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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A critical ligamentous mechanism in the evolution of avian flight (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 445 (2007), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Despite recent advances in aerodynamic, neuromuscular and kinematic aspects of avian flight and dozens of relevant fossil discoveries, the origin of aerial locomotion and the transition from limbs to wings continue to be debated. Interpreting this transition depends on understanding the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05435
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 440 (2006), S. 757-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The relationship of limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) to lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygians) is well established, but the origin of major tetrapod features has remained obscure for lack of fossils that document the sequence of evolutionary changes. Here we report the discovery of a well-preserved ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04639
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 440 (2006), S. 764-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Wrists, ankles and digits distinguish tetrapod limbs from fins, but direct evidence on the origin of these features has been unavailable. Here we describe the pectoral appendage of a member of the sister group of tetrapods, Tiktaalik roseae, which is morphologically and functionally transitional ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04637
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haramiyids and Triassic mammalian evolution (1997)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 385 (1997), S. 715-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Class Mammalia Order Haramiyida Hahn, 1973 Family Haramiyidae Simpson, 1947 Haramiyavia clemmenseni gen. et sp. nov. Etymology. Combining Haramiya, Arabic (fern.)11 for 'trickster, petty thief with avia, Latin for grandmother; clemmenseni, as acknowledgement to Lars B. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/385715a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of egg-laying mammals (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 326 (1987), S. 871-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The earliest known tribosphenic molars are of early Cretaceous age2"4 and represent a lineage leading from the eupantotheres to the Tribosphenida5'6 (a legion encompassing the Eiitheria, Marsupialia and several poorly known Cretaceous groups: Aegialodontia, Pappotherida7 and Deltatheroida8). An ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326871a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Early Jurassic jumping frog (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 377 (1995), S. 49-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Superorder Salientia Laurenti, 1768 Order Anura Rafmesque, 1815 Family Prosaliridae, new Prosalirus bitis gen. et sp. nov. Etymology. Latin, Prosalire, to leap forward; Navajo, bitis, high over it9. Holotype. Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA) V 8725 (Fig. 1), associated remains of at least ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377049a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The movement of the shoulder in claviculate and aclaviculate mammals (1974)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 144 (1974), S. 71-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The biomechanical role of the mammalian clavicle and the functional significance of the aclaviculate condition were investigated. Shoulder movements in rats (Rattus norvegicus) with excised clavicles were compared to those of normal rats by biplanar plate radiography. Shoulder movements during walking of the claviculate American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), and aclaviculate raccoons (Procyon lotor) and cats (Felis domestica) were compared by biplanar cineradiography.The mammalian clavicle, where present in its complete form, exerts both a “spoke” and a “strut” effect on shoulder movement. By maintaining a fixed distance between the acromion and manubrium, the clavicle ensures that relative movement between these structures is arcuate. Aclaviculate mammals, in contrast, have linear shoulder excursions that are nearly parallel or slightly oblique to the median plane, depending on the conformation of the thorax. Medial collapse of the shoulder in aclaviculate rats demonstrates that the clavicle is under compression, and thus acts as a strut.Reduction or loss of the clavicle, which has occurred independently in numerous mammalian phylogenies, has been regarded as an adaptation for greater shoulder movement and hence increased stride. However, on present evidence clavicular reduction in cursorial mammals appears to be more directly related to a linear excursion of the shoulder joint and a restriction of limb movements to a sagittal plane.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051440105
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms of hind foot reversal in climbing mammals (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 197-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many climbing mammals are able to reverse normal hind foot posture to effect the grip necessary to descend headfirst or to hang upside down. Such hind foot reversal is known in sciurids, procyonids, felids, viverrids, tupaiids, prosimians, and marsupials. The joint movements involved, however, have never been documented unequivocally although various interpretations (some contradictory) have been made. We report here radiographic data from species of the genera Didelphis, Felis, Nasua, Nycticebus, Potos, Sciurus, and Tupaia. In the six eutherians studied, three joints are involved, and there is a common pattern in the mechanism: crurotalar plantarflexion, subtalar inversion, and transverse tarsal supination. Hind foot reversal represents the development of an unusual degree of excursion at these joints, rather than the appearance of any new type of movement. In Didelphis the mechanism is quite different: a bicondylar, spiral tibiotalar joint is the principal site of inversion/abduction movements. This specialization is characteristic of didelphids and phalangerids, and occurs in the extinct multituberculates as well; it is not found in macropodids (which are like eutherians in crurotalar joint structure) or other marsupial families. This diversity in pedal structure and function is evidently the result of parallel evolution from the type of tibiotalar joint of cynodonts and early mammals. In Morganucodon the bulbous, hemispheroidal proximal surface of the talus bears two tibial facets. These facets are represented in didelphids and multituberculates as sulci, whereas in macropodids and eutherians they developed as the proximal and medial surfaces of the talar trochlea. Among living mammals, the primitive hemispheroidal joint is retained among monotremes as a ball and socket joint.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820207
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The functional anatomy of the shoulder of the savannah monitor lizard (Varanus exanthematicus) (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 175 (1983), S. 195-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The excursions of the scapulocoracoid and forelimb and the activity of 18 shoulder muscles were studied by simultaneous cineradiography and electromyography in Savannah Monitor lizards (Varanus exanthematicus) walking on a treadmill at speeds of 0.7-1.1 km/hour. During the propulsive phase, the humerus moves anteroposteriorly 40-55° and rotates a total of 30-40°. Simultaneously, the coracoid translates posteriorly along the tongue-and-groove coracosternal joint by a distance equivalent to about 40% the length of the coracoid.Biceps brachii, coraco-brachialis brevis and longus, the middle and posterior parts of the latissimus dorsi and pectoralis, serratus anterior, serratus anterior superficialis, subscapularis, supracoracoideus, and triceps usually become active during the late swing phase and continue activity throughout most or all of propulsion. The anterior part of the latissimus dorsi is active during the transition from propulsive to swing phases. Brachialis, deltoideus scapularis, levator scapulae, the anterior part of pectoralis, scapulo-humeralis posterior, and subcoracoideus are active primarily during the swing phase; they are occasionally active during propulsion. Deltoideus clavicularis, scapulo-humeralis posterior, sternocoracoideus, and the posterior part of the trapezius are biphasic, with activity in both the propulsive and swing phases.A number of shoulder muscles in Varanus exanthematicus and Didelphis virginiana (the Virginia opossum) are similar in attachments, in activity patterns with respect to phases of the step cycle, and in apparent actions. These similarities are interpreted as a pattern inherited from the ancestors of higher tetrapods. The sliding coracosternal joint permits an increase in step length without demanding greater excursion at the shoulder and elbow joints.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051750207
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 207 (1991), S. 327-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The excursions of wing elements and the activity of eleven shoulder muscles were studied by cineradiography and electromyography in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) flying in a wind tunnel at speeds of 9-20 m s-1.At the beginning of downstroke the humerus is elevated 80-90° above horizontal, and both elbow and wrist are extended to 90° or less. During downstroke, protraction of the humerus (55°) remains constant; elbow and wrist are maximally extended (120° and 160°, respectively) as the humerus passes through a horizontal orientation. During the downstroke-upstroke transition humeral depression ceases (at about 20° below horizontal) and the humerus begins to retract. However, depression of the distal wing continues by rotation of the humerus and adduction of the carpometacarpus. Humeral retraction (to within about 30° of the body axis) is completed early in upstroke, accompanied by flexion of the elbow and carpometacarpus. Thereafter the humerus begins to protract as elevation continues. At mid-upstroke a rapid counterrotation of the humerus reorients the ventral surface of the wing to face laterad; extension of the elbow and carpometacarpus are initiated sequentially. The upstroke-downstroke transition is characterized by further extension of the elbow and carpometacarpus, and the completion of humeral protraction.Patterns of electromyographic activity primarily coincide with the transitional phases of the wingbeat cycle rather than being confined to downstroke or upstroke. Thus, the major downstroke muscles (pectoralis, coracobrachialis caudalis, sternocoracoideus, subscapularis, and humerotriceps) are activated in late upstroke to decelerate, extend, and reaccelerate the wing for the subsequent downstroke; electromyographic activity ends well before the downstroke is completed. Similarly, the upstroke muscles (supracoracoideus, deltoideus major) are activated in late downstroke to decelerate and then reaccelerate the wing into the upstroke; these muscles are deactivated by mid-upstroke. Only two muscles (scapulohumeralis caudalis, scapulotriceps) exhibit electromyographic activity exclusively during the downstroke. Starlings exhibit a functional partitioning of the two heads of the triceps (the humerotriceps acts with the pectoralis group, and does not overlap with the scapulotriceps). The biphasic pattern of the biceps brachii appears to correspond to this partitioning.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052070309
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