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  • Other Sources  (728)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (362)
  • ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING  (191)
  • SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE  (175)
  • 1980-1984  (728)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1982  (728)
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  • Other Sources  (728)
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  • 1980-1984  (728)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Measurements by the plasma diagnostics package on STS-3 (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A comprehensive set of measurements about the orbiter environment are provided by the plasma diagnostics package (PDP). Ion and electron particle densities, energies, and spatial distribution functions; ion mass for identification of particular molecular ion species; and magnetic fields, electric fields and electromagnetic waves over a broad frequency range are studied. Shuttle environmental measurements will be made both on the pallet and, by use of the remote manipulator system (RMS), the PDP will be maneuvered in and external to the bay area to continue environmental measurements and to carry on a joint plasma experiment with the Utah State University fast-pulsed electron generator. Results of orbiter environment EMI measurements and S-band field strengths as well as preliminary results from wake search operations indicating wake boundary identifiers are reported.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 8 p
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  • 2
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    Design and development of the ERBE data management system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE) software development approach is described. An iterative development approach was adopted which provides for three releases or versions of the processing system, each of increasing levels of complexity and solidity. The final release of the system will be used to process the flight data. The major phases for each iterative release consist of specifications developed in concert with the science team, preliminary design, subsystem reviews, coding, subsystem code walkthroughs, system testing, system documentation, and project status review.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 15 p
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  • 3
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    Outgassing: Its effects on spacecraft. Vibration damping materials (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The correlation of outgassing to the stability of the damping properties of polymer materials to be used in spacecraft structures is discussed. A test series was devised to obtain basic information from off-the-shelf damping materials. The test results could be considered as a guideline toward the application of these materials. Eight materials were selected to form a representative cross section of those polymers having both ready availability as commercial damping materials and desirable properties. A table indicates the temperatures at which peak damping occurs at 1 Hz and the type of beam specimen used in the vacuum exposure tests. These materials as a group cover the temperature range of -85 C to 38 C.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 25 p
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  • 4
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    Full-coverage film cooling (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Transpiration cooling is treated and then full coverage discrete hole injection for three injection orientations. Spacings with pitch to diameter ratios of 5 and 10 are discussed. The array is staggered, with the transverse pitch and the streamwise pitch the same. Results are presented in terms of the Stanton number using the heat transfer coefficient defined in terms of the difference between the wall temperature and the free stream temperature. Two values of Stanton number are provided for each situation: one with the injectant at wall temperature, and the other with the injectant at free stream temperature. These two values are equivalent to knowing the heat transfer coefficient and the adiabatic effectiveness. The heat transfer coefficient thus defined is used with the actual wall temperature to and the actual gas temperature to calculate the heat load. The principle of superposition thus invoked is valid exactly when the governing equations are linear.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Film Cooling and Turbine Blade Heat Transfer, Vol. 1; 27 p
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  • 5
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    A facility for the simulation of low orbit atmospheric oxygen bombardment (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A molecular beam facility to simulate the space environment of a spacecraft at low orbit was designed with the intent of studying the effect on the properties of optical elements of oxygen atoms impacting at orbital velocity. The four-stage differentially pumped molecular beam facility includes a variety of oxygen atom beam sources which cover a wide range of velocities (1 km/sec to approximately 8 km/sec), in addition to the ultra-clean experimental environmental of an ultra-high vacuum chamber and an optical diagnostic set-up. The primary oxygen atom beam source used to obtain the 8 km/sec O atoms is an arc heated source. It consists of a modified commercially available plasma torch. The modifications include attachments which provide for a nozzle which is used to expand the atomic beam into the vacuum system, and exhaust channels to dispose of excess torch gas. The torch operates in the 'nontransferred' mode of operation, that is the electric arc is confined within the torch. A plasma is formed in helium by a dc arc. A small amount of O2 is injected downstream from the arc where it is thermally dissociated by the hot He into oxygen atoms. The high temperature and isentropic expansion give the oxygen atoms their velocity. Using seeded beam techniques, oxygen atom beams of approximately 3.5 and approximately 1.5 km/sec, respectively, are obtained.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 1 p
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  • 6
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    Space Shuttle preliminary. Contamination assessment from STS-1 and STS-2 (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A preliminary assessment of the space shuttle contamination environment was made using data from the first two orbital flight tests, STS-1 and STS-2. Data sources consisted of crew observations during flight, postflight vehicle inspection, and the induced environment contamination monitor which was used on STS-2 and consists of 10 instruments. These instruments are used to measure gas phase contaminants, particle population, humidity, and molecular deposition in the orbiter payload bay during ascent and descent and particle population, molecular deposition, and gas cloud during orbital flight. Results of the measurements described are presented in summary form and indicate low molecular deposition rates for both pressurized and orbital flight.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 21 p
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  • 7
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    Environmental test facilities used in Europe for ESA satellite programmes (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The structure of the European Space Agency (ESA) is described. The major test facilities used for ESA programs are described. Facility characteristics and special test methods are described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 28 p
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  • 8
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    Education and training of personnel in space simulation (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The training program and procedures developed and implemented at the space simulation laboratory at Martin Marietta Aerospace in Denver are discussed. The training of technicians and professionals as well as preparation for instructors is covered. Training manuals and their compilation are reported as applicable to the specific needs of the laboratory. The development of a space simulation course as part of the Martin Marietta Continuing Education Night School approaching space simulation from an academic viewpoint is presented. Finally, public relations tours of the facility as an informational/educational tool are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 5 p
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  • 9
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    Cryopump for large pulses of hydrogen (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A test involving a flow of hot hydrazine decomposition products at a rate of 13.6 g/s (0.03 lb/s) established the requirement to maintain pressure in an 11.9-m-(39 ft) diameter space chamber below 200 microns. The flow, 2/3 hydrogen and 1/3 nitrogen by volume, continued for several periods ranging from 3 to 15 min. The pressure requirement was necessary to minimize thermal effects of the gas on the test vehicle but was well beyond the capability of the existing facility pumps. Various methods of obtaining additional temporary jump capacity were considered. From these, the slugged-charcoal approach was selected as the quickest and least expensive method to implement.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 23 p
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  • 10
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    Spacecraft thermal balance testing using infrared sources (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A thermal balance test (controlled flux intensity) on a simple black dummy spacecraft using IR lamps was performed and evaluated, the latter being aimed specifically at thermal mathematical model (TMM) verification. For reference purposes the model was also subjected to a solar simulation test (SST). The results show that the temperature distributions measured during IR testing for two different model attitudes under steady state conditions are reproducible with a TMM. The TMM test data correlation is not as accurate for IRT as for SST. Using the standard deviation of the temperature difference distribution (analysis minus test) the SST data correlation is better by a factor of 1.8 to 2.5. The lower figure applies to the measured and the higher to the computer-generated IR flux intensity distribution. Techniques of lamp power control are presented. A continuing work program is described which is aimed at quantifying the differences between solar simulation and infrared techniques for a model representing the thermal radiating surfaces of a large communications spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 26 p
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  • 11
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    Optical characterization of solar concentrator mirrors using the solar beam of the JPL 25-foot space simulator (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory 25-foot space simulator with its 5.8-m (19-ft) diameter simulated solar beam provides an excellent facility for measuring the optical characteristics of parabolic solar concentrator panels and gores. The virtual source position and size were determined by using a single lamp of the 37 xenon 30-kW source array with only the center lens in the 19-channel optical mixer. This data was used to define the optical test geometry, and it allowed accurate measurement of focal length and surface deviations of the mirror under test. A flux distribution of a typical solar concentrator placed directly on the solar beam gives measurements of performance at the focal point of the parabolic surface.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 19 p
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  • 12
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    Detection and analysis of radio frequency lightning emissions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The feasibility study of detection of lightning discharges from a geosynchronous satellite requires adequate ground-based information regarding emission characteristics. In this investigation, a measurement system for collection of S-band emission data is set up and calibrated, and the operations procedures for rapid data collection during a storm activity developed. The system collects emission data in two modes; a digitized, high-resolution, short duration record stored in solid-state memory, and a continuous long-duration record on magnetic tape. Representative lightning flash data are shown. Preliminary results indicate appreciable RF emissions at 2 gHz from both the leader and return strokes portions of the cloud-to-ground discharge with strong peaks associated with the return strokes.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 20 p
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  • 13
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    The design and evaluation of superconducting connectors (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The development of a superconducting connector for superconducting circuits on space flights is described. It is proposed that such connectors be used between the superconducting readout loop and the SQUID magnetometer in the Gravity Probe B experiment. Two types of connectors were developed. One type employs gold plated niobium wires making pressure connections to gold plated niobium pads. Lead-plated beryllium-copper spring contacts can replace the niobium wires. The other type is a rigid solder or weld connection between the niobium wires and the niobium pads. A description of the methods used to produce these connectors is given and their performance analyzed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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  • 14
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    Fuel optimal maneuvers for spacecraft with fixed thrusters (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Several mathematical models, including a minimum integral square criterion problem, were used for the qualitative investigation of fuel optimal maneuvers for spacecraft with fixed thrusters. The solutions consist of intervals of "full thrust" and "coast" indicating that thrusters do not need to be designed as "throttleable" for fuel optimal performance. For the primary model considered, singular solutions occur only if the optimal solution is "pure translation". "Time optimal" singular solutions can be found which consist of intervals of "coast" and "full thrust". The shape of the optimal fuel consumption curve as a function of flight time was found to depend on whether or not the initial state is in the region admitting singular solutions. Comparisons of fuel optimal maneuvers in deep space with those relative to a point in circular orbit indicate that qualitative differences in the solutions can occur. Computation of fuel consumption for certain "pure translation" cases indicates that considerable savings in fuel can result from the fuel optimal maneuvers.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 21 p
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  • 15
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    Heat loss and drag of spherical drop tube samples (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Analysis techniques for three aspects of the performance of the NASA/MSFC 32 meter drop tube are considered. Heat loss through the support wire in a pendant drop sample, temperature history of a drop falling through the drop tube when the tube is filled with helium gas at various pressures, and drag and resulting g-levels experienced by a drop falling through the tube when the tube is filled with helium gas at various pressures are addressed. The developed methods apply to systems with sufficiently small Knudsen numbers for which continuum theory may be applied. Sample results are presented, using niobium drops, to indicate the magnitudes of the effects. Helium gas at one atmosphere pressure can approximately double the amount of possible undercooling but it results in an apparent gravity levels of up to 0.1 g.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: the 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 31 p
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  • 16
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    Attitude control of the space construction base: A modular approach (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A planar model of a space base and one module is considered. For this simplified system, a feedback controller which is compatible with the modular construction method is described. The systems dynamics are decomposed into two parts corresponding to base and module. The information structure of the problem is non-classical in that not all system information is supplied to each controller. The base controller is designed to accommodate structural changes that occur as the module is added and the module controller is designed to regulate its own states and follow commands from the base. Overall stability of the system is checked by Liapunov analysis and controller effectiveness is verified by computer simulation.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 35 p
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  • 17
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    Automating a residual gas analyzer (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A residual gas analyzer (RGA), a device for measuring the amounts and species of various gases present in a vacuum system is discussed. In a recent update of the RGA, it was shown that the use of microprocessors could revolutionize data acquisition and data reduction. This revolution is exemplified by the Inficon 1Q200 RGA which was selected to meet the needs of this update. The Inficon RGA and the Zilog microcomputer were interfaced in order the receive and format the digital data from the RGA. This automated approach is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 16 p
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  • 18
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    Remote sensing of tornadic storms from space (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: By using infrared images obtained from GOES satellite, the digital count values of pixels representing blackbody temperatures of the cloud top, convective storms are observed throughout their life cycles. Clouds associated with a tornadic storm are compared with those without a tornadic storm to illustrate how the infrared and visible observations from a geosynchronous satellite can be used to study the differences in their life cycles.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 11 p
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  • 19
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    Environmental noise assessment STS-1 Columbia launch (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An environmental noise assessement of the initial launch of the Space Transportation System, STS-1 Columbia was conducted. The principal objective of the environmental noise assessment was to measure the noise generated during the initial launch of the space shuttle to ascertain the validity of the levels predicted in the 1979 environmental impact statement. In the 1979 study information obtained for expendable launch vehicles, Titan, Saturn and Atlas was used to predict the noise levels that would be generated by the simultaneous firing of the two solid rocket boosters and the three space shuttle main engines. Fifteen monitoring sites were established in accessable areas located from 4,953 to 23,640 meters from the launch pad. Precision sound level meters were used to capture the peak level during the launch. Data obtained was compared to the predicted levels and were also compared to the identified levels, standards and criteria established by the federal agencies with noise abatement and control responsibilities.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 16 p
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  • 20
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    Improved multilayer insulation applications (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Multilayer insulation blankets used for the attenuation of radiant heat transfer in spacecraft are addressed. Typically, blanket effectiveness is degraded by heat leaks in the joints between adjacent blankets and by heat leaks caused by the blanket fastener system. An approach to blanket design based upon modular sub-blankets with distributed seams and upon an associated fastener system that practically eliminates the through-the-blanket conductive path is described. Test results are discussed providing confirmation of the approach. The specific case of the thermal control system for the optical assembly of the Space Telescope is examined.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 8 p
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  • 21
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    Durability of spacecraft materials (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Research efforts are reviewed on the space durability of materials, including radiation effects on polymer matrix composites and films, dimensional stability of polymer matrix composites and tension-stabilized cables, and thermal control coatings. Research to date has concentrated on establishing a fundamental understanding of space environmental effects on current graphite-reinforced composites and polymer systems, and development of analytical models to explain observed changes in mechanical, physical, and optical properties. As a result of these research efforts, new experimental facilities have been developed to simulate the space environment and measure the observed property changes. Chemical and microstructural analyses have also been performed to establish damage mechanisms and the limits for accelerated testing. The implications of these results on material selection and system performance are discussed and additional research needs and opportunities in the area of tougher resin/matrix and metal/matrix composites are identified.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 357-380
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  • 22
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    Smokeless wire insulation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA Technol. Appl. Team; p 37
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  • 23
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    Integrating 128 element InSb array - Recent results (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There has been a continuing evolution toward larger arrays of infrared detectors, and the technology base derived from the Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) has been expanded to linear arrays including from 128 to 512 elements. This advance is based on the commercial availability of high-quality InSb photodiodes and 128/256 element FET switch MUX's (multiplexing elements). The present investigation is concerned with an experimental 128-element linear imager using InSb detectors and silicon MUX for readout. Attention is given to detector array electrical characteristics, the detector readout architecture, noise, and special effects.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 24
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    The containment set approach to digital system tolerance of lightning-induced transient faults (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A fault model and a system model are necessary to assess the tolerance or resilience of a digital system to lightning-induced transients. It is noted that these models are usually developed separately. A new approach is outlined here for this assessment problem which combines the fault and system models into an overall model. With this approach, referred to as the containment set approach, an assessment of the effects of lightning-induced transients can be made in terms of a state transition matrix. This matrix can be generated by means of fault injection experiments. In addition, certain nonredundancy-oriented design alternatives to the achievement of lightning-induced transient tolerance in digital systems are indicated by the containment set approach.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 25
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    Turbulent boundary layer heat transfer (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several environmental parameters presently acknowledged to affect heat transfer are discussed including: (1) the experimental apparatus used, (2) uniform and variable wall temperatures, (3) acceleration effects, (4) deceleration, (5) free stream turbulence, (6) surface roughness, (7) unsteady effects, and (8) secondary flows. Calculation procedures, and some physically based models that are successful in computing heat transfer rates are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Film Cooling and Turbine Blade Heat Transfer, Vol. 1; 40 p
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  • 26
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    Curvature effects and turbulent boundary layers (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are examined from an experiment conducted to determine quantitatively the secondary factors which affect the response of a turbulent boundary layer to convex curvature and to examine the recovery process after curvature ended. The variation of Stanton number with streamwise distance and with enthalpy thickness Reynolds number for the baseline case is shown. The effect of delta sub .99/R on the velocity of the potential core would have if we extended to the wall with no viscous effects, of free stream acceleration, of an unheated starting length, and of boundary layer maturity are discussed. Mixing length and turbulent Prandtl number models are reviewed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Film Cooling and Turbine Blade Heat Transfer, Vol. 1; 29 p
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  • 27
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    Advanced rocket propulsion technology assessment for future space transportation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Single-stage and two-stage launch vehicles were evaluated for various levels of propulsion technology and payloads. The evaluation included tradeoffs between ascent flight performance and vehicle sizing that were driven by engine mass, specific impulse, and propellant requirements. Numerous mission, flight, and vehicle-related requirements and constraints were satisfied in the design process. The results showed that advanced technology had a large effect on reducing both single- and two-stage vehicle size. High-pressure hydrocarbon-fueled engines that were burned in parallel with two-position nozzle hydrogen-fueled engines reduced dry mass by 23% for the two-stage vehicle and 28% for the single-stage vehicle as compared to an all-hydrogen-fueled system. The dual-expander engine reduced single-stage vehicle dry mass by 41%. Using advanced technology, the single-stage vehicle became comparable in size and sensitivity to that of the two-stage vehicle for small payloads.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; July-Aug
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  • 28
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    Analysis of the decay of temperature fluctuations in isotropic turbulence (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Lagrangian dispersion theory of Durbin (1980) is used to analyze experiments by Warhaft and Lumley (1978) and by Sreenivasan et al. (1980) on temperature fluctuations in grid-generated turbulence. Both theory and experiment show that the decay exponent m depends on the ratio of the initial length scales of velocity and temperature, although when this ratio is greater than 2.5 such dependence is negligible. The theory shows that m is not truly constant, but within the range covered by the experiments it is nearly so. The agreement between theory and experiment lends credence to the idea that the decay of fluctuations is controlled largely by turbulent relative dispersion.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 25; Aug. 198
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  • 29
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    Effect of storable propellants on single-stage earth-to-orbit vehicles (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A comparison is made between the storable-propellant engine and an equivalent dual-expander engine using oxygen, propane, and hydrogen propellants. The propane and hydrogen dual-expander engine is then compared with previous results with separate propane and hydrocarbon engines. It is shown that the dual-expander reduces vehicle dry mass from 94 to 89 Mg, or 5%. The hydrogen-only thrust of the dual-expander is 0.4 MN, while the separate hydrogen engines have a thrust of 2.3 MN. The low thrust level increases the difficulty of cooling the dual-expander engine, and additional hydrogen flow is added for transpirational cooling. This additional hydrogen flow leads to an increase in the hydrogen tank size. It is also shown that storable propellants increase the dry mass of single-stage earth-to-orbit vehicles by about 20% and the gross mass by about 54%. It is concluded that dual-expander engines should be studied with several thrust splits and thrust levels.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; May-June
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    Axisymmetric inviscid swirling flows produced by bellmouth and centerbody (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of large deformation in the flow between the bellmouth and centerbody is considered analytically for application to studies of vortex breakdown in a pipe. Basic equations are defined for axisymmetric inviscid swirling flows at the inflow and outflow sections. Axial and circumferential velocity component profiles are presented, and comparisons are made with trials involving vane angles of 42 deg and Re of 2300. Axial components of the prediction matched well in the inner half of the pipe radius and not well with the outer, while circumferential predictions were good only at the axis. A lack of viscosity was concluded to result in the inaccuracies near the wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 20; Apr. 198
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  • 31
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    SETI downconverter (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) breadboard subsystem was begun in order to develop the technology to efficiently implement a SETI instrument capable of searching wide bandwidth with high resolution. The downconverter covered is the interface hardware between the receiver IF output and ADC used as the input to the spectrum analyzer.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 1-5
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  • 32
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    The 400-Hertz constant-speed electrical generation systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Materials illustrating a presentation on 400 Hz constant speed generation systems are presented. The system features are outlined, components and functioning described, and display graphics illustrated.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Elec. Flight Systems; p 125-146
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  • 33
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    Study of incompressible turbulent channel flow by large eddy simulation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Incompressible turbulent channel flow is investigated by large eddy simulation using improved numerical methods and boundary conditions. In downstream and spanwise directions, cyclic boundary conditions are imposed for velocity and pressure, and two types of boundary conditions near the wall are used and compared. One type is based on the logarithmic law of the mean velocity near the wall and has a slip boundary condition where the molecular-viscous term is neglected. The other type is based on a no-slip boundary condition, where fine mesh spacing near the wall is used to take account of the molecular viscosity. Although the present study employs a coarse mesh (16 x 16 x 21), its results are in good agreement with those of Moin and Kim (1981).
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    Developing flow in S-shaped ducts (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The velocity characteristics of laminar and turbulent developing flow in an S-duct formed from two 22.5-deg bends of rectangular cross-section have been studied experimentally using laser Doppler velocimetry. It is shown that pressure-driven secondary flows arise in the first bend of the duct and reach maxima of 0.22 and 0.15 of the bulk velocity in the laminar and turbulent flows, respectively. The velocities are greater in the laminar flow, mainly because of the thicker inlet boundary layers. On passing through the second half of the S-duct, a secondary flow is established over most of the section in the direction opposite to that in the first half. Near the outer wall of the second bend, however, the secondary flow generated in the first bend is sustained because of the local sign of radial vorticity. This effect contributes to a redistribution of the streamwise isotachs, by the end of the duct, comparable with that in unidirectional bends.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 35
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    Stability of erythrocyte suspensions layered on stationary and flowing liquids (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The apparent stability of erythrocyte suspensions layered on stationary and flowing Ficoll solutions was studied considering the effects of particle concentration, type and size, and the different flow rates of the particle suspensions and chamber liquid. The data from the flowing system were empirically fitted and, when extrapolated to zero chamber liquid flow rate, gave values comparable to the data from the stationary system, thus confirming the validity of the data and our approach to obtain that data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Separation Science and Technology; 17; 6, 19; 1982
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  • 36
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    Test chips for custom ICs - Six kinds of test structures (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Microelectronic test chips contain a number of test structures that are used for a variety of purposes in fabricating integrated circuits. For convenience, their use is divided into six groups: layout-rule evaluating, process-parameter extraction, device-parameter extraction, circuit-parameter extraction, initial-fabrication failure analysis, and reliability failure analysis. A given test structure can be used to gather information in a number of these groups. Examples are given here of the kinds of parameters that can be obtained in each of these groups. A table is included summarizing various device failures common to bulk CMOS and indicating failure mechanisms appearing after wafer fabrication and after stress.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Circuits Manufacturing; June 198
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    Worst case earth charging environment (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) geosynchronous satellite charged up to -2200 V in sunlight on day 178, 1974. This event, being the highest known spacecraft charging event in sunlight, is used to estimate a worst case geosynchronous plasma environment for predicting the spacecraft potential in eclipse. The advantage of using this sunlight spectrum as opposed to an eclipse case is that the ion and electron fluxes to the detectors are shifted only slightly due to the spacecraft potential. After correcting the available data for satellite potential and missing data above 81 KeV, it is found that the plasma can be characterized by a single Maxwellian approximation having an electron density of 1.22/cu cm, electron temperature of 16 KeV, hydrogen ion density of 0.24/cu cm, and hydrogen ion temperature of 29 KeV. In eclipse the spacecraft would have charged up to -28 kV, the highest estimated potential to date in the earth's plasma environment.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; Sept
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  • 38
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    Unsteady aerodynamics and motions of the Pioneer Venus probes (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Helicopter drop tests were made of models of the Pioneer Venus probe descent configurations to characterize their unsteady forces and angular dynamics in equilibrium descent. The axial and normal forces were found to be unsteady in magnitude by about 10 and 5% of the mean axial force, respectively. A cycle of the axial variation takes place in flight distances of from 15 to 40 diameters. The unsteadiness almost certainly is associated with the wake. Angular motions which do not converge to zero angle of attack even in very long duration descent are excited by the unsteady pitching moments. The nearly spherical large probe model was aerodynamically more unsteady than the round-nosed conical small probe model. Data returned from Venus by the Pioneer Venus probes show unsteady axial forces and angular motions similar to those seen in the drop tests.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; Sept
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  • 39
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    Cauchy integral method for two-dimensional solidification interface shapes (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method is developed to determine the shape of steady state solidification interfaces formed when liquid above its freezing point circulates over a cold surface. The solidification interface, which is at uniform temperature, will form in a shape such that the non-uniform energy convected to it is locally balanced by conduction into the solid. The interface shape is of interest relative to the crystal structure formed during solidification; regulating the crystal structure has application in casting naturally strengthened metallic composites. The results also pertain to phase-change energy storage devices, where the solidified configuration and overall heat transfer are needed. The analysis uses a conformal mapping technique to relate the desired interface coordinates to the components of the temperature gradient at the interface. These components are unknown because the interface shape is unknown. A Cauchy integral formulation provides a second relation involving the components, and a simultaneous solution yields the interface shape.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 25; July 198
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  • 40
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    Calculation of radiation from argon shock layers (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The accuracy of calculations of the radiation emissions from argon plasmas produced by the shock layers over blunt bodies is assessed. The existing theoretical and experimental spectroscopic data on argon are collated. A set of such data is selected for use in the radiative transfer calculations. Calculations are performed for the stagnation regions of the shock layers over laboratory-sized models using these data, and the results are compared with the existing experimental results obtained in a shock-tube. Through this comparison and a parametric study it is shown that radiative heat fluxes at the stagnation point in an argon environment can be calculated within an uncertainty of about 15%. It is shown also that radiative heat fluxes of the order of 100 kW/sq cm can be produced in the existing laboratory facilities.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 28; July 198
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  • 41
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    Harmonic analysis approach to the 'TunneLadder' - A modified Karp circuit for millimeter-wave TWTA's (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A field approach to the summed harmonic analysis of the TunneLadder structure, or modified forward-wave Karp circuit, is developed by combining TM(01) and TE(11) modes. Results suggest the suitability of this structure as a high-impedance, about 1-% bandwidth circuit, millimeter-wave forward-wave-type amplifier that is voltage tunable over about a 5-% frequency range and has excellent power handling ability. Theory gives good agreement with experimental results obtained by Karp in omega-beta dispersion and predicts qualitatively the appearances of the antisymmetric mode discussed and of the so called Hightron mode that was discussed earlier in White, Enderby and Birdsall (1964), and Enderby (1964), in addition to the desired symmetric mode.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-29; May 1982
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  • 42
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    Single event upset sensitivity of low power Schottky devices (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data taken from tests involving heavy ions in the Berkeley 88 in. cyclotron being directed at low power Schottky barrier devices are reported. The tests also included trials in the Harvard cyclotron with 130 MeV protons, and at the U.C. Davis cyclotron using 56 MeV protons. The experiments were performed to study the single event upsets in MSI logic devices containing flip-flops. Results are presented of single-event upsets (SEU) causing functional degradation observed in post-exposure tests of six different devices. The effectiveness of the particles in producing SEUs in logic device functioning was found to be directly proportional to the proton energy. Shielding was determined to offer negligible protection from the particle bombardment. The results are considered significant for the design and fabrication of LS devices for space applications.
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    The damage equivalence of electrons, protons, and gamma rays in MOS devices (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of laboratory tests to determine the radiation damage effects induced on MOS devices from Co-60, electron, and proton radiation are reported. The tests are performed to establish the relationship between the Co-60 gamma rays and the level of damage to the MOS devices in regards to different damages which can be expected with the electron and particle bombardments experienced in space applications. CMOS devices were exposed to the Co-60 gamma rays, 1 MeV electrons, and 1 MeV protons while operating at 3, 10, and 15 V. The test data indicated that the Co-60 source was reliable for an initial evaluation of the electron damages up to 2 MeV charge. A correction factor was devised for transferring the Co-60 measurements to proton damages, independent of bias and transistor types, for any orbit or environment.
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    Thermal annealing of radiation damage in CMOS ICs in the temperature range -140 C to +375 C (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Annealing of radiation damage was investigated in the commercial, Z- and J-processes of the RCA CD4007A ICs in the temperature range from -140 C to +375 C. Tempering curves were analyzed for activation energies of thermal annealing, following irradiation at -140 C. It was found that at -140 C, the radiation-induced shifts in the threshold potentials were similar for all three processes. The radiation hardness of the Z- and J-process is primarily due to rapid annealing of radiation damage at room temperature. In the region -140 to 20 C, no dopant-dependent charge trapping is seen, similar to that observed at higher temperatures. In the unbiased Z-process n-channels, after 1 MeV electron irradiation, considerable negative charge remains in the gate oxide.
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    Annual Conference on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects, 19th, Las Vegas, NV, July 20-22, 1982, Proceedings (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of research concerning the effects of nuclear and space radiation are presented. Topics discussed include the basic mechanisms of nuclear and space radiation effects, radiation effects in devices, and radiation effects in microcircuits, including studies of radiation-induced paramagnetic defects in MOS structures, silicon solar cell damage from electrical overstress, radiation-induced charge dynamics in dielectrics, and the enhanced radiation effects on submicron narrow-channel NMOS. Also examined are topics in SGEMP/IEMP phenomena, hardness assurance and testing, energy deposition, desometry, and radiation transport, and single event phenomena. Among others, studies are presented concerning the limits to hardening electronic boxes to IEMP coupling, transient radiation screening of silicon devices using backside laser irradiation, the damage equivalence of electrons, protons, and gamma rays in MOS devices, and the single event upset sensitivity of low power Schottky devices.
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    Resonant entrainment of a confined pulsed jet (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper reports the discovery of a new resonant entrainment phenomenon associated with a confined, pulsed jet flow. It was found that a confined jet, when pulsed at an organ-pipe resonant frequency of the confinement tube, experiences greatly enhanced entrainment and mixing near the exit end of the confinement tube compared to a steady confined jet. The mixing and entrainment rates for the resonantly pulsed confined jet approach, and in some cases slightly exceed, those for an unconfined pulsed jet. Both visual and quantitative evidence of this phenomenon is presented. The new effect should be of considerable interest in ejector and combustor design, both of which benefit from any enhancement in mixing between a primary and a secondary flow
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Use of thermocapillary migration in a controllable heat valve (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In accordance with the Marangoni effect, immiscible droplets in a host fluid in which a temperature gradient exists move in the direction of increasing temperature. It is proposed that this thermocapillary migration could be used to construct a 'liquid wick' that would return the condensed vapor at the condenser end of a heat pipe back to the evaporator, thus completing the fluid circuit. The droplets would be formed by capillary pressure forcing the condensate through a perforated diaphragm whose temperature would control the droplet flux, and hence the heat flux between the two ends of the heat pipe, thus making it a controllable heat valve.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 53; Dec. 198
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    The dependence of single event upset on proton energy /15-590 MeV/ (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Low earth orbit satellite and Jupiter orbiter probe semiconductor devices may incur soft errors or single event upsets, manifested as bit flips, during exposure to such nuclear particles or heavy ions as trapped protons with energies ranging up to 1000 MeV. Experimental data is given on the average proton fluence needed to cause a bit flip as a function of proton energy for isoplanar bipolar TTL RAMs. Error dependence data shape and threshold energy can be related to the existing body of theoretical data on energy deposition following proton nuclear reactions. Experimental data also show that the relative cross sectional amplitude for functionally identical devices can be related to the device's power consumption.
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  • 49
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    Simple phenomenological modeling of transition-region capacitance of forward-biased p-n junction diodes and transistor diodes (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The derivation of a simple expression for the capacitance C(V) associated with the transition region of a p-n junction under a forward bias is derived by phenomenological reasoning. The treatment of C(V) is based on the conventional Shockley equations, and simpler expressions for C(V) result that are in general accord with the previous analytical and numerical results. C(V) consists of two components resulting from changes in majority carrier concentration and from free hole and electron accumulation in the space-charge region. The space-charge region is conceived as the intrinsic region of an n-i-p structure for a space-charge region markedly wider than the extrinsic Debye lengths at its edges. This region is excited in the sense that the forward bias creates hole and electron densities orders of magnitude larger than those in equilibrium. The recent Shirts-Gordon (1979) modeling of the space-charge region using a dielectric response function is contrasted with the more conventional Schottky-Shockley modeling.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 53; Nov. 198
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    Determination of boundary shape of cooled porous region (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The shape of a cooled porous wall section is found that will provide a uniform surface temperature, as dictated by material limitations, when the surface is subjected to spatially nonuniform heating. In the analysis, local temperatures and pressures in the porous material are expressed in terms of a potential function. From the imposed thermal conditions, this potential function is governed by the dual constraints of both its value and its normal derivative being specified along the heated surface. The unknown shape of this surface is obtained by meeting these dual conditions. The analytical method uses a generalized conformal mapping procedure that includes a curved boundary. The coolant flow can be compressible or incompressible, and its viscosity can depend on temperature.
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    ORION downconverter and power supply (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The receiver subsystem supplies the front end assembly (downconverter) and power supply for the ORION Mobile Station. These assemblies are designed to withstand severe environmental conditions. The mechanical, electronic, environmental and maintenance design considerations encountered during the design phase of this project are discussed. The two channel S/X downconverter has a 400 MHz bandwidth channel. Phase stability of 2 and 7 deg at S- and X-bands, respectively, is achieved with a temperature stabilized first local oscillator.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 3-9
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    Electric flight systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Materials used to illustrate a presentation on the development of electric flight systems are presented. Systems concepts are outlined.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Elec. Flight Systems; p 213-234
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    Electronics materials research (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The electronic materials and is aimed at the establishment of quantitative relationships underlying crystal growth parameters, materials properties, electronic characteristics and device applications. The overall program evolves about the following main thrust areas: (1) crystal growth novel approaches to engineering of semiconductor materials; (2) investigation of materials properties and electronic characteristics on a macro and microscale; (3) surface properties and surface interactions with the bulk and ambients; (4) electronic properties controlling device applications and device performance.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Mater. Process Res. Base of the Mater. Process. Center; p 23-46
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    Potential reduction of DSN uplink energy cost (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: DSN Earth stations typically transmit more power than that required to meet minimum specifications for uplink performance. Energy and cost savings that could result from matching the uplink power to the amount required for specified performance are studied. The Galileo mission was selected as a case study. Although substantial reduction in transmitted energy is possible, potential savings in source energy (oil or electricity) savings are much less. This is because of the rising inefficiency in power conversion and radio frequency power generation that accompanies reduced power output.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 151-166
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  • 55
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    A new high-power klystron for the DSN (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A very high reliability 100 kW klystron for the Deep Space Network (DSN) high power transmitters in support of spacecrafts to the distant planets was studied. The last phases included electron gun fabrication and beam analyzer evaluation and klystron prototype fabrication, mechanical and electrical design improvements resulted in the delivery of a prototype klystron meeting all requirements. It is concluded that the development of a new high power klystron for the DSN was very successful as demonstrated by the prototype results.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 157-173
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    A comparison of radiation damage in transistors from cobalt-60 gamma rays and 2.2 MeV electrons (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The total ionizing dose response of ten bipolar transistor types has been measured using Co-60 gamma rays and 2.2 MeV electrons from exposure levels of 750, 1500, and 3000 Gy(Si). Gain measurements were made for a range of collector-emitter voltages and collector currents.
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    Spouts in a bed of silica powder associated with fluidization by outgassing of adsorbed water (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Multiphase Flow; 8; 4, 19; 1982
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    On current aspects of finite element computational fluid mechanics for turbulent flows (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A set of nonlinear partial differential equations suitable for the description of a class of turbulent three-dimensional flow fields in select geometries is identified. On the basis of the concept of enforcing a penalty constraint to ensure accurate accounting of ordering effects, a finite element numerical solution algorithm is established for the equation set and the theoretical aspects of accuracy, convergence and stability are identified and quantized. Hypermatrix constructions are used to formulate the reduction of the computational aspects of the theory to practice. The robustness of the algorithm, and the computer program embodiment, have been verified for pertinent flow configurations.
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    An analytical approach to thermal modeling of Bridgman-type crystal growth. I - One-dimensional analysis (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A relatively simple one-dimensional thermal model of the Bridgman growth process has been developed which is applicable to the growth of small diameter samples with conductivities similar to those of metallic alloys. The heat flow in a translating rod is analyzed in a way that is applicable to Biot numbers less than unity. The model accommodates an adiabatic zone, different heat transfer coefficients in the hot and cold zones, and changes in sample material properties associated with phase change. The analysis is applied to several simplified cases. The effect of the rod's motion is studied in a three-zone furnace for a rod sufficiently long that end effects can be neglected; end effects are then investigated for a motionless rod. Finally, the addition of a fourth zone, an independently controlled booster heater between the main heater and the adiabatic zone, is evaluated for its ability to increase the gradient in the sample at the melt interface and to control the position of the interface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth; 58; 1982
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    Portable design rules for bulk CMOS (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that for the past several years, one school of IC designers has used a simplified set of nMOS geometric design rules (GDR) which is 'portable', in that it can be used by many different nMOS manufacturers. The present investigation is concerned with a preliminary set of design rules for bulk CMOS which has been verified for simple test structures. The GDR are defined in terms of Caltech Intermediate Form (CIF), which is a geometry-description language that defines simple geometrical objects in layers. The layers are abstractions of physical mask layers. The design rules do not presume the existence of any particular design methodology. Attention is given to p-well and n-well CMOS processes, bulk CMOS and CMOS-SOS, CMOS geometric rules, and a description of the advantages of CMOS technology.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: VLSI Design; 1982
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    Off-line, built-in test techniques for VLSI circuits (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that the use of redundant on-chip circuitry improves the testability of an entire VLSI circuit. In the study described here, five techniques applied to a two-bit ripple carry adder are compared. The techniques considered are self-oscillation, self-comparison, partition, scan path, and built-in logic block observer. It is noted that both classical stuck-at faults and nonclassical faults, such as bridging faults (shorts), stuck-on x faults where x may be 0, 1, or vary between the two, and parasitic flip-flop faults occur in IC structures. To simplify the analysis of the testing techniques, however, a stuck-at fault model is assumed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Computer; June 198
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    Curved ducts with strong secondary motion - Velocity measurements of developing laminar and turbulent flow (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two orthogonal components of velocity and associated Reynolds stresses are determined in a square-sectioned, 90 degree bend of 2.3 radius ratio by utilizing laser-Doppler velocimetry for Reynolds numbers of 790 and 40,000. Results show that boundary layers at the bend inlet of 0.25 and 0.15 of the hydraulic diameter create secondary velocity maxima of 0.6 and 0.4 of the bulk flow velocity, respectively. It is concluded that the boundary layer thickness is important to the flow development, mainly in the first half of the bend, especially when it is reduced to 0.15 of the hydraulic diameter. Smaller secondary velocities are found for turbulent flow in an identical duct with a radius ratio of 7.0 than in the strongly curved bend, although their effect is more important to the streamwise flow development because of the smaller pressure gradients. In addition, the detail and accuracy of the measurements make them suitable for evaluation of numerical techniques and turbulence models.
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    Analytical and experimental evaluations of Space Shuttle TPS tile vibration response (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analytical studies and laboratory experiments have been performed to evaluate the vibration response of the Space Shuttle Thermal Protection System (TPS) tiles due to the intense rocket generated acoustic noise during lift-off. The TPS tiles are mounted over the exterior of the Space Shuttle Orbiter structure through Strain Isolation Pads (SIP) which protect the tiles from thermal induced shear loads at their interface. The analytical predictions indicate that the response of a typical tile is governed by the structural vibration inputs through the SIP under the tile at frequencies below 250 Hz, and by the direct acoustic excitation over the exterior surface of the tile at frequencies above 250 Hz. An evaluation of the laboratory test data for this same tile, in which conditioned (partial) coherent output spectral analysis procedures were used, leads to exactly the same conclusion. The results demonstrate the power of conditioned spectral analysis procedures in identifying vibration response mechanisms when two or more of the inputs are highly correlated.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 83; July 8
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    The measurement of lightning environmental parameters related to interaction with electronic systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The measurement of electromagnetic fields and related quantities in a lightning environment is a challenging problem, especially at high frequencies and/or in the immediate vicinity of the lightning arcs and corona. This paper reviews the techniques for accomplishing such measurements in these regimes with examples. These sensors are often the same as for the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP), but significant differences also appear.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; EMC-24; May 1982
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    Numerical solutions for the spin-up of a stratified fluid (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The model of Warn-Varnas et al. (1978) is used to numerically examine the spin-up flow of a thermally stratified fluid in a cylinder with an insulating side wall, and comparison of the results with the laser-Doppler measurements of Lee (1975) shows excellent agreement. It is shown that flow gradients are created in the interior of the fluid during the meridional circulation spin-up phase, and that the azimuthal flow decayed faster than has been predicted by Wallin (1969). It is established that viscous diffusion in the interior, arising from the interior-flow gradients, is the cause of the discrepancy with Wallin's theory.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 117; Apr. 198
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    Topology of three-dimensional separated flows (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A Legendre formulation for a pattern of streamlines adjacent to a surface considered as trajectories with properties consistent with those of a constant vector field is used to develop a mathematical framework for three-dimensional separated flows. Convergence of skin-friction lines onto a particular skin-friction line originating from a particular saddle point is defined as a necessary condition for flow separation. Steady, three-dimensional flow is considered, and singular points occurring in the skin-friction lines are shown to happen where the skin friction or the surface vorticity become zero, and become nodal or saddle points. The separation initiates and continues only globally, as a mixture of an infinite set of friction lines, or locally, with one line. The topography of streamlines in two-dimensional sections of three-dimensional flows is discussed, and examples are provided of a round-nosed body of revolution at varying angles of attack.
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    Heat transfer from combustion gases to a single row of closely spaced tubes in a swirl crossflow Stirling engine heater (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper describes an experimental program to determine the heat-transfer characteristics of a combustor and heat-exchanger system in a hybrid solar receiver which utilizes a Stirling engine. The system consists of a swirl combustor with a crossflow heat exchanger composed of a single row of 48 closely spaced curved tubes. In the present study, heat-transfer characteristics of the combustor/heat-exchanger system without a Stirling engine have been studied over a range of operating conditions and output levels using water as the working fluid. Nondimensional heat-transfer coefficients based on total heat transfer have been obtained and are compared with available literature data. The results show significantly enhanced heat transfer for the present geometry and test conditions. Also, heat transfer along the length of the tubes is found to vary, the effect depending upon test condition.
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    Partial discharge testing under direct voltage conditions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: DC partial discharge (PD) (corona) testing is performed using a multichannel analyzer for pulse storing, and data is collected during increase of voltage and at quiescent voltage levels. Thus high voltage ceramic disk capacitors were evaluated by obtaining PD data interspersed during an accelerated life test. Increased PD activity was found early in samples that later failed catastrophically. By this technique, trends of insulation behavior are revealed sensitively and nondestructively in high voltage dc components.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; 18; Jan. 198
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    The dependence of the shape and stability of captive rotating drops on multiple parameters (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Asymptotic and numerical techniques in bifurcation theory are applied to the Young-Laplace equation governing meniscus shape in order to analyze the dependence of the shape and stability of rigidly rotating drops held captive between corotating solid faces on multiple parameters. Asymptotic analysis of the evolution of drop shape from the cylindrical as a function of distance between the solid faces, drop volume, rotational Bond number and gravitational Bond number shows that some shape bifurcations from cylinders to wavy, axisymmetric menisci are ruptured by small changes in drop volume or gravity. Computer calculations of axisymmetric drop shapes based on a finite element representation of the interface and numerical algorithms for tracking shape families and singular points are then used to map drop stability for the four-dimensional parameter space. The results of the asymptotic and numerical analyses are shown to agree well within the limited range of parameters where the asymptotic analysis is valid.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Philosophical Transactions, Series A (ISSN 0080-4614); 306; 1493,; Aug. 27
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    ADI on staggered mesh - A method for the calculation of compressible convection (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An alternating direction implicit (ADI) method has been applied to a staggered grid for the computation of convection in a highly stratified fluid. Since artificial viscosity is not needed, subtle effects like the onset of convection can be studied. These computations compare well with the 2-D results by Graham (1975) and also agree with standard Boussinesq results when taken to that limit. Good efficiency has been achieved with a time step hundreds of times larger than the stability limit imposed by the explicit treatment of diffusion and the Courant number is not restricted to be below 1. The Navier-Stokes equation contains cross spatial derivatives which are treated explicitly in most ADI schemes. The destabilizing effect of such a practice on a 2-D model system with second-order spatial derivative terms only was analyzed and found to be not excessive.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 47; July 198
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    Modern multistage depressed collectors - A review (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The design and performance of the Lewis Research Center (LeRC) electrostatic collector and the associated passive permanent magnetic beam reconditioning (refocusing) are discussed and compared with numerous experimental results on wide- and narrow-band TWT and two klystron cases. Universal designs for efficient collectors for TV klystrons are presented. Collectors other than those based on the symmetric LeRC concept are reviewed only briefly, either because they have not been treated analytically or because only sporadic or incomplete experimental evaluation results are available. It is concluded that significant, a priori predictable performance improvements for TWTs have been demonstrated and that a substantial reduction in the dc power input to TV klystron transmitters could be effected by using well-designed multistage depressed collectors.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE; vol. 70
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    An optimization technique for lumped-distributed two ports (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A frequency domain direct efficient analysis and an optimization technique of a large class of lumped-distributed networks containing active elements are presented. Sensitivity and Hessian matrix calculations are performed using truncated Taylor series expansion of two-port parameters of subnetworks. An interactive computer program was developed to demonstrate the application of the method. Examples of network optimizations are included to illustrate the powerfulness of the technique.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-30; Dec. 198
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    A decoupling approach to the control of large spaceborne antenna systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple practical method for designing antenna-feed positioning control systems for large deployable spaceborne antenna systems with flexible booms is proposed. The approach is based on the mechanical decoupling of the antenna-feed from the boom so that the positioning control system can be designed without taking boom dynamics into consideration, thus avoiding a complex infinite dimensional control problem. The basic idea is illustrated by a simple angular positional control system attached to a flexible boom restricted to torsional motion only. The application of this approach to more complex situations is discussed briefly.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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    A high-resolution numerical technique for inviscid gas-dynamic problems with weak solutions (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The shock resolution of Harten's (1982) second-order explicit method for one-dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws is investigated for a two-dimensional gas-dynamic problem. The possible extension to a high resolution implicit method for both one- and two-dimensional problems is also investigated. Applications of Harten's method to the quasi-one-dimensional nozzle problem with two nozzle shapes (divergent and convergent-divergent) and the two-dimensional shock-reflection problem resulted in high shock resolution steady-state numerical solutions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Numerical solution of viscous flow in unbounded fluid (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Incompressible viscous flow fields induced by initial vorticity distributions with bounded support or exponential decay in the far field are investigated. A numerical scheme for the solution of the vorticity distribution and the velocity field is presented with special emphasis on the treatment of the boundary data. The efficiency of the scheme is demonstrated. The present method has been applied to the study of the merging and collision of vortex rings.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Simulation of large turbulent vortex structures with the parabolic Navier-Stokes equations (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The theoretical basis for well posed marching of a Parabolic Navier-Stokes (PNS) computational technique for supersonic flow is discussed and examples given to verify the analysis. It is demonstrated that stable computations can be made even with very small steps in the marching direction. The method is applied to cones at large angle of attack in high Reynolds number, supersonic flow. Streamline trajectories generated from the numerical solutions demonstrate the development of vortex structures of the lee side of the cone. Previously announced in STAR as N83-22551
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Relaxation solution of the full Euler equations (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A numerical procedure for the relaxation solution of the full steady Euler equations is described. By embedding the Euler system in a second order surrogate system, central differencing may be used in subsonic regions while retaining matrix forms well suited to iterative solution procedures and convergence acceleration techniques. Hence, this method allows the development of stable, fully conservative differencing schemes for the solution of quite general inviscid flow problems. Results are presented for both subcritical and shocked supercritical internal flows. Comparisons are made with a standard time dependent solution algorithm. Previously announced in STAR as N82-24859
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    Pointwise and scanning laser anemometer measurements in steady and unsteady separated turbulent boundary layers (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The physical features of steady and unsteady freestream separating turbulent boundary layers that have been determined by pointwise laser anemometer measurements are outlined. It is seen that the large-scale structures control the outer region's backflow behavior. Near the wall, the mean backflow velocity profile for both the steady and unsteady cases is found to scale on the maximum negative mean velocity and its distance from the wall. A description is given of a scanning laser anemometer that produces nearly instantaneous velocity profiles for examing the temporal features of these large-scale structures. Also described is a 'zero-wake' seeder that supplies particles to the outer shear layer and freestream flow with a minimal disturbance.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    A new numerical method for the simulation of three-dimensional flow in a pipe (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new numerical technique for simulating three dimensional, unsteady, incompressible pipe flows is presented and its utility and accuracy is shown. Each vector function in the expansion of the velocity field is divergence free and satisfies the boundary conditions for viscous flow. Some of the benefits of the expansion technique are that pressure is eliminated from the dynamics, only two unknowns per mesh point are required, implicit treatment of the viscous terms is provided at no extra computational cost, and no fractional time steps are required. The method uses spectral expansions: Fourier series in the azimuthal and streamwise directions, and Jacobi polynominals in the radial direction. Previously announced in STAR as N82-31644
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    Numerical simulation of wall-bounded turbulent shear flows (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Developments in three dimensional, time dependent numerical simulation of turbulent flows bounded by a wall are reviewed. Both direct and large eddy simulation techniques are considered within the same computational framework. The computational spatial grid requirements as dictated by the known structure of turbulent boundary layers are presented. The numerical methods currently in use are reviewed and some of the features of these algorithms, including spatial differencing and accuracy, time advancement, and data management are discussed. A selection of the results of the recent calculations of turbulent channel flow, including the effects of system rotation and transpiration on the flow are included. Previously announced in STAR as N82-28577
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    Intermediate power conditioners - Where are we now? (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It has been recognized in the photovoltaic (PV) industry that even in the event of a dramatic reduction in the price of generating PV cells, the costs for the other components of the system represent still a major obstacle towards commercialization. A project was, therefore, initiated with the aim to develop baseline and conceptual power conditioner designs which would attempt to meet a specified set of cost and performance goals in the 30 to 200 kW (Intermediate) size. Resulting Intermediate Size Power Conditioner Studies led to a number of conclusions. There is a need for a set of guidelines or standards for utility interconnection. The advent of new devices with more power handling capability will change the desired topology.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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    Salyut-7 (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The differences between the orbital scientific station "Salyut-7" and "Salyut-6" are discussed. It is noted that the greatest changes have occurred in the scientific instrument compartment. The changes in the food supplied to the cosmonauts are also described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA-TM-77177 , NAS 1.15:77177
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    An evaluation of superminicomputers for thermal analysis (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of superminicomputers for solving a series of increasingly complex thermal analysis problems is investigated. The approach involved (1) installation and verification of the SPAR thermal analyzer software on superminicomputers at Langley Research Center and Goddard Space Flight Center, (2) solution of six increasingly complex thermal problems on this equipment, and (3) comparison of solution (accuracy, CPU time, turnaround time, and cost) with solutions on large mainframe computers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computational Aspects of Heat Transfer in Struct.; p 437-451
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    Effects of rotation and magnetic field on the onset of convective instability in a liquid layer due to buoyancy and surface tension (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Thermocapillary stability characteristics of a horizontal liquid layer heated from below rotating about a vertical axis and subjected to a uniform vertical magnetic field are analyzed under a variety of thermal and electromagnetic boundary conditions. Results based on analytical solutions to the pertinent eigenvalue problems are discussed in the light of earlier work on special cases of the more general problem considered here to show in particular the effects of the heat transfer, nonzero curvature and gravity waves at the two-fluid interface. Although the expected stabilizing action of the Coriolis and Lorentz force fields in this configuration are in evidence the optimal choice of an appropriate range for the relevant parameters is shown to be critically dependent on the interfacial effects mentioned above.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 366-373
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    The geophysical importance of bubbles in the sea (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Present knowledge of the mechanisms for production and enrichment and film drops by bursting bubbles is summarized, with particular emphasis on the unsolved problems. Sea salt is by far the major constituent cycled through the Earth's atmosphere each year. Bursting bubbles in the oceans appear to be primarily responsible. These salt particles play a role in the formation of maritime clouds, which in turn affect the Earth's radiation budget. Along with the salt are carried various chemical pollutants and potentially pathogenic microorganisms, often in highly enriched form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 255-259
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    Raindrop oscillations (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A model of the change in shape of a raindrop is presented. Raindrops measured by two orthogonal cameras were classified by shape and orientation to determine the nature of the oscillation. A physical model based on potential energy was then developed to study the amplitude variation of oscillating drops. The model results show that oscillations occur about the equilibrium axis ratio, but the time average axis ratio if significantly more spherical for large amplitudes because of asymmetry in the surface potential energy. A generalization of the model to oscillations produced by turbulence yields average axis ratios that are consistent with the camera measurements. The model results for average axis ratios were applied to rainfall studies with a dual polarized radar.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 244-246
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    A wind tunnel investigation of the shape of uncharged raindrops in the presence of an external, electric field (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results of a wind tunnel experiment in which electrically uncharged water drops of 500 to 3000 microns equivalent radius are freely suspended in the vertical air stream of the UCLA cloud tunnel are presented. During this suspension the drops were exposed to external vertical electric fields of 500 to 8,000 volts/cm. The change in drop shape with drop size and electric field strength was noted and is discussed in the light of theoretical work cited in the literature which unfortunately does not take into account the effects of air flow past the drop. The wind tunnel study is documented by stills from a 16 mm film record that demonstrates the shape of water drops in response to both hydrodynamic and electric forces.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 239-243
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    Bubble shapes in steady axisymmetric flows at intermediate Reynolds number (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The shape of a gas bubble which rises through a quiescent incompressible, Newtonian fluid at intermediate Reynolds numbers is considered. Exact numerical solutions for the velocity and pressure fields, as well as the bubble shape, are obtained using finite difference techniques and a numerically generated transformation to an orthogonal, boundary-fitted coordinate system. No restriction is placed on the allowable magnitude of deformation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 151-156
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    Holographic studies of the vapor explosion of vaporizing water-in-fuel emulsion droplets (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Holographic studies were performed which examined the fragmentation process during vapor explosion of a water-in-fuel (hexadecane/water) emulsion droplet. Holograms were taken at 700 to 1000 microseconds after the vapor explosion. Photographs of the reconstructed holograms reveal a wide range of fragment droplet sizes created during the explosion process. Fragment droplet diameters range from below 10 microns to over 100 microns. It is estimated that between ten thousand and a million fragment droplets can result from this extremely violent vapor explosion process. This enhanced atomization is thus expected to have a pronounced effect on vaporization processes which are present during combustion of emulsified fuels.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 112-119
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    Behavior of liquid hydrogen inside an ICF target (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The configuration of liquid hydrogen inside spherical glass shell ICF target was studied both theoretically and experimentally. Because of the zero contact angle between the .D2 liquid and glass substrate and the limited wetting surface that is continuous, the liquid hydrogen completely covers the interior of the glass shell, resulting in the formation of a void at the center. For this reason, the present problem distinguishes itself from that for a sessile drop sitting on a flat surface. A theory was formulated to calculate the liquid hydrogen configuration by including the London-dispersion force between the liquid and the substrate molecules. The net result is an augmented Bashforth-Adams equation appropriate to a spherical substrate, which is considered to be the major contribution of the present work. Preliminary calculations indicate that this equation accurately models the liquid hydrogen behavior inside a spherical microshell.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 96-106
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    NASTRAN thermal analyzer in a unified finite-element treatment of thermo-structural analyses (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The NASTRAN thermal analyzer (NTA) which performs large-scale unified thermo-structural analyses with the NASTRAN (NASA structural analysis) computer program is described. The mathematical similitude between these two distinct disciplines of thermal and structure is examined. It serves as the theoretical basis upon which the implementation of the thermal capability in NASTRAN was accomplished. The program structure, the functional flow, the solution algorithms, the organization of an input data deck and the solution capabilities of NTA are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the interface of the unified approach in thermo-structural analyses where stresses, deflections, vibrations and bucklings induced by the effect of temperature change are of concern. Attentions are also directed to the preprocessor and post processors. As a specially designed preprocessor, the VIEW program is capable of generating exchange factors which can be output, at user's option, in formats compatible with that required by NTA. Two post processors that serve specific objectives are included. They are the thermal variance analysis and the graphical displaying capability of temperatures in color or black and white.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computational Aspects of Heat Transfer in Struct.; p 1-22
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  • 92
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    Profiles of electrified drops and bubbles (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Axisymmetric equilibrium shapes of conducting drops and bubbles, (1) pendant or sessile on one face of a circular parallel-plate capacitor or (2) free and surface-charged, are found by solving simultaneously the free boundary problem consisting of the augmented Young-Laplace equation for surface shape and the Laplace equation for electrostatic field, given the surface potential. The problem is nonlinear and the method is a finite element algorithm employing Newton iteration, a modified frontal solver, and triangular as well as quadrilateral tessellations of the domain exterior to the drop in order to facilitate refined analysis of sharply curved drop tips seen in experiments. The stability limit predicted by this computer-aided theoretical analysis agrees well with experiments.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 322-329
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  • 93
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    Asymptotic Expansions and Estimates for the Capillary Problem (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The asymptotic properties for the small Bond number B of the equilibrium capillary interface interior to a circular cylindrical tube vertically dipped in an infinite reservoir of liquid are discussed. (The Bond number B is a dimensionless parameter which is the ratio of gravitational to capillary forces.) The formal expansion in powers of B of the solution to the differential equation describing the equilibrium surface (as can be obtained by standard perturbation methods) is proved to be truly asymptotic -- to all orders and uniformly in the variable and parameter gamma, the contact angle. Sequences of general estimates, in closed form, from above and from below, are also given for the solution and related functions. The M-th term in these sequences are asymptotically exact to order m. An idiosyncrasy of the problem, crucial in obtaining these estimates, is the absolute monotonicity of the structural function of the system in integral form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 344-349
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  • 94
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    Fluid dynamical description of relativistic nuclear collisions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: On the basis of both a conventional relativistic nuclear fluid dynamic model and a two fluid generalization that takes into account the interpenetration of the target and projectile upon contact, collisions between heavy nuclei moving at relativistic speeds are calculated. This is done by solving the relevant equations of motion numerically in three spatial dimensions by use of particle in cell finite difference computing techniques. The effect of incorporating a density isomer, or quasistable state, in the nuclear equation of state at three times normal nuclear density, and the effect of doubling the nuclear compressibility coefficient are studied. For the reaction 20Ne + 238U at a laboratory bombarding energy per nucleon of 393 MeV, the calculated distributions in energy and angle of outgoing charged particles are compared with recent experimental data both integrated over all impact parameters and for nearly central collisions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 260-267
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  • 95
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    Capillary surface discontinuities above reentrant corners (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A particular configuration of a vertical capillary tube for which S is the equilibrium interface between two fluids in the presence of a downward pointing gravitational field was investigated. S is the graph a function u whose domain is the (horizontal) cross section gamma of the tube. The mean curvature of S is proportional to its height above a fixed reference plane and lambda is a prescribed constant and may be taken between zero and pi/2. Domains gamma for which us is a bounded function but does not extend continuously to d gamma are sought. Simple domains are found and the behavior of u in those domains is studied. An important comparison principle that has been used in the literature to derive many of the results in capillarity is reviewed. It allows one to deduce the approximate shape of a capillary surface by constructing comparison surfaces with mean curvature and contact angle close to those of the (unknown) solution surface. In the context of nonparametric problems the comparison principle leads to height estimates above and below for the function u. An example from the literature where these height estimates have been used successfully is described. The promised domains for which the bounded u does not extend continuously to the boundary are constructed. The point on the boundary at which u has a jump discontinuity will be the vertext of a re-entrant corner having any interior angle theta pi. Using the comparison principle the behavior of u near this point is studied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 295-302
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  • 96
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    Drop rebound in clouds and precipitation (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The possibility of rebound for colliding cloud drops was measured by determining the collection efficiency. The collection efficiency for 17 size pairs of relatively uncharged drops in over 500 experimental runs was measured using two techniques. The collection efficiencies fall in a narrow range of 0.60 to 0.70 even though the collection drop was varied between 63 and 326 microns and the size ratio from 0.05 to 0.33. In addition the measured values of collection efficiencies (Epsilon) were below the computed values of collision efficiencies (E) for rigid spheres. Therefore it was concluded that rebound was occurring for these sizes since inferred coalescence (epsilon = Epsilon/E) efficiencies are about 0.6 yo 0.8. At a very small size ratio (r/R = p = 0.05, R = 326 microns) the coalescence efficiency inferred is in good agreement with the experimental findings for a supported collector drop. At somewhat large size ratios the inferred values of epsilon are well above results of supported drop experiments, but show a slight correspondence in collected drop size dependency to two models of drop rebound. At a large size ratio (p = 0.73, R = 275) the inferred coalescence efficiency is significantly different from all previous results.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 247-254
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  • 97
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    Resonances, radiation pressure and optical scattering phenomena of drops and bubbles (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Acoustic levitation and the response of fluid spheres to spherical harmonic projections of the radiation pressure are described. Simplified discussions of the projections are given. A relationship between the tangential radiation stress and the Konstantinov effect is introduced and fundamental streaming patterns for drops are predicted. Experiments on the forced shape oscillation of drops are described and photographs of drop fission are displayed. Photographs of critical angle and glory scattering by bubbles and rainbow scattering by drops are displayed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 166-174
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  • 98
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    Droplets Generated from a new OGEE shaped, liquid, air-shear, electrostatic nozzle (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A series of experimental tests was carried out on an 'OGEE' shaped planform, liquid air-shear electrostatic nozzle. Liquid was ejected from the upper surface of the nozzle and was then dispersed and atomized efficiently by a high speed air flow passing over the nozzle and by the effect of two very strong coherent air vortices generated by the 'OGEE' shaped nozzle surface. Initial test results which are presented show the nozzle to perform far superior to a similar delta wing shaped design which is used extensively in various industries applications.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 2d Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles; p 120-123
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  • 99
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    Life test of 50 AH NiH2 battery (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Life cycle testing on a battery is reported. The cells were built in 1975, put into battery in 1976, and flown in 1977 in low Earth orbit.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 487-499
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    Cycling characteristics on NiH2 cells in standard and daily energy balance Leo orbits (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A plot of end-of-charge and end-of-discharge voltage versus the number of cycles completed, and end-of-charge and end-of-discharge pressure versus cycles completed are presented.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 501-512
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