin. The sediments consist of homogeneous diatomites, pelagic diatomaceous muds, varved diatomite-mud couplets, turbidites, littoral sand sheets and extensive deposits of ferro-manganous nodules. Fossil diatoms show major temporal and regional contrasts between the southern, central and northern areas of the lake. A wide variety of Aulacoseira species occur in the southern lake sediments. To the north, the Nkhotakota region is generally characterised by Stephanodiscus and Aulacoseira, with occasional diatomite laminae composed of Aulacoseira or Nitzschia. The central parts of the lake show the greatest variation, with Stephanodiscus, Nitzschia and Aulacoseira all being prominent. The northern region is dominated by Aulacoseira nyassensis throughout most core sequences. Variability in these assemblages appears to be controlled by Si:P ratios, Si concentrations, turbulence and light penetration. These factors themselves are influenced by differences in the depth and duration of lake mixing due to variations in wind strength, seiches and bottom topography among different regions of the lake and from lakewide circulation patterns.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 145-156 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): Experimental Lake Area (ELA) ; paleolimnology ; inferred pH ; diatoms ; acidification ; sediment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Relationships between sedimentary diatom assemblages and lakewater pH values from 36 lakes and experimentally acidified Lake 223, in the Experimental Lakes Area, were analyzed. The relationships were used to assign diatoms in the 36 lakes into pH preference groupings. Based on their regional distribution Cyclotella stelligera and Tabellaria flocculosa strain IIIp were categorized as pH indifferent, in comparison to other areas were they have been categorized as acidophilic. Two models were then applied to calculate transfer coefficients which were used to calculate diatom-inferred pH values for Lake 223. Index B and a multiple linear regression of the pH groupings yielded similar correlations (r2 0.82 and 0.84 respectively, p=0.0001). The multiple linear regression inferred a pH of 5.36 for acidified Lake 223 compared to a measured pH of 5.46.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Wheat ; nitrogen ; grain protein content ; grain filling ; urea spraying
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the effect of foliar urea spraying during or after anthesis, on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the wheat grain of two cultivars, differing in grain protein content. The experiment was carried out in the field, and 20 kg N ha−1 as urea (46-0-0) was sprayed at anthesis, 7 or 14 days after anthesis. Dry weight, N content and N percentage of the grain were determined at several stages of its development. Neither the rate nor the duration of dry matter accumulation in the grain was significantly modified by N sprayings at anthesis or later and, consequently, not its final weight. Nitrogen sprayings at anthesis or later increased the grain N content and N percentage at ripeness in both cultivars, but to a greater extent in the low grain protein cultivar. Greater N content in the grain was attributed to a rapid uptake of the N applied and not to a longer duration of the period of N accumulation. The different responses of the cultivars to N sprayings can be related to differences in N demand, and is probably associated, also, to a genetic ability to accumulate N in the grain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): 15N ; nitrogen ; rice ; soil N ; N fertilizer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 58-76 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; chlorophyll-a ; slope estimator
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We estimate the response of chl-a (mg · m−3) to changes in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) by calculating the slopeS = Δchl-a/ΔTP in chl-a =f(TP) graphs. Results show that in years where algae are P-limited oligotrophic lakes respond less (median slope 0.21) to changes in nutrient concentrations than eutrophic lakes, (median slope 0.31) and these again less than hypereutrophic lakes, (median slope 1.02). We find no saturation value for the slope within the TP range considered (6–480 mg · m−3). Chl-a in eutrophic lakes responds more frequently to non-nutrient factors than oligotrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Results obtained by replacing TP with a new nutrient parameter, TP′ = 0.056 · TP · IN0.226, in which inorganic nitrogen, IN, is factored in, suggest that nitrogen has an influence on chl-a in oligotrophic lakes. Blue-green algae respond less to changes in TP than other algal species, e.g., diatoms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1082-1091 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Chemiluminescence ; phagocyte ; stress ; disease
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Phagocytes, the first-line cells of the body's defence mechanisms against invading pathogens, kill microorganisms by means of lysosomal degradative enzymes and highly toxic reactive oxygen intermediates. The reactive oxygen compounds are produced, in a process called the ‘respiratory burst’, by the NADPH oxidase complex in plasma membranes, and by myeloperoxidase in phagolysosomes after degranulation. These processes generate electronically excited states which, on relaxation, emit photons, giving rise to phagocyte chemiluminescence (CL). This paper describes the conditions for the measurement of CL, and reviews the activity of phagocytes from individuals undergoing stress or disease. The capability of phagocytes to emit photons reflects remarkably well the pathophysiological state of the host. In many cases even the magnitude of the stress, the presence of a pathogen in the body, or the activity of the disease can be estimated. Physiological changes, e.g. in the reproductive cycle, can also be predicted.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1041-1058 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Photon emission ; perturbation of homeostasis ; stress ; peroxidative damage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reviews an ultraweak luminescent response of selected biological systems (lower and higher plants, insects and spermatozoa) to certain kinds of detrimental mechanical, temperature, chemical and photochemical stress and to lethal factors. The enhancing effect of white light and formaldehyde on the ultraweak luminescence of yeast and spermatozoa cells is described for the first time. An increase in the percentage of long wavelengths (λ〉600 nm) with an increase in reaction time, and a significant influence of the suspending medium on the ultraweak luminescence, were observed. The vitality and motility of bull spermatozoa and the vitality of yeast cells were drastically decreased by treatment with white light, water, formaldehyde and iron-ions. Successive irradiation of intact bull spermatozoa cells with white light caused an increase in the intensity of delayed luminescence. An attempt has been undertaken to find stochastic models of non-stationary photon emission. The quasi-relaxation descending stage of non-stationary processes can be modeled as the Integrated Moving Average process IMA (0,1,1), and memory and transfer functions can describe the degree of perturbation in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The relation of the ultraweak luminescence response to perturbations of homeostasis is discussed in the framework of biochemical and physical models.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 623-629 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; heat shock ; stress ; heat shock protein ; gene regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Major alterations in genetic activity have been observed in every organism after exposure to abnormally high temperatures. This phenomenon, called the heat shock response, was discovered in the fruit flyDrosophila. Studies with this organism led to the discovery of the heat shock proteins, whose genes were among the first eukaryotic genes to be cloned. Several of the most important aspects of the regulation of the heat shock response and of the functions of the heat shock proteins have been unraveled inDrosophila.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): plant defense ; tobacco ; ethylene ; stress ; pathogenesis-related protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Vacuolar class I β-1,3-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.39) are believed to be important in the induced defense reaction of plants to fungal infection. We used antisense transformation to test this hypothesis and to identify other possible physiological functions of this enzyme. Nicotiana sylvestris plants were transformed with antisense constructions containing the region from position 27 to 608 of the coding sequence of the basic, vacuolar β-1,3-glucanase gene GLA of tobacco regulated by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA expression signals. Plants homozygous for this transgene showed a marked, ca. 20-fold reduction in the constitutive expression of class I β-1,3-glucanase antigen in their leaves. RNA blot analysis indicated that the antisense plants expressed low levels of the sense transcript of the host β-1,3-glucanase gene and the antisense transcript of the transgene. Immune blot analysis of plant extracts indicated that only expression of the N. sylvestris homologue of class I tobacco β-1,3-glucanase and not the acidic, class II isoforms of the enzyme was blocked in the antisense plants. Class I isoforms of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase were coordinately induced in leaves of untransformed and empty-vector-transformed N. sylvestris plants treated with ethylene or infected with the fungal leaf pathogen Cercospora nicotianae. In antisense plants, chitinase but not β-1,3-glucanase was induced under these conditions indicating that antisense transformation effectively blocks constitutive as well as induced expression of class I β-1,3-glucanase. Under greenhouse conditions, antisense plants developed normally and were fertile. The plants did not exhibit increased susceptibility to C. nicotianae infection. These results suggest that expression of the β-1,3-glucanase isoform blocked by antisense transformation is not necessary for ‘house-keeping’ functions of N. sylvestris nor defense against the fungal pathogen tested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): Cell division ; gene expression ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; protoplast ; stress ; ubiquitin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Four ubiquitin mRNA size classes were found to be differentially regulated in mesophyll protoplast-derived cultures of Nicotiana sylvestris. Three mRNA families of 1.9, 1.6 and 1.35 kb were expressed as soon as protoplasts were isolated. The 1.9 and 1.6 kb size classes were transiently expressed during the first hours of culture, whereas the level of expression of the 1.35 kb size class was maintained as long as cells kept dividing. A 0.7 kb mRNA size class started to be expressed just before the first divisions were observed. cDNAs corresponding to each of these families were isolated from a 6-h-old protoplast cDNA library and characterized. The 1.9, 1.6 and 1.35 kb mRNAs thus encode 7- or more, 6- and 5- mers, respectively, of ubiquitin whereas the 0.7 kb mRNAs encode a monomer of ubiquitin fused to a carboxyl extension protein of 52 amino acids. The expression of ubiquitin genes was studied, using probes specific for each of these transcript families, during protoplast culture and, for comparison, after various stresses including heat shock, HgCl2 treatment, a viral infection giving rise to a hypersensitive reaction, and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection which resulted in tumour formation. The 1.9 and 1.6 kb mRNA size classes were found to be stress-regulated, the 0.7 kb mRNA size class developmentally regulated and the 1.35 kb size class both stress- and developmentally regulated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): btuE ; glutathione peroxidase ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; protoplast ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A cDNA library from freshly isolated protoplasts was differentially screened using cDNAs from mesophyll cells, stressed leaf strips and cell suspension cultures. One of the selected clones, 6P229, turned out to encode a putative polypeptide showing homology to the btuE periplasmic protein of Escherichia coli and to animal selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases. A major difference was that the putative selenocysteine in the active site was not encoded by the termination codon TGA. The 6P229 gene was found to be expressed in germinating seeds, in apex and in flowers, as well as in stressed tissues. This pattern of expression would be consistent with a key role in cellular metabolism such as defense against oxidative stresses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 2 (1983), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; differentiation ; plant cell cultures ; heat shock
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The pattern of proteins synthesized by carrot cells after heat-shock was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A study was made of the time of appearance and disappearance of the heat-shock bands and a comparison was made of the heat-shock proteins present in cell extracts obtained from cell suspensions, callus, protoplasts and the different stages of somatic embryogenesis. From this comparison a number of differences and hence of stage-specific markers could be seen. This type of analysis was also carried out in the presence of α-amanitin in order to get information on the type of control of heat-shock protein synthesis. It turned out that in all stages after the initial globular stage, α-amanitin does not alter the heat-shock protein pattern suggesting pre-existence of the relative mRNA's.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): HMG-CoA reductase ; isoprenoid biosynthesis ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; protoplast ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A cDNA library from freshly isolated mesophyll protoplasts of Nicotiana sylvestris was differentially screened using cDNAs from leaves, leaf strips submitted to the same stress as protoplasts during the isolation procedure, and cell suspension cultures. One of the selected clones (6P2) was found to encode a putative polypeptide highly homologous to previously characterized 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductases. The C-terminal region of the polypeptide was highly conserved whereas its N-terminal region including the trans-membrane domains and the linker was more variable. Apart from protoplasts, the 6P2 gene was found to be expressed in apexes, anthers, roots, and in stressed leaf strips after 24h of culture, during the hypersensitive reaction to viral infection and after HgCl2 treatment. This pattern of expression is consistent with a role in plant defence mechanisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): cultivar ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; tuber
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The duration of dormancy of seed potatoes varies between years and between origins. Therefore, the effects of conditions during crop growth on dormancy of progeny tubers were studied. The effect of nitrogen during tuber bulking on the duration of dormancy was investigated in three field experiments with two cultivars. In addition to an application of 125 kg N/ha at planting, top dressings of 0–150 kg N/ha were given about 2 weeks after tuber initiation. Haulm was pulled about 4 weeks later. The effect of nitrogen rate at planting was also examined in one experiment. Nitrogen top dressings shortened dormancy in all experiments by 5–8 days. An increased nitrogen rate at planting resulted in a shorter dormancy when the duration of dormancy was expressed in days after tuber initiation, but not when it was expressed in days after haulm pulling, probably because extra nitrogen also delayed tuber initiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 365-375 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): cultivar ; heat sprouting ; nitrogen ; second growth ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; sprout ; tuber
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In two indoor experiments under short day conditions, the effect of temperature during tuber bulking on dormancy of tubers was investigated for cvs Diamant and Désirée. Temperature treatments started after tuber initiation and lasted for 4 weeks, after which the haulm was removed. In Experiment 1, the day/night temperature regimes 18/12, 22/22, 26/18 and 32/12 °C (T18/12 etc.) were compared. In Experiment 2, three day temperatures (18, 24 and 30 °C) were combined with three night temperatures (12, 18 and 24 °C), resulting in nine treatments. The dormancy of cv. Diamant was shortest after very high day temperatures (30–32 °C), but intermediate day temperatures (22–26 °C) had no shortening effect compared to T18/12. Dormancy of cv. Désirée was not shortened, but rather tended to be prolonged by high temperatures (22–32 °C) during growth. High temperatures during growth resulted in more sprouts per tuber after dormancy had ended.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Schlagwort(e): amino acids ; biomass ; fatty acids ; Isochrysis ; nitrogen ; starvation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Growth of cells ofIsochrysis galbana with either nitrate or ammonium as the N-source, and the effects of subsequent N-starvation of these cells, were compared. During exponential N-sufficient growth nitrate-grown cells had double the fatty acid content of the ammonium-grown cells but lower concentrations of a few amino acids. Following resuspension in N-free medium the fatty acid content of the ammonium-grown cells increased to that of the nitrate-grown cells, but there was no further increase in fatty acid content on a C-biomass or cellular basis during the following 4 days for either culture. Fatty acid synthesis was continuous during N-starvation, while it occurred during the light-phase only in exponential growth. The proportion of 18:1n9 fatty acid increased from 10 to 25% total fatty acids during N-starvation. Intracellular free amino acid content decreased in a similar manner in both cultures on N-starvation, the ratio of intracellular free amino-N/cell-C falling more rapidly than overall cellular N/C. It was concluded that optimal amino acid and fatty acid content would be attained by growth in the presence of excess nitrate. Measurements of chlorophyll and carotenoid content and ofin vivo fluorescence indicated that these parameters had potential for monitoring the C and N biomass in cultures grown under relatively constant (not necessarily continuous) illumination.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 22-26 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): ultrastructure ; myocardium ; stress ; catecholamines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; myocardium ; anoxia ; reoxygenation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): ultrastructure ; adrenal medulla ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 170-172 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; myocardium ; hypoxia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): atrium ; stress ; infarct ; phospholipases ; chloroquine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 351-353 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): blood plasma ; stress ; radioimmune method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; cytochromes P-450 and b5 ; demethylase activity ; lipid peroxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 741-743 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): atrium ; stress ; myocardial infarct ; lipid peroxidation ; actioxidants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 757-759 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): rats ; stress ; ischemia ; reperfusion ; contractile function of the heart ; cardiac output
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 763-766 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; contractile function of the heart ; glucocorticoids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1000-1003 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; cortisol ; injections ; circadian rhythms ; 11-hydroxycorticosteroids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1101-1104 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): serotonin ; S2 receptors ; stress ; behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1046-1050 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; bioelectrical activity ; hormones ; reticular formation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1275-1278 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; psychotropic drugs ; high-energy compounds ; brain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1414-1416 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; α-adrenoblocker phentolamine ; β-adrenoblocker inderal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1348-1351 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): monoamines ; analgesia ; stress ; auricular electroacupuncture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1501-1504 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; myocardium ; glycogen ; uridine ; extensibility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1675-1678 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): atrium ; myocardium ; stress ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1679-1681 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): myocardial infarction ; atrium ; gamma-hydroxybutyric acid ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1692-1695 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; psychotropic drugs ; oxidative phosphorylation ; brain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1716-1718 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; depression ; contractility of the heart
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 96 (1983), S. 1723-1726 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): stress ; adrenal gland ; phenazepam ; sodium hydroxybutyrate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 89 (1983), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): tobacco ; virus infection ; ethylene ; salicylic acid ; stress ; cycloheximide ; actinomycin D
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are induced in tobacco and other plant species by both biotic and abiotic agents, comprising necrotizing and non-necrotizing viruses, viroids, fungi, bacteria, specific physiological conditions and a variety of chemicals. Both ethephon and the natural precursor of ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, are good inducers and induction under all conditions investigated so far appears to be mediated by ethylene, except treatment with benzoic acid or its derivatives salicylic acid, aspirin, and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Whereas the production of ethylene appears to result from a general reaction to stress, the mechanism by whicho-hydroxylated benzoic acids induced PRs is different. In ‘Samsun NN’ tobacco, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and ethephon induced PRs in both the treated and the untreated leaves at 20°C, but not at 32°C. However, salicylic acid induces PRs only in the treated leaves, but is as effective at 32°C as it is at 20°C. It has been proposed, therefore, that ethylene leads to the temperature-sensitive synthesis of a, presumably aromatic, compound that mimics the action of salicylic acid and functions as the natural inducer of PRs. The induction of PR 1a and 1b by salicylic acid or ethephon is blocked by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D, whereas their accumulation upon TMV infection is inhibited up to 50% by actinomycin D. Actinomycin D similarly inhibits ethylene production in TMV-infected tobacco, supporting a role of ethylene in the induction of PRs in tobacco and indicating that ethylene acts by regulating the translation of the PR-mRNAs constitutively present but not translated in non-stimulated plants.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Brassica ; B. campestris ; B. carinata ; B. juncea ; B. naptus ; B. nigra ; B. oleracea ; calcium ; chloride ; potassium ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; sodium ; nutrients ; salinity ; salt-tolerance ; seawater
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The growth of six rapid-cycling lines of Brassica species, B. napus, B. campestris, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. oleracea and B. carinata was inhibited by seawater salinity. Based on the change in dry matter reduction relative to the control at varying concentrations of salts (4, 8 and 12 dS m-1), the relative salt tolerance of these species was evaluated. B. napus and B. carinata were the most tolerant and most sensitive species, respectively, while the other four species were moderately tolerant. The influence of seawater on the concentrations of 12 elements including macronutrients and micronutrients in the shoots of these Brassica plants was characterized to determine the relationship between nutritional disturbance and relative salt tolerance. It was found that seawater salinity had a significant effect on the concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Cl, Na and total N in the shoots of these plants but only the change in Ca concentration was significantly related to the relative salt tolerance of these six rapid-cycling Brassica species according to a rank analysis of the data. This finding indicates that Ca may play a regulatory role in the responses of Brassica species to saline conditions.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Acacia ; Eucalyptus regnans ; decomposition ; litterfall ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The N and P contents of the litter layer and the return of these nutrients in litterfall were measured in seven stands of Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) ranging in age from 5 years to about 250 years. Both annual litterfall and nutrient return were correlated with stand basal area and were high compared with other productive eucalypt forests. In contrast, the fall of dead eucalypt leaves was constant with stand age, demonstrating that sites are fully occupied at an early age. Similarly, amounts of N and P in total leaf fall (overstorey plus understorey) were constant with stand age, except for low amounts in the stand aged 40 years where Acacia spp., important fixers of atmospheric N, were not prevalent. The decomposition constant (k) of organic matter in the litter layer decreased with stand age, from 0.31 year-1 at age 5 years to 0.23 year-1 at age 250 years. These constants also applied to N and P, indicating a tight coupling between organic matter decomposition and release of these nutrients from litter. The litter layer released about 30 kg ha-1 of N at age 5 years, and about 70 kg ha-1 at age 80 years. These results are discussed in relation to growth of Mountain Ash following fire, and the subsequent retention and accumulation of N during stand development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 167-176 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Eucalyptus regnans ; mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory and in situ rates of N mineralization in soils from Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests were measured fortnightly for two years in stands aged 9, 40, 80 and about 250 years (overmature), and for one year in stands aged 5 and 46 years. Rates of anaerobic mineralization (the laboratory test) showed little seasonal or annual variation. In contrast, rates of in situ mineralization varied markedly with season, being highest in spring and summer. Anaerobic mineralization was highly correlated with stand age to 80 years, but decreased between ages 80 and 250 years. In situ mineralization also decreased between these two ages, but otherwise was not related to stand age. Hence, the correlation between anaerobic and in situ mineralization along the age sequence was weak, suggesting that the anaerobic test is of maximum utility when this pool is in balance with inputs from decomposing litter (‘steady-state’ ecosystems). Nitrification was strong in stands aged 9, 46, 80 and 250 years and weak in stands aged 5 and 40 years. Within stands, the rate of nitrification during each period of in situ containment was highly dependent on the supply of NH4 ions. Between stands, annual rates of nitrification appear to be related to the balance between the N capital of the site, its rate of turnover, and the demand for N by heterotrophs and vegetation so that if NH4 supply is depleted, little is left for autotrophic nitrifiers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; citrus ; nitrate ; NO3 −/NH4 + ratio ; nitrogen ; nutrient solution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In short-term water culture experiments with different 15N labeled ammonium or nitrate concentrations, citrus seedlings absorbed NH4 + at a higher rate than NO3 −. Maximum NO3 − uptake by the whole plant occurred at 120 mg L−1 NO3 −-N, whereas NH4 + absorption was saturated at 240 mg L−1 NH4 +-N. 15NH4 + accumulated in roots and to a lesser degree in both leaves and stems. However, 15NO3 − was mostly partitioned between leaves and roots. Adding increasing amounts of unlabeled NH4 + (15–60 mg L−1 N) to nutrient solutions containing 120 mg L−1 N as 15N labeled nitrate reduced 15NO3 − uptake. Maximum inhibition of 15NO3 − uptake was about 55% at 2.14 mM NH4 + (30 mg L−1 NH4 +-N) and it did not increase any further at higher NH4 + proportions. In a long-term experiment, the effects of concentration and source of added N (NO3 − or NH4 +) on nutrient concentrations in leaves from plants grown in sand were evaluated. Leaf concentration of N, P, Mg, Fe and Cu were increased by NH4 + versus NO3 − nutrition, whereas the reverse was true for Ca, K, Zn and Mn. The effects of different NO3 −-N:NH4 +-N ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100) at 120 mg L−1 total N on leaf nutrient concentrations, fruit yield and fruit characteristics were investigated in another long-term experiment with plants grown in sand cultures. Nitrogen concentrations in leaves were highest when plants were provided with either NO3 − or NH4 + as a sole source of N. Lowest N concentration in leaves was found with a 75:25 NO3 −-N/NH4 +-N ratio. With increasing proportions of NH4 + in the N supply, leaf nutrients such as P, Mg, Fe and Cu increased, whereas Ca, K, Mn and Zn decreased. Yield in number of fruits per tree was increased significantly by supplying all N as NH4 +, although fruit weight was reduced. The number of fruits per tree was lowest with the 75:25 NO3 −-N:NH4 +-N ratio, but in this treatment fruits reached their highest weight. Rind thickness, juice acidity, and colour index of fruits decreased with increasing NH4 + in the N supply, whereas the % pulp and maturity index increased. Percent of juice in fruits and total soluble solids were only slightly affected by NO3 −:NH4 + ratio.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Schlagwort(e): carbohydrate ; germination ; Impatiens L. ; Impatiens platypetala L. ; nitrogen ; tissue culture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In vitro germination of 20-day old immature ovules of Impatiens platypetala Lindl. was inhibited at concentrations as low as 50 mM sucrose or mannitol and 100 mM glucose. Younger ovules (12, 14, and 16 days old) were similarly inhibited at 100 mM sucrose. Inorganic nitrogen concentration did not affect germination regardless of ovule age, but seedling fresh weight was significantly less and abnormal development of seedlings was significantly increased by total inorganic nitrogen concentrations higher or lower than 30 mM (at a ratio of 20: 10 mM NO3 -: NH4 +) in the culture medium.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; lupins ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius L. were grown in a glasshouse in solutions containing NO3 -, NH4 + or NH4NO3 with a total nitrogen concentration of 2.8 M m-3 in each treatment. One cultivar chosen (75A-258) was relatively tolerant to alkaline soils whereas the other (Yandee) was intolerant to alkalinity. Controlled experiments were used to assess the impact of cationic vs. anionic forms of nitrogen on the relative performance of these cultivars. Relative growth rates (dry weight basis) were not significantly different between the two cultivars when grown in the presence of NO3 -, NH4 + or NH4NO3. However, when NO3 - was supplied, there was a modest decline in relative growth rates in both cultivars over time. When plants grown on the three sources of nitrogen for 9 days were subsequently supplied with 15NH4NO3 or NH4 15NO3 for 30 h, NH4 + uptake was generally twice as fast as NO3 - uptake, even for plants grown in the presence of NO3 -. Low rates of NO3 - uptake accounted for the decrease in growth rates over time when plants were grown in the presence of NO3 -. It is concluded that the more rapid growth of 75A-258 than Yandee in alkaline conditions was not due to preferential uptake of NH4 + and acidification of the external medium. In support of this view, acidification of the root medium was not significantly different between cultivars when NH4 + was the sole nitrogen source.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): critical concentration ; deficiency ; diagnosis ; growth rate ; lettuce ; luxury consumption ; nitrogen ; nitrate ; nutrient requirement ; petiole sap ; phosphorus ; phosphate ; potassium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A method is described for determining the way in which growth rate varies with plant nutrient concentration using a simple nutrient interruption technique incorporating only 2 treatments. The method involves measuring the changes in growth and nutrient composition of otherwise well-nourished plants after the supply of one particular nutrient has been withheld. Critical concentrations are estimated from the relationship between the growth rate (expressed as a fraction of that for control plants of the same size which remained well-nourished throughout) and the concentration of the growth-limiting nutrient in the plants as deficiency developed. Trials of the method using young lettuce plants showed that shoot growth rate was directly proportional to total N (nitrate plus organic N) concentration, and linearly or near-linearly related to K and P concentration over a wide range; the corresponding relationship for nitrate was strongly curvi-linear. Critical concentrations (corresponding to a 10% reduction in growth rate) determined from these results were similar to critical values calculated from models derived from field data, but were generally higher than published estimates of critical concentration (based on reductions in shoot weight) for plants of a similar size. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed. Nitrate, phosphate or potassium concentrations in sap from individual leaf petioles were highly sensitive to changes in shoot growth rate as deficiency developed, with the slope of the relationships varying with leaf position, due to differences both in their initial concentration and in the rates at which they were utilized in individual leaves. Each nutrient was always depleted more quickly in younger leaves than in older ones, providing earlier evidence of deficiency for diagnostic purposes. Although the plants were capable of accumulating nitrate, phosphate and potassium well in excess of that needed for optimum dry matter production during periods of adequate supply, the rate of mobilization of these reserves was insufficient to prevent reductions in growth rate as the plants became deficient. This brings into question the validity of the conventional concept that luxury consumption provides a store of nutrients which are freely available for use in times of shortage. The implications of these results for the use of plant analysis for assessing plant nutrient status are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Alternaria alternata ; black point ; fertilization ; irrigation ; nitrogen ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Agronomic studies were conducted to examine the effect of fertilizer N on black point incidence in Fielder soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.). Black point incidence rose with increases in the amount of N supplied either as fertilizer applied during the growing season in irrigation water or as soil N, specifically nitrate, from fertilizer N application in previous years. A comparison of four different irrigation regimes demonstrated that black point incidence was highest under frequent irrigation (irrigate to field capacity at 75% available moisture) and lowest under conventional irrigation (irrigate to field capacity at 50% available soil moisture). In each irrigation regime, disease incidence increased as N rates were raised from 0 to 120 kg ha-1. A residual fertilizer-N study demonstrated in 1985 and 1986 that black point incidence generally rose with increasing levels of nitrogen from either preplant applications in the spring or soil nitrate from the previous year. However, additions of fertilizer N were shown to slightly reduce black point incidence at soil nitrate levels above 150 kg ha-1. A two-year fertilizer N study demonstrated that in treatments receiving the same amount (90 kg ha-1) of fertilizer N, the amount broadcast as a preplant treatment versus the amount applied in irrigation water in a fertigation treatment had no effect on black point incidence, but all fertilized treatments had significantly higher levels of disease than the unfertilized check.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): barley ; fertilizer ; green manure ; legume ; lentil ; nitrogen ; non-nutritional response
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Green manure application may benefit subsequent crops not only by improving nitrogen (N) fertility but also via non-nutritional mechanisms. The quantification of the latter effect, however, is complicated by the confounding effect of N fertility. Two experiments were conducted in controlled environments to partition the yield response of barley to green manure between N and non-nutritional effects. Each experiment included a factorial of fertilizer N application rates and green manure application rates. The fertilizer was labelled with 15N to facilitate discrimination between N sources. Approximately 24% of the N applied in green manure was assimilated by barley after 45 days (Experiment 1) and 32% was recovered by barley grown to maturity (Experiment 2). Apparent recovery of green manure-N by barley was not appreciably affected by fertilizer application. Regression analysis of the relationship between dry matter yield and plant N uptake demonstrated that yield responses to green manure application were not entirely attributable to improved N fertility. For a given amount of N assimilated by the crop, yields were higher in green manure-amended treatments than in those receiving no green manure. In barley grown to maturity, barley response to N and non-nutritional effects were estimated to be 5.3 and 2.2g pot−1, respectively. The relationship between dry matter yield and N uptake is suggested as a method for distinguishing nutritional and non-nutritional yield responses. This approach assumes that no other nutrient is limiting growth. The presence of non-nutritional benefits observed in this study demonstrates that the agronomic value of green manure is not limited to N release and casts doubt on the assumptions inherent to calculation of fertilizer equivalents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): mineralization capacity ; nitrogen ; principal components analysis ; soil incubation ; temperate humid zone ; soils
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The N mineralization capacity of 41 temperate humid-zone soils of NW Spain was measured by aerobic incubation for 15 days at 28°C and 75% of field capacity. The main soil factors affecting organic N dynamics were identified by principal components analysis. Ammonification predominated over nitrification in almost all soils. The mean net N mineralization rate was 1.63% of the organic N content, and varied according to soil parent materials as follows: soils on basic and ultrabasic rocks 〈 soils over acid metamorphic rocks 〈 soils developed over sediments 〈 soils over acid igneous rocks 〈 soils on limestone. The N mineralization capacity was lower in natural soils than in cropped soils or pastures. The accumulation of organic matter (C and N) seems to be due to poor mineralization which was caused, in decreasing order of importance, by high exchangeable H-ion levels, high Al and Fe gel contents and, to a lesser extent (though more markedly in cropped soils), by silty clay texture and exchangeable Al ions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 181-187 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): genetics ; maize genotype ; mineral nutrition ; sand-alumina ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Genotype screening and selection for tolerance to low-phosphorus stress conditions is an important strategy for the development of cultivars growing on soils low in available P. This study was conducted to adjust an existing screening methodology which provides stable, diffusion-limited low-P concentrations for use with maize, and then use the modified methodology to select maize inbreds tolerant to low-P stress during the vegetative stage of development. Low and high-P concentration levels were established that provided a reproducible and diffusion-controlled availability of P to the plants at concentrations of 8–10 μM and 40–50 μM, respectively, of culture medium solution P at the time of transplanting. The procedure was also effective in providing low concentrations of P during the period of plant growth. The sand-alumina culture medium was used to screen 20 maize inbreds known to be efficient in P uptake or accumulation and/or tolerant to aluminum toxicity. The inbreds B37, Oh40B, NY821, Pa36, and MS1334 were selected as tolerant to low-P and WH, H99, H84, Pa32, and W37A were selected as intolerant to low-P in sand-alumina medium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): cultivars ; grains ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; tropical climate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract An earlier study revealed considerable genotypic variation in grain N, P and K concentrations (GNC, GPC and GKC, respectively) in tropical maize. The expression of varietal differences in GNC, GPC and GKC, however, may depend on environmental conditions such as the N status of the soil. Two tropical maize hybrids (Suwan 2301 and CP 1) with comparable yielding capacity, but contrasting GNCs, GPCs and GKCs, were therefore grown at four levels of N in a field experiment at Farm Suwan (Thailand, latitude 14.5°N). Suwan 2301 exhibited a higher GNC than did CP 1 at all rates of N, but large differences in GPC and GKC were found only at high N fertilization. This was obviously due to individual grain yield responses of the cultivars to increasing rates of N fertilizer, demonstrating that grain nutrient concentrations are, at least in part, functions of the amount of grain carbohydrates which dilute a genetically and environmentally fixed amount of grain P and K. As compared to Suwan 2301, CP 1 accumulated less N, P and K in the grains at almost all levels of N fertilization, confirming our hypothesis that the cultivation of maize genotypes with low grain mineral nutrient concentrations may help third-world cash-crop farmers to reduce the need for scarce and costly mineral fertilizers. This finding has to be verified at reduced availability of soil −P, −K, and water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): abiotic factors ; ectorganic layer ; forest ; mineralization ; moisture ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; pH ; regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The relationships between nitrogen transformations and moisture and pH in coniferous forest litter were determined using laboratory incubation experiments. A linear relation between gravimetric moisture content and nitrification was found within the whole studied range of moisture conditions (10–290% ODW). Net nitrogen mineralization increased linearly with moisture content up to 140% ODW. At higher moisture contents, net mineralization was found to be independent of moisture. Relative nitrification was found to be a linear function of moisture content. The dependence of the CO2 production rates on moisture in the coniferous litter decreased from low to high moisture availability. Due to a nearly linear relationship between gravimetric moisture content and log-(water potential) within the investigated moisture range, the same type of relationships were found with this latter parameter as well. The relationship between nitrogen transformations and pH was studied by means of the addition of different amounts of HCl and NaOH during short incubation experiments (1 week). Nitrification was found to be a negative linear function of the H-ion concentration within the range of 0.04 (pH 4.40) and 0.36 (pH 3.45) mmol H-ion L−1. At a higher H-ion concentration and thus at a lower pH than 3.45, no nitrate was produced any more. No relationship between net mineralization and pH was found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): assimilate partitioning ; carbon ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogenase ; nodulation ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; photosynthate ; pod-filling ; Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract It is not clear to what extent genetic, environmental and measurement factors are responsible for the commonly reported decline in nitrogenase activity with the onset of pod-filling in grain legumes. We address this question by observing nitrogenase activity and assimilate partitioning throughout the life span of an indeterminate variety of common bean (GN 1140) under controlled-environment and field conditions. Nitrogenase activity per plant was maintained well into pod-filling in GN 1140 under high-light conditions in growth cabinets. In contrast, plants exposed to a gradual reduction in light intensity during early reproductive growth had a decline in nitrogenase activity on a whole plant basis with the onset of pod-filling. However, the decline was due to an inability to maintain nodule growth, rather than a decrease in specific nitrogenase activity. Under field conditions, acetylene reduction assay of root crowns appeared to indicate a rapid decline in nitrogenase activity with the onset of pod-filling in GN 1140. This decline was not correlated with the water status of the soil or the plant. In contrast, acetylene reduction activity of root cores taken from outside the root crown region (‘non-crown’) and N accumulation by above-ground biomass during pod-filling suggested that whole plant nitrogenase activity was maintained longer than that indicated by root crown assays. We conclude that although the occurrence of a decline in nitrogenase activity with the onset of pod-filling in grain legumes can be genetically determined, in many cases the decline can be the result of growing conditions and improper measurement techniques.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 253-263 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): carbon ; exudation ; mineralisation ; nematode ; nitrogen ; protozoa ; rhizosphere ; root ; uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The possibility is examined that carbon (C) released into the soil from a root could enhance the availability of nitrogen (N) to plants by stimulating microbial activity. Two models are described, both of which assume that C released from roots is used by bacteria to mineralise and immobilise soil organic N and that immobilised N released when bacteria are grazed by bacterial-feeding nematodes or protozoa is taken up by the plant. The first model simulates the individual transformations of C and N and indicates that root-induced N mineralisation could supply only up to 10% of the plant's requirement, even if unrealistically ideal conditions are assumed. The other model is based on evidence that about 40% of immobilised N is subsequently taken up by the plant. A small net gain of N by the plant is shown (i.e. the plant takes up more N than it loses through exudation), although with exudate of up to C:N 33:1 less than 6% of the plant's requirement is supplied by root-induced N mineralisation. It is argued, however, that rhizosphere bacteria do not use plant-derived C to mineralise soil organic N to any great extent and that in reality root-induced N mineralisation is even less important than these models indicate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aquatic legumes ; Azolla ; Cyanobacteria ; flooded rice soils ; nitrogen ; N2 fixation ; tropics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper summarizes recent achievements in exploiting new biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) systems in rice fields, improving their management, and integrating them into rice farming systems. The inoculation of cyanobacteria has been long recommended, but its effect is erratic and unpredictable. Azolla has a long history of use as a green manure, but a number of biological constraints limited its use in tropical Asia. To overcome these constraints, the Azolla-Anabaena system as well as the growing methods were improved. Hybrids between A. microphylla and A. filiculoides (male) produced higher annual biomass than either parent. When Anabaena from high temperature-tolerant A. microphylla was transferred to Anabaena-free A. filiculoides, A. filiculoides became tolerant of high temperature. Azolla can have multiple purposes in addition to being a N source. An integrated Azolla-fish-rice system developed in Fujian, China, could increase farmers' income, reduce expenses, and increase ecological stability. A study using Azolla labeled with 15N showed the reduction of N losses by fish uptake of N. The Azolla mat could also reduce losses of urea N by lowering floodwater-pH and storing a part of applied N in Azolla. Agronomically useful aquatic legumes have been explored within Sesbania and Aeschynomene. S. rostrata can accumulate more than 100kg N ha-1 in 45 d. Its N2 fixation by stem nodules is more tolerant of mineral N than that by root nodules, but the flowering of S. rostrata is sensitive to photoperiod. Aquatic legumes can be used in rainfed rice fields as N scavengers and N2 fixers. The general principle of integrated uses of BNF in rice-farming systems is shown.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 31 (1992), S. 195-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): bundle sheath extension ; gas diffusion ; gas exchange ; heterobaric and homobaric leaves ; stomata ; stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Since 1986, non-uniform photosynthesis over the leaf area that may be attributed to patchy stomatal closure, has been an important issue in stress physiology of photosynthesis. In this review, I first outline the gaseous environment within the intercellular spaces, because this is the most fundamental background of this problem. Then, recent studies approaching non-uniform photosynthesis are reviwed. After examining techniques for the detection of non-uniform photosynthesis or non-uniform stomatal aperture, results of the relevant studies are discussed for respective stress factors, seeking causes and consequences of non-uniform photosynthesis. From these, mechanisms responsible for, and consequences of non-uniform photosynthesis, are considered. The problems which should be challenged are also pointed out.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): River Rhine ; phytoplankton ; suspended material ; carbon ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The spatial and temporal distribution of element concentrations were monitored together with chlorophyll a as an indicator of algal density to assess the effect of phytoplankton on the elemental composition (C, N, P) of suspended materials in the lower Rhine. The high concentrations of particulate C, N and P in the river were found to decrease in the delta and to increase again in the estuarine turbidity zone. Phytoplankton blooms increased the concentrations of particulate C, N, and P significantly in the upstream part of the river. In summer 1989, 15–65% of the particulate C and 20–75% of the particulate N were attributable to phytoplankton. Together with published data these observations indicate that in eutrophic rivers, the input of organic materials from the catchment is strongly modified and supplemented by in situ growth of phytoplankton. During seaward transport the phytoplankton and the particulate elements disappeared from the river water concomitantly with the suspended matter, indicating an increased retention of these elements due to sedimentation. In contrast, soluble ammonia, nitrite and phosphate increased in the tidal reaches of the river because of local input in the harbour and city of Rotterdam and because of mineralization. Therefore the total nutrient load of the Rhine estimated at the German/Dutch border does not reflect the actual input into the sea.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 230 (1992), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; phosphorus ; ricefield system ; drainage channels ; mediterranean Deltas
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen and phosphorus released into the water of a main drainage channel in the Ebro Delta was measured during a period of rice cultivation. An increase in total nitrogen and phosphorus in its different forms in accordance with the increase in cultivated area drained was observed. A significant correlation between the release of nutrients into the water and the nutrient load, for both nitrogen and phosphorus, if we consider the release of nutrients per unit of length of the channel and increased total phosphorus content of the water that flows through it during the period of rice cultivation. Physical and chemical changes in the water as a result of ricefield metabolism may explain the differences observed in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles between Ebro and Rhône Deltas, two mediterranean deltaic systems where a large area with similar drainage system is used for rice cultivation.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 43-57 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): eutrophication ; paleolimnology ; diatoms ; sediment chemistry ; peatland management
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Stratigraphy of diatoms and chemistry in the surface sediment deposited at 35 m depth in Lake Polvijärvi was studied. The existence of annual laminations or varves in the sediment allowed a precise dating of the profile. Diatoms were analysed in 0.5 cm sequences; from 0 to 16.0 cm continuously and then intermittently every fourth 0.5 cm down to 44.0 cm. Sediment chemistry (loss-on-ignition, C, N, Fe, Mn, Mg, P, chlorophyll and carotenoids) was analysed from sediment surface down to 10.5 cm of altogether 33 subsamples, each containing 1–3 varves, and spanning the period 1921–1980. From 4.5 cm depth upwards the diatom concentration strongly increases, and the plankton diatom succession from Tabellaria flocculosa through Asterionella formosa to Melosira ambigua and Fragilaria crotonensis reflects a marked eutrophication of the lake. This algal succession occurs in pace with an increase in sediment accumulation rate and changes in sediment chemistry, which indicate increased allochthonous inputs and enhanced algal production in the lake. The change of the lake ecosystem is contemporaneous with extensive peatland draining and fertilizing that was carried out on its watershed during the past two decades. Existing chemical data from a number of lakes situated within the drainage area prove that at present the treated peatlands are the main source of nutrient loading of Lake Polvijärvi. A former period with indications of slightly increased productivity of the lake was dated by varve counting to AD 1690–1910 (35–12 cm). This period (characterised by Asterionella formosa) may coincide with that of the slash-and-burn cultivation in the area.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): cypress swamp ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; periphytic algae ; phosphorus ; phytoplankton
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Both periphytic and planktonic algae are found in areas of the seasonally flooded Great Dismal Swamp (Virginia, U.S.A.). The dynamics of these algae were studied in a cypress stand and the periphytic algae appeared to be important as nutrient conservers. Clear temporal patterns in phytoplankton dominance were also observed.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): nutrient regeneration ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; sediment ; lakes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The mineralization of phosphorus and nitrogen from seston was studied in consolidated sediment from the shallow Lake Arreskov (July and November) and in suspensions without sediment (July). In the suspension experiment, phosphorus and nitrogen were mineralized in the same proportions as they occurred in the seston. During the 30 days suspension experiment, 47 and 43% of the particulate phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively, was mineralized with constant rates. Addition of seston to the sediment had an immediate enhancing effect on oxygen uptake, phosphate and ammonia release, whereas nitrate release decreased due to denitrification. The enhanced rates lasted for 2–5 weeks, while the decrease in nitrate release persisted throughout the experiment. The increase in oxygen uptake (equivalent to 21% of the seston carbon) was, however, only observed in the July experiment. The release of phosphorus and nitrogen from seston decomposing on the sediment surface differed from the suspension experiments. Thus, between 91 and 111% of the phosphorus in the seston was released during the experiments. Due to opposite directed effects on ammonium and nitrate release, the resulting net release of nitrogen was relatively low. A comparison of C/N/P ratios in seston, sediment and flux rates indicated that nitrogen was mineralized faster than phosphorus and carbon. Some of this nitrogen was lost through denitrification and therefore not measurable in the flux of inorganic nitrogen ions. This investigation also suggests that decomposition of newly settled organic matter in sediments have indirect effects on sediment-water exchanges (e.g. by changing of redox potentials and stimulation of denitrification) that modifies the release of mineralized phosphate and nitrogen from the sediment.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): eutrophication ; lake restoration ; flushing ; Veluwemeer ; algal species ; transparency ; phosphorus ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Total phosphorus and chlorophyll decreased significantly after reduction of the external phosphorus loading and the start of flushing Veluwemeer with polder water in 1979. Flushing of Veluwemeer has had a large impact on nutrient dynamics. Especially in the first winter, dilution was the main cause of changes in water quality. On a longer term the increase of the inactivation of phosphorus in sediments is important. Oscillatoria agardhii has been brought to the margins of its habitat. Three successive cold winters were an additional causal factor in the disappearance of Oscillatoria agardhii and the dominance of diatoms and green algae from 1985 onwards. Due to higher detritus and inorganic suspended matter concentrations transparency increased less than expected. Since 1985 chlorophyll only contributes for a small percentage to the transparency. In the present situation further improvement of the water quality of Veluwemeer is questionable, as the phosphorus concentration in the lake and the polder water is almost the same. Therefore it is recommanded to shift flushing operations, at least in the winter period, from Veluwemeer towards Wolderwijd.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 238 (1992), S. 37-52 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium ; cyanobacteria ; diel ; diurnal ; mixing ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; periodicity ; phytoplankton ; protein
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The transport and assimilation of the various forms of biologically available nitrogen by phytoplankton, and the subsequent biosynthesis of N-containing macromolecules, have the potential to respond in different ways during the daily growth cycle. This review examines five types of effect that may influence the daily pattern of nitrogen uptake and metabolism: light versus dark (the day/night cycle); changes in irradiance during the day (including the diurnal rise and fall in photon fluence rates); circadian rhythms (endogenous patterns of variation which may continue in the absence of external environmental forcing); periodic variations in exogenous nitrogen supply; and the 24-hour dynamics of stratification and mixing. The hydrodynamic effects operate through a variety of direct and indirect controls, and can substantially modify the diel rhythmicity of phytoplankton growth.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): fertilization ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton ; zooplankton
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Lake Hecklan, in central Sweden, was fertilized with phosphorus and nitrogen during thermal stratification (late May-early Oct) 1984–1987. The nutrient additions were relatively small and raised the total phosphorus concentrations from 6 to 10 µg l−1. The working hypothesis was that this moderate increase in the phosphorus concentration could increase the phytoplankton biomass without adverse changes in the planktonic community structure. The fertilization increased the phytoplankton biomass from 0.1 to a maximum of 2 mm3 l−1. Chrysophyceae and Cryptophyceae dominated throughout the experimental period. Thus, the phytoplankton composition remained typical for a Swedish forest lake and provided a potential for increased zooplankton growth. An increased growth of zooplankton was indicated by increased biomass of Cladocera and Copepoda in 1984 and 1985, and by increased fecundity of herbivorous zooplankton.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; magnetism ; dating ; Australia ; North America ; Japan ; Europe ; Near East
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Paleolimnomagnetic records from five regions of the world have been combined with historical magnetic field observations in order to produce regional geomagnetic master curves.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; lakes ; sediments ; eutrophication ; Cladocera ; Switzerland
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Species composition and density of cladoceran populations changed in Lakes Zürich, St. Mortiz and Baldegg as human populations increased in these watersheds. Lake Zürich sediments became annually laminated in the 1890's as a result of increased organic input as the size of the cities surrounding the lake grew. At the same time, the Bosmina species changed from a oligotrophic form (longispina) to a eutrophic form (longirostris). An increase in Daphnia spp. populations also occurred at this time in the lake's history. Bosmina longispina reappeared in the lake in 1965 as the lake's trophic status changed from eutrophic to mesotrophic due to effective sewage treatment facilities. Annual laminations appear in the Lake St. Moritz sediments about 1910. Shortly thereafter, a shift from B. longispina to B. longirostris occurred. This change in trophic status is associated with increased tourism in the area. Lake Baldegg sediments also show annual laminations beginning in 1885 and a similar shift in the Bosmina species. Other cladoceran remains were too scarce to be useful in interpreting the histories of these lakes.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; magnetic minerals ; sediment sources
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This review outlines the origin and environmental significance of magnetic minerals in lake sediments. Attention is drawn to situations where the patterns of mineral magnetic variation is a reflection of processes other than changing erosion rates and fire incidence. The use of mineral magnetic techniques in sediment source tracing, palaeoclimatic studies and the reconstruction of particulate pollution history is illustrated by means of case studies from Britain and N. America. The value of magnetic susceptibility as an on-site core logging technique is shown by reference to data from Lake Washington.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; secondary ferrimagnetic oxides ; S.I.R.M. ; magnetic susceptibility ; laminated sediments
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The magnetic parameters S.I.R.M. and magnetic susceptibility have been used to try and establish the fire histories of lake drainage basins. The technique is demonstrated using sediments from three lakes: Llyn Bychan (N. Wales), a lake with a recently burnt catchment, Lake Biscarrosse (S. W. France), a lake with a well documented fire history, and Lake Laukunlampi (E. Finland), a lake with laminated sediments and a long, but unknown fire history.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; sedimentation pattern ; magnetic susceptibility ; Scanian lakes ; palaeomagnetism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used to correlate synchronous depths in ca. 50 l m. cores of recent sediment from a small lake (area ca. 55 ha) in Scania, southern Sweden. The three-dimensional picture of sediment accumulation which emerges provides a basis for studying sediment deposition patterns through time. Using a palaeomagnetic chronology, the results show that the pattern and rate of accumulation have dramatically altered during the past 350 years, thus making semiquantitative studies of downcore sediment properties in a single core problematical. Possible reasons for these phenomena are briefly discussed.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; X-ray radiography of sediment cores ; sedimentary properties ; sediment accumulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract X-ray radiographs of unextruded sediment cores are used for the documentation and the interpretation of primary and secondary sedimentary structures, and for the correlation of synchronous laminations between different cores. The vertical variation in bulk density, water content and void ratio, and the increase of solids with increasing sediment depth are calculated from the recorded film density along the radiographs. The X-ray radiographic technique for the study of sedimentary properties is fast and non-destructive. The technique is especially valuable when studying the uppermost part of the sediment cover and the processes of sediment redistribution and sediment accumulation. Studies are being undertaken in several Swedish lakes and coastal bays, where mono- and stereoradiographs are being used to classify bottom and sediment types, to interpret changes in the depositional environment, and to calculate past and present rates of sediment accumulation.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; sediment core positioning ; hydrographic survey ; computer contouring ; morphometric calculation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Automated techniques for sediment core site positioning, hydrographic survey, and contour mapping are described. The computer contouring system can be extended to calculate values for morphometric variables such as maximum length (1max), maximum width (wmax), lake perimeter (10), lake area (A) and lake volume (V). The techniques are exemplified using results from Augher Lough, Northern Ireland.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 75-79 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; Dead Sea climate ; pore-waters ; diffusion ; sediments ; salinity ; porosity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The salinity of lakes is subject to variations imposed by climatic changes. These variations are recorded in the salinity profile of pore waters. Meromictic lakes, such as the Dead Sea, are a special case where waters which underlie the mixolimnion reflect salinity variations. In a sediment core from Dead Sea shallow waters, the salinity profile exhibited a minimum at about 1.9 m depth. It is shown by a diffusion model that this minimum can be attributed to lower salinities which prevailed at the sediment water interface for several decades around the turn of this century. No such minimum was observed in a sediment core from the deepest part of the lake where, during the last two centuries, the overlying brines had a constant salinity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): N2O ; CH4 ; red spruce ; balsam fir ; spruce-fir ; forests ; nitrogen ; deposition ; nitrification ; mineralization ; denitrification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract We measured the exchange of N2O and CH4 between the atmosphere and soils in 5 spruce-fir stands located along a transect from New York to Maine. Nitrous oxide emissions averaged over the 1990 growing season (May–September) ranged from 2.1 ug N2O-N/m2-hr in New York to 0.4 ug N2O-N/m2-hr in Maine. The westernmost sites, Whiteface Mtn., New York and Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, had the highest nitrogen-deposition, net nitrification and N2O emissions. Soils at all sites were net sinks for atmospheric CH4 Methane uptake averaged over the 1990 growing season ranged from 0.02 mg CH4-C/M2-hr in Maine to 0.05 mg CH4-C/m2-hr in Vermont. Regional differences in CH4 uptake could not be explained by differences in nitrogen-deposition, soil nitrogen dynamics, soil moisture or soil temperature. We estimate that soils in spruce-fir forests at our study sites released ca. 0.02 to 0.08 kg N2O-N/ha and consumed ca. 0.74 to 1.85 kg CH4 C/ha in the 1990 growing season.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; geochemistry ; trace elements
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A geochemical study of lacustrine sediments was undertaken as part of a major paleolimnological project concerned with the impact of man on lakes. Factor analysis was applied to the geochemical data obtained from a core from one lake. Three principal factors which explained most of the variance of the initial data were identified. Factor I is related to the organic:mineral component ratio of the sediment, and can be considered as an indirect index of change in lake trophic status through time. Factor II is related to the granulometric composition of the sediment and matches evidence for changes in the hydrological regime of the lake. Factor III reflects changes in redox potential and is more closely related to processes occurring within the lake than other factors. Specific geochemical associations of elements are connected with each factor and are the factor indicators. The correlation of these associations are analyzed as geochemical indices of the variability of sediment accumulation conditions in time.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 91-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; diatoms ; assemblage indicators ; Finland
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Diatom assemblages from the topmost sediment of 49 lakes were ordinated by means of a program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging (Decorana). Five lake groups were separated, each having more or less characteristic diatom assemblages and water quality. Shifts from one group to another caused by factors such as acidification, artificial drainage, diffuse nutrient loading and sewage are discussed.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; diatoms ; East Africa ; transfer functions ; pH-indicators
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Our purpose is to establish the quantitative relationship between recent diatom floras and ecological parameters, in order to extrapolate the results to the past. The parameter pH is here considered as an example. This work is based on the study of about I60 diatom samples from East Africa and of their corresponding biotopes. We propose some statistical methods to interpret the data. Correspondence analysis allows us to define the pH-indicator species. The regression calculations allow pH values to be calculated using the percentage of the diatom species in a sample.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; organic matter ; bacteria ; aerobic decomposition ; oxygen consumption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The investigations were carried out in lakes situated in the forest zone (Karelian Isthmus, Baltic zone, South Ural) and in the forest-steppe (South Ural) of the USSR. The lakes differ in their bioproductivity and in the intensity of their human influence. The amount of organic matter accumulating in the sediments is closely related to production and decomposition processes in the trophogenic layer. Processes of organic matter transformation were found to be most active in the uppermost sediment. The quantity of bacteria shows no correlation with the organic matter content of the sediment. Increase in organic matter, up to 70–80% of dry weight, is often accompanied by a decrease in bottom bacteria. The intensity of aerobic decomposition of the labile organic matter can be judged from the oxygen demand of the sediments. However, it is important to differentiate between chemical and biological oxidation processes. The quantity of bottom bacteria correlates closely with the value of oxygen consumption only in cases of high sediment redox potentials.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; sedimentary pigments ; primary production ; core analyses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A statistically significant correlation of the type y = axb between sedimentary plant pigments and contemporary algal primary production has been found in a study of the recent trophic evolution of twelve Italian lakes. The equation is used to assess baseline production levels in periods (50–70 years ago) when human influence was low.
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; lake ontogeny ; lake succession ; eutrophication
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Paleolimnologists frequently invoke the term ‘eutrophication’ for describing apparent enrichment phases in the history of a lake. I argue that this term is often used incorrectly and that alternative explanations can serve as more accurate descriptions. Increased organic content in the sedimentary record may result from increased nutrient availability (eutrophication), but it can also reflect decreased residence time of water, or changes in biotic interactions, or changes in lake morphometry. Additionally, I argue that ‘eutrophication’ is an inappropriate term for describing the aging process of lakes. Lake ontogeny is the preferred term, as it does not imply directional changes in nutrients, nor in community structure.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 165-168 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; lakes ; eutrophication
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Problems relating to the disappearance and eutrophication of lakes as a result of human activity are presented. A study area was selected located in an agricultural/forest region where human influence on lakes used to be minimal. In the past 25 years a number of lakes have completely disappeared and others have become rapidly enriched. Human interference has included: the pulling down of water mills, drainage and river canalisation, construction of holiday resorts, development of intensive farming, increased mineral fertilization, and the extension of roads and road traffic.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 177-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; sediment chemistry ; heavy metals ; ATP
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This investigation is concerned with the impact of industrial and municipal waste discharge on lakes near the city of Tampere, Finland. The record of P, Zn and ATP in the recent sediments of Vanajavesi I, a polluted lake, and Mallasvesi, a largely unpolluted lake, are compared.
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; Chironomidae ; subfossil remains ; shallow lake ; eutrophication ; Lake Balaton
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, is about 20 000 years old. An enormous increase in tourism and the disproportionate building development of the last few decades has resulted in the acceleration of eutrophication in the lake. Widespread research to reveal the causes of water-quality deterioration and possible ways of protection against it have recently started. The investigation of the larvae of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the sediment of the open-water zone has also begun. The contemporary faunal composition strongly correlates with the trophic gradient along the longitudinal axis of the lake. We therefore supposed that the eutrophication process should be identifiable from the analysis of subfossil chironomid head capsules from the upper (15 cm thick) layer of the sediment. We found that quantitative results could only be obtained when fragments as well as relatively intact head capsules are considered. Our data verify that the originally oligo-mesotrophic community has been gradually replaced by eutrophic species in a west to east direction. Large-bodied larvae belonging to the Chironomus plumosus group mix the sediment down to 15 cm as they build their tubes and consequently alter the original proportions of head capsules at the different levels. So the sequence of communities through the sediment-layers is not quite reliable.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 181-184 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; Clostridium perfringens ; sewage pollution ; eutrophication
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The horizontal and vertical distribution of the gram-positive, non-motile, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium Clostridium perfringens Holland was studied. The aim of the study was to estimate the quantity of C. perfringens at different depths of the sediment and evaluate the effect of human effluent which the lake received between 1940 and 1956. C. perfringens lives in the colon of man. Because it is spore forming and cannot multiply under a temperature of 20 °C and, according to the studies of Seppänen et al. (1979) it can be at least 300 years old, it may be a suitable paleolimnological indicator of pollution by human effluent. The results showed that the amounts of Clostridium increased at the same level where redox potential decreased in the sediment due to the beginning of effluent disposal at a depth of 40 mm. The maximum number of Clostridium colonies occurred between 0–30 mm depth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; Lake Michigan ; geochemistry ; stratigraphy ; Quaternary ; trace elements
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The stresses placed on Lake Michigan since the advent of industrialization require knowledge of the sedimentology of the whole lake in order to make informed decisions for environmental planning. Sediment accumulation rates are low: areas of the lake receiving the most sediment average only 1 mm a−1; deep-water basins average 0.1 to 0.5 mm a−1; and large areas are not receiving any sediment. Sediment was deposited rapidly (typically 5 mm a−1), in the form of rock flour, during the deglaciation of both Lake Michigan and Lake Superior Basins. Then the rate of accumulation decreased by 80–90% and has remained relatively constant since final deglaciation. Because active sedimentation occurs mostly in the deep water areas of the lake, the sediment remains undisturbed and contains a record of the chemical history of the lake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; annual laminations ; magnetism ; sediment influx ; sediment chemistry ; eutrophication
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The sediments of Loe Pool, a eutrophic coastal lake in south west England, consist largely of laminated clays and clay-gyttjas. Studies of the diatom microstratigraphy of frozen sediment cores from the Pool indicate that the laminations are annual, and that they contain pairs of light and dark bands formed by seasonal variations in the supply of sediment to the Pool from its catchment. Analysis of the magnetic properties of individual laminations demonstrates the presence of physical and mineralogical microstratigraphic variations, which may also be related to seasonality. A varve chronology, which is confirmed by 137Cs analysis and historical records, has been used to provide a timescale for the interpretation of data from other paleolimnological studies. A close agreement between variations in the abundance of sedimentary Sn, and the history of mining in the catchment, has been found. Similarly, analysis of total organic matter, total phosphorus, sedimentary chlorophyll a, sterols, diatoms and Cladocera in the uppermost sediments all indicate eutrophication of the Pool in the period AD 1940 to the present.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; colluvium ; soil chemistry ; clay ; phosphorus loading ; tropical lakes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The long-term impact of Maya culture on a lowland tropical watershed is assessed, using data from a 9.2 m sediment core taken from deep water (28 m) in Lake Quexil. Human population growth, estimated by the 1980 archaeological survey, is associated with a shift in the composition of the sediment to a dominance by inorganic material, the Maya clay formation, beginning ca. 3500 B.P. Increasing settlement densities are correlated with accelerated influxes of phosphorus, carbonates, and siliceous sediment. However, chemical data do not track short-term population fluctuations closely. Because much of the sediment is delivered as colluvium, and not by running water, there is a lag between terrestrial disturbance and impact on the aquatic system. As an indication of this lag, contemporary high sedimentation rates are a residual of Maya activity that virtually ceased some 300–400 years B.P. Comparison of the deep-water core with a shallow-water (7 m) section, based on palynological correlation, reveals only minor differences in proximate chemical composition. Chemical influxes are much higher at the deep-water site, however, as a consequence of sediment focusing in this hyperconical basin. Chemical analyses of soil samples from 21 test pits in the Quexil basin support the principal conclusion that bulk soil movement was the mode of nutrient transfer to the lake, following forest clearance by the Maya.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): paleolimnology ; clay ; cultural disturbance ; erosion ; Guatemala ; Mayan archaeology ; silt ; particle-size analysis ; tropical lakes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Long-term changes of sedimentary particle-size distribution in two tropical lowland lakes were compared with changes of human population sizes, estimated archaeologically, in the drainage basins. Mean particle size of silt and clay fractions (〈64 µm) varied between 3 and 15 µm. High positive skewness and kurtosis of the distributions were associated with smaller particle sizes; hence small mean size resulted from greater influx of small particles while influx of larger particles was probably constant. An inverse correlation between mean particle size and human population size is interpreted to mean that disturbance-induced erosion results in delivery of very fine inorganic particles at higher rates. Within any one basin, particle-size stratigraphy is more precisely related to archaeological time periods than is pollen stratigraphy. An absolute chronology still eludes us, owing to the failure of 14C dating of calcareous, colluvial sediments, but our relative chronology is now more precise than before. If certain assumptions about past hydrologic relations can be met, particle-size analysis is a way of comparing the histories of geographically very different lakes, including lakes from tropical, temperate, and arctic regions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): rotifers ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; temperature ; body weight
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Two series of experiments were carried out to determine the relation of the rate of phosphorus and nitrogen excretion by the planktonic rotifers to ambient temperature and individual body weights of these animals. The following formulas describing this relation were obtained: EP=0.0154 W−1.27 e0.096T EN=0.0879 W−1.01 e0.088 T, where EP and EN denote the rate of P and N excretion, respectively, in µg · mg dry wt−1 · h−1, W is body weight in µg dry weight, and T is temperature in °C.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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