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  • Hymenoptera  (65)
  • photosynthesis  (51)
  • Springer  (116)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
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  • 1990-1994  (88)
  • 1980-1984  (28)
  • 1990  (88)
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  • Springer  (116)
  • American Meteorological Society (AMS)
  • Annual Reviews
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  • 1990-1994  (88)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heritable differences in the response of the braconid waspMicroplitis croceipes to volatile allelochemicals (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid behavior ; heritable traits ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; allelochemical ; flight response ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The heritable nature of differential responses by Microplitis croceipes(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to airborne allelochemicals was investigated. Four isofemale lines were tested for three generations in a flight tunnel. Flight response was found to be strongly dependent on the familial origin, with two highly responsive lines being clearly differentiated from two less responsive ones. Each isofemale line could also be recognized by typical behaviors that suggested that M. croceipesfemales may inherit independent characters of sensory acuity to plant and to host chemicals and of learning ability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052110
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rubbing behavior and morphology of van der Vecht's gland inBelonogaster petiolata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 85-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Belonogaster petiolata ; rubbing behavior ; sternal gland ; ant predation ; defensive allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the social wasp, Belonogaster petiolata,rub the secretion of van der Vecht's gland, located on their terminal gastral sternite, onto the nest pedicel. In bioassays, the secretion was repellent to two species of ants, while shortchain acids were effective releasers of rubbing behavior. Rubbing was associated with pedicel enlargement and departure from the nest in preemergence colonies. Its frequency was high where wasps were often exposed to ants and low where ants were rare or absent. Rubbing also decreased significantly from the pre-to the postemergence stage of the colony cycle. In both stages, subordinate foundresses rubbed more often than queens or workers. These observations support the hypothesis that rubbing behavior and the secretion of van der Vecht's gland function in chemical defense of the nest against ant predation. The general morphology of the gland in B. petiolataresembles that of the four other independent-founding polistine wasp genera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049197
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerial prey caching by solitary ground-nesting wasps: A test of the predator defense hypothesis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: antipredator behavior ; prey caching ; Ammophila ; Formica ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many solitary ground-nesting wasps in the families Pompilidae and Sphecidae excavate nests after capturing prey for provisions. These wasps generally cache their immobilized prey temporarily during nest excavation, frequently by suspending the prey in a plant (”aerial caching”). Here I test the hypothesis that aerial caching by Ammophila spp. wasps (Sphecidae) functions to reduce prey theft by generalist predators, Formica spp. ants. Foraging ants removed baits placed on the ground more rapidly than baits suspended in plants; mean half-lives for ground and aerial baits were 14.5 and 145.7 min, respectively (mean values for experiments 1–3). Ant foraging activity decreased during the midday. Ant interference with nesting activities of Ammophila spp. also decreased during the midday, paralleling observed fluctuations in ant foraging activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417915
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in ant aggression and kin discrimination ability within and between colonies (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 359-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: ant ; aggression ; kin discrimination ; Rhytidoponera confusa ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant variation in aggressiveness and kin discrimination ability occurs between different laboratory colonies of the ant Rhytidoponera confusa.Different colonies show consistently high (or low) levels of aggression toward nonnestmates over 4–19 weeks. Earlier studies excluded colony size and the natural presence or absence of the queen in colonies and differences in hunger as possible sources of variation. The present study excluded the number of larvae in colonies and the time of the light period of the light cycle when recognition tests were carried out. Highly significant variation occurs between the kin discrimination ability of individual workers in any particular colony. Approximately 28% of the workers in colonies of R. confusashowed very poor kin discrimination. Much of the colony's kin discrimination is carried out by a small number of highly aggressive workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052114
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of eight Yponomeuta-species as hosts of Diadegma armillata (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; evolutionary relationships ; host suitability ; parasitization ; parasitoid complexes ; Diadegma armillata ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la valeur de 8 représentants européens du genre Yponomeuta (Lep., Yponomeutidae) comme hôtes pour Diadegma armillata (Hym., Ichneumonidae). La présence, l'état du parasitoïde, le nombre de chenilles contenant un hyménoptère et la mortalité des chenilles on été examinés par dissection et par élevage des chenilles attaquées en conditions contrôlées. Pour examiner si la mortalité des chenilles saines et parasitées diffèrent, des chenilles non contaminées par l'ichneumonide ont été utilisées comme témoins. De plus, des chenilles provenant de différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne ont été disséquées pour connaître leur taux de parasitisme par D. armillata. La valeur des diverses espèces diffère considérablement. Les dissections montrent que cela provient de différentes aptitudes à l'encapsulation des œufs du parasite. La comparaison des taux observés par la dissection des chenilles des différentes parties des Pays-Bas et d'Allemagne montre une surprenante uniformité pour les populations d'origines géographiques différentes. Les observations sur l'encapsulation par les différentes espèces d'yponomeutes correspondent assez bien aux différences observées parmi les divers complexes parasitaires dans lesquels D. armillata intervient. Certains éléments montrent cependant que le taux d'attaques victorieuses (sans tenir compte d'une éventuelle encapsulation ultérieure) contribue aussi aux différences observées entre les complexes parasitaires. Le classement des espèces d'yponomeutes en 3 catégories, d'après leur valeur comme hôte, montre un remarquable parallélisme avec les relations phylogéniques mises en évidence par analyse des allozymes: les espèces présentant une forte proportion d'encapsulation sont celles qui ont divergé précocement au cours de l'évolution du genre, tandis que les espèces ayant divergé le plus récemment présentent un pourcentage intermédiaire ou sont incapables d'encapsuler les œufs de D. armillata.
    Notes: Abstract The suitability as a host of Diadegma armillata (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) was determined for eight West-European representatives of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutidae) by dissecting and rearing parasitized larvae under controlled conditions. The suitability of the various species differed considerably, and dissection showed that this was mainly due to the ability of the host species to encapsulate the parasitoid eggs. Encapsulation by Yponomeuta-species corresponded fairly well to the differences between the parasitoid complexes concerning D. armillata. Classifying the Yponomeuta-species into three categories according to their suitability, showed a remarkable parallelism with the phylogenetic relationships as determined by allozyme comparison: species showing high encapsulation rates are those that have diverged early in the evolution of the genus, whereas the more recently evolved species showed an intermediate percentage or were not able to encapsulate eggs of D. armillata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343526
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging behavior of Campoletis sonorensis in response to Heliothis virescens and cotton plants (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 47-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; cotton ; potential host community location ; host location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les comportements d'évaluation de l'effectif d'hôtes potentiels et de la position des hôtes par C. sonorensis (Hyméno.: Iccheumonidae) ont été quantifiés pour déterminer les séquences significatives des événements comportementaux. La localisation de la colonie potentielle d'hôtes est apparue comme une séquence régulière des événements comportementaux. Une fois que le parasitoïde a localisé une colonie potentielle, on a constaté que la recherche au hasard des hôtes se poursuit jusqu'à ce qu'il ait la démonstration qu'il s'agit d'une plante attaquée. La localisation par le parasitoïde d'un hôte certain a consitué une autre séquence régulière des événements comportementaux terminant la localisation de l'hôte. L'influence de pieds de coton intacts, de pieds abîmés mécaniquement et de pieds occupés par des chenilles du 3ème stade de l'hôte et de plantes dont les chenilles ont été retirées juste avant l'expérience a été déterminée en modifiant la composition du complexe hôte/plante. Des femelles naïves de C. sonorensis ont montré en présence de pieds de coton intacts apparemment toutes les séquences comportementales de vol impliquées dans la localisation d'une colonie potentielle d'hôtes. Une fois que le parasitoïde a atteint la colonie potentielle d'hôtes, la présence de dégâts de l'hôte n'a pas modifié le temps passé sur la plante, mais a modifié le temps consacré à la prospection.
    Notes: Abstract Wind tunnel flight behavior of inexperienced female Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) in response to its larval host Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) feeding on the host plant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is described. The flight behavioral sequence was determined by quantification of frequencies of observed behaviors and probabilities of first-order behavioral transitions. Comparison of inexperienced C. sonorensis flights to undamaged and damaged cotton indicated that stimuli from undamaged plants alone are adequate to elicit the complete flight behavioral sequence observed in response to H. virescens feeding on cotton. Parasitoid foraging behavior was also analyzed after landing on the stimulus. This behavior appeared to be random in its initial stages, but became sequential after location of evidence of a host. Analysis of foraging on undamaged and 3 treatments of damaged cotton resulted in the determination that parasitoids tend to remain on damaged plants longer than undamaged plants although no significant difference was detected. C. sonorensis spent a greater percentage of their time foraging on host damaged plants than on undamaged plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188227
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diapause termination and thermal requirements for postdiapause development inAphelinus mali at constant and fluctuating temperatures (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 56 (1990), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diapause termination ; postdiapause development ; development threshold ; thermal constant ; Aphelinus mali ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'achèvement de la diapause en conditions naturelles ou simulant l'hiver, les effets des températures inférieures à zéro sur le développement après la diapause et les relations entre la vitesse de développement après la diapause et les températures constantes ou en thermopériodes ont été examinés sur des populations néerlandaises d'A. mali (Hymenop.; Aphélinidae). Les taux d'achèvement de la diapause de larves hivernantes étaient semblables en conditions naturelles ou simulées. La plupart des larves ont terminé leur diapause la dernière semaine de février. Quelques larves femelles sont restées en diapause jusqu'à fin mars. L'exposition pendant 2 semaines des larves sorties de diapause à −10 °C ne compromet pas leur survie ou leur taux de développement après la diapause. Les larves ayant diapause peuvent terminer leur développement et les adultes émerger des pucerons momifiés aux températures constantes comprises entre 12 et 24 °C. Bien que quelques larves achèvent leur développement à 10 °C, peu émergent. La température seuil théorique de développement après la diapause (to) a été de 9,4 °C et la constante thermique (K), 136,5 degrés-jours. Pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences, les valeurs de K étaient respectivement: 121,4 et 134,8. Le nombre d'unités thermiques pour la première émergence et pour 50% d'émergences était le même à température constante ou avec une thermopériode.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause termination under natural and simulated overwintering conditions, the effect of subzero temperature on postdiapause development and the relationship between postdiapause development rate and constant and fluctuating temperatures was studied in a Dutch population ofAphelinus mali Hald. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The rate of diapause termination was similar in larvae overwintering under natural and simulated conditions. Most larvae had terminated diapause by the last week of February. Some female larvae may have remained in diapause until the end of March. The exposure of postdiapause larvae to −10°C for two weeks did not affect their survival or postdiapause development rate. PostdiapauseA. mali larvae could complete development and the adults emerge from their mummified aphid hosts at constant temperatures from 12 to 24°C. Although some larvae completed postdiapause development at 10°C, few emerged. The theoretical threshold temperature (to) for postdiapause development was 9.4°C and the thermal constant (K) 136.4 degree-days. K was 121.4 and 134.8 for first and 50% emergence, respectively. The number of heat units accumulating above 9.4°C to 1st and 50% emergence was similar under constant and fluctuating temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00579615
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biology of Aphidius rhopalosiphi, a parasitoid of cereal aphids (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi ; Sitobion avenae ; Functional response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné quelques aspects des relations entre le parasitoïde Aphidius rhopalosiphi et son hôte Sitobion avenae. La fécondité potentielle à l'émergence (144 œufs) était inférieure à la fécondité “réalisée”: nombre de pucerons momifiés (212). La plupart des œufs étaient pondus dans la première semaine de la vie imaginale (fig. 1). Le super-parasi-tisme s'est produit dans les conditions expérimentales, mais la distribution des larves (fig. 2) s'écartait souvent de la distribution au hasard, ce qui indiquait une certaine discrimination parmi les hôtes. La longévité moyenne était de 13,1 jours et le maximum de 23 jours. Le taux sexuel (fig. 3) pour l'ensemble de la descendance était 1/1, mais changeait dans le temps. Après le premier jour de ponte, plus de femelles que de mâles étaient obtenues; mais après 6 jours, il n'y avait presque plus que des mâles. Le taux de rencontre des aphides et des parasitoïdes augmentait avec la taille (fig. 4a). Le temps de prospection de l'hôte était en moyenne de 2 secondes, mais dans certains cas il atteignait 10 secondes ou plus. La proportion de rencontres efficaces était plus faible au 4ème stade (fig. 4b). Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans le nombre de larves de parasitoïdes obtenues par rencontre pendant les stades 1 à 3 des pucerons, mais elle était significativement inférieure au 4ème stade par rapport au second. Les taux globaux de succès (taux de rencontre et nombre de larves formées par rencontre) étaient plus élevés aux 2ème stades des pucerons. La réponse fonctionnelle était sigmoïde (fig. 5).
    Notes: Summary Aphidius rhopalosiphi produced 212 offspring on average but in one case 509 deposited eggs were found. Superparasitization occurred but the frequency distribution of parasitoid larvae in aphids differed significantly from random, indicating a certain degree of host discrimination. Average life span of adults was 13.1 days and sex ratio was 1:1. It changed in time among successively produced offspring. Handling time was about 2 sec and was somewhat longer in the fourth instar than in the second. Second and third aphid instars were preferred for oviposition. Functional response was sigmoid and at an aphid density of 100 aphids per cage percentage parasitization decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300896
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of plants on the host relations of a specialist parasitoid of Heliothis larvae (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 78-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis ; Parasitoid ; Host suitability ; Host selection ; 3-trophic level interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), Parasit der Heliothis-Larven, wurde in 9 Kombinationen von Wirtsinsekt/Wirtspflanze gezüchtet. Im allgemeinen war das Ueberleben der Parasiten (1) besser in Wirtsraupen von Baumwolle als von Bohnen oder Tomaten, (2) besser in H. zea als in H. virescens und (3) besser in laborgezüchteten H. zea als in Raupen aus dem Freiland. Mehrere Versuche über die Eiablagepräferenz der Parasiten zeigten, dass mehr Eier in Raupen von Baumwolle als in Raupen von Bohnen oder gar von Tomaten abgelegt wurden. Die Wespen unterschieden aber nicht zwischen H. zea und H. virescens. Die Eiablagepräferenzen waren unabhängig von den Kombinationen Wirtsinsekt/Wirtspflanze, in denen sich die Parasiten entwickelt hatten. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Pflanze, auf der die Wirtsraupe frisst, wichtig ist für die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Parasitenangriffs und für den Erfolg der Parasitierung.
    Notes: Summary Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), a parasitoid of Heliothis larvae, was reared on 9 host insect/plant combinations. In general, parasitoid survivorship was (1) higher in host larvae that were reared on cotton than in hosts reared on either bean or tomato, (2) higher in H. zea hosts than in H. virescens and (3) higher in a laboratory strain of H. zea than in a wild strain. A series of parasitoid oviposition preference tests showed that wasps laid more eggs in host larvae on cotton plants than on bean and more on bean than on tomato. However, the wasps did not distinquish between H. zea and H. virescens hosts. Wasp oviposition preferences were not conditioned by the host insect/plant combination in which the parasitoid developed. These results indicate that the plant on which host larvae feed is an important factor in determining both the likelihood of parasitoid attack and the probability of successful parasitism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300903
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  • 10
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    Multivoltinism in Apanteles bignellii and the influence of weather on synchronisation with its host Euphydryas aurinia (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338663
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  • 11
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    Selective mortality of parasitoids and predators of Myzus persicae on collards treated with malathion, carbaryl, or Bacillus thuringiensis (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 208-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dieretiella rapae ; Encyrtidae ; Insecticide ; Integrated control ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; searching behavior ; Syrphidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338673
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  • 12
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    Evasion of encapsulation by parasitoid correlated with the extent of host hemocyte pathology (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 55 (1990), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; hemocytes ; inhibition of encapsulation ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera hosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ichneumonide Campoletis sonorensis Carlson, endoparasitoïde larvaire, se développe dans de nombreuses espèces de Lépidoptères. Son statut de généraliste est dû, notamment, à son aptitude à déjouer les défenses immunitaires de ses hôtes, c.a.d. la formation d'une capsule d'hémocytes autour de l'oeuf ou de la larve parasite. Cependant, chez le noctuide Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, C. sonorensis est encapsulé dans 40% des larves qu'il parasite. Nous avons étudié la population hémocytaire de deux catégories de larves de S. frugiperda, celles qualifiées de ‘résistantes’ à C. sonorensis, et qui arrêtent son développement, et celles ‘susceptibles’ où le parasitoïde échappe à l'encapsulation. Cinq types d'hémocytes ont été identifiés: les prohémocytes (PR), les sphérulocytes (SP), les granulocytes (GR), les plasmatocytes (PL) et les oenocytoïdes (OE). Chez les hôtes susceptibles et résistants, le parasite provoque une baisse identique de la concentration totale des hémocytes dans l'hémolymphe (THC). Par contre, les PLs sont davantage affectés chez les hôtes susceptibles que chez ceux résistants au parasitoïde. Les résultats montrent que, chez les hôtes susceptibles, 1) le nombre des PLs dans l'hémolymphe est davantage diminué, et 2) leur aptitude d'adhérence in vitro est davantage inhibée. Il existe donc une corrélation positive entre le degré de pathologies qui affectent les PLs de l'hôte et l'incapacité de celui-ci à encapsuler le parasitoïde. Ceci tend à démontrer le rôle-clé des PLs dans la réaction immunitaire d'encapsulation chez S. frugiperda, comme chez de nombreux insectes. De plus, ce résultat renforce l'hypothèse selon laquelle C. sonorensis éviterait l'encapsulation en agissant sur les hémocytes de l'hôte, et plus particulièrement sur les PLs. Inversement aux PLs, les GRs sont moins abondants dans l'hémolymphe des hôtes qui encapsulent C. sonorensis. Les GRs pourraient donc participer à la formation de la capsule hémocytaire. Il est possible que plusieurs facteurs contribuent à protéger C. sonorensis de l'encapsulation. Néanmoins, les pathologies affectant les hémocytes des hôtes parasités sont probablement une manifestation majeure de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Les effets de C. sonorensis sur les hémocytes des larves parasitées peuvent être reproduits chez des larves saines, en leur injectant de ‘venin’ extrait des glandes du calyx des femelles parasitoïdes. Ces sécrétions provenant de la glande du calyx, et normalement injectées dans l'hôte lors de l'oviposition, sont probablment responsable, au moins en partie, de l'effet immunosuppresseur du parasitoïde. Ces résultats peuvent être comparés à ceux obtenus chez l'hôte Heliothis virescens Fabricius (lépidoptère, noctuide) qui n'encapsule jamais C. sonorensis. Bien que le parasitoïde provoque les mêmes effets pathologiques sur les hémocytes des hôtes de S. frugiperda et d'H. virescens, on constate que l'effet apparait quelques heures après l'oviposition chez H. virescens, contre 48 heures post-oviposition chez S. frugiperda. Ce délai pourrait contribuer à la résistance immunitaire de certaines larves de S. frugiperda, ‘résistantes’, à C. sonorensis.
    Notes: Abstract The egg and larval stages of the generalist endoparasitoid Campoletis sonorensis Carlson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which normally avoid the hemocytic reaction of many Lepidopteran host species, are encapsulated in 40% of Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. The effect of parasitism on inhibiting the spreading ability of S. frugiperda plasmatocytes in vitro is more pronounced in susceptible larvae which fail to encapsulate the parasitoid than in resistant ones permitting parasitoid development. This suggests that induction of plasmatocyte pathology is relevant to the successful evasion of encapsulation by the parasitoid. Some granular cells disappear from the hemolymph of the parasitized resistant larvae, which implicates their involvement in the encapsulation reaction. Calyx fluid of C. sonorensis injected into host larvae produced effects on host hemocytes identical to natural parasitism. Several mechanism may cooperate to protect the parasitoid from encapsulation. The pathological reactions by the host plasmatocytes is one main manifestation of the ‘immunosuppressive’ parasitoid effect. Results are discussed in regard to the known effects of C. sonorensis on Heliothis virescens Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval hemocytes which are totally unable to respond with a successful cellular defense reaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188222
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    The poison gland of the antMyrmicaria eumenoides and its role in recruitment communication (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: alarm recruitment ; evaporation kinetics ; age polyethism ; (+)—limonene ; alkaloid ; hexanoic nitrile ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Myrmicinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The antMyrmicaria eumenoides is a significant arthropod predator. For rapid attraction of large numbers of nestmates to newly discovered food sources the ants use an efficient recruitment communication system based on the poison gland secretion. Workers exhibit age-based division of labour. Young workers perform brood-care; their poison gland reservoir develops and reaches its final size of ≈ 0.5 µl at an age of ≥ 6 weeks, when they become foragers. The secretion deposited during combat with enemies or prey is composed of equal amounts of both a high volatile and a low volatile fraction. Within the high volatile fraction (+)—limonene is the main component (97%) and is the only olfactory trigger to alert ants in the vicinity and to recruit them to places of combat, where they assemble. Ants respond to synthetic (+)—limonene in exactly the same way as to the poison gland secretion when applied at the same airborne concentrations. Further components of the high volatile fraction are four additional monoterpene hydrocarbons and hexanoic nitrile. The high volatile and the low volatile fraction of the poison gland secretion each have dual functions: The low volatiles, of which the main component is an alkaloid, serve as a fixative and extend the effective period of the limonene signal by modifying its evaporation kinetics. On the other hand the high volatile recruitment signal (+)—limonene is also the solvent for the alkaloid and enhances its spreading on the surface of the cuticle of arthropod enemies or prey.
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    Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatile ; semiochemical ; synomone ; volatile attractant ; tritrophic ; host location ; parasitoid behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis ; Ichneumonidae ; Netelia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01325231
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    Experiments inducing prospective polar body nuclei to participate in embryogenesis of the sawfly Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera) (1990)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1990), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Athalia rosae ; Hymenoptera ; Thelytoky ; Automixis ; Gynandromorph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mature eggs dissected from ovaries of unmated females of Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), if placed on a filter-paper soaked with distilled water, are activated and develop to haploid males. Occasionally, however, diploid females develop from these artificially activated eggs. Treatment of mature unfertilized eggs dissected from diploid females with ice-cold temperatures immediately before activation and with a high temperature (36° C) upon and immediately after activation resulted in the production of diploid males, diploid females, triploid females and gynandromorphs at high frequency. The same treatment of mature unfertilized eggs dissected from triploid females resulted in the production of only triploid survivors. These results, together with the results on the segregation of a marker mutation, yellow fatbody (yfb), appear to indicate that meiotic divisions were complete in the treated eggs, and that all four nuclei became potentially capable of participating in development with or without automictic fusion.
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    Andrena wilkella male bees discriminate between enantiomers of cephalic secretion components (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 429-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enantiomer discrimination ; male patrolling ; odor marking ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Andrena wilkella ; bee ; EAG ; spiroacetal ; absolute configuration ; 2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diastereomers of the spiroacetal, 2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro [5.5]undecane, represent main components of the cephalic secretion from males of the solitary bee,Andrena wilkella. The major compound proved to be of high enantiomeric purity, showing (2S,6R,8S) configuration. Only the naturally occurring enantiomer attracted patrolling males in the field; its antipode was behaviorally inactive and in a racemic mixture did not inhibit response. The (E,Z) diastereomers were also found to be almost inactive. EAG studies gave the same result as the behavioral tests. The biological function of the spiroacetal is discussed in view of the evolution of the mating behavior inA. wilkella.
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    Novel internally branched, internal alkenes as major components of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the primitive australian antNothomyrmecia macrops Clark (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2623-2635 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Internally branched alkenes ; internal alkenes ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; Nothomyrmecia macrops ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; ants ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Internally mono- and dimethyl branched, internal alkenes, which constitute most of the cuticular hydrocarbon present on workers of the primitive Australian antNothomyrmecia macrops Clark, have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. They are the first such alkenes reported from insects. Also present are alkanes with similar carbon skeletons. The hydrocarbon patterns of three separateNothomyrmecia colonies were very similar.
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    Chemical communication in the dacetine antDaceton armigerum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1207-1219 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Dacetini ; Daceton armigerum ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; poison gland ; pygidial gland ; sternal gland ; mandibular gland ; trail communication ; alarm communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to previous assumptions,Daceton armigerum, the largest ant in the myrmicine tribe Dacetini, employs trail communication. We identified two anatomical sources of trail pheromones: Trails drawn with poison gland contents can last for more than seven days. Trails drawn with the newly discovered sternal glands (in the VIth and VIIth abdominal sternites) are effective but relatively short-lived. In addition, our bioassays revealed that the contents of the mandibular glands elicit alarm behavior, and secretions from the pygidial gland release attraction. When tested with artificial poison gland trails from seven other myrmicine species,Daceton did not exhibit trail following behavior. We confirmed, however, previous findings thatAtta respond toDaceton poison gland trails andSolenopsis followDaceton Dufour's gland trails.
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    An allelochemical elicits arrestment inApanteles kariyai in feces of nonhost larvaeAcantholeucania loreyi (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2009-2017 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apanteles kariyai ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Acantholeucania loreyi ; Pseudaletia separata ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2,5-dialkyltet-rahydrofuran ; arrestant ; allelochemical ; antimone ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the larval parasitoidApanteles kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal pellets ofAcantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with anA. loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However, such stinging did not result in any offspring. The allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is identical to a kairomone of the hostPseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast toA. loreyi, P. separata is a suitable host forA. kariyai, and oviposition inP. separata results in offspring production. The allelochemical mediating the interaction betweenA. loreyi andA. kariyai is discussed in the context of current allelochemical terminology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020512
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    Chemistry of male mandibular gland secretions ofPhilanthus triangulum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2135-2143 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Philanthus triangulum ; Hymenoptera ; Sphecidae ; Philanthinae ; beewolf ; (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol ; 10-nonadecen-2-one ; nonadecenal ; eicosenal ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the European and African beewolf,Philanthus triangulum, possess a sex specific mandibular gland secretion that is used for marking plant stems in mating territories. The secretion is composed of 90% (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol plus small amounts of 10-nonadecen-2-one, nonadecenal, octadecanoic and octadecenoic acids, and eicosenal. The chemistry of this secretion differs markedly from the secretions of North AmericanPhilanthus, which consist of a larger number of components that possess different chemical functionalities and are more volatile. We postulate that the chemical differences betweenP. triangulum and its New World relatives reflect phylogenetic differences plus a possible reduced necessity for species isolating mechanisms inP. triangulum.
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    Internest aggression and identification of possible nestmate discrimination pheromones in polygynous antFormica montana (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2217-2228 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nestmate discrimination ; polygynous ants ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; multivariate analysis ; aggression ; prairie ants ; class distinction ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Polygynous ant species often monopolize patchily distributed habitats and tolerate neighboring conspecifics while aggressively attacking other ant species. We determined that internest aggression occurs in the polygynous ant,Formica montana. We report for the first time the identities of cuticular hydrocarbons ofF. montana and present results of their possible role in nestmate recognition. Cuticular hydrocarbons contribute differentially to class discrimination, certain hydrocarbons being more class distinct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026932
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    Surface lipids of social waspPolistes melricus say and its nest and nest pedicel and their relation to nestmate recognition (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2229-2241 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polistes metricus ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; social wasps ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; nestmate recognition ; nest pedicel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In eight replicate laboratory tests wherePolistes metricus adults were allowed to choose between their own nest, a second nest, and neither nest, they selected their own nest 66% of the observed time. When the surface hydrocarbons had been extracted from the nests, the wasps chose their own nest only 8% of the time, but after the hydrocarbons were reapplied to the surface of the respective nests, they selected their own nest 47% of the time. These changes are significant. The cuticular lipids were analyzed from individualP. metricus adult females collected from 13 colonies. Surface lipids were recovered from the paper and pedicels of their nests. Eighteen hydrocarbons were identified in these lipid fractions. The major components of the wasp cuticular lipids weren-heptacosane,n-nonacosane, methylhentriacontane, and methyltritriacontane. Factor analysis revealed that extracts of pedicels are all similar in composition, while cuticle and paper extracts vary, sometimes similarly according to colony identity.
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    Semiochemicals for use with parasitoids: Status and future (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3067-3089 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid behavior ; parasitoid manipulation ; foraging environment ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelochemicals are known to serve important roles at all steps in the host-searching sequence of parasitoids. We discuss the various roles of these allelochemics and the type of information needed to develop their use in pest control, which to date has been very limited. Rapid advancements are being made with respect to airborne chemicals and longer-range foraging behavior. Moreover, recent discoveries have shown that genetic diversity in parasitoid populations and phenotypic plasticity of individuals, together with their physiological state, often result in substantial variations in the response to chemical cues. Successful application of semiochemical-parasitoid systems will require management of these intrinsic parasitoid variables as well as management of the foraging environment. We illustrate emerging technology for such an application. For the immediate future, the development of this technology will allow us to: (1) define the genetic and phenotypic foraging profiles important to consistent and efficient parasitoid foraging, and (2) establish the proper propagation and release procedures and monitoring bioassays necessary to ensure appropriate behavioral and physiological qualities of released organisms. For the long term, we envision technology for comprehensively manipulating the pest/crop environment in ways that would provide foraging stimuli and other needs important to retention and efficiency of parasitoids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979613
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    Alarm responses caused by newly identified compounds derived from the honeybee sting (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 57-65 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; alarm pheromone ; acetate ; alcohol ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; sting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve compounds identified from honeybee,Apis mellifera L., sting extracts were evaluated in a standardized laboratory test for their effectiveness in eliciting an alarm response from caged worker honeybees. Two-1-decanol and phenol-were judged ineffective as alarm pheromones. The other ten-1-butanol, isopentyl acetate, isopentyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2-heptyl acetate, 2-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-acetoxy-2-octene, 2-nonyl acetate, and 1-acetoxy-2-nonene-produced alarm responses of similar speed and intensity. Three non-sting-derived compounds-β-ionone, methyl benzoate, andtrans-cinnamaldehyde—caused weak or no responses, indicating that the responses were not simply a reaction to concentrated odoriferous substances.
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    Dependence of necrophoric response to oleic acid on social context in the ant,Pogonomyrmex badius (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pogonomyrmex badius ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; oleic acid ; social context ; midden ; pheromone ; harvester ant ; necrophoric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the southern harvester ant,Pogonomyrmex badius, to oleic acid was found to depend on social context. Social context was specified as the number of ants engaging in each of five categories of behavior. When a large percentage of the colony is doing midden work or nest maintenance, papers treated with oleic acid are taken to the midden, as previously reported. However, when a large percentage of the colony is foraging or convening, treated papers are taken into the nest as if they were food items.
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    Influence of diterpene resin acids on feeding and growth of larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 119-127 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Larch sawfly ; Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; feeding behavior ; nutritional indices ; abietic acid ; dehydroabietic acid ; neoabietic acid ; isopimaric acid ; sandaracopimaric acid ; resin acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diterpene resin acids significantly affect consumption rates, feeding efficiencies, and growth rates of the larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) when topically applied to their natural food, tamarackLarix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch. Abietic acid, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and isopimaric acid significantly reduced consumption rates, feeding efficiencies, and growth rates. Sandaracopimaric acid reduced growth and efficiency but did not influence consumption rate. Two-way analysis of variance indicates a significant interaction between chemical and concentration for growth rate, feeding efficiency, and consumption rate. This interaction indicates that increasing chemical concentrations do not influence the larch sawfly in a uniform manner, supporting the concept of concentration-dependent biological activity of allelochemics.
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    Synthesis of δ-lactonic pheromones ofXylocopa hirsutissima andVespa orientalis and an allomone of some ants of genusCamponotus (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 703-714 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xylocopa hirsutissima ; Vespa orientalis ; Camponotus ; Hymenoptera ; Xylocopidae ; Vespidae ; Formicidae ; pheromone ; allomone ; chemical preparation ; cis-3,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2-pyrone ; 6-n-undecyltetrahydro-2-pyrone ; 6-n-pentyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyrone ; lactones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Simple preparations ofcis-3,6-dimethyltetrahydro-2-pyrone, VII,6-n-undecyltetrahydro-2-pyrone, XVIIb, and 6-n-pentyl-5,6-dihydro-2-pyrone, XVIa, have been achieved. Products VII and XVIIb, respectively, are the major constituent of the pheromonal blend of a carpenter bee (Xylocopa hirsutissima) and the pheromone of the queens of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). The lactone XVIa is a suspected defensive allomone in two species of formicine ants of the genusCamponotus. All three compounds have been prepared from dehydroacetic acid, I, a cheap and industrially available starting material.
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    Esterase isozymes in a solitary bee,Megachile rotundata (fab.): Characterization, developmental multiplicity, and adult variability (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 347-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterases ; Megachile rotundata ; Hymenoptera ; allozymes ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the biochemical characterization and genetic variation of cytosolic esterases in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile rotundata (Fab.). Esterase isozymes were separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and characterized by inhibition with eserine sulfate, EDTA, paraoxon, andp-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Based on inhibition patterns and substrate specificity, there are major differences between adults and immature forms and more subtle differences between male and female adults. M. rotundata esterases are largely organophosphate sensitive and the two major adult allozymes were highly variable within the population examined. Differences in esterase expression between life stages with respect to niche and the occurrence of diploid males are discussed.
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    Esterase isozymes in a solitary bee,Megachile rotundata (fab.): Characterization, developmental multiplicity, and adult variability (1990)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 28 (1990), S. 347-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: esterases ; Megachile rotundata ; Hymenoptera ; allozymes ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study describes the biochemical characterization and genetic variation of cytosolic esterases in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile rotundata (Fab.). Esterase isozymes were separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing and characterized by inhibition with eserine sulfate, EDTA, paraoxon, andp-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Based on inhibition patterns and substrate specificity, there are major differences between adults and immature forms and more subtle differences between male and female adults. M. rotundata esterases are largely organophosphate sensitive and the two major adult allozymes were highly variable within the population examined. Differences in esterase expression between life stages with respect to niche and the occurrence of diploid males are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02401424
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    Unique response of Cyanophyceae to copper (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: heavy metal ; photosynthesis ; periphyton ; tolerance ; Cyanophyceae ; genetic adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the tolerance to Cu of 11 strains of Cyanophyceae and 7 strains of eukaryotes. These had all been tested within 6 months after isolation for their photosynthetic activity when exposed to Cu (Takamuraet al., 1989) and had repeatedly been subcultured in the medium without Cu for 2 years. Photosynthetic measurements were made in two ways: precultured in medium without Cu or precultured (for one subculture) in medium containing Cu (645 μg 1−1). The results were compared with those obtained within 6 months of isolation. The tolerance of the eukaryotes did not change significantly in any case, but most strains of Cyanophyceae lost their tolerance to Cu within a few subcultures in medium without Cu; however tolerance recovered following one subculture in medium containing an intermediate level of Cu. This rapid adaptation cannot be explained by a constitutive mutation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02180917
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    Effects of environmental parameters on net photosynthesis of a free-living brown seaweed,Cystoseira barbata formarepens: determination of optimal photosynthetic culture conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 281-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Cystoseira barbata ; photosynthesis ; light ; temperature ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The net photosynthesis of the Mediterranean brown seaweedCystoseira barbata f.repens is measured according to irradiance, temperature and salinity. There is not only, a good utilization of low light intensities (light-shade adaptation), but also a specific ability to use a broad range of irradiance, which corresponds in the photosynthesis-irradiance curves to a high initial slope and an extended light saturation level from 300 to 1500 μmol photon m−2 s−1; only very high irradiances induce photoinhibition. Maximum net photosynthesis occurred at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 30 °C. The alga tolerates not only a low level of salinity, but also a slight increase in salinity; however, at more than 47.5 g 1−1 NaCl, oxygen exchange is significantly reduced. Light, temperature and salinity requirements are discussed, taking into account ecological considerations. Yields and quality of alginic acid are presented according to the irradiance and yearly evolutionin situ in order to aid future cultivation of this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02179786
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    Strain selection in Gracilaria spp. 2. Selection for high and low temperature resistance in G. verrucosa sporelings (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; strain selection ; growth ; photosynthesis ; rubisco ; agar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A strain selection procedure using Gracilaria verrucosa gametophytic sporelings was found to be an efficient tool for the improvement of Gracilaria strains. Two strains, C-2 and A-18, which were isolated and grown clonally, showed higher growth rates under high and low temperature conditions, respectively, than the local Gracilaria conferta. Growth rate, photosynthesis and chlorophyll, which were measured under different temperature and photon flux densities, demonstrated an overall advantage of the selected strains over the wild type strains of both G. verrucosa and G. conferta. Growth rates were also generally in positive correlation with the carboxylase activity of Rubisco. The G. verrucosa wild type also had a 40% higher agar content than G. conferta. The selected strains thus showed higher potential for outdoor cultivation than local wild type populations.
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    The influence of Verticillium dahliae and drought on potato crop growth. 1. effects on gas exchange and stomatal behaviour of individual leaves and crop canopies (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 273-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Canopy enclosure ; stomatal conductance ; light response curve ; light use efficiency ; photosynthesis ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; transpiration ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Aardappelplanten (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv.Saturna werden onderworpen aan stress als gevolg vanVerticillium dahliae en droogte. In vroege stadia van de groei werden stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese bij lichtverzadiging (PAR〉300 W m−2) gemeten aan individuele bladeren en met een mobiel instrumentarium met behulp van gewaskappen. Er werden geen significante verschillen gevonden in de waarden van de stomataire geleiding en de gasuitwisslingskarakteristieken als gevolg vanV. dahliae-besmetting tot een maand na opkomst. Daarna leidde infectie metV. dahliae tot een afname van de stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese, speciaal bij oudere bladeren en bij planten die meer aan zonlicht waren blootgesteld. Soms vertoondeV. dahliae interactie met droogte en bleken beide effecten minder dan optelbaar. De hoge waarden van de variatiecoëfficiënten maakten een groot aantal metingen per behandeling noodzakelijk; dit was vooral het geval bij metV. dahliae geïnfecteerde planten hetgeen aantoont datV. dahliae vooral in het begin van de groei niet alle bladeren in gelijke mate aantast. Door de matigende invloed van de integratie van alle bladlagen en mogelijk doordat de bovenste bladeren werden gestimuleerd, werd de totale gewasfotosynthese in mindere mate beïnvloed doorV. dahliae dan de individuele bladfotosynthese. De bovenste niet geïnfecteerde bladeren bleken verantwoordelijk voor het grootste gedeelte van de gewas-fotosynthese. De resultaten tonen aan, dat volgend op een infectie metV. dahliae, de fotosynthese reeds in een vroeg stadium van de groei wordt verminderd als een gevolg van droogtestress in de bladeren.
    Notes: Abstract Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants cv.Saturna were subjected to infection withVerticillium dahliae and drought stress. At the early stages of growth, stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthesis were measured at light saturation (PAR〉300 m−2) on individual leaves and with mobile field equipment with the aid of field enclosures. No significant changes in stomatal conductance and gas exchange characteristics occurred as a result ofV. dahliae instomatal conductance, transpiration and and photosynthetic rates, especially on older leaves and on plants exposed to direct sunlight for a longer period of time. In combination with drought,V. dahliae only occasionally showed interaction; their effects being less than additive. High values of coefficients of variatoon necessitated a high number of measurements per treatment; the more so in the inoculated plants which shows thatV. dahliae seems to affect certain leaves while not affecting others early in growth. Crop photosynthesis was less reduced byV. dahliae than individual leaf photosynthesis due to the levelling effect of integration over the whole canopy and possibly through a stimulation of the top leaves. The upper non-affected leaves are responsible for the bulk of photosynthetic crop activity. The results indicate that following an infection withV. dahliae photosynthesis is reduced early in growth as a result of drought stress in the leaves.
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    The production of floral oils byMonttea (Scrophulariaceae) and the function of tarsal pads inCentris bees (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 209-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Monttea ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil-flowers ; oil-bees ; Flora of Argentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant species that secrete oil as their primary floral reward are rare and sporadically found in the angiosperms. We report here thatMonttea, a genus previously unsuspected of being an oil-plant, produces lipids from trichome elaiophores on the inside of the lower (anterior) lip. The discovery of the production of oils by species of this S. American genus explains the occurrence of unusual dual-function collecting structures in ArgentineCentris (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) and explains the presence of oil-collecting bees in regions where oil-secreting flowers were previously thought to be absent. The behavior of these centridine pollinators onMonttea flowers parallels that of oil-collecting bees onDiascia (Scrophulariaceae) in S. Africa.
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    Isolation and characterization of the membrane-bound cytochrome c-554 from the thermophilic green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 29-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cytochrome c ; photosynthesis ; photosynthetic bacteria ; electron transport ; Chloroflexus aurantiacus ; green bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The membrane-bound photooxidizable cytochrome c-554 from Chloroflexus aurantiacus has been purified. The purified protein runs as a single heme staining band on SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 43 000 daltons. An extinction coefficient of 28 ± 1 mM−1 cm−1 per heme at 554 nm was found for the dithionite-reduced protein. The potentiometric titration of the hemes takes place over an extended range, showing clearly that the protein does not contain a single heme in a well-defined site. The titration can be fit to a Nernst curve with midpoint potentials at 0, +120, +220 and +300 mV vs the standard hydrogen electrode. Pyridine hemochrome analysis combined with a Lowry protein assay and the SDS-PAGE molecular weight indicates that there are a minimum of three, and probably four hemes per peptide. Amino acid analysis shows 5 histidine residues and 29% hydrophobic residues in the protein. This cytochrome appears to be functionally similar to the bound cytochrome from Rhodopseudomonas viridis. Both cytochrome c-554 from C. aurantiacus and the four-heme cytochrome c-558-553 from R. viridis appear to act as direct electron donors to the special bacteriochlorophyll pair of the photosynthetic reaction center. They have a similar content of hydrophobic amino acids, but differ in isoelectric point, thermodynamic characteristics, spectral properties, and in their ability to be photooxidized at low temperature.
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    The effect of leaf size on mutual shading and cultivar differences in soybean leaf photosynthetic capacity (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 67-72 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: leaf size ; light ; photosynthesis ; shading ; soybeans ; specific leaf weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the basis of the negative relationship between leaf size and photosynthetic rate per unit of area among five cultivars of soybeans. Exposure of developing mainstem leaves to light, and sizes and light saturated photosynthesis rates of those leaves at maturity were compared in cultivars grown in field plots for two years at Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Plants were grown both in stands at 2.5 cm by 1 m spacing and as isolated plants. While cultivar differences in leaf size were large and consistent in both planting arrangements, significant cultivar differences in light saturated photosynthetic rates were found only in plants grown in stands. Similarly, leaf size was significantly correlated with specific leaf weight only for plants grown in stands. The mainstem apex and developing mainstem leaves experienced more severe shading in large-leaved cultivars than in small-leaved cultivars when plants were grown in stands. Thus, cultivar differences in photosynthetic capacity were probably a consequence of differences in the exposure of developing leaves to light.
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    On the nature of the photosynthetic energy storage monitored by photoacoustic spectroscopy (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 313-318 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: thylakoid membranes ; electron transfer ; photoacoustic spectroscopy ; energy storage ; photosynthesis ; plastoquinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic energy storage yield of uncoupled thylakoid membranes was monitored by photoacoustic spectroscopy at various measuring beam intensities. The energy storage rate as evaluated by the half-saturation measuring beam intensity (i50) was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethylurea, by heat inactivation or by artificial electron acceptors specific for photosystem I or photosystem II; and was activated by electron donors to photosystem I. The reactions involving both photosystems were all characterized by a similar maximal energy storage yield of 16±2 percent. The data could be interpreted if we assumed that the energy storage elicited by the photosystems at 35 Hz is detected at the level of the plastoquinone pool.
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    Retrospective of a botanist (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 77-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: autobiography ; chloroplast structure ; chloroplast proteins ; chloroplast lipids ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An autobiographic report of studies on the elucidation of the structure of the chloroplast is presented here. It deals with the discovery of the lamellar structure of chloroplasts by polarization-microscopy, the representation of their layer-like structure with the ultraviolet microscope and the results obtained by the electron-microscope leading to the discovery of the structural elements of the lamellar system. These lamellar structures were in the form of vesicles, and were named thylakoids. Isolation of the chloroplasts made it possible to determine their chemical composition. Amphiphilic lipids, together with water, create bimolecular layers and, therefore, are responsible for the structure of the thylakoid-membranes. The role of membrane proteins was emphasized. The isolation of the individual polypeptides was possible after dissociation in sodium-dodecyl-sulfate. Antisera to these polypeptides were used to localize them in the membrane. These antisera are able to inhibit special steps in the electron transport. Our results of the spectroscopic examination of photosynthetic membrane components are also discussed.
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    A reassessment of the use of herbicide binding to measure photosystem II reaction centres in plant thylakoids (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 109-113 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: atrazine ; diuron ; photosystem II ; photosynthesis ; thylakoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The binding of the herbicide atrazine to thylakoid membranes is often used to quantify Photosystem II reaction centres. Two atrazine binding sites, with high and low affinities, have been observed on the D1 and D2 polypeptides of Photosystem II, respectively (McCarthy S., Jursinic P. and Stemler A. (1988) Plant Physiol. 86S:46). We have observed that the accessibility of the low-affinity binding sites is variable, being limited in freshly isolated thylakoids or in fresh frozen-thawed thylakoids, but increasing during storage of the membranes on ice. In contrast, the accessibility of the high-affinity binding sites, which are titratable at low concentrations (〈 500 nM) of herbicide, is much less variable, although the dissociation constant is greatly influenced by ethanol. We conclude that to quantify Photosystem II reaction centres by atrazine binding, it is sufficient and more reliable to assay only the high-affinity binding sites.
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    Nucleotide sequence and expression of the two genes encoding D2 protein and the single gene encoding the CP43 protein of Photosystem II in the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 137-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; psbC gene ; psbD gene ; translational start codon ; overlapping genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The unicellular photoheterotrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was shown to encode two genes for the Photosystem II reaction center core protein D2 and one gene for the reaction center chlorophyhll-binding protein CP43. These three genes were cloned and their DNA sequences determined along with their flanking DNA sequences. Northern hybridization experiments show that both genes which encode D2, psbD1 and psbD2, are expressed at roughly equivalent levels. For each of the two psbD genes, there are 18 nucleotide differences among the 1059 nucleotides which are translated. The DNA sequences surrounding the coding sequences are nearly 70% divergent. Despite the DNA sequence differences in the genes, the proteins encoded by the two genes are predicted to be identical. The proteins encoded by psbD1 and psbD2 are ∼92% homologous to other sequenced cyanobacterial psbD genes and ∼86% homologous to sequenced chloroplast-encoded psbD genes. The single gene for CP43, psbC, overlaps the 3′ end of psbD1 and is co-transcribed with it. Results from previous sequencing of psbC genes encoded by chloroplasts suggest that the 5′ end of the psbC gene overlaps the 3′ end of the coding sequence of psbD by ∼50 nucleotides. In Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, the methionine codon previously proposed to be the start codon for psbC is replaced by an ACG (threonine) codon. We propose an alternative start for the psbC gene at a GTG codon 36 nucleotides downstream from the threonine codon. This GTG codon is preceded by a consensus E. coli-like ribosome binding sequence. Both the GTG start codon and its preceding ribosome binding sequence are conserved in all psbC genes sequenced from cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. This suggests that all psbC genes start at this alternative GTG codon. Based on this alternative start codon, the gene product is ∼85% identical to other cyanobacterial psbC gene products and ∼77% identical to eucaryotic chloroplast-encoded psbC gene products.
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    Effect of photon flux density on inorganic carbon accumulation and net CO2 exchange in a high-CO2-requiring mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 245-252 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: inorganic carbon transport ; light ; Chlamydomonas ; CO2 exchange ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of photon flux density on inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation was determined by CO2 exchange studies at three, limiting CO2 concentrations with a ca-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardiii. This mutant accumulates a large internal inorganic carbon pool in the light which apparently is unavailable for photosynthetic assimilation. Although steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation did not respond to the varying photon flux densities because of CO2 limitation, components of inorganic-carbon accumulation were not clearly light saturated even at 1100 μmol photons m-2 s-1, indicating a substantial energy requirement for inorganic carbon transport and accumulation. Steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation responded to external CO2 concentrations but not to changing internal inorganic carbon concentrations, confirming that diffusion of CO2 into the cells supplies most of the CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation and that the internal inorganic carbon pool is essentially unavailable for photosynthetic assimilation. The estimated concentration of the internal inorganic carbon pool was found to be relatively insensitive to the external CO2 concentration over the small range tested, as would be expected if the concentration of this pool is limited by the internal to external inorganic carbon gradient. An attempt to use this CO2 exchange method to determine whether inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation compete for energy at low photon flux densities proved inconclusive.
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    Studies on thermoluminescence, delayed light emission and oxygen evolution from photosynthetic materials: UV effects (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 17-24 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: delayed light ; oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; thermoluminescence (money plant, pothos aurea leaf)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of ultraviolet light on thermoluminescence, oxygen evolution and the slow component of delayed light has been investigated in chloroplasts and Pothos leaves. All peaks including peak V (48°C) were inhibited by UV. However, the peak at 48°C which was induced by DCMU was enhanced following UV irradiation of chloroplasts at ambient temperature (23°C) whereas peak II (-12°C) and peak III (10°C) which were also induced by DCMU were inhibited. Chloroplasts treated with DCMU and dark incubated for several minutes at ambient temperature prior to recording of glow curves have also shown enhancement of peak at 48°C. A slow component of delayed light and photosystem II activity of chloroplasts were inhibited by UV whereas photosystem I activity was marginally affected. These results corroborate involvement of photosystem II in generating thermoluminescence and slow components of delayed light in photosynthetic materials.
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    Overcoming drought-induced decreases in soybean leaf photosynthesis by measuring with CO2-enriched air (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; Glycine max ; photosynthesis ; stomatal conductances ; water potential ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Williams 82 and A3127] plants were grown in the field under long-term soil moisture deficit and irrigation to determine the effects of severe drought stress on the photosynthetic capacity of soybean leaves. Afternoon leaf water potentials, stomatal conductances, intercellular CO2 concentrations and CO2-assimilation rates for the two soil moisture treatments were compared during the pod elongation and seed enlargement stages of crop development. Leaf CO2-assimilation rates were measured with either ambient (340 μl CO2 l−1) or CO2-enriched (1800 μl CO2 l−1) air. Although seed yield and leaf area per plant were decreased an average of 48 and 31%, respectively, as a result of drought stress, leaf water potentials were reduced only an average of 0.27 MPa during the sampling period. Afternoon leaf CO2-assimilation rates measured with ambient air were decreased an average of 56 and 49% by soil moisture deficit for Williams 82 and A3127, respectively. The reductions in leaf photosynthesis of both cultivars were associated with similar decreases in leaf stomatal conductance and with small increases in leaf intercellular CO2 concentration. When the CO2-enriched air was used, similar afternoon leaf CO2-assimilation rates were found between the soil moisture treatments at each stage of crop development. These results suggest that photosynthetic capacity of soybean leaves is not reduced by severe soil moisture deficit when a stress develops gradually under field conditions.
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    Regulation of coupling factor in field-grown sunflower: A Redox model relating coupling factor activity to the activities of other thioredoxin-dependent chloroplast enzymes (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 26 (1990), S. 213-222 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast coupling factor ; induction ; thioredoxin ; regulation ; ATP synthase ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous, non-invasive measurements were made of the rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and the state of activation of the chloroplast CF1CF0-ATP synthase (CF) in field-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) during the dark-to-light transition at sunrise. CO2 fixation showed a linear response with light intensity from zero to about 500–700 μE m-2 s-1. However, at light intensities of only 5–22 μE m-2 s-1, the energetic threshold for activation of the CF was found to be significantly lowered (as compared to the pre-dawn state), presumably through reduction of the regulatory sulfhdryl groups of the γ-subunit of the CF. When these studies were extended to chamber-grown plants, it was found that as little as 5 seconds of illumination at 4 μE m-2 s-1 caused apparently full CF reduction. It is clear, therefore, that the catalytic activation of CF is not rate limiting to the induction of carbon assimilation under field conditions during a natural dark-to-light transition at sunrise. A model, based on the redox properties of the regulatory sulfhydryls, was developed to examine the significance of sulfhydryl midpoint potential in explaining the differences in light sensitivity and oxidation and reduction kinetics, between the CF and other thioredoxin-modulated chloroplast enzymes. Computer simulations of the light-induced regulation of three representative thioredoxin-modulated enzymes are presented.
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    Photosynthetic characteristics of leaves developed at different irradiances and temperatures: an extension of the current hypothesis. (1983)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 87-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; irradiance ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic characteristics at high measurement irradiance were analyzed for single leaves of two C3 and one C4 species grown under twenty one combinations of irradiance level, irradiance duration, and air temperature in order to test the idea that photosynthetic characteristics developed by leaves in different environments are controlled by the daily amount of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic rates per unit area and mesophyll conductances at 25°C and air levels of CO2 and O2, and parameters for two photosynthesis models were used to characterize the photosynthetic properties of the leaves. Leaves with highest values of the photosynthetic parameters for each species were often developed in environments with irradiance levels below saturation for photosynthesis, and with only 12 hours of iradiance per day. Lower air temperature during growth increased the photosynthetic characteristics for a given irradiance regime. Photosynthetic characteristics had higher correlation coefficients with daily photosynthesis of mature leaves divided by 24-hour leaf elongation rates of young leaves, than with daily photosynthesis alone, indicating that photosynthetic characteristics may be related to a balance between photosynthesis and leaf expansion.
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    Photosynthetic characteristics of Amaranthus tricolor, a C4 tropical leafy vegetable (1983)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 171-178 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Amaranthus tricolor ; intercellular CO2 ; concentration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gas exchange characteristics are reported for Amaranthus tricolor, a C4 vegetable amaranth of southeastern Asia. Maximum photosynthetic capacity was 48.3±1.0μmol CO2 m−2s−1 and the temperature optimum was 35°C. The calculated intercellular CO2 concentration at this leaf temperature and an incident photon flux (400–700 mm) of 2 mmol m−2s−1 averaged 208±14 μl l−1, abnormally high for a C4 species. The photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and leaf conductance all decreased with an increase in water vapor pressure deficit. However, the decrease in leaf conductance which resulted in a decrease in intercellular CO2 concentration accounted for only one fourth of the observed decrease in photosynthetic rate as water vapor pressure deficit was increased. Subsequent measurements indicated that the depence of net photosynthesis on intercellular CO2 concetration changed with water vapor pressure deficit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052378
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    The relationship between state II to state I transitions and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (1983)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 245-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: State I-state II transitions ; blue-green alga ; cyanobacterium ; photosynthesis ; energy transfer ; cyclic electron flow ; phase transitions ; Synechococcus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of electron acceptors, inhibitors of electron flow and uncouplers and inhibitors of photophosphorylation on a state II to I transition were studied. 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) did not inhibit the state II to I transition. By contrast, 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), methyl viologen and antimycin A inhibited the transition indicating that the cyclic electron flow around photosystem I, but not the oxidation of electron carriers (such as plastoquinone), induced the state II to I transition. Uncouplers, but not inhibitors of photophosphorylation, inhibited the state transition suggesting that the proton transport through the cyclic electron flow was related to the transition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052128
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    Influence of salt stress on primary metabolism of Zea mays L. seedlings of model genotypes (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth chamber ; nutrient solution ; 15NO3 assimilation ; photosynthesis ; relative growth rate ; seedlings ; short-term NaCl stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short-term studies for comparing some primary metabolic and growth-responses to salt stress in seedlings of two maize genotypes differing in drought resistance were carried out under controlled conditions. Both genotypes revealed high yielding ability in favourable environments. Treatments: Control (Hoagland-Arnon No 1 solution) and salt stress (Hoagland-Arnon solution plus NaCl, Ψs = −0.84MPa). It was found that in both genotypes the activity of the principal metabolic pathway supplying reduced nitrogen (15N) for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins as well as the assimulatory number (14CO2—assimilation relation rate per chlorophyll unit) were decreased under the effect of the stress. These effects were more marked in the resistant genotype. In this genotype the stress induced metabolic activity decline was accompanied by a corresonding reduction of the relative growth rate. Conversely, continuing growth, resulting probably from accumulation of solutes, was observed in the susceptible genotype. On the basis of these and other observations it is assumed that the resistant genotype manifests short-term energy saving stress reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011271
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    Physiological factors determining yield in bread wheat. Effects of introducing dwarfism genes (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; harvest index ; biological yield ; economic yield ; short straw ; dwarfism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Improvements in bread wheat productivity have been related to changes in plant morphology and function associated with a large increase in the harvest index for a more or less constant biological yield. The appearance of short genotypes possessing dwarfism genes may modify markedly the objectives of breeding as the upper limits of the harvest index are approached. The aim of the investigations presented here was to identify some contrasts between short and tall genotypes in terms of the physiological characteristics associated with grain yield, so as to orientate more efficiently the selection of genotypes, with or without dwarfism genes, for productivity. Various parameters of flag leaf functioning (photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll fluorescence index, leaf area duration) were related to the biological and economic yields and the harvest index for two groups of genotypes that were differentiated by their height. For all genotypes, the relationships between the various traits and the grain yield were difficult to ascertain. For the tall genotypes without dwarfism genes, the classical relationships between grain yield, harvest index, flag leaf area duration and net photosynthesis rate were confirmed. Moreover, the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence decrease (Rfd) during the slow Kautsky kinetics phase, which is representative of the leaf photosynthesis at low light, was found to be an excellent marker of economic yield. Chlorophyll fluorescence decrease was closely related to grain yield and also with other factors that are known to be important in its expression (harvest index, flag leaf area duration). In very short genotypes, the biological yield and directly related factors (leaf area, plant height) were the main parameters associated with economic yield, since the harvest index had approached its upper limit. The selection of short genotypes must therefore maintain the biological yield through an increase in the size of the aerial organs to counterbalance the decrease in height.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022890
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    Current perceptions of Photosystem II (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 131-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; review ; structure/function aspects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the last few years our knowledge of the structure and function of Photosystem II in oxygen-evolving organisms has increased significantly. The biochemical isolation and characterization of essential protein components and the comparative analysis from purple photosynthetic bacteria (Deisenhofer, Epp, Miki, Huber and Michel (1984) J Mol Biol 180: 385–398) have led to a more concise picture of Photosystem II organization. Thus, it is now generally accepted that the so-called D1 and D2 intrinsic proteins bind the primary reactants and the reducing-side components. Simultaneously, the nature and reaction kinetics of the major electron transfer components have been further clarified. For example, the radicals giving rise to the different forms of EPR Signal II have recently been assigned to oxidized tyrosine residues on the D1 and D2 proteins, while the so-called Q400 component has been assigned to the ferric form of the acceptor-side iron. The primary charge-separation has been meaured to take place in about 3 ps. However, despite all recent major efforts, the location of the manganese ions and the water-oxidation mechanism still remain largely unknown. Other topics which lately have received much attention include the organization of Photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane and the role of lipids and ionic cofactors like bicarbonate, calcium and chloride. This article attempts to give an overall update in this rapidly expanding field.
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    Detection of photosynthetic energy storage in a photosystem I reaction center preparation by photoacoustic spectroscopy (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 201-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; thermal emission ; P700 ; quantum yield ; energy conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal emission and photochemical energy storage were examined in photosystem I reaction center/core antenna complexes (about 40 Chl a/P700) using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Satisfactory signals could only be obtained from samples bound to hydroxyapatite and all samples had a low signal-to-noise ratio compared to either PS I or PS II in thylakoid membranes. The energy storage signal was saturated at low intensity (half saturation at 1.5 W m-2) and predicted a photochemical quantum yield of 〉90%. Exogenous donors and acceptors had no effect on the signal amplitudes indicating that energy storage is the result of charge separation between endogenous components. Fe(CN)6 -3 oxidation of P700 and dithionite-induced reduction of acceptors FA-FB inhibited energy storage. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that energy storage in PS I arises from charge separation between P700 and Fe-S centers FA-FB that is stable on the time scale of the photoacoustic modulation. High intensity background light (160 W m-2) caused an irreversible loss of energy storage and correlated with a decrease in oxidizable P700; both are probably the result of high light-induced photoinhibition. By analogy to the low fluorescence yield of PS I, the low signal-to-noise ratio in these preparations is attributed to the short lifetime of Chl singlet excited states in PS I-40 and its indirect effect on the yield of thermal emission.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032307
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    Photoacoustic studies on the dependence of state transitions on grana stacking (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 225-232 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: state 1-state 2 transitions ; Mutant nicotiana (tobacco aurea mutant Su/su) ; photoacoustics ; photosynthesis ; energy distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoacoustic detection of oxygen evolution and Emerson enhancement in state 1 and state 2 were compared in a tobacco wild type and mutant (Su/su) deficient in chlorophyll. The mutant shows smaller changes in the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems than the wild type. Analysis of Emerson enhancement saturation curves indicates that in the mutant which is deficient in grana partitions and shows less stacking, state 1-state 2 transitions reflect changes in the yield of energy transfer from PS II to PS I (spillover). On the other hand, the wild type containing large grana shows changes in absorption cross-sections of the two photosystems upon state transitions. NaF, a specific phosphatase inhibitor, blocks the transition to state 1, indicating that LHC II phosphorylation has a role in excitation energy regulation in both the mutant as well as the wild type. It is demonstrated that N-ethylmaleimide, a specific sulfhydryl reagent, blocks the transition to state 2, suggesting that a disulfide-sulfhydryl redox couple activates the LHC II kinase in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033163
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    LED array spectrophotometer for measurement of time resolved difference spectra in the 530–600 nm wavelength region (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 317-327 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: LED-Array Spectrophotometer ; difference spectroscopy ; time resolved spectra ; photosynthesis ; cytochrome b/f complex ; cytochrome b 559 ; heat-stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new type of computer controlled spectrophotometer is described which is based on an array of independent, monochromatic pulsed light sources consisting of light emitting diodes (LED) equipped with narrow band interference filters. The LEDs are sequentially pulsed at a high repetition rate. The absorbance information at specific wavelengths is sampled in the μs-time range, using a computer-controlled, highly selective technique of synchronous amplification. A first prototype of this LED Array Spectrophotometer allows simultaneous recording of kinetic changes at 16 different wavelengths in the range from 530 to 600 nm, with a time resolution of 1 ms/point. Special features of the new type of spectrophotometer are: Weak integrated measuring light intensity, high signal/noise ratio even with scattering samples like intact leaves, active baseline adjustment by LED current regulation, computer control of system operation and data analysis. To deconvolute the complex absorbance changes in the cytochrome α-band region, ‘standard spectra’ of the major components are stored in computer memory and used for curve fitting of difference spectra and kinetic changes. As an example of application, the light-induced absorbance changes in a heat-pretreated spinach leaf are analysed. The system effectively separates specific absorbance changes of C550, cyt f, cyt b 559 and cyt b 563 from a large background of non-specific changes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033173
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    Computer aided fluorescence imaging of photosynthetic systems (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 26 (1990), S. 59-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Video imaging ; fluorescence induction kinetics ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A fluorescence video imaging system utilizing relatively inexpensive commercial components is described. The instrument utilizes a black and white CCD video camera detector, a commercial video imaging board and a IBM-AT compatible computer. The color output of the imaging board greatly aids in the users ability to visually discriminate areas of interest in the video field. Software development that enables the user to capture kinetic traces in real time from the video images is also described. The system is used to monitor fluorescence from photosynthetic systems. The usefulness of the system in screening for photosynthetic mutants is also demonstrated. The cost of the system can be kept below $12,000.
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    Genetic diversity of photosynthetic characters in native populations of Triticum dicoccoides (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 119-128 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: adaptation ; genetic variation ; photosynthesis ; wild emmer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides Korn) has shown wide genetic diversity for disease resistance and morpho-physiological traits of economic importance. Our objectives were to test for genetic variation (VG) in photosynthetic characteristics residing within and between native populations sampled from three ecogeographical regions of Israel, and to identify potential sources of high photosynthetic efficiency for future wheat improvement. Accessions sampled in the center of wild emmer distribution (upper Jordan Valley) in a relatively narrow geographical range showed the greatest diversity in CO2-assimilation rate per unit leaf area (A) or per unit chlorophyll (A/Chl). Genetic variation was absent for internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and water-use efficiency (WUE) and generally lacking for stomatal conductance (gs). Leaf area, although quite variable, was not a significant cofactor in assessing genetic potential for photosynthesis. Accessions within a given population showed 10-times more variation in A and A/Chl than populations sampled from different locations in a region. Accessions with the highest photosynthetic efficiency were derived from upland steppic populations located in marginal habitats extending southward into Israel. Some accessions having high photosynthetic capacity (A=32 μmol m-2 s-1) with no significant reduction in leaf size constitute a potentially valuable genetic resource yet untapped for genetic improvement of hexaploid (T. aestivum L.) wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035460
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    Computer-controlled pulse modulation system for analysis of photoacoustic signals in the time domain (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photoacoustics ; photosynthesis ; O2-evolution ; gas-exchange ; heat evolution ; chlorophyll fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed photoacoustic system for measurement of photosynthetic reactions in intact leaves is described. The system is based on pulsed light-emitting diodes, the pulse program and pulse response analysis being computer controlled. Separation of various components in the overall photoacoustic signal is achieved by curve fitting analysis of the responses following individual measuring light pulses in the millisecond time domain. This procedure is in distinction to the conventionally used analysis in the frequency domain, with the advantage that various signal components are obtained by on-line deconvolution, yielding simultaneous recordings of photothermal (complement of energy storage) and photobaric (evolution and uptake) signals. The basic components of the new system are described by block diagrams and the principal steps for deconvolution of the overall photoacoustic response are outlined. An example of application with simultaneous recording of chlorophyll fluorescence is given. It is apparent that the photobaric uptake component represents a significant part of the overall signal, particularly during induction of photosynthesis after dark-adaptation. This component probably contains not only O2-uptake but uptake of CO2 as well.
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    Leaf anatomical characteristics in Flaveria trinervia (C4), Flaveria brownii (C4-like) and their F1 hybrid (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 26 (1990), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chloroplasts ; Kranz anatomy ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several leaf anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics usually related with photosynthetic capacity were examined in two Flaveria species with strong differences in anatomy and their F1 hybrid. Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr (C4) was the female parent and F. brownii A.M. Powell (C4-like) was the male parent. Quantitative anatomical analysis was made on transverse sections of leaves at both the light and electron microscope level. Four kinds of photosynthetic tissues were considered: bundle sheath (BS), mesophyll adjacent to the BS, mesophyll not adjacent to the BS, and larger spongy mesophyll cells. Flaveria trinvervia partitioned a larger proportion of its photosynthetic cells to BS and the mesophyll layer adjacent to BS and also possessed larger chloroplasts, especially in BS, than did F. brownii. These results suggest that although F. brownii is very C4-like, its anatomy is not as completely C4 as is the case for F. trinervia. In the F1 hybrid the relative contribution of the different tissues to the total photosynthetic tissue volume and area per unit leaf area was quite similar to that of F. trinervia. On the other hand, the chloroplast density and size of the F1 hybrid were fairly similar to those of F. brownii, especially in BS. Thus, there was no evidence of maternal inheritance in the chloroplast characteristics studied. A negative correlation (P〈0.05) between chloroplast size and density was observed among species and relicates within each kind of tissue. This correlation was highest (r=−0.94, P〈0.001) for the BS and when values were plotted on a logarithmic scale. Thus, higher chloroplast numbers for F. brownii and the F1 hybrid were offset by larger chloroplasts in F. trinervia. Less complete C4 photosynthesis in F. brownii may be partially due to incomplete development of Kranz anatomy usually associated with C4 photosynthesis.
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    Photosynthetic characteristics of leaves developed at different irradiances and temperatures: an extension of the current hypothesis (1983)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 87-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: acclimation ; irradiance ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic characteristics at high measurement irradiance were analyzed for single leaves of two C3 and one C4 species grown under twenty one combinations of irradiance level, irradiance duration, and air temperature in order to test the idea that photosynthetic characteristies developed by leaves in different environments are controlled by the daily amount of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic rates per unit area and mesophyll conductances at 25°C and air levels of CO2 and O2, and parameters for two photosynthesis models were used to characterize the photosynthetic properties of the leaves. Leaves with highest values of the photosynthetic parameters for each species were often developed in environments with irradiance levels below saturation for photosynthesis, and with only 12 hours of irradiance per day. Lower air temperature during growth increased the photosynthetic characteristics for a given irradiance regime. Photosynthetic characteristics had higher correlation coefficients with daily photosynthesis of mature leaves divided by 24-hour leaf elongation rates of young leaves, than with daily photosynthesis alone, indicating that photosynthetic characteristics may be related to a balance between photosynthesis and leaf expansion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041804
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    Photosynthetic characteristics of Amaranthus tricolor, a C4 tropical leafy vegetable (1983)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Amaranthus tricolor ; intercellular CO2 concentration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gas exchange characteristics are reported for Amaranthus tricolor, a C4 vegetable amaranth of southeastern Asia. Maximum photosynthetic capacity was 48.3±1.0 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and the temperature optimum was 35°C. The calculated intercellular CO2 concentration at this leaf temperature and an incident photon flux (400–700 mm) of 2 mmol m-2 s-1 averaged 208±14 μl l-1, abnormally high for a C4 species. The photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, and leaf conductance all decreased with an increase in water vapor pressure deficit. However, the decrease in leaf conductance which resulted in a decrease in intercellular CO2 concentration accounted for only one fourth of the observed decrease in photosynthetic rate as water vapor pressure deficit was increased. Subsequent measurements indicated that the dependence of net photosynthesis on intercellular CO2 concentration changed with water vapor pressure deficit.
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    Hydrography and characteristics of the phytoplankton in shelf and oceanic waters off southeastern Brazil during winter (July/August 1982) and summer (February/March 1984) (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 196 (1990), S. 111-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: hydrography ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; subsurface chlorophyll maxima ; southeastern Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The physical and chemical environment, and the phytoplankton primary production of southeastern Brazil were studied in relation to the general oceanographic structure during two research cruises (winter and summer). In each cruise, a total of 91 stations were occupied. Data were collected on the spatial distribution of nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic capacity over the coastal, shelf and oceanic areas off São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina States. During wintertime, the mixing processes between tropical warm waters of the Brazil Current and subantarctic waters of the Malvinas Current formed strong environmental gradients. The drainings of Rio de La Plata and Lagoa dos Patos are transported northwards by coastal currents, enriching the shelf waters off Santa Catarina State with inorganic nutrients and consequently increasing the chlorophyll ‘a’ to the highest concentrations (〉 3.5 mg m −3) measured during the two cruises. In slope waters chlorophyll values were always low (0.05–0.45 mg m −3). The chlorophyll within the euphotic layer varied from 8.8–36.7 and 1.2–18.5 mg m−2 during winter and summer, respectively. The surface photosynthetic rates during winter and summer cruises ranged respectively from 0.21–9.17 and 0.66–19.60 mgC/mgChl.a/h. The mean rates were higher in nearshore waters and decreased seaward. The thermal structure of the water column affected the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a and photosynthesis within the euphotic zone; During unstratified periods (winter) they were uniformly distributed but the occurrence of subsurface peaks of chlorophyll and strong photosynthetic inhibition of low light adapted cells in deeper layers are associated to the seasonal thermocline. Occasionally, upwelling of deep waters from shelf break enriched the deeper euphotic layers in offshore areas. Intensive upwelling was observed off Paranagua Bay (Parana State) and the mechanisms of its formation are discussed.
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    Comparative photosynthetic studies of Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) bladelets with and without zoosporangial sori (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 473-477 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ecklonia cava ; Phaeophyta ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; seaweed ; zoosporangial sori
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic rates were compared between Ecklonia cava bladelets with and without zoosporangial sori sampled from the subtidal zone (about 5 m deep) in Nabeta Bay, Shimoda, Japan. Photosynthetic rates of bladelets were lower in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion on the basis of area, dry weight and chlorophyll a. Respiration rates were higher in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion on the basis of area and chlorophyll a, whereas they were almost the same on a dry weight basis. The differences were mainly due to a large difference in dry weight per unit bladelet area between the sorus and the non-sorus portion. Light compensation points were higher in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion.
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    Development and application of a technique for estimating nutrient deficiency in soft sediments (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 203 (1990), S. 93-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient limitation ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A diffusion enrichment technique is presented which allows for chemical enrichment of soft surficial and shallow subsurface sediments and subsequent measurement of O2 production. The sediment is enriched by inserting a perforated tube containing dialysis tubing filled with a nutrient/agar mixture. O2 production by surficial sediment is measured using an inverted, translucent, polyethylene chamber over the sediment. The inside of the chamber contains a collapsible bag connected to the water outside the chamber. When water overlying the sediment is withdrawn from a sampling port, it is displaced with water from outside the chamber, thus preventing contamination of water samples with pore water from below. The technique was tested by enriching near-shore sediments in a large oligotrophic lake with inorganic N and P. NHinf4/p+ additions significantly stimulated benthic primary production as measured by 02 production, whereas enrichment with POinf4/3- had no effect.
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    Growth, photosynthesis and agar in wild-type strains of Gracilaria verrucosa and G. conferta (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), as a strain selection experiment (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 381-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; growth ; light ; photosynthesis ; RuBPcase ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The local species Gracilaria conferta and the foreign G. verrucosa were grown together under a wide range of photon flux density and temperature conditions. Gracilaria verrucosa showed a higher growth rate, especially under low temperatures, and higher photosynthetic performances as well as higher ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity as compared with G. conferta. Gracilaria verrucosa also showed a better quality and yield of agar, suggesting that this species could be more suitable than G. conferta for outdoor cultivation in Israel and may improve winter growth in ponds. Growth rate and agar quality (gel strength) were rated as the most suitable characteristics influencing the preference of strains for outdoor cultivation.
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    Physiological responses of Pterocladia and Gelidium (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from the Azores, Portugal (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 479-482 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gelidium ; photosynthesis ; physiological responses ; Pterocladia ; Rhodophyta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Manometric studies were conducted on Pterocladia capillacea, Gelidium latifolium and Gelidium spinulosum from the Azores, Portugal to determine optimal values of temperature, light and salinity for growth. Physiological responses were considered in relation to vertical distribution patterns of these species commonly observed throughout the Azores. Optimal parameters for the growth of Pterocladia capillacea, Gelidium latifolium and G. spinulosum were 17 to 25 °C, a photon flux density between 200 and 300 µmol m−2 s−1 and salinities of 25 to 35‰.
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    Photosynthetic characteristics of Cymbidium plantlet in vitro (1990)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 22 (1990), S. 205-211 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: CO2 enrichment ; Cymbidium ; in vitro ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic characteristics of the Cymbidium plantlet in vitro cultured on Hyponex-agar medium with 2% sucrose were determined based on the measurements of CO2 concentration inside and outside of the culture vessels. The CO2 measurements were made with a gas chromatograph at a PPF (photosynthetic photon flux) of 35, 102 and 226 μmol m-2 s-1, a chamber air temperature of 15, 25 and 35°C and a CO2 concentration outside the vessel of approximately 350, 1100 and 3000 ppm. The net photosynthetic rates were determined on individual plantlets and were expressed on a dry weight basis. The steady-state CO2 concentration during the photoperiod was lower inside the vessel than outside the vessel at any PPF greater than 35 μmol m-2s-1 and at any chamber air temperature. The photosynthetic response curves relating the net photosynthetic rate, PPF, and CO2 concentration in the vessel and chamber air temperature were similar to those for Cymbidium plants grown outside and other C3 plants grown outside under shade. The results indicate that CO2 enrichment for the plantlets in vitro at a relatively high PPF would promote photosynthesis and hence the growth of chlorophyllous shoots/plantlets in vitro and that the plantlets in vitro would make photoautotrophic growth under environmental conditions favorable for photosynthesis.
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    Semiochemicals and learning in parasitoids (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3119-3135 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Learning ; odor ; semiochemicals ; parasitoid ; biological control ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence that parasitoid responses to semiochemicals, important stimuli in the host location process, are influenced by experience. This paper focuses on the role of learning, in particular associative learning, in responses to odors. Emphasis is placed on associative learning during the adult stage, the influence of preadult experience is discussed briefly. New data on learning in the speciesLeptopilina heterotoma are given. It is demonstrated that females can learn to respond to a novel odor, which they subsequently use in microhabitat selection. Learning was shown to be associative whereby host products (contact kairomone) or an oviposition experience could function as the reinforcers (reward). The effect of learning seemed stronger when parasitoids were rewarded with an oviposition experience. The paper concludes with a discussion on the application of parasitoid learning in pest management.
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    A kairomone forTrichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) isolation, identification, and synthesis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 521-529 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; hydrocarbons ; kairomone ; kinesis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Trichogramma nubilale ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kairomone that effects host-seeking behavior inTrichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis, an egg parasitoid of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was isolated from moth scales of the European corn borer. The kairomone was identified as a mixture of 11,15-, 13,17-, and 15,19-dimethylnonatriacontanes. The three dimethylnonatriacontanes were synthesized, and bioassays showed that the 13,17 isomer was the most active in terms of klinokinetic and retention effects. The 11,15 isomer and the 15,19 isomer had some effect on klinokinesis, but they failed to effect retention of the wasps. The 13,17-dimethylnonatriacontane is considered to be the most important component of the kairomone.
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    Neotropical ant gardens II. Bioassays of seed compounds (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2993-3013 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ant ; ant-garden ; benzothiazole ; Camponotus ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; chemical mimicry ; epiphyte ; 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene-methanol ; 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone ; 2-hydroxy-6-methyl-benzoic acid ; methyl ester ; 1-(2-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)ethanone ; 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone ; limonene ; 6-methyl-methylsalicylate ; 6-MMS ; seed dispersal ; symbiosis ; tropical forests ; vanillin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of volatile compounds occur on the seeds of taxonomically unrelated ant-garden epiphytes in western Amazonia. In field trials in southeastern Peru, we assayed the responses of ant-garden ants (Camponotus femoratus) to these and structurally similar compounds applied to artificial “seeds” made from zeolite molecular sieves. Benzothiazole,2, present on seeds of eight ant-garden epiphytes, repelled ants over the range of concentrations tested, as did 1-(2-hydroxy-6-methylphenyl)ethanone,3, occurring on seeds of six ant-garden epiphytes. 2-Hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, methyl ester (methyl-6-methylsalicylate, 6-MMS),1, found on seeds of at least nine ant-garden epiphytes, was mildly repellent at high concentration, but stimulated excitement, seed handling, and (rarely) seed carrying at lower concentrations. Vanillin,5, a seed compound of four ant-garden epiphytes, and limonene,6, a monoterpene from seeds of three ant-garden epiphytes, both stimulated excitement, alarm, seed handling, and (rarely) seed carrying. Identified from seeds of seven ant-garden epiphytes, 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone,4, elicited little or no response. Among 70 compounds tested (mainly aromatic compounds), those found on seeds of ant-garden epiphytes or having structural features in common with such compounds were the most attractive to the ants. Although not present on epiphyte seeds, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenemethanol,10, consistently stimulated seed transport to the nest in one year, but did so only rarely in subsequent years. Some of the volatile compounds on seeds of ant-garden epiphytes probably play a role in ant attraction to epiphyte seeds, but evidence remains ambiguous. Finally,Ca. femoratus responded to one test compound [1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone,60] (absent from epiphyte seeds) by descending from the vegetation to the ground.
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    Chemicals involved in honeybee-sunflower relationship (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3053-3065 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sunflower ; Helianthus annuus ; honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; foraging behavior ; aroma ; nectar ; plant chemicals ; conditioning ; olfactory discrimination ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We present a review of work on the plant chemicals involved in the honeybee-sunflower model system. Combined behavioral and chemical analyses were conducted under natural and controlled conditions. First the distribution of forager bees' visits on two pairs of sunflower genotypes producing a different level of hybrid seed yield was recorded under pollen-proof tunnels. Mirasol parental lines producing high seed yields were visited at random, whereas forager bees visited preferentially the female parental line of Marianne, resulting in low seed yield. Nectar samples collected on the genotypes were analyzed by gas chromatography. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were identified. Parental lines of Mirasol showed similar sugar profiles, whereas the female line of Marianne contained higher amounts of sucrose than the male line. We assume that the bees' preferences between genotypes might rely on differences in the sugar composition of floral nectars, especially in the amount of sucrose. Aromas from headspace collection were compared between pairs and periodically during the flowering period. Of the 144 components indexed for Marianne lines and 136 components for Mirasol lines, 17 of the components for Marianne lines and 18 for Mirasol lines differed significantly according to flowering stage. Significant differences appeared in eight of the 134 components of Marianne lines and in 20 of the 250 components for Mirasol lines. Such differences, even restricted to a few components, might account for honeybees' discrimination between genotypes or flowering stage. Experiments then were conducted in a flight room using an artificial flower device. A total volatile extract was used as a conditioning scent previous to the test where the total extract was successively compared to several of its subfractions. Fractions significantly less visited than the total extract were discarded, whereas fractions confused with the total extract were kept. From step to step, a restricted fraction of 28 polar components, among which 15 were identified, was shown to be as active as the initial conditioning extract. These data emphasized honeybees' abilities to generalize from simplified to more complex chemical information. Finally, this work considers the possible use of such plant chemicals, from nectars or aromas, either as targets for genetic modification of crop plants or as direct attractants when sprayed on the crop, for the improvement of entomophilous cross pollination.
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    Control of olfactory-induced behavior in alfalfa seed chalcid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) by celestial light (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 291-300 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alfalfa seed chalcid ; Bruchophagus roddi ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; Chalcidae ; olfactory behavior ; polarization vision ; insect behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral response of female alfalfa seed chalcids is dependent on the polarization of sky light when exposed to olfactory stimuli between 1100 and 1500 hr. Females made no orientation flights to or landings on eight unbaited targets, but when half the targets were baited with the host-plant odor of hexyl acetate, they did make orientation flights to and landed on baited targets. Female preference for baited targets disappeared when natural sky light was plane polarized (at right angles to natural sky light polarization at 1200 hr). When natural sky light was passed through a diffuser filter to completely depolarize the light, females made numerous orientation flights but displayed no preference for baited targets. Any alteration of the natural wavelengths of sky light between 345 and 425 nm with various Kodak Wratten filters that excluded certain wavelengths produced similar results wherein females had no preference for baited or unbaited targets. The hypothesis that chalcid response was controlled by the polarization characteristics of sky light was confirmed when females again preferred baited targets in tests that were conducted 6 hr after sunrise, but they displayed no preference for baited targets when exposed to the mixture of polarized and nonpolarized light present in the sky 1–2 hr after sunrise or 1–2 hr before sunset. The possibility that chalcid response was due to a circadian rhythm was eliminated by exposure of insects to different sequences of light-dark regimes prior to the olfactory test.
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    Sunflower aroma detection by the honeybee (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 701-711 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect-plant relationships ; olfaction ; honeybee ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; sunflower ; allelochemicals ; coupling GC-EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Combined electrophysiological recordings (EAG) and gas chromatographic separation were performed in order to investigate which volatile chemical components of a sunflower extract could be detected by honeybee workers and thus are likely to trigger the foraging behavior. A direct coupling device allowed for the stimulation of the antennal receptors with individual constituents of a polar fraction of the flower aroma shown to be attractive to bees. More than 100 compounds were separated from the extract. Twenty-four compounds elicited clear EAG responses. These compounds were identified by mass spectrometry (electronic impact and chemical ionisation). Both short- and long-chain aliphatic alcohols, one short-chain aliphatic aldehyde, one acid, two esters, and terpenic compounds were found to stimulate the antennal receptors. Six compounds identified in previous behavioral experiments were found to exhibit EAG activity. The chemicals screened by this method may be used for recognition of the plant odor and the selective behavior of honeybees.
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    Behavior and chemical disguise of cuckoo antLeptothorax kutteri in relation to its hostLeptothorax acervorum (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1431-1444 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera ; Leptothorax kutteri ; Leptothorax acervorum ; nestmate recognition ; ethograms ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the obligately parasitic cuckoo ant,Leptothorax kutteri, a workerless inquiline, are among the only adult ants that can successfully invade ant societies and come to be accepted as a nestmate by the existing adult workers. This occurs even though the cuckoo ant is usually severely attacked by theLeptothorax acervorum workers of the colony that she is attempting to enter and parasitize. Through extensive ethogram studies of established parasites and parasitized and free-livingL. acervorum workers and queens, we show that theL. kutteri queen grooms host queens at an exceptionally high frequency. Possibly associated with this behavior, the established parasite is never attacked by theL. acervorum workers or queens she exploits. We show that there is exceptional similarity between the cuticular hydrocarbons and especially the cuticular fatty acids of the parasitic females and her nestmateL. acervorum workers, compared with nonnestmate workers and queens. We suggest that this matching of cuticular compounds may be associated with the grooming of host queens by the parasite. This in turn suggests the possibility that fatty acids have a role in colony-specific nestmate recognition in these and other ants and that grooming may serve for the dissemination of such substances throughout the colony.
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    How contact foraging experiences affect preferences for host-related odors in the larval parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1577-1589 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; host-finding ; semiochemicals ; conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of individual females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris to the odors of four different complexes of host larvae feeding on leaves were observed in a four-arm olfactometer. The plant-host complexes were composed of fall armyworm (FAW) larvae or cabbage looper (CL) larvae feeding on either corn or cotton seedlings. Prior to testing, each female was given a brief foraging experience on a plant-host complex and was then exposed to the odors of the same complex in the olfactometer. The experienced females responded to familiar odors in a dose-related manner, and these responses were virtually identical to all four complexes. Preferences for the odors of one of two plant-host complexes were tested in dual choice situations. Generally, FAW odors were preferred over CL odors and corn odors over cotton odors. A short foraging experience significantly affected the females' odor preferences in favor of the odors released by the experienced complex. Additional experiments revealed that neither longer bouts of experience nor bouts that included ovipositions resulted in a stronger change in preference. Experience affected preference in combinations where only the host species was varied as well as in combinations where only the plant species was varied. The results, therefore, strongly indicate that both the plants and the hosts somehow are involved in the production and/or release of the semiochemicals that attractC. marginiventris.
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    Oviposition stimulants in the coccoid cuticular waxes ofAphytis yanonensis De Bach & Rosen (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1657-1665 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphytis yanonensis ; Hymenoptera ; Aphelinidae ; oviposition stimulant ; kairomone ; Unaspis yanonensis ; Homoptera ; Diaspididae ; cuticular wax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aphytis yanonensis De Bach & Rosen, a parasitic wasp of the arrowhead scale,Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana), was introduced to Japan to controlU. yanonensis. A. yanonensis recognizes a host insect by antennal contact and deposits eggs on the insect body underneath the scale. Ovipositional behavior is induced by perceiving the cuticular wax of the host insect,U. yanonensis, and other coccoids. Chemical composition of the cuticular wax was analyzed and oviposition stimulants were isolated following a bioassay usingA. yanonensis.
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    Origin of kairomones in the leek moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella, Lep.) frass (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1743-1750 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diadromus pulchellus ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; leek ; frass ; methyl disulfide ; propyl disulfide ; kairomones ; host plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding leek moths on an artificial diet has shown that dimethyl and dipropyl disulfides and methyl-propyl disulfide found in frass arise from sulfur compounds specific toAllium. The addition of either propyl or methyl disulfide or their precursors to the diet leads to appearance of the three disulfides in the frass. This implies the transformation of theS-propyl moiety toS-methyl and vice versa by an as yet unknown mechanism.
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    Neotropical ant gardens (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1791-1816 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ant ; ant garden ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Camponotus ; chemical mimicry ; citronellol ; convergent evolution ; epiphyte ; mellein ; methyl 6-methylsalicylate ; Perú ; seed dispersal ; symbiosis ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In ant gardens of lowland Amazonia, parabiotic ant speciesCamponotus femoratus andCrematogaster cf.limata parabiotica cultivate a taxonomically diverse group of epiphytic plants, whose establishment is restricted to arboreal carton ant nests. Epiphyte seeds are collected by workers ofCa. femoratus, the larger of the two ants, and stored unharmed in brood chambers where they subsequently germinate. Although seeds of some ant-garden epiphytes bear nutritional rewards, previous studies have shown that these rewards are not sufficient to explain the pattern of ant attraction to seeds. Five aromatic compounds occur frequently in and on the seeds of most ant-garden epiphytes and may be chemical cues by which ants recognize propagules of their symbiotic plants. The most widely distributed of these is methyl 6-methylsalicylate [6-MMS]1, previously reported as a major mandibular gland product in relatedCamponotus species and present in trace quantities inCa. femoratus males. (−)-Citronellol6 (previously unreported inCamponotus) was the principal volatile constituent in extracts of male heads, and (−)-mellein7 was present in small quantities. Discovery of 6-MMS inside the mandibular glands of maleCa. femoratus (and its presence in analogous glands of related ants) offers preliminary support for Ule's (1906) hypothesis that seeds attract ants by mimicking ant brood. In addition, the likely fungistatic activity of seed compounds suggests that they could retard microbial pathogens of ants and plants in the organic detritus of nest gardens. While the presence of identical seed compounds in so many unrelated plant lineages might represent a remarkable case of convergent evolution, other interpretations are possible.
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    Surface lipids of the social waspPolistes annularis (L.) and its nest and nest pedicel (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1841-1852 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polistes annularis ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; defensive mechanisms ; necrophoric behavior ; nest pedicel ; social wasps ; wasps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cuticular lipids were recovered fromPolistes annularis workers and characterized by combined gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. These lipids were found to be straight-chain and methyl-branched hydrocarbons with the major components being 13,17-dimethylhentriacontane (18%), 3-methyl-nonacosane (13%), and 3-methylheptacosane (11%). Cuticular lipids with a very similar composition were found on the surface of the larvae, eggs, and adult males ofPolistes annularis as well as on the surface of the nest and nest pedicel of the wasp. Hexadecanoic acid and octadecenoic acid were also found on the surface of the nest pedicel and these acids and/or the hydrocarbons may play a defensive role for the wasps.
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    Change in mandibular and mesosomal gland contents of maleXylocopa micans (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) associated with mating system (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1877-1885 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xylocopa micans ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; mesosomal glands ; mandibular glands ; hydrocarbons ; fatty acid esters ; territoriality ; mating system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofXylocopa micans employ two mating systems in south-central Texas. They defend territories around flowering wisteria and redbud in March and April, and they maintain nonresource-based or landmark territories in July and August. Mandibular and mesosomal gland contents (analyzed by GC-MS) are different in bees employing the two mating systems. Mandibular glands contain only straight-chain hydrocarbons in bees defending floral resources, but include ethyl oleate in bees defending landmark territories. Mesosomal glands contain saturated, mono- and diunsaturated straight-chain hydrocarbons and methyl and ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. The major ethyl ester, ethyl oleate, comprises only 1.1% of mesosomal gland contents in bees defending floral resources but comprises 39.7% of gland content of bees defending landmark territories. These findings are discussed relative to the proposed sex pheromone function ofXylocopa gland secretions.
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    Characterization of pedicel, paper, and larval silk from nest ofPolistes annularis (L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3467-3477 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: CP/MAS [13C]NMR ; Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; social wasps ; Polistes annularis ; nest pedicel ; nest paper ; larval silk ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pedicel, nest paper, and larval silk ofPolistes annularis nests were analyzed by high-resolution solid-state [13C]NMR. The pedicel was found to have a high nitrogen content (11%), and the NMR spectra indicated that it is a mixture of carbohydrate and protein. The pedicel protein has an amino acid composition that is very rich in glycine, alanine, serine, and proline (67% of identified residues), similar to that of some insect silks. Solid-state [13C]NMR indicated that the nest paper is composed predominantly of cellulose. Silk, spun by matureP. annularis larvae, was shown by [13C] NMR and amino acid analysis to be a protein very high in serine and alanine (53%), but the amino acid composition is distinct from that of the pedicel protein.
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. IX. Differential response ofTrichogramma pretiosum, an egg parasitoid ofHeliothis zea, to various olfactory cues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 3531-3544 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; wind tunnel ; orientation behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior ofTrichogramma pretiosum Nixon wasps when exposed to different olfactory cues was studied in a wind tunnel. Compared to clean air, the sex pheromone of its hostHeliothis zea (Boddie) increased wasp residence times, walking times, and path lengths on a platform and decreased walking velocity. If wasps were released on top of a glass rod above a platform, the odor caused the wasps to land shortly after takeoff. In addition, a clear dose effect with regard to total residence and walking times was found. These responses were not elicited by three dosages of the sex pheromone ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) or by a blend of saturated acetates. These results correspond with the observation thatH. zea is a common field host ofT. pretiosum, whereas eggs ofS. frugiperda are rarely attacked by this parasitoid.
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    Robber bees (Lestrimelitta limao) and their host chemical and visual cues in nest defense byTrigona (Tetragonisca) angustula (Apidae: Meliponinae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 631-641 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cephalic volatiles ; kairomone ; nest defense ; Lestrimelitta limao ; Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula ; stingless bees ; Hymenoptera ; Meliponini ; Apidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nest of the stingless bee,Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula, is guarded by bees positioned in the nest entrance and others hovering in front of it. Hovering guard bees track returning foragers sideways along the last 10 cm in front of the nest, but intercept and incapacitate nest intruders by clinging with mandibles to wings and legs. When attacked by the cleptobiotic stingless beeLestrimelitta limao, the colony strengthens its aerial defense with hundreds of additional hoverers. To test our hypothesis that this reaction is due to interspecific chemical communication based on kairomone effects, we presented synthetic cephalic volatiles of both species at the nest entrance and counted the number of bees leaving the nest and taking up hovering positions. We conclude that guard bees recognizeL. limao by the major terpenoids of their volatile cephalic secretions, geranial, neral (=citral) and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; other components may fine-tune this recognition. The effect of chemical stimuli is not significantly enhanced by combination with a dummy ofL. limao. Guard bees, we hypothesize, respond to this kairomone by secreting a species specific alarm pheromone; a major component of this pheromone, benzaldehyde, recruits additional bees to defend the nest.
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    Mandibular glands of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Chemical analysis of their contents and biological function in two species ofMelipona (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1465-1472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melipona ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; mandibular glands ; 2-heptanol ; skatole ; nerol ; undecane ; alarm response ; stingless bees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Workers ofMelipona fasciata andM. interrupta triplaridis respond to their respective mandibular gland extracts with alarm recruitment and defensive behavior. Workers rapidly exit from the nest entrance, land on an intruding object, and bite with the mandibles while vibrating the flight muscles. These behaviors are accompanied by the release of the contents of the mandibular glands. Colonies of both species exhibited greater response to their own mandibular gland extracts than to those of other stingless bee species. Chemical analysis identified 2-heptanol as the major component in hexane extracts of each species. Undecane was a constituent of both species; skatole and nerol were identified only in extracts ofM. i. triplaridis.
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    Chemistry and function of mandibular gland products of bees of the genusExoneura (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1525-1531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Exoneura ; Allodapini ; Hymenoptera ; bees ; defense ; mandibular glands ; ethyl decanoate ; salicylaldehyde ; 1,4-benzoquinone ; ester ; aldehyde ; quinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract FemaleExoneura richardsoni, E. bicolor, andE. bicincta (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) release a pungent, staining liquid from their mandibular glands upon disturbance. This secretion is primarily composed of ethyl dodecanoate, with lesser amounts of homologous ethyl and methyl esters, salicylaldehyde, and 1,4-benzoquinone. The secretion elicits vigorous grooming when topically applied to antennae ofFormica ants. The shared, unique combination of mandibular gland lipids of these threeExoneura species supports their monophyletic classification, while the presence of salicylaldehyde may associateExoneura (Allodapini) withPithitis (Ceratinini).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988418
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    Exocrine secretions of bees V. Terpenoid esters in the Dufour's secretions ofPanurginus bees (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 277-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bees ; exocrine products ; mass spectrometry ; citronellyl citronellate ; citronellyl geranate ; geranial ; neral ; Dufour's gland ; mandibular gland ; Panurginus ; Hymenoptera ; Andrenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The volatile components of Dufour's gland extracts were analyzed in two species of HolarcticPanurginus bees:Panurginus pontentillae andP. atramontensis. Two terpenoid esters, citronellyl citronellate and citronellyl geranate, were identified inP. pontentillae, whereas only the latter was inP. atramontensis. Citronellyl citronellate was identified in pollen ball extracts ofP. pontentillae. Mandibular gland extracts from male and femaleP. pontentillae contained neral and geranial. The significance of the Dufour's gland secretion in andrenid systematics and its function in the Andrenidae are discussed.
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    Analyses of an egg recognition kairomone ofTelenomus heliothidis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) Isolation and host function (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 423-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Telenomus heliothidis ; Heliothis ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; accessory gland ; colleterial gland ; host recognition ; kairomone ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two large proteins (〉330 K) present in the accessory gland ofHeliothis virescens F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) serve as an egg recognition kairomone for the parasitoidTelenomus heliothidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Glass beads coated with the isolated proteins were examined and probed by the parasitoid while uncoated glass beads were not. Electrophoretic analysis of the contents of theH. virescens accessory gland suggests that the gland's contents serve as an egg adhesive. Comparison of the gland proteins revealed that theT. heliothidis hostHeliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) accessory gland contained the kairomonally active proteins while the nonhostSpodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) did not.
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    Identification of new components from anal glands ofTapinoma simrothi pheonicium (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 607-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tapinoma simrothi ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Dolichoderinae ; 4-heptanone ; 2-methyl-4-heptanone ; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one ; 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone ; iridodials ; ant ; ketones ; aldehydes ; alcohol ; gland anal ; alarm ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to 2-methyl-4-heptanone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and iridodials, the anal gland exudate of the dolichoderine ant,Tapinoma simrothi, contains 4-heptanone and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone. The secretion functions as an alarm pheromone.
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 695-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; pheromone ; parasitoid ; Telenomus remus ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Telenomus remits Nixon is a parasitoid that attacks egg masses ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Increased host-seeking behavior was elicited fromT. remus females in Y-tubes, Petri dish, and greenhouse bioassays byS. frugiperda female abdominal tips as well as (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol acetate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988776
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    Field evaluation of chiral isomers of the sex pheromone of the european pine sawfly,Neodiprion sertifer (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 673-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Neodiprion sertifer ; European pine sawfly ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-yl acetate and propionate ; optical isomers ; enantiomers ; esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Among optical isomers of 3,7-dimethylpentadecan-2-ol (diprionol) acetate or propionate tested as synthetic attractants, the 2S, 3S, and 7S isomers were most effective in attracting the males ofNeodiprion sertifer in the field. The 2S, 3S, and 7R isomers showed weak activity, but the other optical isomers were not attractive. Capillary GC analysis showed that the natural pheromone from body extracts of females was identical with the synthetic acetate of diprionol in its GC behavior. However, the natural pheromone was about 100-fold stronger than the most purified synthetic acetate of 2S,3S,7S-diprionol in the field. As a result of various isomer combination studies, it was found that the acetate of 2S,3R,7R-diprionol, when added to 2S,3S,7S-diprionol preparation at a low concentration, increased the catch by the latter. It was therefore concluded that the above combination of the optical isomers could account for the major sex attractancy in this species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988775
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    Function of secretion of mandibular gland of male in territorial behavior ofXylocopa sulcatipes (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 923-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xylocopa sulcatipes ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; territoriality ; scent marking ; mandibular glands ; guaiacol ; p cresol ; vanillin ; aggressive behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the carpenter bee,Xylocopa sulcatipes, establish and defend territories which they mark with the secretions of their mandibular glands. Chemical analysis of the glandular blend revealed that it is composed of guaiacol,p-cresol, and vanillin. Territorial males recognize other intruding males either by sight or by the odor emitted from their mandibular glands. They chase the intruder out of the territory immediately, but will not do so if the visitor is a female. If a female, however, is scented with the reconstituted synthetic pheromonal blend and introduced into a territory of a male, it is treated as a male and chased out of the territory. It is suggested that the blend has a dual function: Guaiacol seems to be the aggressiveness elicitor, while vanillin is the territorial marker and female attractant and therefore could be considered a sex pheromone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987815
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    (Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol: A secondary pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, and its relationship to (Z)-10-nonadecenal (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1343-1352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; synergist ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-10-non-adecenal ; sawfly ; Pikonema alaskensis ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), was known to possess a potent secondary pheromone with the polarity of an alcohol, based on earlier studies with Florisil fractions. Purification of the 25% ether-hexane Florisil fraction (polarity as with alcohols) and the hydrolyzed 5% ether-hexane fraction (polarity as with esters) from 50,000 females yielded a total of ca 3μg of an active compound identified as (Z)-5-tetradecen-1-ol (Z5–14∶ OH). When added to 100 ng of (Z)-10-nonadecenal (Z10–19∶Al), which behaves as the primary pheromone in this sawfly, 0.5 ng of syntheticZ5–14∶ OH caused an 8.8-fold increase in the greenhouse bioassay response, compared toZ10–19∶Al alone.E5–14∶ OH caused a 2.8-fold increase. Only the combination ofZ5–14∶ OH andZ10–19∶ Al consistently elicited mating attempts among males. When Hercon® formulations ofZ5–14∶OH andZ10–19∶ Al were used together to bait traps, catches were up to four times higher than for theZ10–19∶ Al alone, but this increase was seen only after emergence and mating activity in the field population were virtually complete. TheZ5–14∶ OH was inactive alone, and at higher levels it depressed trap catches toZ10–19∶ Al. The Hercon formulations ofZ5–14∶ 0H andZ10–19∶Al together were as attractive as virgin females.Z10–19∶Al alone and the (Z,Z)-9,19 hydrocarbon dienes (found in all females and able to oxidize in air to produceZ10–19∶Al) were similar to mated females. ThusZ5–14∶:OH accounted for the difference in attractiveness between virgin and mated females.
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    (Z)-10-nonadecenal: A pheromonally active air oxidation product of (Z,Z)-9,19 dienes in yellowheaded spruce sawfly (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1333-1341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sawfly ; pheromone ; aldehyde ; diene ; oxidation ; Pikonema alaskensis ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of 10 (Z,Z)-9,19 hydrocarbon dienes (28–37 carbons) found in female yellowheaded spruce sawflies,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer), was synthesized and found to be attractive to males by field bioassay. These dienes oxidize slowly in air, major products being aldehydes. One product common to all the dienes, (Z)-10-nonadecenal (Z10–19∶Al), and one from the 29-carbon diene only, (Z)-10-eicosenal, initiated flight and caused upwind anemotaxis in males in a greenhouse bioassay.Z10–19∶Al was incorporated into Hercon® controlled release formulations and was active in the field. The aldehyde could be useful for monitoring sawfly populations.
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    Changes in ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and ribulose 5-phosphate kinase abundances and photosynthetic capacity during leaf senescence (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Glycine max L. ; photosynthesis ; ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; ribulose 5-phosphate kinase ; senescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The abundances of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylate/oxygenase (Rubisco) and ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) kinase in field-grown soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) leaves were quantified by a Western blot technique and related to changes in chlorophyll and photosynthetic capacity during senescence. Even though the leaf content of Rubisco was approximately 80-fold greater than that of Ru5P kinase, the decline in the levels of these two Calvin cycle enzymes occurred in parallel during the senescence of the leaves. Moreover, the decrease in the content of Rubisco was accompanied by parallel decreases of both the large and small subunits of this enzyme but not by an accumulation of altered large or small subunit isoforms. With increasing senescence, decreases in abundances of Rubisco, Ru5P kinase and chlorophyll were closely correlated with the decline in photosynthetic capacity; thus, the specific photosynthetic capacity when expressed per abundance of any of these parameters was rather constant despite an 8-fold decrease in photosynthetic capacity. These results suggest that during senescence of soybean leaves the chloroplast is subject to autolysis by mechanisms causing an approximately 80-fold greater rate of loss of Rubisco than Ru5P kinase.
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    The carotenoid zeaxanthin and ‘high-energy-state quenching’ of chlorophyll fluorescence (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: excessive light ; photoprotection ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II regulation ; xanthophyll cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that zeaxanthin mediates the dissipation of an excess of excitation energy in the antenna chlorophyll of the photochemical apparatus has been tested through the use of an inhibitor of violaxanthin de-epoxidation, dithiothreitol (DTT), as well as through the comparison of two closely related organisms (green and blue-green algal lichens), one of which (blue-green algal lichen) naturally lacks the xanthophyll cycle. In spinach leaves, DTT inhibited a major component of the rapidly relaxing high-energy-state quenching' of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was associated with a quenching of the level of initial fluorescence (F′0) and exhibited a close correlation with the zeaxanthin content of leaves when fluorescence quenching was expressed as the rate constant for radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll. Green algal lichens, which possess the xanthophyll cycle, exhibited the same type of fluorescence quenching as that observed in leaves. Two groups of blue-green algal lichens were used for a comparison with these green algal lichens. A group of zeaxanthin-free blue-green algal lichens did not exhibit the type of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching indicative of energy dissipation in the pigment bed. In contrast, a group of blue-green algal lichens which had formed zeaxanthin slowly through reactions other than the xanthophyll cycle, did show a very similar response to that of leaves and green algal lichens. Fluorescence quenching indicative of radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll was the predominant component of ‘high-energy-state quenching’ in spinach leaves under conditions allowing for high rates of steady-state photosynthesis. A second, but distinctly different type of ‘high-energy-state quenching’ of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was not inhibited by DTT (i.e., it was zeaxanthin independent) and which is possibly associated with the photosystem II reaction center, occurred in addition to that associated with zeaxanthin in leaves under a range of conditions which were less favorable for linear photosynthetic electron flow. In intact chloroplasts isolated from (zeaxanthin-free) spinach leaves a combination of these two types of rapidly reversible fluorescence quenching occurred under all conditions examined.
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    Isolation and characterization of a 23 kDa protein essential for photosynthetic oxygen evolution (1983)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transport ; inside-out thylakoids ; oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; thykoid polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 23 kDa protein has recently been demonstrated to participate in photosynthetic oxygen evolution by reconstitution experiments on inside-out thylakoid vesicles (Åkerlund H-E, Jansson C and Andersson B (1982) Biochim Biophys Acta 681:1–10). Here we describe the isolation of the 23 kDa protein from a spinach chloroplast extract using ion-exchange chromatography. The protein was obtained in a yield of 25% and with less than 1% of contaminating proteins. The ability of the protein to stimulate oxygen evolution in inside-out thylakoids was preserved throughout the various fractionation steps. The isolated protein was highly water soluble and appeared as a monomer. Its isoelectric point was at pH=7.3. The amino acid composition showed a high content of polar amino acids, resulting in a polarity index of 49%. The isolated protein lacked metals and other prosthetic groups. Its function as a catalytic or regulating subunit in the oxygen evolving complex is discussed.
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    A new evaluation of chlorophyll absorption in photosynthetic membranes (1983)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: absorption spectra ; chlorophyll-proteins ; curve resolution ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The three major chlorophyll-proteins of spinach chloroplasts were solubilized with digitonin and isolated by electrophoresis with deoxycholate. The gel bands were identified from their absorption and fluorescence spectra measured at 77 K. The slowest moving band was a Photosystem I complex (CPI); the second, a Photosystem II complex (Cpa); and the third, a chlorophyll a-b, antenna complex (LHCP). When absorption spectra (630–730 nm) of the bands were added in the proportions found in the gel, the sum closely matched the absorption of the chloroplasts both before and after solubilization. Thus these spectra represent the native absorption of the major antenna chlorophyll-proteins of green plants. Each of these spectra was resolved with a computer assisted, curve-fitting program into 8 mixed Gaussian-Lorentzian shaped components. The major, Chl a components in the 3 fractions were different both in peak positions and bandwidths. This result suggests that each chlorophyll-protein has its own unique set of chlorophyll a spectral forms or components.
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    Isolation and characterization of a 23 kDa protein essential for photosynthetic oxygen evolution (1983)
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    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transport ; inside-out thylakoids ; oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; thykoid polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 23 kDa protein has recently been demonstrated to participate in photosynthetic oxygen evolution by reconstitution experiments on inside-out thylakoid vesicles (Åkerlund H-E, Jansson C and Andersson B (1982) Biochim Biophys Acta 681:1–10). Here we describe the isolation of the 23 kDa protein from a spinach chloroplast extract using ion-exchange chromatography. The protein was obtained in a yield of 25% and with less than 1% of contaminating proteins. The ability of the protein to stimulate oxygen evolution in inside-out thylakoids was preserved throughout the various fractionation steps. The isolated protein was highly water soluble and appeared as a monomer. Its isoelectric point was at pH=7.3. The amino acid composition showed a high content of polar amino acids, resulting in a polarity index of 49%. The isolated protein lacked metals and other prosthetic groups. Its function as a catalytic or regulating subunit in the oxygen evolving complex is discussed.
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    The relationship between state II to state I transitions and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (1983)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 245-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: State I-state II transitions ; blue-green alga ; cyanobacterium ; photosynthesis ; energy transfer ; cyclie electron flow ; phase transitions ; Synechococcus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of electron acceptors, inhibitors of electron flow and uncouplers and inhibitors of photophosphorylation on a state II to I transition were studied. 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) did not inhibit the state II to I transition. By contrast, 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), methyl viologen and antimycin A inhibited the transition indicating that the cyclic electron flow around photosystem I, but not the oxidation of electron carriers (such as plastoquinone), induced the state II to I transition. Uncouplers, but not inhibitors of photophosphorylation, inhibited the state transition suggesting that the proton transport through the cyclic electron flow was related to the transition.
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    A new evaluation of chlorophyll absorption in photosynthetic membranes (1983)
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    Photosynthesis research 4 (1983), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: absorption spectra ; chlorophyll-proteins ; curve resolution ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The three major chlorophyll-proteins of spinach chloroplasts were solubilized with digitonin and isolated by electrophoresis with deoxycholate. The gel bands were identified from their absorption and fluorescence spectra measured at 77 K. The slowest moving band was a Photosystem I complex (CPI); the second, a Photosystem II complex (Cpa); and the third, a chlorophyll a-b, antenna complex (LHCP). When absorption spectra (630–730 nm) of the bands were added in the proportions found in the gel, the sum closely matched the absorption of the chloroplasts both before and after solubilization. Thus these spectra represent the native absorption of the major antenna chlorophyll-proteins of green plants. Each of these spectra was resolved with a computer assisted, curve-fitting program into 8 mixed Gaussian-Lorentzian shaped components. The major, Chl a components in the 3 fractions were different both in peak positions and bandwidths. This result suggests that each chlorophyll-protein has its own unique set of chlorophyll a spectral forms or components.
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    Effects of soil phosphorus and Glomus intraradices on growth, nonstructural carbohydrates, and photosynthetic activity of Citrus aurantium (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 128 (1990), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus aurantium L. ; photosynthesis ; VA Mycorrhizae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) grown in low-P (9–12 ppm) and high-P (420 ppm) soil inoculated with or without Glomus intraradices (G.i.), were evaluated for biomass, carbohydrates, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity, leaf 14CO2 incorporation, and other physiological parameters. Growth of plants in the low-P, noninoculated soil was lowest, with total dry biomass reduced up to half of the low-P, inoculum treatment. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were 40% lower in leaves of plants in the low-P, noninoculated soil, compared with the other treatments. Inoculation of the low-P soil enhanced leaf 14CO2 incorporation by 67%, total chlorophyll content by 28%, and RuBPCase activity by 42%, compared with low-P, noninoculated treatment. Improved P-use efficiency by G.i. in low-P soil was comparable to high-P nutrition in improving leaf 14CO2 incorporation and concentration of major leaf photosynthetic products that include starch and sucrose. Leaf PEPCase activity in the low-P, noninoculated treatment, however, was at least threefold higher than the other treatments, suggesting a possible alteration in organic acid metabolism in sour orange leaves as a result of P deficiency.
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    Metabolism of 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate and regulation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CA1P ; CO2 fixation ; enzyme regulation ; photosynthesis ; rubisco ; RuBP carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Metabolism of 2′-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate (CA1P) is an important component in the light-dependent regulation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity and whole leaf photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in many species, and functions as one mechanism for regulating Rubisco activity when photosynthesis is light-limited. Species differ in their capacity to accumulate CA1P, ranging from those which can synthesize levels of this compound approaching or in excess of the Rubisco catalytic site concentration, to those which apparently lack the capacity for CA1P synthesis. CA1P is structurally related to the six carbon transition state intermediate of the carboxylation reaction and binds tightly to the carbamylated catalytic site of Rubisco, making that site unavailable for catalysis. Under steady-state, the concentration of CA1P in the leaf is highest at low photon flux density (PFD) or in the dark. Degradation of CA1P and recovery of Rubisco activity requires light and is stimulated by increasing PFD. The initial degradation reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme located in the chloroplast stroma, CA1P phosphatase, which yields carboxyarabinitol (CA) and inorganic phosphate as its products. The pathway of CA metabolism in the plant remains to be determined. Synthesis of CA1P occurs in the dark, and in Phaseolus vulgaris this process has been shown to be stimulated by low PFD. The pathway of CA1P synthesis and its relationship to the degradative pathway remains unknown at the present time. The discovery of the existence of this previously unknown carbon pathway in photosynthesis indicates that we still have much to learn concerning the regulation of Rubisco activity and photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035005
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