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  • sediments  (42)
  • Wheat  (25)
  • Springer  (67)
  • American Chemical Society
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (67)
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  • Springer  (67)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (67)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of a preferentially transmitted Aegilops sharonensis chromosome in wheat (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Preferential transmission ; In situ hybridization ; C-banding ; Aegilops sharonensis ; Wheat ; Addition ; Substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An attempt to produce a set of addition lines of Aegilops sharonensis to the wheat variety ‘Chinese Spring’ produced only one addition line. This was due to preferential transmission of one chromosome from Ae. sharonensis. This chromosome was studied in detail by established cytological methods of chromosome observation and by the newer techniques of C-banding and in situ hybridization of a cloned DNA sequence. The chromosome was found to be partially homologous to an Ae. sharonensis chromosome of similar behaviour in another wheat addition line. The incomplete homology of the two Ae. sharonensis chromosomes was due to the presence of a translocated segment of a wheat chromosome. — Substitution lines of the Ae. sharonensis chromosome for wheat homoeologous group 4 were produced and the Ae. sharonensis chromosome thereby designated 4 S l .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261506
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential C-banding of wheat or rye chromosomes (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Wheat ; Rye ; Triticale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using different stains, wheat chromosomes could be distinguished from rye chromosomes by preferential staining. C-bands of rye chromosomes were preferentially stained with Giemsa while those of wheat chromosomes were preferentially stained with either Leishman or Wright stain. Preferential staining aids the identification of wheat and rye chromosomes and chromosome segments and in particular the recognition of wheat/rye chromosome substitutions and translocations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304000
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.1.1.1) in callus cultures of wheat, rye and triticale (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Triticale ; Callus cultures ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases ADH-1 and ADH-2, under independent genetic control of genes designated as Adh-1 and Adh-2 located on chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D, have been reported in aestivum wheat (Hart 1980). Only ADH-1 is expressed in developing seeds, dry seeds, pollen and germinating seedlings. ADH-2 can be induced in seedling roots or shoots under conditions of partial anaerobiosis or by certain chemicals. Expression of ADH-1 and ADH-2 isoenzymes was investigated in undifferentiated calli from aestivum and durum wheats, rye, triticale and also in in vitro regenerated roots and leaves from aestivum cultures. Wheat callus cultures originating from seed, mature and immature embryos, mesocotyl and root, as well as cultures grown on media containing different supplements did not show any variation in the overall expression of ADH-1 or ADH-2, although differences in the band intensities were observed. The callus isoenzyme pattern was similar to that observed in roots under anaerobic conditions. Both ADH-1 and ADH-2 were expressed in in vitro regenerated roots but were absent in regenerated leaves. Expression of ADH-1 and ADH-2 in wheat calli seems to be related to the type of differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276281
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting the frequencies of transgressive segregants for yield and yield components in wheat (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Genetical analysis ; Cross prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetical analysis of the F2 triple test cross design combined with conventional early generations was used to elucidate the genetical control of yield and yield components in two crosses of winter wheat. From estimates of the additive, {d}, and additive X additive, {i}, components of means, together with the additive genetical variance, D, predicted frequencies of recombinant inbred lines that would transgress the parental range were calculated for each cross. The accuracy of predictions was evaluated by comparing expected frequencies with observed numbers in populations of F6 lines previously developed by single seed descent. For both crosses and all characters where an adequate genetical model was found to explain the observed variation between the early generations, good agreement between predicted and observed frequencies of transgressive segregants was obtained. Furthermore, for characters exhibiting significant epistasis, allowance for additive X additive {i} epistasis in the prediction equations was sufficient to allow for skewness of the recombinant inbred population. These results demonstrate that cross performance in wheat can be predicted from genetical analysis of early generations, and the value of this approach in breeding new varieties is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293344
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Tom Thumb dwarfing gene, Rht3 in wheat, I. Reduced pre-harvest damage to breadmaking quality (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Quality ; Dwarfism ; Gibberellin ; α-amylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of the Tom Thumb dwarfing gene, Rht3, on the quality and quantity of grain α-amylase produced during germination and by induction with exogenous gibberellic acid are described. In a season conducive to high sprouting damage the gene reduced α-amylase levels in the field by 77%. Selection among random Rht3 genotypes showed that other genetic factors can be combined with the dwarfing gene to further increase sprouting damage resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293343
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) isozymes in cultivated wheat and rye (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 317-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; Genetic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) zymogram phenotypes of wheat, rye and their aneuploid derivatives were determined. Two genes involved in the production of 6-PGD isozymes were located on chromosome arms CRL (4 RL) and FRL (6 RL) of “Imperial” rye. On the basis of differential interactions between wheat and rye chromosomes, evidence was obtained that genes located on chromosomes 6 A, 6 BL and 7 BL control 6-PGD isozyme activities in ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat. The wheat and rye 6-PGD zymogram phenotypes were indicative of homoeologous relationships between rye chromosome 6 RL to wheat chromosomes of group 6, and rye chromosome 4 RL to wheat chromosomes of group 7.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275094
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The purification and characterization of homologous high molecular weight storage proteins from grain of wheat, rye and barley (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HMW storage prolamins ; Wheat ; Rye ; Barley ; Characterization and purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Homologous high molecular weight storage prolamins were purified from grain of wheat, rye and barley using combinations of gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. Sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the components were single bands with apparent mol.wts. of above 100,000. Molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation were considerably lower; 54,700, 67,600 and 69,600 for the components from barley, rye and wheat respectively. Amino acid analysis showed the presence of 13.6 to 16.5 mol% glycine, 29.6 to 34.0 mol% glutamate + glutamine, 11.4 to 13.7 mol% proline and a total of 4.0 to 5.7 mol% basic amino acids. Automated N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the component from wheat showed the presence of cysteine residues at positions 5 and 10, and this is discussed in relation to the possible role of these proteins in the visco-elastic gluten network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275097
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    C-banded wheat chromosomes in wheat and triticale (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Wheat ; Triticale ; Heterochromatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The C-banding patterns of wheat chromosomes in 7 hexaploid triticale and 7 wheat genotypes are described and compared. All 14 wheat chromosome pairs were individually identified in the triticales and a tetraploid wheat, and all the B and two A genome chromosome pairs in the hexaploid wheat genotypes. Little variation was found between genotypes in the distribution of C-bands but considerable variation was found in their size, total number and total length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303488
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships of Agropyron intermedium chromosomes determined by chromosome pairing and alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in common wheat background (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Agropyron ; Chromosome pairing ; Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationships of Agropyron intermedium chromosomes in two wheat-Agropyron addition series were determined. Chromosome pairing behaviour revealed that the alien chromosome in lines TAF-2 and L7 of ‘Vilmorin’-A. intermedium set are homologous to the alien chromosomes in lines P and C of the ‘Caribo’-A. intermedium set respectively. Localization of alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme genes in ‘Vilmorin’-Agropyron addition line L4 and in ‘Caribo’-Agropyron line O indicated relationships with wheat chromosomes of homoeologous group 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303996
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The wheat ribosomal DNA spacer region: Its structure and variation in populations and among species (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 337-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; rDNA ; Sequence ; Populations ; Variation ; Spacer region ; Triticum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The wheat rDNA clone pTA250 was examined in detail to provide a restriction enzyme map and the nucleotide sequence of two of the eleven, 130 bp repeating units found within the spacer region. The 130 bp units showed some sequence heterogeneity. The sequence difference between the two 130 bp units analysed (130.6 and 130.8) was at 7 positions and could be detected as a 4 °C shift in Tm when heterologous and homologous hybrids were compared. This corresponded to a 1.2% change in nucleotide sequence per ΔTm of 1 °C. The sensitivity of the Tm analysis using cloned sequences facilitated the analysis of small sequence variations in the spacer region of different Triticum aestivum cultivars and natural populations of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (referred to as T. dicoccoides). In addition spacer length variation was assayed by restriction enzyme digestion and hybridization with spacer sequence probes. Extensive polymorphism was observed for the spacer region in various cultivars of T. aestivum, although within each cultivar the rDNA clusters were homogeneous and could be assigned to particular chromosomes. Within natural populations of T. dicoccoides polymorphism was also observed but, once again, within any one individual the rDNA clusters appeared to be homogeneous. The polymorphism, at the sequence level (assayed by Tm analysis), was not so great as to prevent the use of spacer sequence variation as a probe for evolutionary relationships. The length variation as assayed by restriction enzyme digestion did not appear to be as useful in this regard, since its range of variation was extensive even within populations of a species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303905
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome and nucleotide sequence differentiation in genomes of polyploid Triticum species (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 349-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chromosomes ; Nucleotides ; Evolution ; Polyploids ; Triticum ; Heterochromatin ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nature of genome change during polyploid evolution was studied by analysing selected species within the tribe Triticeae. The levels of genome changes examined included structural alterations (translocations, inversions), heterochromatinization, and nucleotide sequence change in the rDNA regions. These analyses provided data for evaluating models of genome evolution in polyploids in the genus Triticum, postulated on the basis of chromosome pairing at metaphase I in interspecies hybrids. The significance of structural chromosome alterations with respect to reduced MI chromosome pairing in interspecific hybrids was assayed by determining the incidence of heterozygosity for translocations and paracentric inversions in the A and B genomes of T. timopheevii ssp. araraticum (referred to as T. araraticum) represented by two lines, 1760 and 2541, and T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. Line 1760 differed from Chinese Spring by translocations in chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A, 6A, 7A, 3B, 4B, 7B and possibly 2B. Line 2541 differed from Chinese Spring by translocations in chromosomes 3A, 6A, 6B and possibly 2B. Line 1760 also differed from Chinese Spring by paracentric inversions in arms 1AL and 4AL whereas line 2541 differed by inversions in 1BL and 4AL (not all chromosomes arms were assayed). The incidence of structural changes in the A and B genomes did not coincide with the more extensive differentiation of the B genomes relative to the A genomes as reflected by chromosome pairing studies. To assay changing degrees of heterochromatinization among species of the genus Triticum, all the diploid and polyploid species were C-banded. No general agreement was observed between the amount of heterochromatin and the ability of the respective chromosomes to pair with chromosomes of the ancestral species. Marked changes in the amount of heterochromatin were found to have occurred during the evolution of some of the polyploids. The analysis of the rDNA region provided evidence for rapid “fixation” of new repeated sequences at two levels, namely, among the 130 bp repeated sequences of the spacer and at the level of the repeated arrays of the 9 kb rDNA units. These occurred both within a given rDNA region and between rDNA regions on nonhomologous chromosomes. The levels of change in the rDNA regions provided good precedent for expecting extensive nucleotide sequence changes associated with differentiation of Triticum genomes and these processes are argued to be the principal cause of genome differentiation as revealed by chromosome pairing studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303906
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant regeneration from cultured immature embryos and inflorescences ofTriticum aestivum L. (wheat): Evidence for somatic embryogenesis (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 110 (1982), S. 95-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cereals ; Immature embryo ; Inflorescence ; Plant regeneration ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticwn aestivum L. ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tissue cultures ofTriticum aestivum L. (wheat) initiated from young inflorescences and immature embryos possessed the potential for regeneration of whole plants. Both a friable and a compact type of callus were produced on Murashige and Skoog's medium with 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The friable callus contained meristematic centers in which the peripheral cells ceased dividing, elongated, and could be easily separated. Roots were frequently formed in this type of callus. The compact, yellowish, and nodular callus arose from the epithelial and sub-epithelial cells of the embryo scutellum, and the rachis and glumes of the young inflorescence. Such callus had a smooth surface and characteristic chlorophyllous areas. Plants were regenerated only from the compact callus. The first sign of differentiation in the compact callus was the formation of a cleft or notch on the smooth surface, followed by the appearance of trichomes and the direct development of leafy structures which were not associated initially with any shoot meristems. Multiple shoots subsequently arose at the bases of the leafy structures, which are considered modifications of the scutellum, a definitive part of the cereal embryo. Accordingly, we suggest that while typical bipolar embryos are generally not formed, plant regeneration nevertheless takes place through embryogenesis and the precocious germination of the embryoids. Plants regenerated from immature embryo and inflorescence cultures were grown to maturity in soil, and were shown to have the normal chromosome number of 2n=6x=42.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281535
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural senescence of the root cortex of spring wheat in relation to susceptibility to common root rot (Cochliobolus sativus) and growth of a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acridine orange ; Cochliobolus sativus ; Common root rot ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nuclear staining ; Roots ; Senescence ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Natural senescence of the root cortex was assessed by nuclear staining, for cultivars and chromosome substitution lines of spring wheat known to differ in (1) susceptibility to common root rot, (2) total rhizosphere populations and (3) ability to support growth of a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium. Together, three root rot susceptible wheat lines showed significantly more cortical senescence than did three resistant lines; the susceptible lines also support larger rhizosphere populations. The wheat line that supports growth of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium showed significantly less cortical death than did any other line. Substitution of chromosome pairs 5B or 5D between the parent cultivars Rescue and Cadet substantially altered the amount of root cortex death, which is thus genetically determined. It is suggested thatCochliobolus sativus and other weak parasites benefit from early natural senescence of the root cortex, and that the degree of susceptibility or resistance of wheat lines to common root rot is at least partly determined by differences in cortical senescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203397
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of triple-labelled nutrient solution to study the effects of root-infecting fungi on uptake of potassium, calcium and phosphorus by wheat (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; Hydroponics ; Ion uptake ; Radionuclides ; Root pathogens ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triple-labelled nutrient solution was used to compare the effects of seven root-infecting fungi on uptake of K, Ca and P by wheat. Plants grown in sand or hydroponic culture were transferred to solutions that contained42K,45Ca and32P for 24 h, then dried, ashed and digested in 6M HCl. To distinguish radiation emitted by42K,45Ca and32P plant digests were counted on two channels of a liquid scintillation counter immediately and 7 days later, after the decay of42K radiation. Plants infected byGaeumannomyces graminis took up and translocated less K, Ca and P to their shoots than uninfected plants. Other root-infecting fungi had little effect on uptake of these ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183807
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of waterlogging on young wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) and on soil solutes at different soil temperatures (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 311-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aeration ; Calcium ; Carbon dioxide ; Ethylene ; Nitrate ; Nitrite ; Nitrous oxide ; Oxygen ; Potassium ; Roots ; Triticum aestivum ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We report a study of the mechanism by which the response of plants to waterlogging can be modified by soil temperature. Wheat was grown initially in well-aerated soil in a controlled environment room before the soil was flooded with aerated, deionized water. The soil temperature was maintained constant in the range 6–18°C while the air temperature was at 14°C. Waterlogging damage was greater in plants at the higher soil temperatures when the plants were compared at the same chronological age. However, when compared at the same growth stage, the response to soil temperature was little differenti.e. plants subjected to waterlogging for a long time at low soil temperatures exhibited a similar reduction in growth and other properties as those subjected briefly at higher temperatures. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the soil solution declined rapidly at all temperatures, being almost zero after 36 h waterlogging. Temperature affected rates of change of the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, ethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrite, nitrate, calcium and potassium. The importance of soil-and plant-determined properties in the waterlogging response of plants at different temperatures are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372453
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of shading and powdery mildew infection on senescence of the root cortex and coleoptile of wheat and barley seedlings, and implications for root- and foot-rot fungi (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 401-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Gaeumannomyces graminis ; Nuclear staining ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; Root rot ; Senescence ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining methods were used to study natural senescence of the root cortex and coleoptile of wheat and barley seedlings grown in glasshouse conditions. Coleoptiles of barley senesced more slowly than those of wheat, paralleling the known difference in rates of root cortex senescence in these cereals. The coleoptiles and root cortices of both cereals senesced more slowly in shaded than in unshaded conditions, but infection of the shoots of barley byErysiphe graminis had little effect on root cortex senescence. The results are discussed in relation to infection by root- and foot-rot fungi. Previous reports on the effects of illumination on take-all infection (Gaeumannomyces graminis) are explained. It is suggested that natural senescence of the coleoptile might affect establishment of infection by the eyespot fungus,Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, either directly or through the activities of competing microorganisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372461
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of different Mg/Ca ratios and electrolyte concentrations in irrigation water on the nutrient content of wheat crop (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mg/Ca ratio ; Water quality ; Nutrient content ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study conducted in pots to evaluate the effect of different Mg/Ca ratios (2, 4, 8 and 16) and electrolyte concentrations (20 and 80 meq/l) at SAR 10 in irrigation water on the nutrient uptake and yield of wheat crop in two soils revealed that the average grain and dry matter yields of wheat decreased significantly with an increase in Mg/Ca ratio in irrigation water, but the magnitude of decrease was greater at higher electrolyte concentration than at lower electrolyte concentration. The concentration of Na in both straw and grain of wheat increased and that of K decreased with an increase in Mg/Ca ratio and electrolyte concentration of irrigation water, which led to higher Na/Ca and Na/K ratios in the plant. Further, the concentration of Ca and Mg both in straw as well as in grain increased with increasing electrolyte concentration of the irrigation water. An increasing proportion of Mg in saline irrigation water resulted in decreased concentration of Ca and increased concentration of Mg in both straw and grain of wheat crop. It was also noticed that the increasing proportion of Mg over Ca in the poor quality irrigation water increased the P content of both straw and grain of wheat crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02376803
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Copper nutrition of wheat in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 433-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper-nutrition ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a pot culture study, copper addition to soil increased the crop yield only in presence of nitrogen. The latter increased the utilization of both native as well as applied copper but more that of applied. It also minimised the adverse effect of applied phosphorus on copper utilization. Phosphorus at the rate 45 ppm had the tendency of decreasing copper uptake by wheat if applied without nitrogen or with its low level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375066
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utility of phyllosphere N2-fixing micro-organisms in the improvement of crop growth (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter ; chroococeum ; Derxia ; gumnosa ; Klebsiella ; Nitrogen ; fixation ; Phyllosphere ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five highly active N2-fixing strains of Klebsiella isolated from the phyllosphere of tropical plants, KUPBR1, KUPBR2, KUPM, KUP4 and KUP6 along withAzotobacter vinelandii OP,A. chroococcum G40 andDerxia gumnosa were sprayed on the foliage of a high yielding wheat cultivar, Kalyansona. The strains of Klebsiella enhanced dry wt., chrorophyll and nitrogen content, and 1000 grain weight. Grain yield in inoculated plants varied between 19.9 and 25.09 quintals ha−1 against 24.34 quintals with urea. Best results were obtained with KUP4 which when applied at half dose was as effective as 52.5 kg Urea-N ha−1. Azotobacter and Derxia only slightly improved growth and nitrogen content of grain or straw.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374728
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of long-term fertilization and cropping on the potassium supplying capacity of soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Activity ratio ; Free energy ; Pearl millet ; Potassium supplying capacity ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil samples from a long term field experiment, to study the K depletion pattern, were analysed for K. The values of supply parameters pK−1/2p (Ca+Mg) and free energy δG r 0 were calculated using the data on water soluble and exchangeable cations. Correlation coefficient values between pK−1/2p (Ca+Mg) vs. total K removed, K removal by pearl millet in 1980 and soil available potassium were positive and statistically significant. This indicated that these soils have reached the stage where they would start responding to potassium application. Also, negative but significant correlation of δG r 0 with pK−1/2p (Ca+Mg) and available K, were found. δG r 0 values were positive indicating the affinity of such soils for K and the values, for K fertilized plots were lower in comparison to plots where no K was applied. pK−1/2p (Ca+Mg) parameter was found to be a better measure of K availability over δG r 0 due to either fixation of K or greater contribution of nonexchangeable K fraction towards plant utilized K.
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    Electronic Resource
    Response of barley and wheat to phosphorus in the presence of chloride and sulphate salinity (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Chloride ; Phosphorus ; Salinity ; Sulphate ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The study was conducted in a greenhouse and under field conditions. In the greenoouse, barley was grown to maturity in pots on a sandy soil which contained 80 and 120 meq/l of chloride and sulphate dominant salts in its saturation extract, to which 0, 10, 25 and 50 ppm P were added. In the field study, wheat was grown on loamy sand soils having 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg/ha added P levels and irrigated with either Cl- or SO4-dominant saline waters (EC=15−19 mmhos/cm). The results of the greenhouse study indicated that at maturity barley straw and grain yield was significantly increased by 50 ppm of added P both on the non-saline control and the Cl-treatments. However, 25 ppm P was optimal on the SO4-treatments. The Cl content of plants was significantly decreased and S was increased with the increase in the P content of soil. A synergistic relation between the S and P content of barley shoots was observed. In the field study wheat grain yield responded significantly to P applications upto 50 kg/ha level on the Cl-site and there was no response to applied P on the SO4-site, although the former contained more Olsen's P than the latter. The results suggested that P requirement of wheat and barley was greater on Cl- than on SO4-salinity.
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  • 22
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    Effect of nitrogen management and soil moisture conservation practices on rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 433-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Kaolin spray ; Mulch ; N-application ; Split application ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies revealed that the application of fertilizer nitrogen brought a significant increase in grain and straw yield of wheat. The significant effect was also noticed on such yield contributing characters like number of effective tillers per metre row length, spike length, and number of grains per spike. The increase of nitrogen level from 40 kg/ha to 80 kg/ha also brought a significant increase in yield and yield contributing characters. The application of entire dose of nitrogen at the time of sowing was as good as its split application. The application of nitrogen also influenced the nitrogen concentration of grains whereas, the other treatments did not influence the nitrogen concentration in grains or straw. The nitrogen treatments did not influence the moisture content of soil. The application of mulch or mulch+Kaolin resulted in significantly higher content of soil moisture in 0–15 cm soil depth as compared to control or Kaolin spray alone which was simultaneously reflected in yield and yield contributing characters.
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  • 23
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    Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen, chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; Chloride ; Dry matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphate ; Soil salinity ; Triticale ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Water stress ; Wheat ; X Triticosecale Wittmack
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S1=3.5, S2=6, S3=8.5, and S4=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W1), 40% (W2) and 20% (W3) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S3 and S4 the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R2 for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.
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    Silica content ofTriticum aestivum L. in relation to humic acid concentrations in the soil (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 139-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Humic acids ; Silica ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The weathering of soil minerals by humic acids is linked with increased silica content of wheat plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374735
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  • 25
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    Experimental measurement of sediment nitrification and denitrification in Hamilton Harbour, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; water column ; nitrification ; denitrification ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle of Hamilton Harbour. The Harbour is subject to large ammonia and carbon loadings from a waste-water treatment plant and from steel industries. Spring ammonia concentrations rapidly decrease from 4.5 to 0.5 mg 1−1, while spring nitrate concentrations increase from 1 to 2 mg l−1, by mid-summer. A three-layer sediment model was developed. The first layer is aerobic; in it, oxidation of organics and nitrification occurs. The second layer is for denitrification, and the third layer is for anaerobic processes. Ammonia sources for nitrification include diffusion from the water column, sources associated with the oxidation of organics, sources from denitrification and from anaerobic processes. Diffusion of oxygen, ammonia and nitrate across the sediment-water interface occurs. Temperature effects are modelled using the Arrhenius concept. A combination of zero-order kinetics for nitrate or ammonia consumption with diffusion results in a half-order reaction, with respect to the water column loss rate to sediments. From experimental measurement, the rate of nitrification is 200 mg N 1−1 sediment per day, while that of denitrification is 85 mg N 1–1 sediment per day at 20 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy is estimated as 15 000 cal/ mole-K and 17 000 cal/ mole-K for nitrification and denitrification, respectively, between 10 °C and 20 °C. Calculations of the flux of ammonia with the sediments, using the biofilm model, compare favourably with experimental observations. The ammonia flux from the water column is estimated to account for 20% of the observed decrease in water column stocks of ammonia, while the nitrate flux from the water column is estimated to account for 25% of the total nitrogen produced by the sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940111
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  • 26
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    Particle size distribution and chemical parameters of the sediments of a shallow turbid impoundment (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 341-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Impoundment ; sediments ; particle size ; major ions ; nutrients ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of an ecosystem study of a small mesotrophic turbid impoundment in the semi-arid part of South Africa, an investigation was made of the particle size distribution, organic content and inorganic chemical composition of the sediment. Nine transects 50 m apart were made during February 1980. Sediments were sampled with an Eckman grab. The following analyses were made: size fractionation by wet sieving, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg and PO4, total P, and loss on ignition. From the results it was clear that the finer particles, in or near the original river bed, had higher cation exchange capacity, total P, exchangeable phosphorus and organic content. Littoral areas with avian habitat and extensive macrophyte vegetation, contained coarser sediments. Organic detritus apparently migrated to the deeper part of the impoundment. Sediments of lacustrine and fluvial origin were identified by means of the Passega classification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940124
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    Spatial heterogeneity in whole lake sediments — towards a loading estimate (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nutrients ; loading estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nutrient loadings, to shallow culturally eutrophied Alberta lakes, suggest internal inputs are significant. In this regard, estimation of bottom sediment P loads to Lake Wabamun (80 km2, 5.5 m $$\bar x$$ depth) were examined. Initially we determined the spatial variability in Total Organic Content (% loss on ignition) and Total Phosphorus, as indicators. Phosphorus fractions and biologically available phosphorus (BAP) were measured at specific stations. These data showed a very uniform distribution in sediment type with a Total Organic Content of 40.6 ± 3.3 (95% C.L.) at the west end, gradually declining to 26.3 ± 0.9 at the east end. Transects performed at routine monitoring stations indicate the representativeness of each station, e.g., station 2, 40.8 ± 1.3 (10 sites). One explanation of this uniformity is provided from210Pb analysis of shallow cores which indicate mixing to a depth of 16 cm. This is also thought to explain the mechanics of P loading to the water phase. Finally, Total Organic Content relates well to BAP (r2 = 0.80). It is hoped that this simple technique may well permit more precise extrapolation to whole lake BAP estimates at least on this lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940114
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  • 28
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000035
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391973
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod,Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391976
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000044
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophyll a, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000058
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    Experimental measurement of sediment nitrification and denitrification in Hamilton Harbour, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; water column ; nitrification ; denitrification ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle of Hamilton Harbour. The Harbour is subject to large ammonia and carbon loadings from a waste-water treatment plant and from steel industries. Spring ammonia concentrations rapidly decrease from 4.5 to 0.5 mg 1−1, while spring nitrate concentrations increase from 1 to 2 mg l−1, by mid-summer. A three-layer sediment model was developed. The first layer is aerobic; in it, oxidation of organics and nitrification occurs. The second layer is for denitrification, and the third layer is for anaerobic processes. Ammonia sources for nitrification include diffusion from the water column, sources associated with the oxidation of organics, sources from denitrification and from anaerobic processes. Diffusion of oxygen, ammonia and nitrate across the sediment-water interface occurs. Temperature effects are modelled using the Arrhenius concept. A combination of zero-order kinetics for nitrate or ammonia consumption with diffusion results in a half-order reaction, with respect to the water column loss rate to sediments. From experimental measurement, the rate of nitrification is 200 mg N 1−1 sediment per day, while that of denitrification is 85 mg N 1–1 sediment per day at 20 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy is estimated as 15 000 cal/ mole-K and 17 000 cal/ mole-K for nitrification and denitrification, respectively, between 10 °C and 20 °C. Calculations of the flux of ammonia with the sediments, using the biofilm model, compare favourably with experimental observations. The ammonia flux from the water column is estimated to account for 20% of the observed decrease in water column stocks of ammonia, while the nitrate flux from the water column is estimated to account for 25% of the total nitrogen produced by the sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391937
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    Introduction (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: symposium ; sediments ; freshwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940091
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  • 35
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophylla, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391974
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    Microbial metabolism in surface sediments and its role in the immobilization of phosphorus in oligotrophic lake sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial metabolism ; phosphorus ; sediments ; oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid microbial metabolism and a large phosphorus uptake potential were observed in surface sediments of Lake George, New York. This sediment (termed the flocculent layer) also exhibited a phosphorus limited condition and a large reservoir of inorganic phosphorus associated with humic substances. These observations suggest that the empirically observed phosphorus retention in oligotrophic lake sediments may be promoted by a rapid cycling of phosphorus between microflora and its associated organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391943
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    Zinc in water and sediments of two finnish lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; zinc ; lakes ; sediments ; pollution ; industrial load ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of zinc in Lake Vanajavesi and Lake Mallasvesi, South Finland, was determined on the basis of water and sediment studies. Lake Vanajavesi is one of the most polluted of large inland lakes, in Finland. The zinc load comes mainly from industrial sources. Lake Mallasvesi, situated near Vanajavesi, is in almost natural condition. The water samples were taken by a Ruttner sampler. In collecting sediment samples, a freezing technique was used. The results of zinc analyses indicate that, during several winters, zinc has spread with waste water to different parts of L. Vanaja against the main course of flow. A close correlation between sedimentation of zinc and waste discharge from a textile factory was found in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391931
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    Response to selection for grain yield and harvest index in F2, F3 and F4 derived lines of two wheat crosses (1982)
    Springer
    Euphytica 31 (1982), S. 139-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat breeding ; selection ; grain yield ; harvest index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aspects of selection for yield and harvest index were investigated by simulating selection using data from random pedigreed F2, F3, F4 and F5 derived lines from two crosses grown in plots at two sites over two years. Improvement in yield through selection was obtained when the response was measured at the same site and in the same year as the selection. Selecting the best 10 per cent of F2 to F4 derived lines gave F5 derived lines that outyielded random selections by 19 to 53 per cent for one cross and 5 to 23 per cent for the second cross. These lines were 41 to 50 per cent better than the mid-parent in one cross, but were less than the mid-parent in the other cross. However, the response to selection when measured in a different year was little better than random selection. The effect of different sites also reduced the effectiveness of selection. Selection of harvest index in early generations for improvement of yield was ineffective when response was measured at the same site in the same year, or in different years. Contrary to some theoretical proposals, the same improvement in yield was obtained by selecting in early or late generations. While high yielding genotypes may be lost by delaying selection, this is counteracted by the better predictive value of late generations due to their greater homozygosity and homogeneity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028316
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    Comparison of sediment energy-texture relationships in marine and lacustrine environments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lakes ; seas ; oceans ; energy relationships ; population statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediments in the marine environment are generally subject to higher energy levels than those of lake systems, and lakes are virtually unaffected by tidal range which modifies beach structures formed in response to wave effects. However, despite different energy levels, the textural characteristics of both marine and lacustrine sediments are very similar. The main difference between marine and lacustrine facies is the depth range over which these characteristics remain consistent. In lakes, depth limitation may influence the development of surface waves and restrict textural distributions. Simple textural relationships can be used to describe comparable marine and lacustrine sedimentary conditions. Sediments which have been altered by post-depositional erosion, such as lag deposits, or by ice-drop or wind blown settlement, show comparable textural modifications. The settlement of silt and clay size particulates, in the marine environment and lakes, may differ slightly because of the chemical differences between salt and fresh water.
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    Model for instream regulation of radioisotopes and heavy metals in riverine waters subjected to a uranium mill discharge (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 175-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: simulation ; sediments ; radioisotopes ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Athabaska sandstone region of northern Saskatchewan, mining and milling of uranium-bearing ore is subjecting, and will continue to subject, surface waters to inputs of soluble heavy metals and uranium and thorium decay series radioisotopes. A mathematical simulation model was developed to assess the role of riverine sediments in regulating soluble concentrations of heavy metals and radioisotopes released to the environment through treated mining and milling process effluents. Specific elements studied included As, Ni, Pb, U, and Ra-226. The model considered that diffusion into sediment porewater and adsorption by sediment particulates from sediment porewater were the two dominant mechanisms regulating sediment loading. Experiments indicated that the equilibrium adsorption behaviour of the heavy metals and radioisotopes studied could be adequately explained using a linear adsorption isotherm, over the range of concentrations expected in the environment. Experimentally determined linear isotherm slopes ranged from 200 ml g−1 to 21 000 ml gl. Diffusion into the effective depth of the sediments (20 cm) was modelled using a quadratic (second order) driving force and a corresponding mass transfer coefficient. The model coefficients were calibrated using field and laboratory data. Results of the modelling suggested that the sediments have a small effect on instream concentrations during the active phases of mining and milling. The sediments were predicted to accumulate sufficient adsorbed mass, during the operational phase of mining and milling, to act as a distributed instream source after completion of milling activities. The significance of this post-operational source was a function of the initial effluent loading, elapsed time and site specific river characteristics.
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  • 45
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    Microbial metabolism in surface sediments and its role in the immobilization of phosphorus in oligotrophic lake sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 261-268 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial metabolism ; phosphorus ; sediments ; oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid microbial metabolism and a large phosphorus uptake potential were observed in surface sediments of Lake George, New York. This sediment (termed the flocculent layer) also exhibited a phosphorus limited condition and a large reservoir of inorganic phosphorus associated with humic substances. These observations suggest that the empirically observed phosphorus retention in oligotrophic lake sediments may be promoted by a rapid cycling of phosphorus between microflora and its associated organic matter.
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  • 46
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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  • 47
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    Spatial heterogeneity in whole lake sediments — towards a loading estimate (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nutrients ; loading estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nutrient loadings, to shallow culturally eutrophied Alberta lakes, suggest internal inputs are significant. In this regard, estimation of bottom sediment P loads to Lake Wabamun (80 km2, 5.5 m $$\bar x$$ depth) were examined. Initially we determined the spatial variability in Total Organic Content (% loss on ignition) and Total Phosphorus, as indicators. Phosphorus fractions and biologically available phosphorus (BAP) were measured at specific stations. These data showed a very uniform distribution in sediment type with a Total Organic Content of 40.6 ± 3.3 (95% C.L.) at the west end, gradually declining to 26.3 ± 0.9 at the east end. Transects performed at routine monitoring stations indicate the representativeness of each station, e.g., station 2, 40.8 ± 1.3 (10 sites). One explanation of this uniformity is provided from210Pb analysis of shallow cores which indicate mixing to a depth of 16 cm. This is also thought to explain the mechanics of P loading to the water phase. Finally, Total Organic Content relates well to BAP (r2 = 0.80). It is hoped that this simple technique may well permit more precise extrapolation to whole lake BAP estimates at least on this lake.
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  • 50
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    An investigation into some physical and biotic effects of flooding on reservoir mud previously subjected to a period of aerial exposure (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hong Kong ; man-made lake ; marginal zone ; sediments ; Melanoides tuberculata ; freshwater gastropods ; allochthonous ; water-level fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were carried out in order to investigate the effects of selected physical and biotic processes on the substratum of a recently flooded gently sloping marginal zone of Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. The physical effects of disturbance of the sediments promoted the redistribution of organic matter, as shown by differences in the percentage of organic matter in the supernatant and residue resulting when reservoir mud was stirred. It is suggested that such a process would promote the transfer of allochthonous organic carbon from the marginal zone (the area of input of such material) to the rest of the water body. Substrate characteristics were also influenced by the activities of two species of benthic gastropod,Sinotaia quadrata andMelanoides tuberculata. These animals increased the rate of production of particles from soaked blocks of parent mud when compared with experimental treatments in the absence of snails. Additionally both species enhanced the production of aggregates from fine sediments with a particle size of less than 125 µm. The magnitudes of both processes were statistically significant. Laboratory observations showed thatM. tuberculata had a significantly faster rate of aggregate and fine particulate production thanS. quadrata and it is possible that the former species may have the capacity to modify the substrate characteristics of the newly flooded marginal zone of Plover Cove.
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    Effect of artificial destratification on iron, manganese, and zinc in the water, sediments, and two species of benthic macroinvertebrates in an Oklahoma lake (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 87 (1982), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake stratification ; artificial destratification ; lake mixing ; heavy metals ; sediments ; benthic macroinvertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ham's Lake was destratified in the summers of 1977 and 1978 by pumping surface water to the bottom. However, an arm was prevented from mixing by a submerged dam of a former farm pond and remained stratified. The concentration of manganese in the water increased to over 5 000 µg 1−1 in the hypolimnion of the anoxic arm in summer. Soluble manganese averaged 28% of total concentration. Total iron concentrations were relatively high in the water and sorbed iron values were extremely low in the sediments. Soluble iron averaged 12% of total concentration. Zinc values were low in the water and sediments. Chaoborus punctipennis and Chironomus riparius concentrated iron and zinc and discriminated against manganese. Concentration factors were unaffected by mixing.
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophylla, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    Introduction (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: symposium ; sediments ; freshwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391917
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    Comparison of sediment energy-texture relationships in marine and lacustrine environments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 71-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lakes ; seas ; oceans ; energy relationships ; population statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediments in the marine environment are generally subject to higher energy levels than those of lake systems, and lakes are virtually unaffected by tidal range which modifies beach structures formed in response to wave effects. However, despite different energy levels, the textural characteristics of both marine and lacustrine sediments are very similar. The main difference between marine and lacustrine facies is the depth range over which these characteristics remain consistent. In lakes, depth limitation may influence the development of surface waves and restrict textural distributions. Simple textural relationships can be used to describe comparable marine and lacustrine sedimentary conditions. Sediments which have been altered by post-depositional erosion, such as lag deposits, or by ice-drop or wind blown settlement, show comparable textural modifications. The settlement of silt and clay size particulates, in the marine environment and lakes, may differ slightly because of the chemical differences between salt and fresh water.
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    Whole-lake lead burdens in sediments of lakes in southern Ontario, Canada (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 121-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anthropogenic stable lead content of the sediments of eight softwater Precambrian lakes in southern Ontario was measured at 34–92 sites per lake. Whole-lake anthropogenic lead burdens varied between only 610 and 770 mg m−2. There was no relationship between lead burden and either water replenishment time of the lake (TW) or the ratio of watershed area to lake area (Ad/A0), which varied by factors of 4 and 12 respectively. These results can be explained if a) the lead deposition in this region is uniform, and b) the only significant input of lead to the lakes is via deposition from the atmosphere directly on the lakes' surfaces. Therefore spatial differences in anthropogenic lead within a lake represent the redistribution or focusing pattern of the sediments.
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    Particle size distribution and chemical parameters of the sediments of a shallow turbid impoundment (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 341-353 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Impoundment ; sediments ; particle size ; major ions ; nutrients ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of an ecosystem study of a small mesotrophic turbid impoundment in the semi-arid part of South Africa, an investigation was made of the particle size distribution, organic content and inorganic chemical composition of the sediment. Nine transects 50 m apart were made during February 1980. Sediments were sampled with an Eckman grab. The following analyses were made: size fractionation by wet sieving, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg and PO4, total P, and loss on ignition. From the results it was clear that the finer particles, in or near the original river bed, had higher cation exchange capacity, total P, exchangeable phosphorus and organic content. Littoral areas with avian habitat and extensive macrophyte vegetation, contained coarser sediments. Organic detritus apparently migrated to the deeper part of the impoundment. Sediments of lacustrine and fluvial origin were identified by means of the Passega classification.
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod, Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    Whole-lake lead burdens in sediments of lakes in southern Ontario, Canada (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 121-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anthropogenic stable lead content of the sediments of eight softwater Precambrian lakes in southern Ontario was measured at 34–92 sites per lake. Whole-lake anthropogenic lead burdens varied between only 610 and 770 mg m−2. There was no relationship between lead burden and either water replenishment time of the lake (TW) or the ratio of watershed area to lake area (Ad/A0), which varied by factors of 4 and 12 respectively. These results can be explained if a) the lead deposition in this region is uniform, and b) the only significant input of lead to the lakes is via deposition from the atmosphere directly on the lakes' surfaces. Therefore spatial differences in anthropogenic lead within a lake represent the redistribution or focusing pattern of the sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940101
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    Zinc in water and sediments of two finnish lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; zinc ; lakes ; sediments ; pollution ; industrial load ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of zinc in Lake Vanajavesi and Lake Mallasvesi, South Finland, was determined on the basis of water and sediment studies. Lake Vanajavesi is one of the most polluted of large inland lakes, in Finland. The zinc load comes mainly from industrial sources. Lake Mallasvesi, situated near Vanajavesi, is in almost natural condition. The water samples were taken by a Ruttner sampler. In collecting sediment samples, a freezing technique was used. The results of zinc analyses indicate that, during several winters, zinc has spread with waste water to different parts of L. Vanaja against the main course of flow. A close correlation between sedimentation of zinc and waste discharge from a textile factory was found in the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940105
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    Model for instream regulation of radioisotopes and heavy metals in riverine waters subjected to a uranium mill discharge (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 175-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: simulation ; sediments ; radioisotopes ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Athabaska sandstone region of northern Saskatchewan, mining and milling of uranium-bearing ore is subjecting, and will continue to subject, surface waters to inputs of soluble heavy metals and uranium and thorium decay series radioisotopes. A mathematical simulation model was developed to assess the role of riverine sediments in regulating soluble concentrations of heavy metals and radioisotopes released to the environment through treated mining and milling process effluents. Specific elements studied included As, Ni, Pb, U, and Ra-226. The model considered that diffusion into sediment porewater and adsorption by sediment particulates from sediment porewater were the two dominant mechanisms regulating sediment loading. Experiments indicated that the equilibrium adsorption behaviour of the heavy metals and radioisotopes studied could be adequately explained using a linear adsorption isotherm, over the range of concentrations expected in the environment. Experimentally determined linear isotherm slopes ranged from 200 ml g−1 to 21 000 ml gl. Diffusion into the effective depth of the sediments (20 cm) was modelled using a quadratic (second order) driving force and a corresponding mass transfer coefficient. The model coefficients were calibrated using field and laboratory data. Results of the modelling suggested that the sediments have a small effect on instream concentrations during the active phases of mining and milling. The sediments were predicted to accumulate sufficient adsorbed mass, during the operational phase of mining and milling, to act as a distributed instream source after completion of milling activities. The significance of this post-operational source was a function of the initial effluent loading, elapsed time and site specific river characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02391934
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940134
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940147
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod,Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00940150
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    Gas chromatographic determination of total amino acids and protein in sediments using the ninhydrin-CO2 reaction (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: amino acids ; protein ; sediments ; ninhydrin reaction ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive modification of the ninhydrin-CO2 method involving the gas chromatographic determination of the total protein and amino acid content of sediment is described. The method gives a linear response over the amino acid concentration range 10−5 M to 4 × 10−2 M. It can be used for whole sediment, hydrolysates and interstitial water. The performance of the method is compared with the fluorescamine method for primary amines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014961
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