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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,703)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,326)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,111)
  • Physics  (1,072)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (5,212)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1984  (2,630)
  • 1982  (2,582)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Language
Years
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (5,212)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of hind foot reversal in climbing mammals (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 197-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many climbing mammals are able to reverse normal hind foot posture to effect the grip necessary to descend headfirst or to hang upside down. Such hind foot reversal is known in sciurids, procyonids, felids, viverrids, tupaiids, prosimians, and marsupials. The joint movements involved, however, have never been documented unequivocally although various interpretations (some contradictory) have been made. We report here radiographic data from species of the genera Didelphis, Felis, Nasua, Nycticebus, Potos, Sciurus, and Tupaia. In the six eutherians studied, three joints are involved, and there is a common pattern in the mechanism: crurotalar plantarflexion, subtalar inversion, and transverse tarsal supination. Hind foot reversal represents the development of an unusual degree of excursion at these joints, rather than the appearance of any new type of movement. In Didelphis the mechanism is quite different: a bicondylar, spiral tibiotalar joint is the principal site of inversion/abduction movements. This specialization is characteristic of didelphids and phalangerids, and occurs in the extinct multituberculates as well; it is not found in macropodids (which are like eutherians in crurotalar joint structure) or other marsupial families. This diversity in pedal structure and function is evidently the result of parallel evolution from the type of tibiotalar joint of cynodonts and early mammals. In Morganucodon the bulbous, hemispheroidal proximal surface of the talus bears two tibial facets. These facets are represented in didelphids and multituberculates as sulci, whereas in macropodids and eutherians they developed as the proximal and medial surfaces of the talar trochlea. Among living mammals, the primitive hemispheroidal joint is retained among monotremes as a ball and socket joint.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820207
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  • 102
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    Variation and timing of the cranial ossification sequence of the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis (Amphibia, Discoglossidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 245-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sequence of appearance of the 17 different skull bones in the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, is described. Data are based primarily on samples of ten or 11 laboratory-reared specimens of each of 11 Gosner developmental stages (36-46) representing middle through late metamorphosis. Ossification commences as early as stage 37 (hind limb with all five toes distinct), but the full complement of adult bones is not attained until stage 46 (metamorphosis complete). Number of bones present at intermediate stages is poorly correlated with external morphology. As many as four Gosner developmental stages elapse before a given bone is present in all specimens following the stage at which it may first appear. The modal ossification sequence is frontoparietal, exoccipital, parasphenoid, septomaxilla, premaxilla, vomer, nasal, maxilla, angulosplenial, dentary, squamosal, quadratojugal, pterygoid, prootic, interfrontal, sphenethmoid, and mentomeckelian. Most specimens are consistent with this sequence, despite the poor correlation between cranial ossification and external development as assayed by Gosner stage.The timing of cranial ossification in Bombina orientalis differs in many respects from that described for two other, distantly related anurans, the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and the western toad (Bufo boreas). These include the total number and sequence of appearance of bones, and the timing of ossification relative to the development of external morphology. Interspecific variation may reflect differences in the timing of the tissue interactions known to underlie skeletal differentiation and evolution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820302
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  • 103
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    Ultrastructure of osmoregulatory organs in larvae of the brackish-water mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 257-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules, ileum, rectum, anal canal, and anal papillae of larvae of the mosquito Culiseta inornata was examined. The Malpighian tubules, rectum, and anal papillae have many of the ultrastructural features characteristic of ion transport tissues, i.e., elaboration of the basal and apical membranes and a close association of these membranes with mitochondria. The Malpighian tubules possess two cell types, primary and stellate. The larval rectum of C. inornata is composed of a single segment containing a homogenous population of cells. In this respect, the larval rectum of C. inornata is distinct from that of saline-water species of Aedes. The cells in the larval rectum of C. inornata, however, closely resemble those of one cell type, the anterior rectal cells, of the saline-water mosquito Aedes campestris with regard to cell and nuclear size, the percentage of the cell occupied by apical folds, and mitochondrial density and distribution. No similarities can be found between the rectum of C. inornata and the posterior segment of the saline-water Aedes, which functions as a salt gland. On this basis, we have postulated that the rectum of C. inornata does not function as a site of hyperosmotic fluid secretion. The ultrastructure of the anal papillae of C. inornata is consistent with a role in ion transport. The significance of these findings to comparative aspects of osmoregulatory strategies in mosquito larvae is discussed.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820303
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  • 104
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    Morphology of the sternal and tergal glands producing the sexual pheromones and the aphrodisiacs among the cockroaches of the subfamily oxyhaloinae (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 279-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Among cockroaches in the subfamily of Oxyhaloinae, the adult males produce two essential and successively active chemical signals: the sex pheromone attracting females from a distance secreted by the sternal glands, and the aphrodisiac required for mating which is secreted by the tergal glands. The adult males of the seven species studied, Nauphoeta cinerea, Henschoutedenia flexivitta, Leucophaea maderae, Jagrehnia madecassa, Gromphadorhina portentosa, G. laevigata, and G. chopardi, possess well-developed sternal and tergal glands whose number varies according to the species and methods of mating (three to six sternal glands and four to seven tergal glands). These glands are basically composed of type three glandular units (glandular cell + duct cell) and type 2 cells (modified oenocytes) which exhibit no significant external cuticular modification except for tergite 2 of L. maderae. The extreme variance in development of these glands can be linked to sexual behavior. The hypothesis put forward here is that of a regressive evolution of the tergal glands, related to a modification of the role played by the aphrodisiacs which they secrete.
    Additional Material: 47 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820304
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  • 105
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    Morphology and histology of the alimentary tracts of ambassidae (Cuvier) (Teleostei) in relation to feeding (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology and histology of the alimentary tracts of three species of glassy perchlet; Ambassis productus, A. natalensis, and A. gymnocephalus from estuaries on the southeast coast of Africa were investigated. The anatomy of the digestive tracts in all three species was found to be similar. Well-developed dentition and pharyngeal teeth together with a distensible stomach and a low relative gut length (RGL) suggest a predatory and carnivorous habit for all three species.The relative gut lengths of Ambassis species from different estuarine systems are compared‥ Differences in RGL for A. productus and A. natalensis from the Kosi and St Lucia systems with fish from Mdloti estuary are discussed. It is suggested that decreased RGL for fish at Mdloti is attributable to decreased food availability and not to a lack in the calorific content of their diet.Histological investigation revealed the presence of the following regions: a pharynx; an oesophagus; a stomach differentiated into cardiac and pyloric regions; a duodenum or upper intestine; an ileum or lower intestine; and a rectum. Pyloric and rectal sphincters are present. The tunics of the above regions are described. The epithelium of the oesophagus contains taste buds and numerous mucus cells, and varies from stratified anteriorly to simple columnar posteriorly. The muscularis comprises dorsally and ventrally located inner muscle bundles and an outer circular layer. Both layers consist of striated fibres.Gastric glands are present in the mucosa of the cardiac stomach but are absent in the pylorus. Columnar absorbing cells and goblet cells are present in the epithelium of the upper and lower intestine. The rectum is distinguished from the intestine by the proliferation of mucous-secreting cells which are thought to aid defecation.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820305
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  • 106
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    Growth and metamorphosis of the rectus abdominis muscle in Rana pipiens (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 317-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cross sections through the middle segment of the anuran rectus abdominis muscle were analyzed morphometrically at nine stage of development, from early larval life through full maturity. The numbers, sizes, and relative distributions of twitch and slow muscle fibers, newly differentiated fibers, degenerating fibers, and satellite cells were determined at each stage. The data indicate that the muscle increases slowly in size and fiber content during early larval life. New fibers appear to form primarily along the medial margin of the muscle. During mid-larval stages, when thyroid hormone levels are rising, new fibers form throughout the medial portion of the muscle. At a slightly later stage, fibers in the lateral region of the muscle begin to degenerate. Structurally normal presynaptic elements are present on both degenerating fibers and the empty basal laminae of fibers that had been removed by phagocytes. Both fiber formation and fiber loss slow during midmetamorphic climax, at the time when thyroid hormone levels reach a peak in anurans and begin to decline. Degenerating fibers appear within the body of the muscle at the end of metamorphosis. By the end of the second postmetamorphic month, neither degenerating nor newly differentiated fibers are present. The muscle continues to grow through adult life primarily by fiber hypertrophy.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820307
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  • 107
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    Adrenergic innervation of the gills of brown and rainbow trout, Salmo trutta and S. gairdneri (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 307-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The adrenergic innervation of structures in the gills of brown and rainbow trout was studied with catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry.In the arterio-arterial vascular pathway, there was an innervation of the afferent and efferent lamellar arterioles, but the afferent and efferent filamental arteries and the secondary lamellae were devoid of any fluorescent nerve fibres. In S. trutta only, there was an additional innervation of the afferent and efferent branchial arteries and the base of the efferent filamental artery.The innervation of the arterio-venous vascular pathway was similar in both trout species. Many fluorescent nerve fibres were found on nutritive arterioles in the gill arch and interbranchial septum, and in the core of each filament between the surface epithelium and the wall of the filament venous sinus. No fluorescent nerve fibres were observed at the origins of the capillaries arising from the efferent filamental artery.The sympathetic nerve supply is provided to the gills mainly through the posttrematic nerve, with an occasional small contribution through the pretrematic nerve.The presence of adrenergic nerves in the gills is discussed in relation to the regulation of blood flow through the arterio-arterial and arterio-venous pathways.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820306
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  • 108
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    Morphometric diffusing capacity and functional anatomy of the book lungs in the spider Tegenaria spp. (Agelenidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 339-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The presence of both book lungs and a tracheal system in many spiders raises the question of the functional significance of this double respiratory system. The present physiological and morphometric study of the house spider (Tegenaria spp.) reveals that the diffusing capacity (Dto2) of the lungs alone suffices during rest and following exercise to meet measured rates of oxygen consumption (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm.} $\end{document}o2) at driving pressures (ΔPto2) similar to those calculated for vertebrate lungs. During moulting ΔPto2 may rise to more than double the vertebrate values, implying the possible insufficiency of book lungs during this critical life phase. Resting \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 is greatest (92 mm3/h · g) during the early morning and lowest (66 mm3/h · g) near midday: during moulting \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 rises to 278.7 mm3/h · g. In spiders recovering from exercise \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 is consistently greater than during rest: neither value is significantly reduced by blockage of the tracheal stigmas. Regression calculations of morphometric values for a hypothetical 100-mg Tegenaria yield a total lung volume of 0.578 mm3, a pulmonary surface area of 69.8 mm2, and a surface-to-volume ratio of 120.89 mm2/mm3. In spite of the similar thickness of the chitinous and hypodermal components of the air-hemolymph barrier (each ca. 0.2 μm in nonmoulting animals), the low permeability of chitin for oxygen makes this layer the greater barrier to diffusion. For a 100-mg specimen Dto2 is 3.5 mm3/h · torr: similar to that of a turtle (Pseudemys) on a gram-body weight basis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820308
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  • 109
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710101
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  • 110
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    The cranial osteology and hyolaryngeal apparatus of Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Anura: Rhinophrynidae) with comparisons to recent pipid frogs (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 11-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cranial osteology (including the hyolaryngeal apparatus) of Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Anura: Rhinophrynidae) is described from whole skeletons and serial cross sections. Some unique features of the extensively ossified skull include the enlarged and protracted olfactory region, for which the nasals form part of the septum nasi; the relatively short maxillaries and broad premaxillaries, and the immense quadratojugal; the extreme forward position of the quadrate; the lack of a firm articulation of the pterygoid and quadrate with the neurocranium and crista parotica; the quadrate lacking the distinct processes typical of other frogs; a single foramen for Nn. II-VII; a large, distinct operculum; and a bipartite hyale.Rhinophrynus shares other unusual cranial characteristics with the other pipoid frogs, Xenopus, Pipa, Hemipipa, and Hymenochirus. Among these features are the presence of a single frontoparietal in the adult, and the absence of parasphenoid alae, palatines, and mentomeckelian bones. Rhinophrynus differs from the pipids in the lack of a columella and a palatine process on the premaxilla, and in the possession of a quadratojugal, parahyoid bone, paired prevomers, olfactory eminence, massive quadrate that lacks distinguishable processes, a modified squamosal, and a bipartite hyale.Although the cranium of Rhinophrynus is distinctive, the evolutionary significance of its unusual features will remain obscure until comparable data are gathered from other closely related groups, the Discoglossoidea and the Pelobatoidea.
    Additional Material: 36 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710103
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  • 111
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710201
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  • 112
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    Change of digastric muscle length in feeding rabbits (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An experiment was undertaken to measure directly the changing length of a jaw muscle during feeding in four intact, unanesthetized New Zealand White rabbits. Metal markers were implanted to define the anterior and posterior ends of the single belly of the digastric muscle and fluroscopic images were recorded on videotape while the animals fed on pelleted chow and carrot. Graphs of muscle length versus incisor separation were obtained by making measurements of single frames of the videotape record. The graphs revealed that when pelleted chow was being chewed the length of the diagastric muscle changed by no more than 9% of its greatest length; during the latter part of the closing stroke it changed very little. Incising and chewing carrot caused the digastric muscle to change in length continuously throughout the chewing cycle; incising carrot resulted in a 13% change in the length of the digastric muscle. The velocity of shortening is slightly less than one muscle length per second.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051710204
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  • 113
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    Active supercontraction in rolling-up muscles of Glomeris marginata (myriapoda, diplopoda) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The lateroventral muscles of Glomeris marginata keep the animal rolled up and are able to develop and maintain great tension. Their fibers are not equipped with a particularly strong contractile apparatus but can super-contract. The sarcomere shortens its resting length by up 60% and in a typical supercontraction the thick filaments pass through the Z-line into adjacent sarcomeres. The Z-line structure changes according to the contraction state: It passes from a homogeneous, dense zig-zag line in decontracted fibers to a rarified, vaguely outlined Z-band in supercontracted fibers, in which it is possible to see actin and myosin filaments. The Z-line is thus involved in an active expanding process and is functionally very different from the fragmented and discontinuous Z-line of “classical” supercontracting muscles. The different meaning of the two cases of supercontraction is discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720107
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  • 114
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720201
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  • 115
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    The conjugation junction of Tetrahymena: Its structure and development (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 159-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The conjugation junction of Tetrahymena has been examined by thin sections, freeze fracture preparations, and by scanning electron microscopy. The junction is formed where the anterior tips of the pairing cells attach to one another. The structure is essentially a large disk composed of two face-to-face plasma membranes separated by a gap of extracellular space measuring about 50 nm. Rows of intramembrane particles are present at the boundary between the junction and ordinary cell cortex. These particles form a ring around the junction. Subjacent to each membrane is a thick mottled layer of material. Pores form in the junction at sites of membrane fusion. Though wider than long, these structures are actually bridges of cytoplasm that connect the conjugating cells. Pores fall into certain size and shape classes, indicating that membrane fusion is highly controlled in this system. At the level of the cytoplasmic bridge the submembrane material is compact and electron-dense. Changes in the structure of the epiplasmic layer have been monitored as the normal cortex is modified during tip transformation and through formation of the mature conjugation junction. Evidence is provided that the submembrane layer plays a significant role in the regulation of pore formation. This cytoskeletal structure may also limit the extent of membrane fusion, thus controlling the size of the cytoplasmic channels.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720204
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  • 116
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    Cerebellar afferents to paramedian lobule from the trigeminal complex in Tupaia glis: A horseradish peroxidase (HRP) study (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 209-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Projections from the trigeminal complex to paramedian lobule (PML) were studied in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Neurons which project to both dorsal and ventral folia of PML are located primarily in those areas of the trigeminal nuclear complex interpreted as nucleus interpolaris (Vi) and caudal areas of the nucleus oralis (Vo). The majority of HRP-labeled neurons lie in ventral and ventrolateral regions of Vi/Vo. No HRP-reactive cells are present in the principal (Vp), mesencephalic, or motor nuclei nor in nucleus caudalis or rostral portions of oralis. The majority of trigeminocerebellar (TC) cells are found in ipsilateral Vi; however, sparse numbers of labeled somata are present in this subnucleus on the contralateral side. Within Vi/Vo, small fusiform and medium- and large-sized multipolar neurons contain HRP-reaction product. Large multipolar cells are found primarily in ventrolateral portions of Vi/Vo, while medium and small neurons are scattered throughout the ventral half of the nucleus. Small-sized neurons are also present dorsally within Vi/Vo. Axons of labeled TC cells course laterally through the spinal trigeminal tract, enter medial aspects of the restiform body, and arch dorsally into the cerebellum.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720207
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  • 117
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    Histology and histochemistry of the parotid and the principal and accessory submandibular glands of the little brown bat (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 271-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parotid and the principal and accessory submandibular glands of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus (Vespertilionidae), were examined using light microscopy and staining methods for mucosubstances. The parotid gland is a compound tubuloacinar seromucous gland. Parotid gland secretory cells contain both neutral and nonsulfated acidic mucosubstances. The principal and accessory submandibular glands are compound tubuloacinar mucus-secreting glands. They contain somewhat atypical mucus-secreting demilunar cells that often appear to be interspersed between mucous tubule cells. The mucous tubule cells in both the principal and accessory submandibular glands contain sulfomucins. Demilunar cells of the principal submandibular gland contain moderate amounts of nonsulfated acidic mucosubstances, but the corresponding cells of the accessory submandibular gland contain considerable neutral mucosubstance with very little acid mucosubstance. Intercalated ducts composed of cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells are present in all three glands. Striated ducts in all glands are composed of columnar cells whose apices bulge into the ductal lumina. Excretory ducts are composed of simple columnar epithelium, with occasional basal cells that suggest a possible pseudostratified nature. The cells of the excretory ducts also have bulging apices. All duct types contain apical cytoplasmic secretory material that is a periodic acid-Schiff positive, neutral mucosubstance. Ductal apical secretory material is more evident in intercalated and striated ducts than in excretory ducts.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720303
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  • 118
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    Mechanisms of rapid morphogenetic movements in the metamorphosis of the bryozoan Bugula neritina (cheilostomata, cellularioidea). I. Attachment to the substratum (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 335-348 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The larval morphology, settlement behavior, and the rapid morphogenetic movements that occur during the first 60 sec of metamorphosis of the cellularioid cheilostome bryozoan Bugula neritina have been examined and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The larva attaches to the substratum at the onset of metamorphosis by the eversion of the internal sac. At the same time, the coronal cilia reverse their direction of beat, spreading an adhesive secreted by the neck region of the everting sac over the metamorphosing larva. During attachment, the larva goes through several configurations that coincide with the sequential contraction and relaxation of certain larval muscles. Histological and ultrastructural evidence indicates that the neck and wall regions of the internal sac are everted by the contraction of the muscles in the equatorial plane of the larva at the same time that the roof region in pulled toward the larval equator by the contraction of the axial muscles. The subsequent relaxation of the axial muscles allows the roof region to be everted by the antagonistic force generated by the sustained contraction of the equatorial musculature. After the roof region attaches to the substratum, the apical disc is temporarily retracted by a second contraction of the axial muscles. The apical disc subsequently reextends as the axial muscles relax just before coronal involution. A comparison of the ontogenetic sequence of rapid morphogenetic movements in the metamorphoses of cheilostome and ctenostome bryozoans indicates that cellularioid cheilostomes have undergone peramorphosis in the aspect of development.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730101
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    Origin and formation of the royal fat body of the higher termite queens (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 17-28 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of the royal fat body was studied by electron microscopy in three species of higher termites (Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermes subhyalinus, and Cubitermes fungifaber). The swarming alate imago has a storage fat body typical of most insects. In non-physogastric young queens, during the fasting period, the adipocytes deplete their reserves and then, along with the increased vitellogenesis, acquire protein-synthesizing structures (R.E.R.). During the development of physogastry they progressively specialize in protein synthesis and secretion and undergo many cell divisions. The cytological change is paralleled by a spatial reorganization of the fat body. Observations on the transformation of imaginal adipocytes into royal adipocytes show that the royal fat body is derived from the imaginal fat body and not from the tracheal cells as previously claimed.
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    Ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 73-86 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the pineal gland of the wild-captured eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) was examined. A homogenous population of pinealocytes was the characteristic cellular element of the chipmunk pineal gland. Often, pinealocytes showed a folliclelike arrangement. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, centrioles, dense-core vesicles, clear vesicles, glycogen particles, and microtubules were consistent components of the pinealocyte cytoplasm. The extraordinary ultrastructural feature of the chipmunk pinealocyte was the presence of extremely large numbers of “synaptic” ribbons. The number of “synaptic” ribbons in this species exceeded by a factor of five to 30 times that found in any species previously reported. In addition to pinealocytes, the pineal parenchyma contained glial cells (oligodendrocytes and fibrous astrocytes). Capillaries of the pineal gland of the chipmunk consisted of a fenestrated endothelium. Adrenergic nerve terminals were relatively sparse.
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    Fine structure of maxillary sensilla of larval Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae) with comments on the role of sensilla in behavior (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each maxilla of fourth instar Toxorhynchites brevipalpis bears nine sensilla: Four are located at the tip of the maxillary palp and five on the maxillary body. At the palp tip are three tapered pegs on bulbous bases (MS1, MS2, MS6) that are innervated by four, two, and two neurons, respectively, and probably function in chemoreception. Also at the palp tip is a sturdy, cuticular rod with a lumen (MS5) that opens distally to the exterior. The proximal end of the rod is closed by a cuticular base to which a single unbranched dendrite containing only a few microtubules is attached. The function of MS5 is enigmatic; possibilities include mechanoreception and detection of infrared radiation.On the maxillary body are two tapered pegs on a common bulbous base (GS1, GS2) that are each innervated by three neurons, and probably are chemosensory. Three setae also occur on the maxillary body. They arise from prominent sockets and are each innervated by a neuron terminating at the hair base as a tubular body, a characteristic of cuticular mechanosensilla.The maxillary sensilla are innervated by a total of 18 neurons: 14 are probably chemosensory, three mechanosensory, and one is of unknown function. These results, combined with those from a previous study on antennal sensilla (Jez and McIver, '80), indicate that the mechanosensitive neurons of the antennae and maxillae are a relatively small percentage of the total mechanosensilla on the entire larva. In contrast the chemosensitive neurons of the antennae and maxillae provide most of the information about the chemical environment of the larva.T. brevipalpis has three less than the maximum of seven maxillary palpal sensilla found in larval mosquitoes so far studied. This difference may reflect a lesser need for sensory information about the acceptability of potential food in predators compared to browsers and filter-feeders.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720101
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    Integumentary appendages of chelonians (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 59-74 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The head and neck of four families of turtles, the Chelydridae, Kinosternidae, Pelomedusidae, and Chelidae, possess a diverse assemblage of skin appendages. Appendages are termed barbels when they occur in the gular region and tubercles when they occur other places. The appendages consist of protrusions of the dermis and epidermis and are devoid of such specializations as taste buds or neuromasts. They lack skeletal tissue, muscle, or erectile tissue. Methylene blue and silver staining techniques reveal a high density of nerves. The occurrence and morphology of barbels and tubercles suggest that they function as mechanoreceptors. Skin appendages are most elaborate in carnivorous species and reach maximum development in two distantly related convergent species: Macroclemys temmincki (Chelydridae) and Chelus fimbriatus (Chelidae). Skin appendages also help provide camouflage and disruptive effects on the head. The increase in surface area produced by the appendages may be important in aquatic respiratory gas exchange in some species within the Kinosternidae.
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    Cytodifferentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor. X. Ultrastructure of the tubular gland in the male pupa (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 97-112 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tubular accessory gland consists of a simple secretory epithelium surrounded by a muscular coat. Over the pupal instar, the gland increases ten-fold in volume and 15-fold in length. Pupal development is divisible into a phase of mitosis and one of cell growth. During the mitotic phase, cytoplasmic membranes are sparse and nuclei move toward the luminal face of the epithelium to undergo division. In the cell growth phase, the cells become more columnar, a few stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum are formed, and small dense secretory vesicles appear near the apical surface. The hormonal control of the developmental sequence is discussed.
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    An electromyographic study of the function of the jaw adducting muscles in Varanus exanthematicus (varanidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 137-158 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The function of major features of the skull of Varanus exanthematicus during feeding was examined using cineradiography and electromyography. During the initial stages of feeding, Varanus grabs and orients a prey item in the mouth with no mastication, tearing of the prey, or killing bite. Ingestion is through a highly stereotyped movement, inertial feeding. The tongue plays no role in food transport. Once the prey is in the pharyngeal region, the hyoid apparatus squeezes the prey into the esophagus and stomach. Activity of jaw adducting muscles during prey orientation and inertial feeding is strikingly different. In prey orientation, the adductor musculature is active over long periods, and intermuscular differentiation and unilateral activity are common. During these phases the musculature is producing force against the resistance of the prey item held between the teeth. In inertial feeding, the jaw musculature functions to close the jaws rapidly against little resistance. A consistent pattern of intramuscular differentiation is present, with some portions of the musculature being active during both jaw opening and closing. Activity of the Mm. adductor mandibulae externus and pterygoideus is indistinguishable. Neither meso- nor metakinetic movement was observed during inertial feeding; resolution of interacranial movement was less certain during power phases. The quadrate moved during jaw opening and closing in inertial feeding. However, its movement was not linked with that of the palatomaxillary segment. These data are discussed in three contexts: cranial kinesis, intramuscular differentiation, and the mechanics of whole muscles.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730301
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    Development of the skull of Dermophis mexicanus (amphibia: Gymnophiona), with comments on skull kinesis and amphibian relationships (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 203-223 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the skull of Dermophis mexicanus (Caeciliidae) is described and compared to that of other caecilians. The chondrocranium is well developed in embryos of 25 mm total length (TL); ossification begins in the quadrate and the articular element of the lower jaw at about 30 mm TL. The occipital arch then ossifies, followed by the dorsal and lateral dermal bones, then the ventral endochondral and dermal elements. The stapes ossifies at 55 mm TL. The amount of skull roofing increases during ontogeny, although the anterior rims of the nasal capsules, the anterior part of the mesethmoid, and the hyoid apparatus remain cartilaginous throughout life. Dermophis mexicanus lacks many primary embryonic ossification centers reported by Marcus et al. ('35) for Hypogeophis; presence of these ossification centers has been presumed to be indicative of a primitive skull morphology derived with little modification from archaic amphibians (“stegocephalians”). The fetal skull is highly kinetic, and some kinesis is retained in adults. We suggest that fetal skull kinesis and early ossification of jaw suspension elements are functionally related to the intraoviducal feeding mode of this viviparous species. Based on this evidence, together with the observed ossification pattern and bone homologies, we conclude that stegokrotaphy (complete skull roofing) in caecilians is a derived condition, correlated with fossoriality, and does not indicate a direct relationship of caecilians to any known early amphibian taxon.
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    Active length-tension relation and the effect of muscle pinnation on fiber lengthening (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 285-292 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The active length-tension relation was determined for the left digastric muscle of seven New Zealand White rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital. Measurements of muscle length and fiber architecture were made from photographs of resting and actively contracting muscle. There was a marked difference between length-tension curves based upon resting as compared to active muscle length. The active length-tension relation had a longer descending limb than ascending limb, whereas the length-tension relation based on passive muscle length tended to be symmetrical around optimum length. On the average, muscle fibers lengthened 0.77 mm for each 1 mm of extension of the muscle belly. Since the rabbit digastric muscle is unipinnate, this suggests that pinnation serves to enhance the range of muscle excursion in this muscle.
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    Sorbic acid-induced differences in the ultrastructural development of oocytes in the microbially ectosymbiotic female of Xyleborus ferrugineus (fabr.) (coleoptera, scolytidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 313-324 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ovaries of the beetle Xyleborus ferrugineus reared on standard sawdust diet with an without 0.08% sorbic acid added were examined for differences in ultrastructural development of the oocytes. Indications of vigorous yolk deposition are an extensive rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER), numerous electron-dense secretory vesicles and a prominent nucleus in associated follice cells, and extremely electron-opaque material in the interfollicular cell spaces and the perioocytic area. After 6 days of feeding without added sorbic acid, a mature terminal oocyte is present in one of the two ovaries. This terminal oocyte at this mature stage contains yolk spheres and lipid bodies. However, the most mature oocyte in beetles reared on the standard sawdust diet to which 0.08% sorbic acid was added remained at a previtellogenic stage after 6 days of feeding. Titers of ecdysone in 6-day-old adult females reared on standard sawdust without and with 0.08% sorbic acid added were 534.64 ± 20.93 S.D. pg/mg and 39.94 ± 14.71 S.D. pg/mg body weight, respectively.
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    The organization of the reptilian brainstem reticular formation: A comparative study using Nissl and Golgi techniques (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 325-349 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The brainstem reticular formation has been studied in 16 genera representing 11 families of reptiles. Measurements of Nissl-stained reticular neurons revealed that they are distributed along a continuum, ranging in length from 10 μm to 95 μm. Reticular neurons in crocodilians and snakes tend to be larger than those found in lizards and turtles. Golgi studies revealed that reticular neurons posess long, rectilinear, sparsely branching dendrites. Small reticular neurons ( 〉 31 μm length) possess fusiform or triangular somata which bear two or three primary dendrites. These dendrites have a somewhat simpler ramification pattern when compared with those of large reticular neurons (〈 30 μm length). Large reticular neurons generally possess perikarya which are triangular or polygonal in shape. The somata of large reticular neurons bear an average of four primary dendrites. The dendrites of reptilian reticular neurons ramify predominantly in the transverse plane and are devoid of spines or excrescences. The dendritic ramification patterns observed in the various repitilian reticular nuclei were correlated with known input and output connections of these nuclei.Nissl and Golgi techniques were used to divide the reticular formation into seven nuclei. A nucleus reticularis inferior (RI) is found in the myelencephalon, a reticularis medius (RM) in the caudal two-thirds of the metencephalon, and a reticularis superior (RS) in the rostral metencephalon and caudal mesencephalon. Reticularis inferior can be subdivided into a dorsal portion (RID) and a ventral portion (RIV). All reptilian groups possess RID and RM but RIV is lacking in turtles. Reticularis superior can be subdivided into a large-celled lateral portion (RSL) and a small-celled medial portion (RSM). All reptilian groups possess RSM and RSL, but RSL is quite variable in appearance, being best developed in snakes and crocodilians. The myelencephalic raphe nucleus is also quite variable in its morphology among the different reptilian families. A seventh reticular nucleus, reticularis ventrolateralis (RVL), is found only in snakes and in teiid lizards. It was noted that the reticular formation is simpler (fewer numbers of nuclei) in the representatives of older reptilian lineages and more complex (greater numbers of nuclei) in the more modern lineages. Certain reticular nuclei are present or more extensive in those families which have prominent axial musculature.
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    Appendicular skeletal morphology in minute salamanders, genus Thorius (amphibia: Plethodontidae): Growth regulation, adult size determination, and natural variation (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 57-77 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Patterns of growth and variation of the appendicular skeleton were examined in Thorius, a speciose genus of minute terrestrial plethodontid salamanders from southern Mexico. Observations were based primarily on ontogenetic series of each of five species that collectively span the range of adult body size in the genus; samples of adults of each of seven additional species provided supplemental estimates of the full range of variation of limb skeletal morphology.Limbs are generally reduced, i.e., pedomorphic, in both overall size and development, and they are characterized by a pattern of extreme variation in the composition of the limb skeleton, especially mesopodial elements, both within and between species. Fifteen different combinations of fused carpal or tarsal elements are variably present in the genus, producing at least 18 different overall carpal or tarsal arrangements, many of which occur in no other plethodontid genus. As many as four carpal or tarsal arrangements were observed in single population samples of each of several; five tarsal arrangements were observed in one population of T. minutissimus. Left-right asymmetry of mesopodial arrangement in a given specimen is also common.In contrast, several unique, nonpedomorphic features of the limb skeleton, including ossification of the typically cartilaginous adult mesopodial elements and ontogenetic increase in the degree of ossification of long bones, are characteristic of all species and distinguish Thorius from most related genera. They form part of a mechanism of determinate skeletal growth that restricts skeletal growth after sexual maturity. Interspecific differences in the timing of the processes of appendicular skeletal maturation relative to body size are well correlated with interspecific differences in mean adult size and size at sexual maturity, suggesting that shifts in the timing of skeletal maturation provide a mechanism of achieving adult size differentiation among species.Processes of skeletal maturation that confer determinate skeletal growth in Thorius are analogous to those typical of most amniotes - both groups exhibit ontogenetic reduction and eventual disappearance of the complex of stratified layers of proliferating and maturing cartilage in long bone epiphyses - but, unlike most amniotes, Thorius lacks secondary ossification centers. Thus, the presence of secondary ossification centers cannot be used as a criterion for establishing determinate skeletal growth in all vertebrates.
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    Seasonal changes in the pituitary gland of the feral hawaiian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Hawaiian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is a seasonally breeding mammal whose pituitary gland resembles that of other Viverridae. Certain features, such as a prominent pars tuberalis interna and a double-layered pars intermedia forming a cup for the neurohypophysis, are unique.With the light microscope, five different cell types can be recognized in the pars distalis after staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-orange G. Two types of acidophils are seen, a small yellow-staining cell and a large angular orange cell. Two basophilic cells are also seen, one with fine PAS-positive cytoplasmic granules and the other with coarse PAS-positive granules in the cytoplasm. The last cell type seen is the chromophobe. Differential cell counts indicated an altered distribution of chromophils in the ventral pars distalis of the female mongoose with changing season and reproductive status, but the most striking change was a decreased percentage of basophils in the pars distalis during the nonbreeding season.
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    The architecture of the spleen of the red-eared slider, Chrysemys scripta elegans (reptilia, testudines) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 279-284 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the spleen of the Red-eared Slider, Chrysemys scripta elegans, has been described. The outer surface of the spleen is covered by a thin fibromuscular capsule, from which a number of trabeculae extend into the parenchyma. The parenchyma of the spleen shows a definite demarcation into a red and white pulp. The white pulp is composed of two lymphoid compartments: lymphoid tissue surrounds both central arterioles and ellipsoids, forming the periarteriolar and periellipsoidal lymphocyte sheath (PALS and PELS, respectively). The ellipsoids consist of a thick layer of reticular tissue, enclosing a capillary with cuboidal endothelium. In contrast with the PALS, reticular fibers are rarely found in the PELS. Even after severe stimulation with paratyphoid vaccine, germinal centers are not found in the spleen of C.s. elegans. The red pulp of the spleen is composed of a system of venous sinuses and cords.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051740301
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    Ultrastructural studies of the epidermal leydig cell in larvae of Salamandra salamandra (caudata, salamandrida) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 275-281 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Epidermal Leydig cells observed in the ventral epidermis of Salamandra salamandra larvae from birth until metamorphosis are characterized by large vesicles and a supporting Langerhans net. They decline in number after birth and disappear entirely after metamorphosis. The cells change in structure and become larger, thus indicating a process of degeneration. The Leydig cells are continuously removed by macrophagelike cells after birth.
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    Comparative aspects of brain organization of an african “wave” electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 313-334 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gymnarchus niloticus, one of the less-well-known electroreceptive teleost fishes, is the only African mormyriform fish with a wavelike or tone electric organ discharge. For Gymnarchus, this is the first detailed description of the lateral line lobe, vestibulolateral lobe, cerebellum, and midbrain torus semicircularis - central electrosensory structures. Brain organization in Gymnarchus closely resembles that of mormyrids. In particular, the lateral line lobe is a bilateral structure with three cortical zones - ventral, dorsal, medial - and a fourth central zone of large cells. The convergent evolution of the electric sense of mormyriform and gymnotoid fish, and its central representation, is discussed.
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    The body surface of Branchiobdella pentodonta whit. (annelida, oligochaeta) examined by scanning microscopy (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The body of Branchiobdella pentodonta is uniformly covered with cuticular microvilli and abounds in sensory receptors. Muscle attachments are clearly visible both on the prostomium and trunk (11 segments). The mouth opening, oriented dorsally with respect to the adhesive sucker disk, possesses papillae with apical notches.On all trunk segments except the last three, which form the posterior sucker, mucous gland pores are evident. The nephridia open on the 3rd and 8th segments. On the more turgid sexual segments (5th, 6th, 7th) the spermathecal, atrial, and oviductal openings are seen. The 6th and 7th also contain the clitellum gland pores.The posterior sucker is delimited by a thick ring and the adhesive disk, and like the anterior disk is completely covered with the gland complex pores. The anal opening is on the 9th segment dorsal to the sucker. Based on these studies, we believe that the family Branchiobdellidae should be removed from the Oligochaeta and raised in rank to form a separate group.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790201
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    Styletogenesis in nemertean worms: The ultrastructure of organelles involved in intracellular calcification (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 119-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of cellular organelles involved in stylet formation is examined in six species of nemertean worms by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Stylets are nail-shaped structures containing calcium phosphate that are assembled intracellularly in large uninucleate cells, called styletocytes. Each stylet develops within a membrane-bound vacuole in the styletocyte cytoplasm. Well developed arrays of Golgi bodies are typically found in the vicinity of developing stylet vacuoles, and fully formed vacuoles are filled with PAS+ material that appears to be derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. At the onset of styletogenesis, a conical sliver of organic material differentiates on the inner surface of the vacuolar membrane. This material displays a species-specific banding pattern in decalcified sections, and apparently acts as a template during calcification of the stylet shaft. After the organic core of the shaft is formed, mitochondria aggregate around the stylet vacuole and presumably help accumulate the calcium used in mineralization of the stylet. A knob-shaped proximal piece is subsequently assembled on the base of the shaft. The proximal piece contains a nonbanded matrix and has electron-dense material at its surface that may help in correctly orienting this region toward the basis during replacement of the central stylet.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790301
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    Ultrastructural observations on the embryonic development of the integument of Lacerta muralis (Lacertilia, Reptilia) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 203-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Integumentary development on the dorsal and ventral aspects of the body of 14, 21, 26, 33, and 40-day incubated embryos of the European Wall Lizard (Lacerta muralis) is described. While the earliest stages of epidermal differentiation resemble those reported for other tetrapods, precocious differentiation of dermal collagen more resembles that of anamniotes than that of birds and mammals. Anchoring complexes comprising cellular components, anchor filaments, and collagen are described, and their possible relationship to the formation of scale anlagen is discussed. The first embryonic epidermal generation differentiates beneath the periderm; most features of its histogenesis resemble those that have been described for the epidermis of adult squamates, but certain previously ignored organelles, including possible earlier β-keratin precursors, are reported. Different strategies regarding in ovo peridermal loss and posthatching shedding behavior are described and discussed in light of presently available data concerning control of cell differentiation in the squamate epidermis.
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    Ultrastructure of the male reproductive system and of spermatogenesis in the viviparous brittle-star, Amphipholis squamata (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 243-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the male reproductive system of the hermaphroditic brittle-star, Amphipholis squamata, has been studied in specimens from both the Pacific coast (Washington) and the Atlantic coast (New Hampshire). Each testis is a small (100-μm) sphere and is attached to the internal wall of the bursa by peritoneal suspensor cells. Occasional flagellated cells are found on the external surface of the testis. The testicular wall of A. squamata is a multilayered structure, similar to that of other ophiuroids, but the hemal sinus is PAS negative in this species. Germinal cells are surrounded throughout their development by the filopodia of interstitial cells. Adjacent interstitial cells are interconnected, and thus form a structural network within the testis. Positionally and functionally, the interstitial cells resemble Sertoli cells; however, their origin, behavior and ultrastructure are different in many ways.Spermatogenesis includes a series of cyclical changes (aspermatogenic phase, proliferative phase, differentiative phase, and evacuative phase). Within a single testis, the resulting production of sperm is in short pulses, but if all 10 testes are taken together, sperm are produced continuously throughout the year. The events of spermiogenesis closely follow those that have been described in other echinoderms. However, we have provided new information on the release of excess cell membranes and the fusion process of mitochondria.The mature spermatozoa of A. squamata are flagellated and motile, and have “primitive” structural features, in spite of the fact that they fertilize the eggs inside the genital bursae. The spermatozoa do not, as was previously thought, enter the bursa by rupture of the adjacent walls. Instead, they are ejaculated through a gonoduct into the rapid incurrent flow of water entering the bursa. The locomotion of the spermatozoa is in eccentric spirals, due to the unusually large angle at which the flagellum is inserted into the base of the sperm.
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    List of reviewers for the journal of morphology, 1983 (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800102
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    Comparative study of the choanosome of Porifera: 1. The Homoscleromorpha (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 3-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The choanoderm and pinacoderm of representatives of the two families of Homoscleromorpha sponges, the Oscarellidae and Plakinidae, have been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Different fixative procedures have shown the dramatic influence of fixation conditions on the morphology of choanocytes. These two families of sponges have the following morphological features in common: flagellated endopinacocytes with short apical microvilli and basal pseudopods; the presence of a very thin and dense sheet of matrix material which limits the mesohyl. There are, however, only minor differences in the flagellar morphology, granule content, and anchoring system of their choanocytes.Two findings are of particular interest: (1) the presence of glycocalyx bridges between the microvilli of the choanocyte collar; and (2) the discovery of a new cell type, the apopylar cell, which has a morphology intermediate between that of pinacocytes and choanocytes. The apopylar cells limit the apopylar opening of the choanocyte chamber and indicate the transition between choanoderm and pinacoderm.
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    Formation and ultrastructure of the micropylar apparatus in Bombyx mori ovarian follicles (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 47-58 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of the micropylar apparatus during oogenesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The micropylar apparatus is formed by three types of cells: the micropylar channel-forming cells (MCFCs), the micropylar orifice-forming cells (MOFCs), and the micropylar rosette-forming cells (MRFCs). During the formation of the vitelline membrane and the chorion, each of the MCFCs extends a cytoplasmic projection serving as the mold of a micropylar-channel into the egg envelopes. The detachment and collapse of the projections takes place at the end of choriogenesis. The micropylar channels possess a common external orifice on the chorion and several internal orifices within the vitelline membrane. The MOFCs interact closely with the MCFCs and contribute to the formation of the external micropylar orifice. A petal-like rosette surrounding the orifice is imprinted on the outer chorionic surface by the MRFCs which enclose a group of the MCFCs and MOFCs.
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    Movements of the mandibles and tongue during mastication and swallowing in Pteropus giganteus (Megachiroptera): A cineradiographical study (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 95-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Quantitative lateral and dorsoventral cineradiography shows that the masticatory movements of the mandible, condyles, tongue, and hyoid of Pteropus giganteus (Chiroptera) move along highly regular paths that are characteristic for each of the three food types tested.Mandibular movements are predominantly orthal, although a small forward translation occurs early in opening and small lateral deflections occur in both opening and closing phases. These deflections are related to the existence of active (bolus bearing) and balancing sides of the jaws, chewing being not truly bilateral. The deflections are associated with a shift of both condyles toward one side. In consequence the active condyle is located in a lateral part of the associated fossa, the inactive condyle in a medial part. Food transfer from side to side involves a reversal of the chewing direction during opening. Such reversals are especially frequent near the end of a chewing sequence.The fore, middle, and hind parts of the tongue differ in their movement patterns. Movements of the fore part, and to a lesser extent of the middle part, follow the open-close movements of the lower jaw. The hind part of the tongue moves predominantly dorsally during slow closing and ventrally during fast opening and fast closing. All three parts move forward during slow closing and slow opening, and backward during fast opening and fast closing. Movements of the hyoid are closely synchronized with those of the hind part of the tongue. Furthermore, tongue and hyoid movements are synchronized with jaw movements. All cycles of Pteropus giganteus are transport cycles, and the synchrony appears to reflect the consistency of the food (soft pulp, juices). Food consistency also accounts for the high swallowing rate and the absence of any significant difference between nonswallowing and swallowing cycles.
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    A Golgi study of anterior dorsal ventricular ridge in the alligator, Alligator mississippiensis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 153-174 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anterior dorsal ventricular ridge was examined in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, with cresyl violet and Golgi-Kopsch preparations. Four cytoarchitectonic areas (lateral dorsolateral, medial dorsolateral, intermediolateral, and lateral) can be distinguished by variations in the density of neurons and their tendency to form clusters of neurons with apposed somata. Three distinct types of neurons are distributed throughout these areas. Juxtaependymal neurons lie near the ventricular surface and have dendritic fields paralleling the ependymal layer. Their dendrites bear a moderate density of spines. Spiny neurons all have stellate shaped dendritic fields and dendrites that bear dendritic spines, but they vary greatly in the density of spines and the thickness of their dendrites. A very spiny variety has a high spine density and relatively thick dendrites. A moderately spiny variety has a moderate spine density and thin dendrites. A sparsely spiny variety has a low spine density and thick dendrites. Aspiny neurons have a relatively large number of dendrites that form a gnarled dendritic field and lack spines.
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    Phagocytosis in the spleen of the sunfish Lepomis spp. (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 175-195 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological investigation of the filtering function of the spleen of the sunfish Lepomis spp. was conducted by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The parenchyma of the organ is predominantly red pulp, a system of splenic cords and sinuses. The white pulp consists of loose lymphoid tissue which forms a cuff around the pulp arteries. Filtering of particulate matter from the blood occurs in the red pulp by phagocytes of the pulp cords and ellipsoids (periarterial macrophage sheaths). The ellipsoids are pale-staining cuffs of macrophages and reticular cells in a framework of reticular fibres surrounding the arterial capillaries. Destruction of effete blood cells (especially erythrocytes) is confined to the pigment nodules; particulate matter is not taken up by the nodules. These yellow-brown bodies are dispersed throughout the red pulp and are bounded by a reticular capsule. They contain masses of phagocytes and have the appearance of a morula. They are associated with blood vessels and are surrounded by sinusoids. Prussian Blue stain shows the presence of haemosiderin within their phagocytes. The phagocytes of the pigment nodules are filled with inclusions such as residual bodies, siderosomes, and fragments of erythrocytes. The early filtering of particulate matter by the phagocytes of the pulp cords and ellipsoids may allow for a more efficient phagocytosis of erythrocytes by the pigment nodules, followed by storage and reutilization of iron-containing compounds uncontaminated by other phagocytosed material.
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    The stomatogastric nervous system of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. I. The anatomy of the system and the innervation of the gut (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 81-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of the ganglia and nerves of the stomatogastric nervous system and the innervation of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles are described. Median unpaired frontal and hypocerebral ganglia and paired ingluvial ganglia are present. The anterior pharynx is innervated by branches of the frontal nerve and by the anterior and posterior pharyngeal nerves, originating from the frontal ganglion. The posterior pharyngeal nerves are linked to nerves innervating the posterior part of the pharynx which have their origin in the hypocerebral ganglion, the anterior portion of which has previously been regarded as part of the recurrent nerve. Paired esophageal nerves run the length of the esophagus and crop between the hypocerebral and and ingluvial ganglia, innervating the muscularis by serial side branches. From each ingluvial ganglion runs an ingluvial nerve which innervates the gizzard and a cecal nerve which innervates the midgut and its ceca. At the posterior end of the midgut there is a poorly developed nerve ring. Nerves running posteriorly from this nerve ring link the stomatogastric nervous system with the proctodeal innervation from the terminal abdominal ganglion.Multipolar peripheral neurons are present on the muscularis of the whole of the foregut, rather randomly distributed on the crop and gizzard but forming fairly definite groupings at some points on the pharynx. Though of varied appearance, these cells could not be divided into discrete morphological categories. Peripheral neurons on the midgut are of different and characteristic morphology, though a few cells of the same appearance as those of the foregut occur at the midgut-hindgut boundary. Nerve fibers on the gut almost invariably terminate on the fibers of the muscularis.
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    Erratum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 171-171 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: No Abstracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800207
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    The structure and function of the bursa copulatrix of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 213-221 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The bursa compulatrix of the Monarch butterfly was investigated utilizing light microscopy, histochemistry, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy in order to relate its morphology to the release of sperm from the spermatophore. The bursa has a row of large chitinous teeth on either side of the organ. The dorsal and ventral surfaces are covered with chitinous plates, the plates having bristles on one side. A single layer of cells lies under both the plates and teeth, one columnar cell under each plate, one cuboidal cell under each tooth. The toothed area has no muscle cells. However, the dorsal and ventral hemispheres of the bursa each have a crescent-shaped packet of muscle fibers that traverse the organ; there are no longitudinal fibers. Spermatophores with thick walls were found in the bursal lumen. Morphological evidence suggests that the presence of the spermatophores is sensed by the bristles and that the packets are opened by contraction of the muscles bringing the large teeth into contact with the spermatophore wall.
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    The cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the golden skink Mabuya multifasciata (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 223-242 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skink, Mabuya multifasciata, torus semicircularis was subdivided into the central (CN), the laminar (LN), and the superficial (SN) nuclei using Golgi and Nissl methods. The central nucleus consisted of small ovoid neurons surrounding a core of fewer large ovoid-triangular and fusiform neurons. The ovoid cells had scant cytoplasm and two to five dendritic trunks. Most of these processes were directed around the periphery of the central nucleus. The large neurons had clumped, darkly staining Nissl substance and a central nucleus. The sparse dendritic spine population on these cells increased distally on the three to five radiate dendrites. The laminar nucleus was present caudal and ventral to the central nucleus. At more rostral levels it was medial and dorsomedial to the central nucleus. The NL had three to five layers of ovoid and fusiform neurons. Scattered within these layers were a few ovoid-triangular neurons. Ovoid neurons had eccentric or central nuclei. The arborization of their dendrites was generally medial and lateral but was frequently oriented caudomedial and rostrolateral. Fusiform neurons had pale Nissl substance, central nuclei, and one to two dendritic processes. The ovoid-triangular neurons had dense, clumped Nissl substance and at least two dendritic trunks with few spines. The superficial nucleus was dorsal, lateral, and caudal to the central nucleus. Extending ventrolaterally around the central nucleus, the superficial nucleus became confluent with the laminar nucleus, ensheathing the central nucleus ventrally, laterally, and dorsally. Rostrally the central nucleus was covered by the layers of the laminar nucleus. Within the superficial nucleus were ovoid, fusiform and sparse ovoid-triangular neurons. The study indicated that the morphology of the torus semicircularis in the golden skink was similar to that in other lizards. This similarity correlates with the degree of development as it relates to the auditory function, but was independent of the type of inner ear restraint mechanism.
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    Structure and development of the larval visual system in embryos of Lytta viridana leconte (coleoptera, meloidae) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 23-43 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: At hatching (252-264 hr. at 25 ± 0.5°C), the visual system in larvae of Lytta viridana consists of paired stemmata, stemmatal nerves, optic neuropiles, and inner and outer imaginal optic lobe anlagen. It originates between 64 and 72 hr. with invagination of an optic lobe primordium in the side of each protocephalic lobe. These primordia later differentiate into protocerebral ganglion cells and the imaginal optic lobe anlagen. Each stemma arises at 72 hr. from epidermis below and behind the optic lobe invagination and subsequently becomes cupshaped, closes over, and differentiates. At hatching, it consists of a planoconvex corneal lens, a corneagenous layer, and an everse retina of numerous, pigmented retinular cells, each with a terminal rhabdomere. Between 96 and 104 hr, proximal ends of the retinular cells grow posteromedially into a transverse, horizontal fold in the posterior wall of each optic lobe invagination and along its length to the protocerebral neuropile, which they contact by 112 hr. As the brain withdraws posteriorly within the head, these axons elongate correspondingly. Sheath cells of stemmata and stemmatal nerves descend either from protocerebral perineurium or the optic lobe primordia.Structure and development of the larval visual system in L. viridana are compared with those of other insects and its various components are shown to be homologous throughout the Insecta. However, the stemmata of this insect more closely resemble the atypical imaginal eyes of male scale insects than the photoreceptors of other holometabolous larvae-a similarity arising through convergence.
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    Comparative morphology of the semispinalis-spinalis muscle of snakes and correlations with locomotion and constriction (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 83-96 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Segments of the spinalis portion of the M. semispinalis-spinalis (SSP) were examined in 107 snakes representing 94 species, 85 genera, and 11 families. Allowing for slight variation within individuals and species, the following generalizations can be made. (1) Three major types of segments of the SSP were found in Typhlops, booids, and colubroids. (2) Within each type, differences in the segmental length of the spinalis result primarily from different lengths of the anterior tendons. (3) Specializations in habitat and locomotor modes usually account for variations in the segmental lengths of the spinalis. (4) Constrictors seem to have undergone selection for increased flexibility which is gained by having relatively more vertebrae and, in some cases, shorter muscle segments.
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    The bursa cloacae (Fabricii) of struthioniforms in comparison with the bursa of other birds (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 123-138 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The late embryonic and postembryonic genesis of the bursa cloacae (Fabricii) of struthioniforms and other birds is described and discussed. The bursa of ostrich and emu is a wall organ of the caudal cloacal chamber. The bursa of rhea is, like the bursa of Gallus, a cranial appendix of the proctodeum. Lobuli bursales of struthioniforms are composed of a peripheral pars lymphoepithelialis (PLE) and a central pars lymphoreticularis (PLR). By contrast, lobuli bursales of Gallus are composed of a peripheral PLR and a central PLE. The fine structure of the bursa of struthioniforms is described. Other than in Gallus, the apical cell association of the PLE of struthioniforms shows secretory granules. This study thus far does not answer in detail the question of how the imprinting mechanism of the B-lymphocytes operates. It is assumed that they are imprinted in the PLE. Postcapillary venules in the PLR are responsible for the transport of B-lymphocytes. Hormonal bursectomies have been made to get information about the involution of the bursa of struthioniforms. In these species, involution means a gradual metaplasia while in Gallus it means a complete degeneration of the bursa.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720111
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    The functional morphology of the musculature of squid (Loliginidae) arms and tentacles (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 179-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arms and tentacles of squid (Family Loliginidae: Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Blainville), Loligo pealei (LeSueur), Loligo plei (Blainville), Loliguncula brevis (Blainville)) do not possess the hardened skeletal elements or fluid-filled cavities that typically provide skeletal support in other animals. Instead, these appendages are made up almost entirely of muscle. It is suggested here that the musculature serves as both the effector of movement and as the skeletal support system itself.High-speed movie recordings were used to observe prey capture by loliginid squid. Extension of the tentacles (1 pair) during prey capture is probably brought about by contraction of transverse muscle fibers and circular muscle fibers. Contraction of longitudinal muscle fibers causes retraction of the tentacles. Torsion of the tentacles during extension may be the result of contraction of muscle fibers arranged in a helical array. The inextensible but manipulative arms (4 pairs) may utilize a transverse muscle mass to resist the longitudinal compression caused by contraction of the longitudinal muscles which bend the arms. A composite connective tissue/muscle helical fiber array may twist the arms.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720205
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    Pharyngeal mastication and food transport in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): A cineradiographic and electromyographic study (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 223-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cyprinids constitute the largest fish family and are characterized by their pharyngeal teeth. The masticatory mechanism is still poorly understood. The complex of structures that determine the movements of pharyngeal teeth and chewing pad in the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is analyzed. Activities in 16 head muscles of a free-swimming carp were recorded. X-ray cinerecordings, synchronized with electromyograms, were made of the intake, transport, mastication, and deglutition of radiopaque food pellets. Metal markers allowed a detailed movement analysis.Masticatory cycles are bilaterally synchronous and show distinct crushing and grinding patterns. Direct masticatory muscles that suspend and connect the pharyngeal bones steer and stabilize the masticatory movements. Baudelot's ligament, between skull and pectoral girdle, is applied as fulcrum, effects a crucial shift of the rotation axis of the pharyngeal jaw, and transforms crushing into grinding; simultaneous abduction lengthens the grinding stroke. Body muscles supply indirectly the power for mastication; they also appear to be regulated more distantly. The epaxial muscles lift the skull and thereby the levators of the pharyngeal bones, thus transmitting high forces to the teeth. They also stretch the levator of the bone as soon as occlusion is reached and thus optimize its production of forces during grinding. The hypaxial muscles retract the pharyngeal bones indirectly during grinding and power the teeth in sliding. The chewing pad, previously assumed to be motionless, rotates rostroventrad with the skull and intensifies grinding.Respiration and mastication are mutually related. The extensive movements of the pharyngeal bones are permitted only by the simultaneous expansion of the buccopharynx and a slide-coupling in the branchial floor. Muscular pads that line the pharynx are shown to transport food toward the teeth. The constrictor pharyngis effects deglutition.Natural food, intestinal contents, and feces of the carp were analyzed with respect to the capacity for distinct masticatory operations. During the experiments pellets, barley, and worms were fed. The carp is specialized for polyphagy and this appears to be based on the profiles of the heterodont teeth rather than on drastic changes in the two preprogrammed activity patterns. Comparison of the pharyngeal jaw system in the carp and higher teleosts emphasizes the structural design for the application of large forces in this cyprinid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051720208
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    The ear region of the marsupial sabertooth, Thylacosmilus: Influence of the sabertooth lifestyle upon it, and convergence with placental sabertooths (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 239-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mastoid auditory bulla of the extinct marsupial sabertooth, Thylacosmilus, has an enlarged, complex hypotympanic sinus but lacks an alisphenoid contribution. These are marked departures from the usual marsupial condition. Details of the ear region of Thylacosmilus are compared with those of the convergent, extinct placental sabertooth, Smilodon, and each is compared with less specialized related forms to define differences and similarities of the evolutionary paths that led to the striking overall convergence.Functional factors such as pressure transformer ratio (PTR), impedance transformer ratio (ITR), acoustic impedence at the eardrum, and the fraction of the sound energy theoretically transmitted to the inner ear cannot be estimated for Thylacosmilus because certain critical measures are still unknown (tympanum size, ossicle lever arm ratios). However, in both sabertooths enlarged complex hypotympanic sinuses, characterized by expansions and contractions, are greatly developed. They vastly increase middle ear space (volume) and must have influenced these factors. In both, the sinuses provide the large air volume needed to prevent excessive damping of sound energy transmission (Hunt and Korth, '80), and both are believed to have achieved a further modulation of the system from the cushioning or “pillow” effect of the confined air as it directly damps the tympanum itself. Thylacosmilus has still another feature that may have given greater control over damping of sound energy transmission: the direct opening (probably membrane covered) of one of the sinus cavities into the side of the meatal tube. In this feature, as in others noted earlier (Turnbull, '76, '78), we see a greater degree of specialization in this marsupial sabertooth than in a placental counterpart.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810302
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    Light microscopy of the medial wall of the cerebral cortex of the lizard Psammodromus algirus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 319-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The telencephalic medial wall of the lizard Psammodromus algirus was studied using Golgi and conventional light microscopic techniques. The area is formed by two different cytological fields - medial cortex and dorsomedial cortex. These two cortices possess three layers dorsoventrally: a superficial plexiform layer, a cellular layer, and a deep plexiform layer. The alveus, a deep fiber system, runs adjacent to the ependyma. Four classes of neurons are found in the cellular layer of the medial cortex on the basis of soma shape, dendritic pattern, and position in the layer: horizontal, double pyramidal, and candelabra cells. Solitary cells are present in the superficial and deep plexiform layers of the medial cortex. Those of the superficial plexiform layer are stellate cells. Horizontal and vertical cells are found in the deep plexiform layer. Double pyramidal cells are the most frequently impregnated in the cellular layer of the dorsomedial cortex. In addition, candelabra cells are present at the lateral end of the layer. Two cell types are found in the deep plexiform layer of the dorsomedial cortex: solitary pyramidal cells and, among the fibers of the alveus, horizontal cells. Ependymal tanycytes line the ventricular surface, and protoplasmic astrocytes are found in the plexiform layers of both medial and dorsomedial cortices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810306
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    Persistence of the expression of β-tropomyosin in dystrophic avian pectoral muscle (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tropomyosin ; avian muscular dystrophy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The isotype pattern of tropomyosin was investigated in normal and dystrophic avian pectroal muscle using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Previous reports have shown that adult pectoral muscle of chickens contains only the α-subunit of tropomyosin and a breast-type troponin-T (TN-T), whereas pectoral fetal muscle contains both α- and β-tropomyosin and leg-type TN-T. The change from the fetal to the adult forms begins shortly after hatching. It has been previously reported that avian dystrophic pectoral muscle contains both the leg- and breast-type TN-T; we show that in avian dystrophic muscle there is also persistent expression of the β-subunit of tropomyosin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020309
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020401
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    A calcium- and pH-regulated actin binding protein from D. discoideum (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 287-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin-binding protein ; Dictyostelium ; cytoskeleton ; amoeboid movement ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A protein from Dictyostelium discoideum with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 95,000 daltons (95K protein) was previously identified as an actin-binding protein ‘Hellewell and Taylor, 1979’. In this paper, we present a method for purifying the protein, and characterize some important aspects of its structure and function. Purification of the 95K protein is achieved by fractionation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on 6% agarose, and final purification on hydroxyapatite. The 95K protein is a dimer, composed of apparently identical subunits. It is a rod-shaped molecule, 38 nm in length, with a Stokes radius of 74 Å. In these structural properties, the 95K protein is similar to muscle and nonmuscle α-actinins. The 95K protein and filamin are equally competent, when compared on a weight basis, to enhance the apparent viscosity of actin as determined by falling ball viscometry. The apparent viscosity of mixtures of the 95K protein and actin is dramatically reduced at pH greater than 7.0 or free ‘Ca2+’ greater than 10-7 M. We also examine the mechanism by which calcium regulates the interaction of the 95K protein and actin. A change in free ‘Ca2+’ induces no detectable change in the quaternary structure of the 95K protein. Our experiments indicate that the 95K protein does not dramatically alter the length distribution of actin filaments in the presence of micromolar free ‘Ca2+’. A large fraction of the 95K protein cosediments with actin in the presence of low free ‘Ca2+’ (ca. 3 × 10-8M), but not in the presence of high free ‘Ca2+’ (ca. 4 × 10-6M). We conclude that increased free ‘Ca2+’ inhibits gelation of actin by the 95K protein by reducing the affinity of the 95K protein for actin. We propose that 95K protein is an important component of the cytoskeletal/contractile system in D. discoideum amoebae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020308
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    In situ demonstration of actin in normal and injured ocular tissues using 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phallacidin (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: NBD-phallacidin ; actin ; ocular tissues ; wound repair ; stress fibers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fluorescent derivative of the actin-binding toxin phallacidin, 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3 diazole phallacidin, has been used to cytologically demonstrate the presence of actin in lens epithelium, corneal endothelium, and retinal pigment epithelium. In these noninjured tissues, no stress fibers are observed and fluorescence is confined mainly to an area at or near the cell membrane, although some diffuse cytoplasmic staining can also be seen. However, following injury to either the lens epithelium or corneal endothelium of rats and frogs, stress fibers are detected, but only in those cells that migrate into the wound area. Cells on the periphery of each tissue do not partake in would repair and thus maintain their normal appearance. After the tissue has regenerated, stress fibers disappear, and those cells involved in the injury response return to their normal morphology.When rabbit corneal endothelium is placed in tissue culture, stress fibers are observed as the cells migrate away from the initial explant. Upon reaching confluency, these cells spread out and each is surrounded by thick actin-containing bands. Furthermore, they exhibit some stress cables within their cytoplasm. This is in contrast to their appearance in vivo where stress fibers are absent and fluorescence is limited to a region near the cell membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020404
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    Motility of the 6 + 0 flagellum of lecudina tuzetae (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 369-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: motility ; flagella ; cilia ; microtubules ; Gregarines ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The male gametes of the parasitic protozoan, Lecudina tuzetae, have a motile flagellum with a “6 + O” ultrastructure ‘Schrével and Besse, 1975’. These gametes were isolated from the cysts in which they develop and were observed and photographed under a variety of conditions. The flagella beat continuously, without stopping and starting, with a beat period of about 2 sec. They can beat in solutions whose viscosities are greater than 0.5 Nsm-2 (l Nsm-2 = 103 cP). The waveform can be approximated by a series of helical arcs and interconnecting straight regions that travel from the base to the tip. The helical regions have a radius of curvature of 3.2 μm and subtend a final angle of 1.7 radians. The straight portions are 2.0 μm in length. There are two sets of opposing bends, but they do not originate in the same plane. The resulting waveform is an approximately helical coil, with a pitch of 9.8 μm, a pitch angle of 0.6 radian and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 2.3 μm. The sense of the coil is left handed. The axoneme twists during beating. The main differences between the movement of this flagellum and that of typical 9 + 2 flagella are a low beat frequency and three-dimensional bends that produce relatively little forward movement of the cell. Twisting is discussed as a means of discriminating between some types of models of flagellar motility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020406
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    Binding stoichiometry of 21S dynein to A and B subfiber microtubules (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 429-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: 21S dynein ; tubulin ; binding stoichiometry ; ATP sensitivity ; binding cooperativity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The binding properties of Tetrahymena 21S dynein to doublet A and B subfiber microtubules were analyzed by both a turbidimetric assay (Δ A350 nm) and electron microscopy. KCl-extracted, sucrose-gradient, purified 21S dynein binds to each of the two kinds of axonemal microtubules in both ATP-insensitive and ATP-sensitive modes, even though only a single type of binding occurs to each of the subfibers in situ. Total dynein bound to axonemal microtubules is a composite of binding that is sensitive to dissociation by ATP and binding that is insensitive to ATP. Each exhibits a different binding profile. Total binding exhibits a sigmoid profile (h = 1.93) and saturates at 1.49 mg D/mg T. ATP-sensitive binding likewise exhibits a sigmoid profile (h = 2.66) but saturates at 1.06 mg D/mg T. Binding occurs with a similar affinity for both A and B subfibers. The Hill coefficient (h) for ATP-sensitive binding implies positive cooperativity between binding events. ATP-insensitive binding was studied independently in 20 μM ATP, 10 μM vanadate, which blocks ATP-sensitive binding. ATP-insensitive binding exhibits a hyperbolic profile (h = 1.0) and likewise occurs along each of the two kinds of axonemal tubules. Binding saturates at 0.87 mg D/mg T. The binding data suggest that the tubulin dimer has conserved both ATP-sensitive and ATP-insensitive binding sites for 21S dynein, even though the sites may not be expressed in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020503
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    Videodisc Supplement. Announcement (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020602
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    Microtubule capping structures at the tips of tracheal cilia: Evidence for their firm attachment during ciliary bend formation and the restriction of microtubule sliding (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 549-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; cilia ; trachea ; microtubules ; crowns ; microtubule assembly ; caps ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distal tips of the central pair and A-microtubules are capped in mammalian and avian tracheal cilia. The capping structures are similar to those found in protozoan cilia and flagella [Dentler, 1981], and consist of a central microtubule cap that links the central microtubules to the membrane or to the ciliary crown and A-microtubule plugs that insert into the lumen of each of the A-microtubule plugs is bound to the central microtubule cap by distal filaments. The ends of the central and outer doublet microtubules are tightly bound to the cap in both intact and in demembranated and reactivated tracheal cilia. Analysis of the displacement of the microtubule tips in cilia fixed at various bend angles revealed that the displacements of A-microtubules are only partially in agreement with those predicted by the sliding filament model [Satir, 1968]. These results are discussed with respect to the regulation of microtubule sliding in capped cilia and the role of the microtubule capping structures in microtubule assembly.
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    Purification and polypeptide composition of dynein ATPases from chlamydomonas flagella (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 525-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cilia ; flagella ; ATPases ; dynein ; Chlamydomonas ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Extraction of isolated, demembranated flagellar axonemes of Chlamydomonas reinhardii with 0.6 M KCl solubilized 77-92% of the total axonemal Mg++ or Ca++-ATPase activity, which sedimented as 18S and 12S peaks in sucrose density gradients. The ATPases of these two peaks were further purified by hydroxyapatite (HAP) column chromatography. The ATPase activity of the 18S peak eluted from the HAP column as a single peak coinciding with the protein peak. The HAP purified 18S ATPase had a specific activity of ∼2.0 ± 0.5 μmoles Pi hydrolyzed min/mg and was associated with four high molecular weight (HMW) polypeptides of ∼ 310,000-340,000 daltons, two intermediate molecular weight (IMW) polypeptides of 78,000 and 69,000 daltons, and eight low molecular weight (LMW) polypeptides of 7,800-19,600 daltons. When the 12S sucrose gradient peak together with a trailing shoulder were chromatographed on HAP, the ATPase activity was eluted in two peaks designated 12S and 10.5S on the basis of the sedimentation properties of their associated polypeptides. The 12S peak contained a single dynein ATPase having a specific activity of ∼ 0.6 ± 0.3 μmoles Pi hydrolyzed min/mg and associated with ∼ 330,000-, 21,700-, and 18, 100-dalton polypeptides. The 10.5S peak contained several high, intermediate, and low molecular weight polypeptides; of these, on HMW polypeptide and one 28,700-dalton polypeptide correlated well with the ATPase activity. The purified ATPases had no polypeptides in common; each therefore represents a discrete dynein. Based on protein recovered in the purified fractions, 18S dynein represents ∼ 9.2% of the total axonemal protein; 12S dynein represents ∼ 4.7% of the axonemal protein.
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    The intracellular movement of endocytic vesicles in cultured granulosa cells (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 583-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: endocytic vesicles ; microtubules ; 10-nm filaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ligand binding to cell surface receptors induces rapid internalization of ligandreceptor complexes by receptor mediated endocytosis. We have examined the intracellular movement of endocytic vesicles, induced by the lectin concanavalin A (Con A), in cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells using fluorescence and electron microscopy. Within 20 minutes of ligand treatment at 37°C, numerous Con A-containing endocytic vesicles form, which migrate to the cell center by 60 minutes. Double label fluorescence microscopy, using fluorescien-Con-A and rhodamine immunofluorescent staining of tubulin or vimentin, indicates that during vesicle migration microtubules and 10-nm filaments are altered in their organization. By 30 minutes, vesicles are associated with microtubule bundles, which subsequently collapse around the nucleus. Similarly, 10-nm filaments accumulate around the nucleus in conjunction with the perinuclear aggregation of endocytic vesicles. Electron microscopy of Con A-horseradish peroxidase-labeled cells demonstrates that endocytic vesicles fuse to form large receptosome-like structures during intracellular migration and these structures are associated with cytoplasmic microtubules and 10-nm filaments. Taxol, a drug that stabilizes microtubules, prevents endocytic vesicle translocation to the Golgi region. Nocodazole, which causes microtubule disassembly, results in the collapse of 10-nm filaments and the central aggregation of endocytic vesicles. The data indicate that the cytoskeleton participates in the directed intracellular movement of endocytic vesicles; the possible subcellular basis for this movement is discussed.
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    Mechanics of ciliary transport (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 41-45 
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    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020710
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    Mechanics of ovum transport in the oviduct (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 53-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020712
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    Serum complement (C'3a and C'5)-induced inhibition of rabbit tracheal cilia (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020715
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    Physicochemical properties of 21S dynein ATPase binding to A and B subfiber microtubules (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020722
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    Further investigations on the vanadate-induced inhibition kinetics of enzyme activity of ciliary dynein from Tetrahymena (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020721
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    A quantitative comparison of cellular motile systems (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: motility ; power output ; muscle ; flagella ; cytokinetic furrow ; mitotic spindle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cellular motile systems as diverse as muscle and the mitotic spindle have been compared by their specific power output: the maximum power they develop per unit of engine volume. Striated muscles and flagella have high specific output; their performance is comparable to that of typical automobile engines. The cytokinetic furrow and the mitotic spindle have very much lower specific power output. The furrow's output is 7,000 times lower than muscle and the spindle's is 300,000 times lower. Different macromolecules have been used to generate power in systems with similar output (muscles and flagella) and, conversely, the same macromolecular motor has been used in systems with very different output (muscles and cytokinetic furrows). The common feature amid this diversity is adaptation to a particular biological role, which specific power output reflects very well. High values are found where a powerful, compact engine should be advantageous, while low values are found where precision, not power, matters most.
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    Announcement (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 76-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970040108
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    Microfilament rearrangements during fibroblast-induced contraction of three-dimensional hydrated collagen gels (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microfilaments ; microtubules ; contraction ; collagen gel ; fibroblasts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In vitro models have been developed recently to study the ability of fibroblasts to generate tensile force within collagen gels. The present study was initiated to assess the role of the cytoskeleton in the cell shape changes and force generation in one such model system. Porcine periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PPLF) were cultured within three-dimensional collagen gels attached to glass coverslips. Fluorescence microscopy, using nitrobenzooxadizole (NBD)-phallacidin labeling for microfilaments and tubulin antibody staining for microtubules, was combined with phase and Nomarski optics to determine the intra- and extracellular architecture of the cells and collagen fibers. Samples were observed from 30 minutes to 24 hours after initiation of cell attachment. During attachment and spreading, NBD-phallacidin staining changed dramatically until large microfilament bundles became prominent. Collagen fiber alignment, compaction, and finally tearing from the coverslip occurred during this time. After release of tension, microfilament bundles were no longer evident. The change in microtubule distribution during these processes was less dramatic, appearing to follow the change in cell shape. These results indicate that microfilaments play an essential role in generating force to align and compact collagen, while microtubules may have a secondary role only.
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    Induction of shape transformation in sea urchin coelomocytes by the calcium ionophore A23187 (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 57-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; calcium ; coelomocytes ; ionophore ; pH ; shape transformation ; video microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated the ability of the Ca+ + ionophore A23187 to induce the transformation of petaloid sea urchin coleomocytes to the filopodial form. The response of individual cells to different media was observed with time-lapse phasecontrast video microscopy. In the presence of 1 mM CaCl2, isotonic medium containing 1-5 μM A23187 produces a similar shape transformation to that caused by hypotonic shock. Higher concentrations of ionophore (10-20 μM) induce the formation of filopodia that are thinner and less rigid than those generated by hypotonic shock or low doses of ionophore. A23187 also induces shape transformation in highly flattened cells that do not respond fully to hypotonic shock. The induction of cytoplasmic alkalinization by NH4Cl, methylamine-HCl, or the Na+ ionophore monensin does not induce shape transformation, suggesting that increased intracellular pH is not the stimulus for this process. Ultrastructural changes in cytoskeletal organization were examined in negatively stained detergent-extracted cells. Low doses of ionophore produce filopodia that are indistin-guishable from those of hypotonically shocked cells, with actin filament bundles that are straight and cohesive along their entire length. High concentrations of ionophore produce filopodia with filament bundles that branch repeatedly and splay apart near their tips, forming loops and irregular curves. These results suggest that an increase in intracellular free Ca+ + concentration acts as the trigger that stimulates coelomocyte shape transformation, but that abnormally high concentrations of intracellular Ca+ +, produced by high doses of ionophore, interfere with actin filament bundling.
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    Time course of the motion of bull sperm flagella (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 387-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: bull sperm flagella ; motility ; time course ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Detailed measurements were made of the time course of the motion of bull spermatozoa. Fourier analysis of the data showed the time course to be basically sinusoidal within 2% to 3%. An asymmetry in the motion was present, resulting in a second harmonic component in the Fourier spectra of normal sperm of approximately 11% of the main component. When the energy metabolism of the sperm was inhibited or when the external viscosity of the medium was raised, the asymmetry was reduced. When the internal Mg2+ content of the sperm was lowered, the asymmetry was increased. The asymmetries and the corresponding second harmonic components in the Fourier spectra were correlated with the overall bend shape of the sperm and with the curvature of the path in which the sperm were swimming. Model calculations showed that the asymmetry could reside in either the internal active moments in the sperms or in the stiffness of the sperm fiagella.
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    Automated methods for estimation of sperm flagellar bending parameters (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 4 (1984), S. 417-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; image analysis ; microcomputer ; motility ; parameter estimation ; Simplex method ; spermatozoa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parameters to describe flagellar bending patterns can be obtained by a microcomputer procedure that uses a set of parameters to synthesize model bending patterns, compares the model bending patterns with digitized and filtered data from flagellar photographs, and uses the Simplex method to vary the parameters until a solution with minimum root mean square differences between the model and the data is found. Parameters for Chlamydomonas bending patterns have been obtained from comparison of shear angle curves for the model and the data. To avoid the determination of the orientation of the basal end of the flagellum, which is required for calculation of shear angles, parameters for sperm flagella have been obtained by comparison of curves of curvature as a function of length for the model and for the data. A constant curvature model, modified from that originally used for Chlamydomonas flagella, has been used for obtaining parameters from sperm flagella, but the methods can be applied using other models for synthesizing the model bending patterns.
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    Tropomyosin binding to F-actin protects the F-actin from disassembly by brain actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microfilaments ; F-actin ; brain actin-depolymerizing factor ; tropomyosin stabilization of microfilaments ; DNase I inhibition assay ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Brain or muscle F-actin is rapidly depolymerized to monomeric actin in vitro by actin-depolymerizing factor, a protein isolated from chick embryo brain. Binding of muscle tropomyosin to muscle F-actin protects the F-actin from depolymerization by this factor. A 8.4/1.0 molar ratio of actin subunits to tropomyosin, achieved by incubation of the F-actin with excess tropomyosin, protects 58% of the F-actin from depolymerization by excess actin-depolymerizing factor for at least 3 hr at 25°C. Thus, actin-depolymerizing factor seems to be specifically directed toward actin filaments lacking tropomyosin.
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    Pseudopod formation and membrane production during prey capture by a heliozoon (feeding by Actinophrys, II) (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 9-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: amoebae ; actinopoda ; heliozoa ; Actinophrys ; phagocytosis ; pseudopodia ; membrane ; extrusomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two phases of prey capture by the heliozoon Actinophrys sol are documented by electron microscopy. The phases are those of prey adhesion to the predator and enclosure of the prey by the predator. Adherence is brought about by numerous small pieces of adhesive membrane produced by the predator at the site of prey contact. Some of the heliozoan extrusomes expel their contents at this time, but the significance of this event is unclear. Enclosure of the prey is effected by a funnelshaped pseudopodium. This is drawn over the prey by the action of the leading margin. The ultrastructural appearance of the cytoplasm of the leading margin differs from the rest of the cell, being homogeneous and finely filamentous. Both force and traction for the progression of the pseudopod are generated primarily at the tip. During the development of the funnel-pseudopod, extrusomes expand and fuse with each other and with the plasma membrane. Their investing membrane is thereby made available as food vacuole membrane.
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    Microtubule-dependent transport of secretory granules during stalk secretion in a peritrich ciliate (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 47-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; transport ; secretion ; peritrich ciliate ; directional turnover ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of microtubules in secretory granule translocation was studied during stalk secretion in the peritrich ciliate, Zoothamnium arbuscula. In each cell, the release of stalk-forming secretory materials is restricted to a specialized region of the cytoplasm, the scopula. Many of the membrane-bound secretory granules that dominate the scopular cytoplasm appear to be aligned along cortical microtubules that converge on the scopular surface. This arrangement is consistent with the hypothesis that microtubules transport granules relative to the sites of exocytosis. To establish the role of microtubules in stalk secretion, telotrochs were exposed to agents with different disruptive effects on microtubule function. Exocytosis itself is not prevented by these drugs, and granules positioned for secretion prior to treatment are released. Maytansine and isopropyl-n-phenyl carbamate (IPC) completely inhibit stalk elongation. In maytansine-treated cells, microtubules are absent from the scopular cytoplasm, and granules are absent from the scopular surface. Microtubules are present in IPC-treated cells, but the granules are misdirected to the cytoplasm lateral to the scopula where no secretory sites exist. Even though the rate of stalk secretion is decreased by deuterium oxide (D2O), a control length stalk is eventually produced. In D2O-treated cells microtubules are present and in their normal orientation. The inhibition of secretion when microtubules are absent (maytansine) or misdirected (IPC) and the retardation of secretion when microtubule turnover is reduced (D2O) supports a mechanism of granule transport based on the directional turnover of microtubule subunits.
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    Cell locomotion in vitro by Xenopus laevis gastrula mesodermal cells (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell locomotion ; gastrulation ; contact paralysis ; collagen substratum ; serum factors ; morphogenetic movements ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Prospective mesodermal cells of Xenopus laevis gastrulae showed substantial locomotion in vitro, averaging 4.3 μM/min, when dissociated and cultured on a glass surface coated with collagen and fetal bovine serum. The cell translocate by making lamellipodia and filopodia whereas the main cell body remains rounded. When two mesodermal cells made contact with each other, they showed contact paralysis of lamellipodial activity. In contrast, when mesodermal cells contact ectodermal cells, contact paralysis does not occur. Rather, migrating mesodermal cells continue to translocate. The locomotion in vitro appears to mimic that in vivo during gastrulation, because of the similarities of the rate of movement and the cell shape in culture and in embryos. Neither prospective ectodermal cells from gastrulae nor prospective mesodermal cells from blastulae showed locomotion under the same culture conditions.
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    Motive force of cytoplasmic streaming during plasmodial mitosis of physarum polycephalum (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoplasmic streaming ; motive force ; mitotic cycle ; Physarum polycephalum ; migration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between mitosis and cytoplasmic streaming in the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum was investigated by simultaneously conducting the following three experiments: (1) identification of the mitotic stages under phase contrast optics, (2) measurement of the rate of oriented migration of the plasmodium on an agar ribbon, and (3) measurement of the motive force of cytoplasmic streaming by the double-chamber method of Kamiya.The migration of the plasmodium almost stopped during synchronous mitosis and the motive force of the flow decreased to 1/4 of the normal level in this period. Gelation of the endoplasm did not occur during the mitotic period, and thus the cessation of the plasmodial migration must have been caused by the diminution of the motive force responsible for cytoplasmic streaming.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020301
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    Chromosome movement during meiotic prophase in crane-fly spermatocytes. I. Observations on living cells and the effects of cyanide and cold treatment (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 183-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: crane flies ; meiosis ; spermatocytes ; chromosome movement ; nuclear envelope ; prophase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Meiotic prophase in spermatocytes of the crane fly, Nephrotoma suturalis, involves both the condensation and the movement of bivalent chromosomes. Since crane flies have only four bivalents that appear highly condensed during late prophase, changes of position and orientation of those bivalents relative to one another can be seen easily in living cells. Chromosome movement during the final 1 to 2 hr of diakinesis was analyzed in detail. Maximal velocities of prophase movements were between 0.1 and 1 μM/min. Metakinetic movements during prometaphase have similar velocities. To assess the physiological basis of prophase movements, experiments employing cyanide and cold treatment were performed. Prophase movements were abolished completely by cyanide, and, for the most part, the velocities of chromosomes in the cold at 2°C and 6°C were less than that of untreated cells at 22°C. The results suggest that prophase movements are energy dependent and may involve an enzyme-catalyzed process occurring in close association with the nuclear envelope.
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    Dynamic aspects of the supramolecular organization of intermediate filament networks in cultured epidermal cells (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 197-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: intermediate filament ; desmosomes ; epidermal keratinocytes ; nuclear envelope ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have shown, by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using an antiserum against the mouse keratin subunit K2 and by electron microscopy, that transformed (PAM) and primary (PME) mouse epidermal cells possess extensive net works of IF bundles. Following trypsinization and replating of PAM cells, IF bundles are seen to move as a continuous net work from a perinuclear zone into the peripheral cytoplasmic regions. In PAM cells lysed in high-ionic-strength solutions containing Triton ×-100 and DNAase-1, IF bundles appear to be closely associated with nuclear envelope remnants and, in some cases, appear to be attached to nuclear pore complexes. PME cells cultivated in low Ca2+-containing medium possess perinuclear birefringent arrays of IF bundles. Within 2 hours of switching the cells to normal Ca2+ levels, the PME IF bundle network moves towards and establishes contact with the cell surface as desmosomes form. Live cells observed by phase contrast and fixed cells observed by immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrate that desmosomes can be distinguished as dark bands separating neighboring cells. There is little difference between the major proteins seen in SDS-polyacrylamide gel profiles of isolated IF bundle net works from PME cells before and after the Ca2+ switch. Therefore, a reorganization of relatively insoluble membrane-associated protein following the Ca2+ switch may be involved in desmosome formation. The isolated IF networks from PAM cells differ in protein composition compared to the PME IF networks. This may be related to the greatly reduced number of desmosomes in PAM cells. The IF bundle system in epidermal cells appears to be involved in shape formation, shape maintenance, the establishment of desmosomes, nuclear centration, and cell-cell contact.
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    Directional protrusive pseudopodial activity and motility in macrophages induced by extracellular electric fields (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 243-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: directional macrophage motility ; electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Extracellularly applied electric fields (〈 12 V/cm) strongly influence murine resident peritoneal macrophages (Mø) to undergo directional protrusive pseudopodial activity to wards the positive pole of the electric fields in the absence of exogenously applied chemotactic ligands. Internal and external morphological features were not grossly disrupted by the fields. Directional motility induced by the electric fields was inhibited in the presence of 1.0 mM La3+ or 2.5 mM Mg2+ and 5.0 mM EGTA. Effects of the fields were latent in the inhibited cells and directional motility was expressed after termination of the field and removal of the inhibitors. Receptors for the lectins concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA-L) were uniformly distributed on the surfaces of Mø with no exposure to electric fields. After exposure to the fields, Con A receptors were preferentially distributed on regions of the Mø surface facing the negative pole and PHA-L receptors were preferentially distributed on those regions facing the positive pole. The possibility that directional Mø motility is regulated by the molecular topography of the cell surface is discussed.
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    Effects of trifluoperazine upon the calcium-dependent ciliary arrest response of freshwater mussel gill lateral cells (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 405-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Calmodulin (CaM) isolated from freshwater mussel gill has been shown to be present in fractions derived solely from epithelial cells of whole gill tissue. This CaM has been used to activate bovine brain phosphodiesterase (PDE) and the dose dependence of trifluoperazine-dihydrochloride (TFP)-mediated inhibition of activation has been investigated. The dose-response curve yields an apparent K1 of 20 μM and suggests that at low concentration (up to 40 μM) TFP inhibits PDE activity in the presence of Ca2+, not by direct action on the enzyme, but by a shunt that negates the effect of mussel gill CaM.To determine whether CaM is physiologically significant for ciliary activity in the mussel gill, the effect of TFP upon the Ca2+-dependent ciliary arrest response of the lateral (L) cells of the gill has been examined. Detergent-treated permeabilized epithelial L cell models are scored for ciliary activity after transfer to reactivation solutions that vary in their free Ca2+ and TFP content. At 10-5 M free Ca2+ (pCa 5), maximum recovery from arrest is observed for TFP concentrations in the range of 25 to 30 μM. TFP-mediated recovery from arrest is never complete, suggesting that in the presence of sufficient Ca2+ the drug irreversibly damages a certain fraction of axonemes. At pCa 7 the cilia reactivate and 25-30.
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    Dictyostelium calmodulin: Production of a specific antiserum and localization in amoebae (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 471-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: calmodulin ; myosin ; antibody ; immunofluorescence ; amoeba ; Dictyostelium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A rabbit antiserum was raised against calmodulin from the eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. In double immunodiffusion experiments, the antiserum formed an immunoprecipitation line with Dictyostelium calmodulin but not bovine brain calmodulin; competition radioimmunoassays showed no cross reactivity between the antiserum and calmodulins from bovine brain and spinach. The calmodulin content of vegetative Dictyostelium amoebae, determined by competition radioimmunoassay, was 0.5 μg/mg protein; similar levels were found in developing cells. The antiserum was used to visualize the distribution of calmodulin in Dictyostelium amoebae by indirect immunofluorescence. Cells were examined under various conditions: in suspension, attached to a substrate, and while phagocytosing yeast cells. In all cases, anticalmodulin staining was concentrated in the cell cortex. Parallel experiments using a monoclonal antibody against Dictyostelium myosin showed that this protein is also enriched in the cortical region of the cell.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020601
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    Preface (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. xvii 
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    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020702
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    Two different monoclonal antibodies to alpha-tubulin inhibit the bending of reactivated sea urchin spermatozoa (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 599-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: monoclonal antibodies to tubulin ; radioimmune assay ; immunoautoradiography ; Western blots ; immunofluorescence ; tubulin heterogeneity ; eukaryotic flagellar motility ; immunomotility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two monoclonal antibodies reactive for α-tubulin but not for β-tubulin have been prepared, characterized in terms of their relative binding to tubulins from differnt sources by a solid-phase binding assay, immunoautoradiography, and indirect immunofluorescence, and utilized to study flagellar motility. Our results demonstrate that α-tubulins from different species, and even from different tissues of the same species, are nonidentical. Especially interesting was the observation that one of the antibodies, Ab2, immunofluorescently stained microtubules of chick embryo fibroblast cells, but was completely unreactive for microtubules of rat kangaroo (PtK2) fibroblasts; a different antibody, Ab1, stained both cell types. Results of these and additional experiments clearly show that Ab1 and Ab2 recognize discrete and different epitopes on α-tubulin.Monoclonal antitubulins Ab1 and Ab2 each inhibited the bend amplitude of reactivated sea urchin spermatozoa without affecting beat frequencies or the ability of the outer doublet microtubules to slide past each other in elastase-digested models. These results, together with those obtained previously using rabbit polyclonal antitubulin antibodies [Asai and Brokaw, 1980], demonstrate that inhibition of bend amplitude is a common property of antitubulin antibodies and is not due to the binding of antibodies to one specific site on the axoneme. Our results suggest that tubulin subunit conformational changes may occur on the outer doublet lattice and may be integrally involved in the mechanism and control of flagellar bending.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020608
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    The effects of structures attached to the tips of tracheal ciliary microtubules on the nucleation of microtubule assembly in vitro (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020705
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  • 197
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    Cinemicrographic analysis of beat dynamics of human respiratory cilia (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020709
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  • 198
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    Hormonal regulation of ciliary function in the oviduct: The effect of beta-adrenergic agonists (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020713
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  • 199
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    Abstracts (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 83-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020717
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  • 200
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    Transient state kinetic analysis of the dynein ATPase (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020720
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