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  • paleolimnology  (54)
  • sediments  (49)
  • Coleoptera  (45)
  • Springer  (144)
  • 1980-1984  (144)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (82)
  • 1982  (62)
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  • Springer  (144)
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  • 1980-1984  (144)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The feeding characteristics and development of larvae of a salvinia weevil Cyrtobagous sp. (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 291-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous ; Salvinia weevil ; Feeding characteristics of larvae ; Development of larvae ; Plant nutrition ; Temperature effects on development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après leur naissance, les larves de Cyrtobagous sp. passent de 1 à 4 jours à brouter les racines, et de 0 à 9 jours dans les bourgeons de la plante hôte, Salvinia molesta, avant d'y creuser une galerie dans le rhizome. Bien que les larves aient été capables de survivre jusqu'à 38 jours en broutant les racines, quant elles furent privées de rhizome, elle ne purent achever leur développement. Quand les galeries furent commencées, le développement larvaire, entre 21° et 31°, dépendit de la température et de la teneur en azote de l'hôte. Les larves ne se développèrent pas à 17°. Une haute valeur nutritive de l'aliment consommé par les larves réduisit la durée du développement, mais n'influença pas la durée ultérieure de leur développement nymphal. Les lieux de prise de nourriture et les dégâts produits par des larves isolées furent précisés.
    Notes: Abstract Newly-emerged larvae of a salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous sp. spent from 1–4 days browsing on the roots and from 0–9 days in the buds of the host plant, Salvinia molesta, prior to tunnelling into the rhizome of this aquatic weed. Although larvae were able to survive up to 38 days browsing on roots when rhizomes were withheld, they were unable to complete development. After tunnelling began, larval development between 21° and 31° was dependent on temperature and nitrogen levels in the host. Larvae failed to develop at 17°. High nutritional intake by the larvae reduced larval development time but did not influence duration of their subsequent pupal development. The feeding sites and plant damage produced by individual larvae were assessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186928
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new, X-linked body colour mutation in Tribolium confusum (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Negret ; Melanic mutant ; X-linked mutation ; Flour Beetle ; Tribolium confusum ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300913
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of Prostephanus truncatus to components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica in the laboratory and field (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Storage pests ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; Prostephanus truncatus ; (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; (±)-1-methyl-butyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate ; Dominicalure ; Aggregation pheromone ; Monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réponses de Prostephanus truncatus Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) à deux constituants de la phéromone d'agrégation de Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2-méthyl-2-penténoate et le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2,4-diméthyl-2-pentéoate, connus comme “Dominicalure 1” et “Dominicalure 2”, ont été étudiées au laboratoire et au champ. Auslaboratoire ces composés ont été essayés individuellement et en mélange 1:2. Une membrane de caoutchouc imprégnée de phéromone a été utilisée comme émetteur lent, et une courbe de réponse en fonction de la dose a été établie. P. truncatus répondait plus vigoureusement à la Dominicalure 2 seule. Tous ces traitements ont été comparés dans un essai aux champs en Tanzanie, dans lesquels des pièges en carton ondulé contenant des diffuseurs de phéromone étaient placés dans des entrepôts de maïs dans les fermes. La Dominicalure 1 et le mélange de 1 et 2 étaient tous deux efficaces pour piéger R. dominica. La Dominicalure 2 a piégé plus de P. truncatus que les autres traitements et était à peu près aussi efficace que le contrôle visuel pour détecter la présence de cet insecte dans les stocks. On peut envisager que la Dominicalure 2 pourrait servir de base à un programme pour lutter contre P. truncatus en Afrique de l'Est.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field studies have been made of the responses of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) to two components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) — (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate and (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate, known as “Dominicalure 1” and “Dominicalure 2” respectively. In the laboratory, these compounds were tested individually and as a 1:2 mixture; P. truncatus responded most strongly to Dominicalure 2 alone. All three treatments were compared in a field trial in Tanzania to monitor both R. dominica and P. truncatus in farm stores. Dominicalure 1 or a mixture of 1 and 2 were both highly effective for trapping R. dominica. In contrast, Dominicalure 2 trapped more P. truncatus than the other treatments and was about as effective as visual inspection at demonstrating the presence of the beetle in stores. Dominicalure 2 could form the basis of a monitoring programme for P. truncatus in East Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186923
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroantennogram responses ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to its pheromone components and to associated compounds (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1333-1344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; pheromone ; insect olfaction ; electroantennogram ; electrophysiology ; differential adaptation ; multistriatin ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; α-cubebene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded fromScolytus multistriatus in response to 4-methyl-3-heptanol, the four geometric isomers of multistriatin, and cubeb oil. Charateristic dose-response curves for response amplitude and the time required for the voltage trace to return to 1/2 baseline (recovery rate) were established. Recovery rates were significantly more rapid following stimulation with 4-methyl-3-heptanol or cubeb oil than with the multistriatin isomers. At most intensities, α-multistriatin, the isomer that evokes behavioral response, gave significantly larger EAGs with significantly longer recovery rates than the other isomers. Results of differential adaptation experiments suggested that 4-methyl-3-heptanol interacted with the processes involving multistriatin and cubeb oil activity. However, cross-activity of acceptors for these compounds seems unlikely; single sensillum recordings are needed to ascertain the response spectra for individual receptor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403097
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frontalin in the male mountain pine beetle (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1399-1409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; pheromone ; frontalin ; exo-brevicomin ; Pinns contorta ; Pinus ponderosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Frontalin andexo-brevicomin were identified by GC-MS in air drawn over maleDendroclonus ponderosae Hopk. (MPB) from Oregon that had joined females for 1–2 days in the bark of lodgepole and ponderosa pine logs. Unfed males releasedexo- andendo-brevicomin but not frontalin. These three compounds were not detected in either unfed or fed females. Arrestment of males bytrans-verbenol and terpenes in an olfactory walkway was reduced by the addition of racemic frontalin; production of attractant chirps also diminished. Racemic frontalin also strongly reduced the aggregation of MPB in lodgepole and ponderosa pine stands to sticky traps baited with the aggregation pheromonetrans-verbenol and host terpenes; however, the function of the natural enantiomer of frontalin in MPB is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403103
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defensive secretions of three oxytelinae rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1411-1420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; defensive secretion ; glands ; acetates ; lactones ; alkenes ; quinones ; citral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The secretions of the abdominal glands ofBledius spectabilis Kraatz,Platystethus arenarius Fourcr., andOxytelus piceus L. have been shown to contain four 1-alkenes; toluquinone; toluhydroquinone; C10 −-,C11 −, C12 −-, and C14 − γ-lactones; C12-δ-lactone; citral; and decyl-, undecyl-, and dodecyl acetates. Quantitative results indicate that 1-alkenes are formed probably from present lactones by decarboxylation. According to the known life histories of the beetles, it is suggested that the gland material is not used as an algal growth regulator but represents a unique defensive blend characteristic for the whole subfamily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403104
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory responses of adultTribolium castaneum (Herbst), to volatiles of wheat and millet kernels, milled fractions, and extracts (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1463-1472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Red flour beetle ; Tribolium castaneum ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; food volatiles ; olfactory responses ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory responses of 72- to 96-hr-old, 24-hr starved adult male, female, or mixed-sex groups of the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to volatiles from wheat and millet kernels, certain milled fractions, and solvent extracts were recorded by using a lightsensitive apparatus. Wheat-germ volatiles from intact germ or solvent extracts were generally more attractive than volatiles of wheat endosperm or wheat bran. Volatiles of whole wheat kernels were the least attractive among test materials of wheat origin, whereas there were no significant differences among whole wheat flour, germ, and endosperm. Wheat-germ extracts, however, were more attractive than were extracts of the other fractions. Whole millet flour or fermented millet flour volatiles were more attractive than those from whole millet kernels or millet starch. Beetles reached maximum responsiveness to grain volatiles by 72–96 hr after adult ecdysis. Groups of virgin female beetles generally were more responsive than male or mixed-sex groups to volatiles of substances tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of opposite sex on attraction produced by pioneer sex of four bark beetle species cohabiting pine in the Southern United States (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Ips calligraphus ; I. grandicollis ; I. avulsus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; mating ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catches ofDendroctonus frontalis andIps avulsus on traps surrounding bolts infested with both sexes of each species in the gallery were not significantly different from catches at bolts infested only with the sex which normally pioneers the host colonization process. In contrast, the presence of the second sex in the gallery significantly reduced catches ofI. grandicollis andI. calligraphus and, additionally, the presence of females in the male galleries ofI. calligraphus significantly reduced the catch ofI. avulsus females as compared with their response to bolts infested with the maleI. calligraphus only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987785
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Defensive adaptations of eggs and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 453-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive secretions ; oleic acid ; hydrocarbons ; terpenoids ; eggs ; deterrents ; ants ; predation ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; Gastrophysa cyanea ; reflex bleeding ; elytral glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Egg clusters and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea are conspicuous and, like their larvae, are chemically protected. The eggs owe their bright yellow color primarily to β-carotene and, in addition, contain substantial quantities of oleic acid. At natural concentrations oleic acid effectively deters many species of ants from feeding. The use of fatty acids as deterrents against ants is discussed as a possible widespread phenomenon among insects. During defensive confrontations, adults ofG. cyanea exhibit avoidance behavior and may also feign death. In addition, the adults may autohemmorhage or secrete a fluid from elytral or pronotal pores in response to traumatic stimuli. The secretions are effective against ants and contain a mixture of hydrocarbons as well as terpenoid components. The pattern of ontogenetic modification in the defensive chemical repertoire ofG. cyanea is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987793
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Responses of the olfactory receptors ofScolytus scolytus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to the stereoisomers of 4-methyl-3-heptanol (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 477-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus scolytus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol stereoisomer ; olfaction ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) and single-cell recording techniques have been used to demonstrate the presence of separate receptors for (−)-threo- and (−)-erythro-4-methyl-3-heptanol on the antenna ofS. scolytus. The majority of single-cell recordings showed spikes of two different amplitudes. The cell giving spikes of larger amplitude responded to the (−)-threo stereoisomer while the cell with the small-amplitude spikes responded to (−)-erythro-4-methyl-3-heptanol. It is suggested that in most recordings the two cells are associated with a single sensillum basiconicum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987796
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration and biosynthesis of dytiscid defensive agents (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1449-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dytiscidae ; Agabus seriatus ; Agabus obtusatus ; defensive secretions ; steroids ; regeneration ; pygidial glands ; prothoracic glands ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretions of the dytiscid species,Agabus seriatus (Say) andAgabus obtusatus (Say), were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The intrinsic ability ofA. Seriatus andA. Obtusatus to regenerate their prothoracic gland defensive secretions under laboratory conditions was determined by analyzing the secretions every seventh day for five weeks. Both beetles regenerated ∼ 80% of their prothoracic gland components within two weeks.A. seriatus was injected with [4-14C]cholesterol and after a three-week regeneration period 7.5% of the14Clabel was found in the steroidal defensive secretion from the prothoracic glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988511
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol as an aggregation pheromone ofDendroctonus pseudotsugae (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1533-1541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; attractant ; 1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Douglas-fir beetle ; 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 1-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (1,2-MCH-ol) was synthesized, identified as a compound found in volatiles of the female Douglas-fir beetle, and shown by bioassays to be an aggregation pheromone. 1,2-MCH-ol matches in both GC retention index and mass spectrum a compound released by the female after feeding. 3,3-MCH-ol was also synthesized as a candidate compound; its mass spectrum is presented because published mass spectra are incorrect for this compound. Synthetic 1,2-MCH-ol increased arrestment and stridulation of males in olfactory walkways and increased trap catches of flying beetles. Males were more responsive to 1,2-MCH-ol than females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988419
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Ethanol and other host-derived volatiles as attractants to beetles that bore into hardwoods (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Buprestidae ; Cerambycidae ; Cleridae ; Scolytidae ; wood-boring beetles ; bark beetles ; ethanol ; host attractants ; hardwood tree insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol, methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde—chemicals identified in the inner bark of living trees—were used to bait vane traps placed in crowns of oak trees in Connecticut. Ethanol-baited traps caught more cerambycid, scolytid, and clerid beetles than unbaited traps. Buprestidae were not attracted to ethanol. Acetaldehyde and acetone were not attractive to any family. A mixture of ethanol, methanol, and acetaldehyde was no more attractive than ethanol alone. The vane traps were very effective at catching Cerambycidae and Scolytidae, but ineffective compared to sticky panels at catching Buprestidae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988035
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Sensitivity of antennae of male and femaleIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to their natural aggregation pheromone and its enantiomeric components (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 561-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips paraconfusus ; aggregation pheromone ; enantiomer ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; interruption ; allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Antennae of male and femaleIps paraconfusus were equally and highly sensitive to their male-produced, multicomponent aggregation pheromone. Female and male antennae were highly sensitive to the pheromonal component, (S)-(−)-ipsenol, but essentially insensitive to its antipode, (R)-(+)-ipsenol. Further, female and male antennae were more sensitive to the pheromonal component, (S)-cis-verbenol, than to its antipode, (R)-cis-verbenol. Dramatic sexual dimorphism in chiral sensitivity to the ipsdienol enantiortiers was found, with female antennae being more sensitive to the conspecific pheromonal enantiomer, (S)-(+)-ipsdienol, and male antennae being more sensitive to the antipode, (R)-(−)-ipsdienol. Since (R)-(−)-ipsdienol is the principal pheromone of CaliforniaIps pini and interruptsI. paraconfusus aggregation, male antennae appear to be more sensitive to an interspecific allomone than a conspecific pheromone. Of the conspecific pheromonal enantiomers, both male and female antennae were most sensitive to (S)-(+)-ipsdienol, intermediately sensitive to (S)-(−)-ipsenol, and least sensitive to (S)-cis-verbenol. However, when enantiomeric sensitivities were compared to the estimated concentrations of these components in the natural pheromone, (S)-(~)-ipsenol tended to equal or approach the potency of (S)-(+)-ipsdienol as an antennal stimulant, while antennal responsiveness to (S)-cis-verbenol was dramatically less than for the other two pheromonal components. The behavioral implications of such physiological sensitivities are discussed in regard to perception of multicomponent synergistic pheromones and the relative efficacy of each component as an orientation cue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990410
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Sensitivity of antennae of male and femaleIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to its pheromone and other behavior-modifying chemicals (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 585-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips paraconfusus ; pheromone ; enantiomer ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; interruption ; allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antennal sensitivities of both male and femaleIps paraconfusus were found generally to be greatest for conspecific aggregation pheromones (ipsdienol, ipsenol); intermediate for an additional conspecific pheromone (cis-verbenol), an aggregation synergist (2-phenylethanol), and pheromones/allomones of sympatric species (trans-verbenol, verbenone, and frontalin); and lowest for both host terpenes (alpha-pinene and myrcene) and other bark beetle-produced odorants (exo-brevicomin and linalool). Of the enantiomeric compounds tested, antennae of both sexes did not differ in sensitivity between thetrans-verbenol enantiomers at low dosage levels; but at higher dosages, the conspecific-produced enantiomer, (1R,4S,5R)-(+)-trans-verbenol, elicited larger mean EAG responses than its antipode, (1S,4R, 5S)-(−)-trans-verbenol. At the mid-dosage range, female antennae tended to be slightly more responsive to (S)-(−)-verbenone than to (R)-(+)-verbenone, while male antennae were equally responsive to stimulations by either verbenone enantiomer. In field bioassays there was a large and significant reduction in trap catches ofI. paraconfusus on traps where the (S)-(−)- or (R)-(+)-enantiomers of verbenone were evaporated beside logs containing boring conspecific males. Only when the (S)-(−)-enantiomer of verbenone was evaporated beside logs containing boring males did the sex ratio ofI. paraconfusus trapped shift from female-dominated to male-dominated attraction. Thus both physiological and behavioral data suggest a differential chiral sensitivity of female beetles for the verbenone enantiomers. The relative sensitivities between different chiral compounds derived from one or the other of the common precursoral host terpenes, (S)-(−)- and (R)-(+)alpha-pinene or myrcene, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990411
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Seasonal variation in laboratory response to behavioral chemicals of the southern pine beetle (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 641-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; seasonal variation ; pheromone content ; environmental parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofDendroctonus frontalis to an attractant mixture (frontalin,trans-verbenol, and loblolly pine turpentine) was measured in the laboratory over a four-year period. Beetle response was highest in late winter and early spring, and lowest in midsummer and early fall. Males consistently responded higher than females. Female beetles displayed significantly higher responses in early morning and late afternoon than in the middle of the day. Analysis of beetle pronotal width and fat content revealed a high degree of correlation between these two parameters in female beetles, but there was no correlation of response with either fat content or pronotal width for either sex. There was no evident relationship between mean monthly beetle response and total amounts of frontalin andtrans-veibenol found in hindgut extracts. Daily temperature in months both during which beetles were bioassayed and immediately prior to bioassay was highly correlated to response to the attractant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989633
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  • 17
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    Oscillatoria Sp. (Cyanophyta) mat metabolites implicated in habitat selection inBembidion obtusidens (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 671-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bembidion obtusidens ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Oscillatoria animalis ; Oscillatoria subbrevis ; Cyanophyta ; metabolites ; volatiles ; ecophenes ; methylhexadecanoate ; methyloctadecenoate ; attractant ; habitat selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory bioassaysBembidion obtusidens Fall adults were attracted to volatile metabolites (methyl esters of hexadecanoic and 9-octadecenoic acid) of mat-forming, filamentous blue-green algae (Oscilalatoria sp.; Cyanophyta) growing in the microhabitat of these beetles on the shores of saline lakes. Commercial preparations of these metabolites also were attractive, suggesting thatOscillatoria metabolites are token stimuli which serve as habitat cues forBembidion adults.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989636
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  • 18
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    Field bioassay ofexo- andendo-brevicomin withDendroctonus ponderosae in lodgepole pine (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 701-707 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; pheromone ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin ; Pinus contorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bothexo- andendo-brevicomin reduced the response of flyingDendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to an attractant composed oftrans-verbenol and terpenes or oftrans- andcis-verbenol and terpenes in a stand ofPinus contorta var.murrayana. These data suggest that racemicexo- andendo-brevicomin may interrupt aggregation in populations of mountain pine beetle colonizing lodgepole pine; functions of the natural chiral compounds are unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988311
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    Defensive and pheromonal secretion of the tergal gland ofAleochara curtula II. Release and inhibition of male copulatory behavior (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 13-31 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula (Goeze) ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; tergal gland secretion ; defense ; mating stimulants ; female sex pheromone ; hydrocarbons ; n-aldehydes ; substituted 1 ; 4-benzoquinones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At high concentrations, the defensive tergal gland secretion (TGS)3 of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, inhibits the male copulatory response (grasping with parameres). Inhibitory chemicals, for which a function as alarm substances is assumed, aren-undecane, 1-undecene,n-dodecanal, toluquinone, and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. When emitted in small amounts, however, the TGS releases the male grasping response. The main components with aphrodisiac effect are (Z)-4-tridecene,n-dodecanal, and (Z)-5-tetradecenal. These supplementary mating stimulants, which are not sex specific, work synergistically with the aphrodisiac female sex pheromone from thé epicuticular lipids and are discussed as alerting pheromones of short-term effect. Antennal movements of resting males as an indication of the recognition of a female and the approach to the mate are released at somewhat longer distances, when the TGS is additionally present.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987767
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    Field response of the dutch elm disease vectors,Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) andS. scolytus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to 4-methyl-3-heptanol baits containing α-, β-,δ-, or δ-multistriatin (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 67-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus multistriatus ; S. scolytus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; elm bark beetle ; multistriatin stereoisomers ; Dutch elm disease ; aggregation pheromone ; field responses ; attractant baits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The field responses of English populations of the Dutch elm disease vectors,Scolytus multistriatus andS. scolytus to baits containing 4-methyl-3-heptanol, a host synergist [(−)-α-cubebene or (−)-limonene] and (±)-α-, (+)-β-, (−)-β-, (±)-γ-, or (±)-δ-multistriatin were examined. (±)-α-Multistriatin, released at 5–10 μg/day, enhanced the response ofS. multistriatus to baits containing 4-methyl-3-heptanol and either of the host synergists but had no effect on the capture ofS. scolytus. The release of larger amounts (57 or 365 μg/day) of (±)-α-multistriatin interrupted the response of both species to the 4-methyl-3-heptanol baits. It appears that α-multistriatin has multiple functions as a behavior-modifying substance for the two beetles. The (+)-β-, (−)-β-, (±)-γ-, and (±)-δ-multistriatins were inactive when released at 5–10 μg/day. The results of these field experiments suggest that one bait can be formulated to capture both species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987771
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    Ecological patterns in the glucosinolate content of a native mustard,Cardamine cordifolia, in the rocky mountains (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 397-422 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cruciferae ; chemical defense ; gradient ; glucosinolate ; herb-ivory ; insect-plant interactions ; Cardamine cordifolia ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Homoptera ; Psyllidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insect use of native crucifers may be related to patterns in mustard oil content. Consequently, in 1979 we measured glucosinolate content of Rocky Mountain bittercress,Cardamine cordifolia (Cruciferae), using paper and gas chromatography, in relation to: plant organ, phenology, elevation, habitat, leaf position and weight, and plant consumption by two adapted insect herbivores. Results for each are as follows. (1) The predominant constituent in all vegetative organs was 2-butylglucosinolate; concentration of isothiocyanate-yielding glucosinolates (IYG) was highest in roots (1.11 mg/gfr. wt) and lowest in stems (0.07 mg/g). (2) Concentration of IYG appeared to be higher in plants lacking oxazolidinethione-yielding glucosinolates (OYG) than in those with OYG. (3) Terminal cauline leaves had a higher content of IYG than leaves in other positions on a plant. (4) Heavy leaves had significantly higher concentrations of IYG than did lighter leaves. (5) IYG concentrations were not directly related to elevation. (6) Leaves of plants occurring naturally in the sun had concentrations of IYG similar to those of plants in the usual shaded habitat. However, experimental removal of overhanging willows caused a significant, stress-induced increase in IYG concentrations. Finally, (7) feeding by two adapted herbivores, chrysomelids and psyllids, was associated with lower, rather than higher, IYG concentrations. The results demonstrate significant variation in glucosinolate content in a native crucifer and suggest that some of this variation can be partitioned in relation to the ecological and environmental axes examined.
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    Isolation and identification of two macrolide pheromones from the frass ofCryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 451-474 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cryptolestes ferrugineus ; rusty grain beetle ; aggregation ; pheromone ; macrolide ; (E,E)-4,8-dimethyl-4,8-decadien-10-olide ; (3Z,11S)-3-dodecen-11-olide ; (Z,Z)-3,6-dodecadien-11-olide ; (Z)-5-tetradecen-13-olide ; 11-dodecanolide ; 4-nonanolide ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two synergistic macrolide aggregation pheromones were isolated from Porapak Q-trapped volatiles obtained from the frass ofCryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). These compounds were identified as (E,E)-4,8-dimethyl-4,8-decadien-10-olide (I) and (3Z,11S)-3-dodecen-11-olide (II) and given the trivial names ferrulactone I and II, respectively. Analysis of captured volatiles from separated male and female adults disclosed that the pheromones are male-produced. Additional macrolides were identified in frass volatiles, but were devoid of any pheromonal activity. The structures of I and II were confirmed by comparison with synthetic materials.
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    Effect of soybean phytoalexins on the herbivorous insects mexican bean beetle and soybean looper (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 657-672 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoplusia includens ; soybean looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Epilachna varivestis ; Mexican bean beetle ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; feeding preferences ; nutrition ; food utilization ; host-plant resistance ; induced resistance ; glyceollin ; isoflavonoids ; soybean ; phytoalexins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of soybean phytoalexins on the feeding of the soybean looper and Mexican bean beetle were investigated to test the hypothesis that phytoalexins might be a defense mechanism of plants against insects as well as against pathogens. Short-term behavioral responses to the phytoalexins were analyzed using dual-choice tests with phytoalexin-rich and phytoalexin-poor (control) tissues. Phytoalexin production was elicited with ultraviolet radiation. Results from the dual-choice tests indicated that 6th instar soybean looper larvae fed equally on the control and phytoalexin-rich tissues. Feeding by adult and 4th instar Mexican bean beetles, however, was strongly deterred by the phytoalexins as evidenced by “single-bite” mandible scars on the phytoalexin-rich cotyledon discs. Nutritional effects of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin glyceollin on early instar soybean looper larvae were tested by incorporating the phytoalexin into an artificial medium at a level of 1% dry weight (0.15% fresh weight). The larvae were reared for 7 days from emergence on diets of control and glyceollin-containing media. Although survival on the glyceollin diets was initially less than on the control diets, under the experimental conditions glyceollin had no significant effect on the growth, development, or subsequent survival of the larvae. Efficiency of food utilization (ECI) was reduced, indicating that the phytoalexins may be a mild digestibility-reducing factor for the loopers. Implications of the results for host-plant resistance are discussed.
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    Avoidance of nonprotein amino acid incorporation into protein by the seed predator,Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1353-1361 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Canavanine ; Caryedes brasiliensis ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Dioclea megacarpa ; plant-insect interactions ; amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the bruchid beetle,Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae) have the ability to avoid significant incorporation ofl-canavanine, the guanidinooxy structural analog ofl-arginine, into de novo synthesized proteins. This ability is related to a highly discriminatory protein-synthesizing system which exhibits marked ability to avoid processing an array of nonprotein amino acids structurally related to arginine.
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    Limnological effects of peatland drainage and fertilization as reflected in the varved sediment of a deep lake (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 43-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; paleolimnology ; diatoms ; sediment chemistry ; peatland management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stratigraphy of diatoms and chemistry in the surface sediment deposited at 35 m depth in Lake Polvijärvi was studied. The existence of annual laminations or varves in the sediment allowed a precise dating of the profile. Diatoms were analysed in 0.5 cm sequences; from 0 to 16.0 cm continuously and then intermittently every fourth 0.5 cm down to 44.0 cm. Sediment chemistry (loss-on-ignition, C, N, Fe, Mn, Mg, P, chlorophyll and carotenoids) was analysed from sediment surface down to 10.5 cm of altogether 33 subsamples, each containing 1–3 varves, and spanning the period 1921–1980. From 4.5 cm depth upwards the diatom concentration strongly increases, and the plankton diatom succession from Tabellaria flocculosa through Asterionella formosa to Melosira ambigua and Fragilaria crotonensis reflects a marked eutrophication of the lake. This algal succession occurs in pace with an increase in sediment accumulation rate and changes in sediment chemistry, which indicate increased allochthonous inputs and enhanced algal production in the lake. The change of the lake ecosystem is contemporaneous with extensive peatland draining and fertilizing that was carried out on its watershed during the past two decades. Existing chemical data from a number of lakes situated within the drainage area prove that at present the treated peatlands are the main source of nutrient loading of Lake Polvijärvi. A former period with indications of slightly increased productivity of the lake was dated by varve counting to AD 1690–1910 (35–12 cm). This period (characterised by Asterionella formosa) may coincide with that of the slash-and-burn cultivation in the area.
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    Global holocene magnetostratigraphy (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 45-51 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; magnetism ; dating ; Australia ; North America ; Japan ; Europe ; Near East
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnomagnetic records from five regions of the world have been combined with historical magnetic field observations in order to produce regional geomagnetic master curves.
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    Cladoceran remains as evidence of change in trophic state in three Swiss lakes (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 141-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lakes ; sediments ; eutrophication ; Cladocera ; Switzerland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Species composition and density of cladoceran populations changed in Lakes Zürich, St. Mortiz and Baldegg as human populations increased in these watersheds. Lake Zürich sediments became annually laminated in the 1890's as a result of increased organic input as the size of the cities surrounding the lake grew. At the same time, the Bosmina species changed from a oligotrophic form (longispina) to a eutrophic form (longirostris). An increase in Daphnia spp. populations also occurred at this time in the lake's history. Bosmina longispina reappeared in the lake in 1965 as the lake's trophic status changed from eutrophic to mesotrophic due to effective sewage treatment facilities. Annual laminations appear in the Lake St. Moritz sediments about 1910. Shortly thereafter, a shift from B. longispina to B. longirostris occurred. This change in trophic status is associated with increased tourism in the area. Lake Baldegg sediments also show annual laminations beginning in 1885 and a similar shift in the Bosmina species. Other cladoceran remains were too scarce to be useful in interpreting the histories of these lakes.
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    Mineral magnetic studies of lake sediments (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 37-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; magnetic minerals ; sediment sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review outlines the origin and environmental significance of magnetic minerals in lake sediments. Attention is drawn to situations where the patterns of mineral magnetic variation is a reflection of processes other than changing erosion rates and fire incidence. The use of mineral magnetic techniques in sediment source tracing, palaeoclimatic studies and the reconstruction of particulate pollution history is illustrated by means of case studies from Britain and N. America. The value of magnetic susceptibility as an on-site core logging technique is shown by reference to data from Lake Washington.
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    The use of magnetic measurements in interpreting the fire histories of lake drainage basins (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; secondary ferrimagnetic oxides ; S.I.R.M. ; magnetic susceptibility ; laminated sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The magnetic parameters S.I.R.M. and magnetic susceptibility have been used to try and establish the fire histories of lake drainage basins. The technique is demonstrated using sediments from three lakes: Llyn Bychan (N. Wales), a lake with a recently burnt catchment, Lake Biscarrosse (S. W. France), a lake with a well documented fire history, and Lake Laukunlampi (E. Finland), a lake with laminated sediments and a long, but unknown fire history.
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    Changing patterns of sediment accumulation in a small lake in Scania, southern Sweden (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sedimentation pattern ; magnetic susceptibility ; Scanian lakes ; palaeomagnetism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used to correlate synchronous depths in ca. 50 l m. cores of recent sediment from a small lake (area ca. 55 ha) in Scania, southern Sweden. The three-dimensional picture of sediment accumulation which emerges provides a basis for studying sediment deposition patterns through time. Using a palaeomagnetic chronology, the results show that the pattern and rate of accumulation have dramatically altered during the past 350 years, thus making semiquantitative studies of downcore sediment properties in a single core problematical. Possible reasons for these phenomena are briefly discussed.
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    The use of X-ray radiographic methods in studying sedimentary properties and rates of sediment accumulation (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 65-69 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; X-ray radiography of sediment cores ; sedimentary properties ; sediment accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract X-ray radiographs of unextruded sediment cores are used for the documentation and the interpretation of primary and secondary sedimentary structures, and for the correlation of synchronous laminations between different cores. The vertical variation in bulk density, water content and void ratio, and the increase of solids with increasing sediment depth are calculated from the recorded film density along the radiographs. The X-ray radiographic technique for the study of sedimentary properties is fast and non-destructive. The technique is especially valuable when studying the uppermost part of the sediment cover and the processes of sediment redistribution and sediment accumulation. Studies are being undertaken in several Swedish lakes and coastal bays, where mono- and stereoradiographs are being used to classify bottom and sediment types, to interpret changes in the depositional environment, and to calculate past and present rates of sediment accumulation.
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    An automated technique for the accurate positioning of sediment core sites and the bathymetric mapping of lake basins (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 71-74 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sediment core positioning ; hydrographic survey ; computer contouring ; morphometric calculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Automated techniques for sediment core site positioning, hydrographic survey, and contour mapping are described. The computer contouring system can be extended to calculate values for morphometric variables such as maximum length (1max), maximum width (wmax), lake perimeter (10), lake area (A) and lake volume (V). The techniques are exemplified using results from Augher Lough, Northern Ireland.
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    Recent climatic changes recorded by the salinity of pore waters in the Dead Sea sediments (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 75-79 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Dead Sea climate ; pore-waters ; diffusion ; sediments ; salinity ; porosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The salinity of lakes is subject to variations imposed by climatic changes. These variations are recorded in the salinity profile of pore waters. Meromictic lakes, such as the Dead Sea, are a special case where waters which underlie the mixolimnion reflect salinity variations. In a sediment core from Dead Sea shallow waters, the salinity profile exhibited a minimum at about 1.9 m depth. It is shown by a diffusion model that this minimum can be attributed to lower salinities which prevailed at the sediment water interface for several decades around the turn of this century. No such minimum was observed in a sediment core from the deepest part of the lake where, during the last two centuries, the overlying brines had a constant salinity.
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    Experimental measurement of sediment nitrification and denitrification in Hamilton Harbour, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 207-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; water column ; nitrification ; denitrification ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle of Hamilton Harbour. The Harbour is subject to large ammonia and carbon loadings from a waste-water treatment plant and from steel industries. Spring ammonia concentrations rapidly decrease from 4.5 to 0.5 mg 1−1, while spring nitrate concentrations increase from 1 to 2 mg l−1, by mid-summer. A three-layer sediment model was developed. The first layer is aerobic; in it, oxidation of organics and nitrification occurs. The second layer is for denitrification, and the third layer is for anaerobic processes. Ammonia sources for nitrification include diffusion from the water column, sources associated with the oxidation of organics, sources from denitrification and from anaerobic processes. Diffusion of oxygen, ammonia and nitrate across the sediment-water interface occurs. Temperature effects are modelled using the Arrhenius concept. A combination of zero-order kinetics for nitrate or ammonia consumption with diffusion results in a half-order reaction, with respect to the water column loss rate to sediments. From experimental measurement, the rate of nitrification is 200 mg N 1−1 sediment per day, while that of denitrification is 85 mg N 1–1 sediment per day at 20 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy is estimated as 15 000 cal/ mole-K and 17 000 cal/ mole-K for nitrification and denitrification, respectively, between 10 °C and 20 °C. Calculations of the flux of ammonia with the sediments, using the biofilm model, compare favourably with experimental observations. The ammonia flux from the water column is estimated to account for 20% of the observed decrease in water column stocks of ammonia, while the nitrate flux from the water column is estimated to account for 25% of the total nitrogen produced by the sediments.
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    Particle size distribution and chemical parameters of the sediments of a shallow turbid impoundment (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 341-353 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Impoundment ; sediments ; particle size ; major ions ; nutrients ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As part of an ecosystem study of a small mesotrophic turbid impoundment in the semi-arid part of South Africa, an investigation was made of the particle size distribution, organic content and inorganic chemical composition of the sediment. Nine transects 50 m apart were made during February 1980. Sediments were sampled with an Eckman grab. The following analyses were made: size fractionation by wet sieving, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg and PO4, total P, and loss on ignition. From the results it was clear that the finer particles, in or near the original river bed, had higher cation exchange capacity, total P, exchangeable phosphorus and organic content. Littoral areas with avian habitat and extensive macrophyte vegetation, contained coarser sediments. Organic detritus apparently migrated to the deeper part of the impoundment. Sediments of lacustrine and fluvial origin were identified by means of the Passega classification.
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    Spatial heterogeneity in whole lake sediments — towards a loading estimate (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nutrients ; loading estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nutrient loadings, to shallow culturally eutrophied Alberta lakes, suggest internal inputs are significant. In this regard, estimation of bottom sediment P loads to Lake Wabamun (80 km2, 5.5 m $$\bar x$$ depth) were examined. Initially we determined the spatial variability in Total Organic Content (% loss on ignition) and Total Phosphorus, as indicators. Phosphorus fractions and biologically available phosphorus (BAP) were measured at specific stations. These data showed a very uniform distribution in sediment type with a Total Organic Content of 40.6 ± 3.3 (95% C.L.) at the west end, gradually declining to 26.3 ± 0.9 at the east end. Transects performed at routine monitoring stations indicate the representativeness of each station, e.g., station 2, 40.8 ± 1.3 (10 sites). One explanation of this uniformity is provided from210Pb analysis of shallow cores which indicate mixing to a depth of 16 cm. This is also thought to explain the mechanics of P loading to the water phase. Finally, Total Organic Content relates well to BAP (r2 = 0.80). It is hoped that this simple technique may well permit more precise extrapolation to whole lake BAP estimates at least on this lake.
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    Lake sediments as recorders of geomagnetic field variations — applications to dating post-Glacial sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 587-596 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dating ; sediments ; geomagnetic variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory methods, developed to recover the record of past secular variations of geomagnetic declination and inclination carried by the remanent magnetization of some lake sediments, are described. Type curves, delineating these parameters through post-Glacial time, have now been constructed for Europe and east-central N. America. These curves, once established for any region, are useful for dating lake sediments from that region. The principal inclination features exhibited by the European curves can also be identified along the N. American curves with a delay of some 600 years, on average.
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    Stratigraphic and dynamic effects of sediment reworking by Great Lakes zoobenthos (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 611-622 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: zoobenthos ; Great Lakes ; sediments ; radionuclides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent sediments of the North American Great Lakes are inhabited by numerous species of macrobenthos which alter the physical and chemical properties of sediments and modify interface transport characteristics. Distributions of such radionuclides as cesium-137, lead-210, and isotopes of plutonium exhibit a zone of constant activity extending down from the sediment-water interface from 1 to 15 cm. Recent studies have confirmed that radiometrically determined mixed depths are consistent with the vertical distribution of oligochaete worms and the amphipod,Pontoporeia hoyi. Generally, 90% of the benthos are contained within the radiometrically defined mixed zone. Where comparisons are possible, rates of sediment reworking by ‘conveyor belt’ species are comparable to or exceed sedimentation rates. Systematic variations in the mixed depth occur within depositional basins with greatest depths tending to be associated with least consolidated, organically rich materials. A quantitative steady-state mixing model accounts satisfactorily for observed radioactivity and heavy metal profiles. Bioturbation appears to be an important process, limiting the resolution with which historical records of particle-associated contaminants may be reconstructed from sediment cores. As bioturbation serves to maintain contact of contaminated sediments with overlying water, this time may also characterize the long-term lake recovery for contaminants removed by burial. As the time varies with location, a mean for an entire lake is not well known, but is on the order of 20 years for Lake Huron.
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    A new, flow-through corer for the quantitative sampling of surface sediments (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 99 (1983), S. 75-79 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: macrofauna ; meiofauna ; sediments ; methods ; coring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new, flow-through benthic corer is described and compared to other commonly used coring methods. The new corer compares favorably with diver coring and is superior to coring with a ball-type, check valve corer, based on recovery of meiofauna, macrofauna, and particle bound hydrocarbons. Check valve corers yielded the most variable results. The new corer may be used to efficiently obtain samples of surface sediments from shallow (〈6 m) water, where a reasonably stable working platform is available.
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    Trace element associations as indicators of sediment accumulation in lakes (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 81-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; geochemistry ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A geochemical study of lacustrine sediments was undertaken as part of a major paleolimnological project concerned with the impact of man on lakes. Factor analysis was applied to the geochemical data obtained from a core from one lake. Three principal factors which explained most of the variance of the initial data were identified. Factor I is related to the organic:mineral component ratio of the sediment, and can be considered as an indirect index of change in lake trophic status through time. Factor II is related to the granulometric composition of the sediment and matches evidence for changes in the hydrological regime of the lake. Factor III reflects changes in redox potential and is more closely related to processes occurring within the lake than other factors. Specific geochemical associations of elements are connected with each factor and are the factor indicators. The correlation of these associations are analyzed as geochemical indices of the variability of sediment accumulation conditions in time.
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    Interpretation of lake quality from contemporary diatom assemblages (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 91-97 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; assemblage indicators ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Diatom assemblages from the topmost sediment of 49 lakes were ordinated by means of a program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging (Decorana). Five lake groups were separated, each having more or less characteristic diatom assemblages and water quality. Shifts from one group to another caused by factors such as acidification, artificial drainage, diffuse nutrient loading and sewage are discussed.
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    Transfer functions for estimating paleoecological conditions (pH) from East African diatoms (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 85-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; East Africa ; transfer functions ; pH-indicators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose is to establish the quantitative relationship between recent diatom floras and ecological parameters, in order to extrapolate the results to the past. The parameter pH is here considered as an example. This work is based on the study of about I60 diatom samples from East Africa and of their corresponding biotopes. We propose some statistical methods to interpret the data. Correspondence analysis allows us to define the pH-indicator species. The regression calculations allow pH values to be calculated using the percentage of the diatom species in a sample.
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    Bacterial decomposition of organic matter in lacustrine sediments (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 99-102 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; organic matter ; bacteria ; aerobic decomposition ; oxygen consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The investigations were carried out in lakes situated in the forest zone (Karelian Isthmus, Baltic zone, South Ural) and in the forest-steppe (South Ural) of the USSR. The lakes differ in their bioproductivity and in the intensity of their human influence. The amount of organic matter accumulating in the sediments is closely related to production and decomposition processes in the trophogenic layer. Processes of organic matter transformation were found to be most active in the uppermost sediment. The quantity of bacteria shows no correlation with the organic matter content of the sediment. Increase in organic matter, up to 70–80% of dry weight, is often accompanied by a decrease in bottom bacteria. The intensity of aerobic decomposition of the labile organic matter can be judged from the oxygen demand of the sediments. However, it is important to differentiate between chemical and biological oxidation processes. The quantity of bottom bacteria correlates closely with the value of oxygen consumption only in cases of high sediment redox potentials.
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    Relationship between sedimentary pigments and primary production: evidence from core analyses of twelve Italian lakes (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 103-106 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sedimentary pigments ; primary production ; core analyses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A statistically significant correlation of the type y = axb between sedimentary plant pigments and contemporary algal primary production has been found in a study of the recent trophic evolution of twelve Italian lakes. The equation is used to assess baseline production levels in periods (50–70 years ago) when human influence was low.
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    The mythical concept of eutrophication (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 107-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lake ontogeny ; lake succession ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paleolimnologists frequently invoke the term ‘eutrophication’ for describing apparent enrichment phases in the history of a lake. I argue that this term is often used incorrectly and that alternative explanations can serve as more accurate descriptions. Increased organic content in the sedimentary record may result from increased nutrient availability (eutrophication), but it can also reflect decreased residence time of water, or changes in biotic interactions, or changes in lake morphometry. Additionally, I argue that ‘eutrophication’ is an inappropriate term for describing the aging process of lakes. Lake ontogeny is the preferred term, as it does not imply directional changes in nutrients, nor in community structure.
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    Eutrophication and the disappearance of lakes in the Brodnica Lake District, Northern Poland as a result of human interference (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lakes ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Problems relating to the disappearance and eutrophication of lakes as a result of human activity are presented. A study area was selected located in an agricultural/forest region where human influence on lakes used to be minimal. In the past 25 years a number of lakes have completely disappeared and others have become rapidly enriched. Human interference has included: the pulling down of water mills, drainage and river canalisation, construction of holiday resorts, development of intensive farming, increased mineral fertilization, and the extension of roads and road traffic.
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    Zn, P and ATP in the sediments of two lakes in South Finland (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 177-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; sediment chemistry ; heavy metals ; ATP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This investigation is concerned with the impact of industrial and municipal waste discharge on lakes near the city of Tampere, Finland. The record of P, Zn and ATP in the recent sediments of Vanajavesi I, a polluted lake, and Mallasvesi, a largely unpolluted lake, are compared.
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    An attempt to trace eutrophication in a shallow lake (Balaton, Hungary) using chironomids (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 169-175 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Chironomidae ; subfossil remains ; shallow lake ; eutrophication ; Lake Balaton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, is about 20 000 years old. An enormous increase in tourism and the disproportionate building development of the last few decades has resulted in the acceleration of eutrophication in the lake. Widespread research to reveal the causes of water-quality deterioration and possible ways of protection against it have recently started. The investigation of the larvae of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the sediment of the open-water zone has also begun. The contemporary faunal composition strongly correlates with the trophic gradient along the longitudinal axis of the lake. We therefore supposed that the eutrophication process should be identifiable from the analysis of subfossil chironomid head capsules from the upper (15 cm thick) layer of the sediment. We found that quantitative results could only be obtained when fragments as well as relatively intact head capsules are considered. Our data verify that the originally oligo-mesotrophic community has been gradually replaced by eutrophic species in a west to east direction. Large-bodied larvae belonging to the Chironomus plumosus group mix the sediment down to 15 cm as they build their tubes and consequently alter the original proportions of head capsules at the different levels. So the sequence of communities through the sediment-layers is not quite reliable.
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    Clostridium perfringens (Holland) as an indicator of human effluent in the sediment of Lake Tuomiojärvi, central Finland (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 181-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Clostridium perfringens ; sewage pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The horizontal and vertical distribution of the gram-positive, non-motile, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium Clostridium perfringens Holland was studied. The aim of the study was to estimate the quantity of C. perfringens at different depths of the sediment and evaluate the effect of human effluent which the lake received between 1940 and 1956. C. perfringens lives in the colon of man. Because it is spore forming and cannot multiply under a temperature of 20 °C and, according to the studies of Seppänen et al. (1979) it can be at least 300 years old, it may be a suitable paleolimnological indicator of pollution by human effluent. The results showed that the amounts of Clostridium increased at the same level where redox potential decreased in the sediment due to the beginning of effluent disposal at a depth of 40 mm. The maximum number of Clostridium colonies occurred between 0–30 mm depth.
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    Recent geologic development of Lake Michigan (U.S.A.) (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; Lake Michigan ; geochemistry ; stratigraphy ; Quaternary ; trace elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The stresses placed on Lake Michigan since the advent of industrialization require knowledge of the sedimentology of the whole lake in order to make informed decisions for environmental planning. Sediment accumulation rates are low: areas of the lake receiving the most sediment average only 1 mm a−1; deep-water basins average 0.1 to 0.5 mm a−1; and large areas are not receiving any sediment. Sediment was deposited rapidly (typically 5 mm a−1), in the form of rock flour, during the deglaciation of both Lake Michigan and Lake Superior Basins. Then the rate of accumulation decreased by 80–90% and has remained relatively constant since final deglaciation. Because active sedimentation occurs mostly in the deep water areas of the lake, the sediment remains undisturbed and contains a record of the chemical history of the lake.
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    Paleolimnological studies of annually-laminated sediments in Loe Pool, Cornwall, U.K. (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; annual laminations ; magnetism ; sediment influx ; sediment chemistry ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sediments of Loe Pool, a eutrophic coastal lake in south west England, consist largely of laminated clays and clay-gyttjas. Studies of the diatom microstratigraphy of frozen sediment cores from the Pool indicate that the laminations are annual, and that they contain pairs of light and dark bands formed by seasonal variations in the supply of sediment to the Pool from its catchment. Analysis of the magnetic properties of individual laminations demonstrates the presence of physical and mineralogical microstratigraphic variations, which may also be related to seasonality. A varve chronology, which is confirmed by 137Cs analysis and historical records, has been used to provide a timescale for the interpretation of data from other paleolimnological studies. A close agreement between variations in the abundance of sedimentary Sn, and the history of mining in the catchment, has been found. Similarly, analysis of total organic matter, total phosphorus, sedimentary chlorophyll a, sterols, diatoms and Cladocera in the uppermost sediments all indicate eutrophication of the Pool in the period AD 1940 to the present.
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    Paleolimnology of the Petén Lake district, Guatemala (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; colluvium ; soil chemistry ; clay ; phosphorus loading ; tropical lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The long-term impact of Maya culture on a lowland tropical watershed is assessed, using data from a 9.2 m sediment core taken from deep water (28 m) in Lake Quexil. Human population growth, estimated by the 1980 archaeological survey, is associated with a shift in the composition of the sediment to a dominance by inorganic material, the Maya clay formation, beginning ca. 3500 B.P. Increasing settlement densities are correlated with accelerated influxes of phosphorus, carbonates, and siliceous sediment. However, chemical data do not track short-term population fluctuations closely. Because much of the sediment is delivered as colluvium, and not by running water, there is a lag between terrestrial disturbance and impact on the aquatic system. As an indication of this lag, contemporary high sedimentation rates are a residual of Maya activity that virtually ceased some 300–400 years B.P. Comparison of the deep-water core with a shallow-water (7 m) section, based on palynological correlation, reveals only minor differences in proximate chemical composition. Chemical influxes are much higher at the deep-water site, however, as a consequence of sediment focusing in this hyperconical basin. Chemical analyses of soil samples from 21 test pits in the Quexil basin support the principal conclusion that bulk soil movement was the mode of nutrient transfer to the lake, following forest clearance by the Maya.
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    Paleolimnology of the Peten Lake district, Guatemala (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 199-203 
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    Keywords: paleolimnology ; clay ; cultural disturbance ; erosion ; Guatemala ; Mayan archaeology ; silt ; particle-size analysis ; tropical lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term changes of sedimentary particle-size distribution in two tropical lowland lakes were compared with changes of human population sizes, estimated archaeologically, in the drainage basins. Mean particle size of silt and clay fractions (〈64 µm) varied between 3 and 15 µm. High positive skewness and kurtosis of the distributions were associated with smaller particle sizes; hence small mean size resulted from greater influx of small particles while influx of larger particles was probably constant. An inverse correlation between mean particle size and human population size is interpreted to mean that disturbance-induced erosion results in delivery of very fine inorganic particles at higher rates. Within any one basin, particle-size stratigraphy is more precisely related to archaeological time periods than is pollen stratigraphy. An absolute chronology still eludes us, owing to the failure of 14C dating of calcareous, colluvial sediments, but our relative chronology is now more precise than before. If certain assumptions about past hydrologic relations can be met, particle-size analysis is a way of comparing the histories of geographically very different lakes, including lakes from tropical, temperate, and arctic regions.
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophyll a, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    Experimental measurement of sediment nitrification and denitrification in Hamilton Harbour, Canada (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 207-216 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; water column ; nitrification ; denitrification ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the role of sediment nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle of Hamilton Harbour. The Harbour is subject to large ammonia and carbon loadings from a waste-water treatment plant and from steel industries. Spring ammonia concentrations rapidly decrease from 4.5 to 0.5 mg 1−1, while spring nitrate concentrations increase from 1 to 2 mg l−1, by mid-summer. A three-layer sediment model was developed. The first layer is aerobic; in it, oxidation of organics and nitrification occurs. The second layer is for denitrification, and the third layer is for anaerobic processes. Ammonia sources for nitrification include diffusion from the water column, sources associated with the oxidation of organics, sources from denitrification and from anaerobic processes. Diffusion of oxygen, ammonia and nitrate across the sediment-water interface occurs. Temperature effects are modelled using the Arrhenius concept. A combination of zero-order kinetics for nitrate or ammonia consumption with diffusion results in a half-order reaction, with respect to the water column loss rate to sediments. From experimental measurement, the rate of nitrification is 200 mg N 1−1 sediment per day, while that of denitrification is 85 mg N 1–1 sediment per day at 20 °C. The Arrhenius activation energy is estimated as 15 000 cal/ mole-K and 17 000 cal/ mole-K for nitrification and denitrification, respectively, between 10 °C and 20 °C. Calculations of the flux of ammonia with the sediments, using the biofilm model, compare favourably with experimental observations. The ammonia flux from the water column is estimated to account for 20% of the observed decrease in water column stocks of ammonia, while the nitrate flux from the water column is estimated to account for 25% of the total nitrogen produced by the sediments.
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    Introduction (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 1-1 
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    Keywords: symposium ; sediments ; freshwater
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    Transport of iron and manganese in relation to the shapes of their concentration-depth profiles (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 463-471 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: iron ; manganese ; sediments ; water ; transport ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented which describes the transport of iron and manganese in the vicinity of a redox boundary. It is based on input of a particulate component, to form a point source, from which soluble species diffuse along a concentration gradient. The shapes of concentration-depth profiles in marine and freshwater sediments and water columns are reviewed and discussed in terms of the model. Transport, either entirely within a water column or within the sediment, may be simply treated because the rate of vertical transport can be regarded as constant. The discontinuity in the rate of vertical transport which occurs at the sediment-water interface can provide a complicated example of the model, especially when it coincides with the redox boundary. Authigenic mineral formation processes can modify the model, sometimes to such an extent that it becomes invalid. This is particularly true for soluble iron profiles in organically rich marine sediments. Sampling interval is critical to the resultant profile shape and must be relevant to the particular environment, e.g. metres in water columns and millimetres in sediments. The differences in the rates of reduction and oxidation of iron and manganese tend to modify both the position of the profile with respect to the redox-cline and its stage of development in a seasonally anoxic system. It is these factors which determine why most of the iron which reaches a sediment is permanently incorporated whereas manganese is re-released. This mechanism determines the average ratio of iron to manganese in sedimentary rocks. The development of peaked profile shapes in water columns implies that under certain conditions dissolved iron and manganese may be transported from the water column to the pore waters of the sediment.
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    Deepwater sediments and trophic conditions in Florida lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 597-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; diagenesis ; sediments ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were taken from near maximum depth in 15 Florida lakes representing a wide range of trophic conditions. Chemical analyses of surface sediments showed Al, Fe, and Ca to be the most abundant elements in all samples, and the ratio of Al to Ca to be smaller for eutrophic lakes. Sediment organic matter increased with trophic state, as did the degree to which it was enriched in nitrogen. Corresponding sediment C/N ratios decreased with increasing lake trophic state and showed significant negative correlation with chlorophylla, total N, and total P in the water column. Concentrations of sedimentary chlorophyll derivatives showed some relation to trophic state but differences in basin morphometry hinder its use as an inter-lake index of chlorophyll production.
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    Microbial metabolism in surface sediments and its role in the immobilization of phosphorus in oligotrophic lake sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 261-268 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial metabolism ; phosphorus ; sediments ; oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid microbial metabolism and a large phosphorus uptake potential were observed in surface sediments of Lake George, New York. This sediment (termed the flocculent layer) also exhibited a phosphorus limited condition and a large reservoir of inorganic phosphorus associated with humic substances. These observations suggest that the empirically observed phosphorus retention in oligotrophic lake sediments may be promoted by a rapid cycling of phosphorus between microflora and its associated organic matter.
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    Zinc in water and sediments of two finnish lakes (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: heavy metals ; zinc ; lakes ; sediments ; pollution ; industrial load ; sedimentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of zinc in Lake Vanajavesi and Lake Mallasvesi, South Finland, was determined on the basis of water and sediment studies. Lake Vanajavesi is one of the most polluted of large inland lakes, in Finland. The zinc load comes mainly from industrial sources. Lake Mallasvesi, situated near Vanajavesi, is in almost natural condition. The water samples were taken by a Ruttner sampler. In collecting sediment samples, a freezing technique was used. The results of zinc analyses indicate that, during several winters, zinc has spread with waste water to different parts of L. Vanaja against the main course of flow. A close correlation between sedimentation of zinc and waste discharge from a textile factory was found in the present study.
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    Standardization of methods of analysis for heavy metals in sediments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 689-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: standardization ; heavy metals ; sediments ; base-line levels ; chemical partition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of heavy metals in sediments, there is a need for standardization of the procedures for sample collection and preservation, chemical analyses and presentation of results. The method and depth of sampling depend on the aim of the investigation and on local sediment conditions, such as consistency of the sediment, rate of sedimentation, diagnetic processes and bioturbation. Therefore no general recommendations can be given in this respect. During collection and preservation, contamination and loss of constituents ust be avoided. In sediments, the best means for estimating total contents of metals is digestion with HF, in combination with strong acids. Other methods include X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analyses. The use of HF is considered objectionable by some laboratories. A reasonable alternative is aqua regia. Because variations in granular composition affect metal contents, it is advisable to use the fraction 〈 63 μm for the analysis. Chemical partition of sediments provides an insight into the source of metallic constituents, and their pathways to deposition areas. A three-step extraction procedure, in the sequence 0.1 M hydroxylamine-HCl, H2O2 30% and HF, is proposed. Finally, attention is paid to the anthropogenic enrichment of metals in sediments. The establishment of base-line levels is discussed.
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    Response ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to α- and δ-multistriatin in Switzerland (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1345-1352 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; multistriatin ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; brevicomin ; frontalin ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Scolytus scolytus ; Scolytus pygmaeus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory bioassays and field tests demonstrated that a Swiss population ofS. multistriatus responded much more strongly to α- than to δ-miltistriatin in combination with 4-methyl-3-heptanol and α-cubebene. High concentrations of brevicomin appeared to replace α-multistriatin in evoking a response byScolytus species, but this effect can be explained by the fact that the brevicomin was contiminated with small amounts of α-multistriatin. Frontalin, another bicyclic ketal, showed no biological activity. Field tests indicated thatS. pygmaeus aggregates to the same attractant mixture asS. multistriatus. S. scolytus also responded preferentially to this mixture, but the relative amounts of α-multistriatin to 4-methyl-3-heptanol do not appear to be as important as forS. multistriatus.
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    Distribution of adult defense glands in chrysomelids (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its significance in the evolution of defense mechanisms within the family (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 67-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; glands ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Defense glands were examined in the adults of 65 species belonging to 10 different subfamilies. They were found in the pronota and elytra of members of the subfamilies Criocerinae, Chrysomelinae, Galerucinae, and Alticinae. It is suggested that these glands appeared monophyletically in the course of evolution and that the absence of glands in several species of the two most evolved subfamilies is a secondary event, explained by the presence of alternative efficient defensive behaviors: reflex bleeding in the Galerucinae and escape mechanism of jumping in the flea beetles. It is also suggested that a large distribution of the glands at the surface of the beetles is a primitive condition and that in the course of evolution only the glands most efficiently located along the edges of the pronotum and elytra were maintained. Such evolution has occurred several times. Alternative and complementary defensive mechanisms are also listed and discussed.
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    Evaluation of two attempts to trap defined populations ofScolytus multistriatus (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 125-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation ; pheromone ; elm ; mark-release ; multilure ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; trap-out ; Ulmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the use of a pheromone-based trap-out technique for suppressing populations ofScolytus multistriatus. In the first experiment, elm bolts containing the immature stages ofS. multistriatus were placed in an isolated community that contained elm trees, but which was essentially devoid of a resident beetle population. The infested bolts produced a total of 46,485 adult beetles of which 20% were recovered on traps baited with synthetic pheromone. In the second experiment beetles were released in a desert valley containing no resident elms or beetles. Only 1% of 20,000 released beetles were recaptured on traps erected on vertical cardboard cylinders and on elm logs. These rates of recapture are related to the attraction of beetles to naturally occurring brood sources versus pheromone-baited traps.
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    Male-specific conversion of the host plant compound, myrcene, to the pheromone, (+)-ipsdienol, in the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 363-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus ponderosa ; pheromone biosynthesis ; bark beetle ; myrcene ; ipsdienol ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; attractants ; pheromones ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When both sexes of the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, were exposed to vapors of myrcene from ponderosa pine, only the male produced (+)-ipsdienol. In the field, racemic ipsdienol significantly reduced the attraction of both sexes in flight to a mixture of myrcene and the aggregation pheromones,exo-brevicomin and frontalin. This suggests that ipsdienol may be involved in regulating colonization density ofD. brevicomis. The implications of the biosynthesis of various enantiomers of ipsdienol byD. brevicomis and the cohabitating bark beetles,Ips paraconfusus andI. pini, in relation to their behavioral responses are discussed in regard to reducing interspecific competition.
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    Sex pheromone biology and behavior of the cowpea weevilCallosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 527-534 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; cowpea weevil ; pheromone ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cowpea weevils,Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), emitted a pheromone which excited males. Pheromone release began soon after emergence and continued for one week. Synchronization of pheromone release with calling behavior was demonstrated. Mating reduced pheromone release but not male response. Pheromone obtained by aeration collection was utilized for determining a quantitative dose-response relationship.
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    Sex pheromone communication in the odd beetle,Thylodrias contractes motschulsky (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 653-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; aphrodisiac ; odd beetle ; Thylodrias contractus ; Motschulsky ; Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; bioassay ; behavior ; exocrine gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult virgin females of the odd beetle,Thylodrias contractus, produce a volatile sex pheromone that influences the behavior of conspecific males and attracts them in laboratory olfactometer tests. The active substance can be collected by allowing virgin females to walk on absorbent paper disks. Disks exposed to mated females do not elicit a response from males. The male odd beetle repeatedly rubs the antennae, head, and thorax of a female with a setate glandular area on his second abdominal sternum during courtship, probably secreting a reciprocally active aphrodisiac substance.
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    Aggregation pheromone of the male granary weevil,Sitophilus granarius (L.) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 679-687 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus granarius ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; granary weevil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for a male-produced aggregation pheromone inSitophilus granarius is reported. Hexane extracts of Tenax®-trapped volatiles from males held on wheat were attractive to both sexes in a multiple-choice olfactometer and pitfall bioassay chamber. A quantitative relationship existed between days of insect exposure on disks and degree of responsiveness. The maximum response was to 35 insect-day-equivalents. Diel-related activity showed both sexes responsive during photophase and nonresponsive during scotophase.
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    Defensive and pheromonal secretion of the tergal gland of Aleochara curtula (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 773-783 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula (Goeze) ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; tergal gland secretion ; hydrocarbons ; aliphatic aldehydes ; substituted 1 ; 4-benzoquinones ; n-undecane ; 1-undecene ; (Z)-4-tridecene ; n-dodecane ; (Z)-5-tetradecenal ; toluquinone ; 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1 ; 4-benzoquinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion from the tergal gland of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, acting as a supplementary mating stimulant, was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The reservoir contains a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, aliphatic aldehydes, and substituted 1,4-benzoquinones.n-Undecane, 1-undecene, and (Z)-4-tridecene were identified as the major hydrocarbon components. The main aldehydes aren-dodecanal and (Z)-5-tetradecenal, and the chief quinones are toluquinone and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, the latter being established structurally by comparison of the mass spectra of the three synthesized isomers. Quantitative GLC analyses revealed no sex specificity of the relative concentrations of the compounds.
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    Preference of certain scolytidae for different conifers (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1093-1109 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; conifers ; terpenoids ; olfactory tests ; host attraction specificity ; statistical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nine Scolytidae (Cryphalus piceae, Cryphalus abietis, Pityokteines curvidens, Dendroctonus micans, Ips sexdentatus, Ips typographus,Orthotomicus erosus, Tomicus piniperda, andPhloeosinus bicolor) were subjected to olfaction tests on ten conifer species taken two by two. These conifers wereAbies cephalonica, Abies nordmanniana, Picea abies, Picea orientalis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus brutia, Pinus laricio,Cupressus atlantica, andCupressus sempervirens. A statistical study of the results, by means of the factorial analysis of correspondence completed by the duo preference test, commonly used in sensory analysis, revealed a taxonomic clustering by genus of the plant species and analogous specific attraction behavior for the insects.Pityokteines curvidens has a behavior analogous to that of the twoCryphalus considered.Phloesinus bicolor shows a very strong specificity forCupressus. The essential oils of the conifers were analyzed to determine their terpene composition and the ten odor spectra thus obtained were compared. The hierarchical classification, using a Euclidian distance, brought out similarities in the spectra, especially in the case ofPinus. It is shown that definitive establishment of Scolytidae is not due to the presence in the odor spectrum of any particular terpenoid. The attractive power of a species results from the synergism of the different terpenes. Moreover the definitive establishment of the insects also depends on their sensorial adaptation to volatile substances which can be wider or narrower for the species studied.
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    Aggregation pheromone components of two species ofPissodes weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Isolation, identification, and field activity (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pissodes strobi ; Pissodes approximatus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; grandisol ; grandisal ; Pinus strobus ; white pine weevil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two related volatile compounds were identified from each of two species ofPissodes bark weevils and implicated as components of their aggregation pheromones. Grandisol (cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutaneethanol), and its corresponding aldehyde, grandisal, were isolated from males of bothP. strobi andP. approximatus and were found in the abdomens and hindguts of the respective species. In field tests synthetic grandisol and grandisal together with odors from cut pine acted synergistically in attracting both sexes ofP. approximatus. This response was similar to that elicited by maleP. approximatus feeding on cut pine. Males and females of natural populations ofP. strobi were more responsive to caged males feeding on leaders of white pine than they were to leaders alone. The combination of grandisol, grandisal, and leaders was less attractive than males on leaders, but more attractive than leaders alone. From isolation of pheromone components at different times of the year, it was determined that males of both species produced grandisol and grandisal only at times when cohort females were reproductively mature.
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    Sex-specific responses to aggregation pheromone Regulation of colonization density in the bark beetleIps paraconfusus (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 129-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetle ; Pinus ponderosa ; ipsenoi ; ipsdienol ; cis-verbenol ; pheromone ; attractant ; intraspecific competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract About equal numbers of each sex of flyingIps paraconfusus Lanier (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were caught on traps several meters downwind from a male-infested ponderosa pine log releasing pheromone while a significantly different ratio of over four times more females than males were caught at the pheromone source. Females oriented directly to higher concentrations of colonizing males in a felled tree while males tended to land on the host in adjacent uncolonized areas. The attraction response of walking males to a 1∶1∶1 mixture of the synthetic pheromone components ispenol-ipsdienol-cis-verbenol was reduced progressively at higher concentrations while female response continued to increase. These responses may function to regulate density of colonization and limit intraspecific competition.
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    Chemical defense of a rove beetle (Creophilus maxillosus) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 159-180 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Creophilus maxillosus ; defensive secretion ; ant repellent ; bioassay ; isoamyl acetate ; isoamyl alcohol ; iridodial ; actinidine ; dihydronepetalactone ; (E)-8-oxocitronellyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The abdominal defensive glands ofC. maxillosus secrete a mixture (70μg/beetle) of isoamyl alcohol (I), isoamyl acetate (II), iridodial (III), actinidine (IV), dihydronepetalactone (VE), and (E)-8-oxocitronellyl acetate (X). When disturbed, the beetle everts the glands and revolves the abdomen so as to wipe the glands against the offending agent. Fecal fluid is commonly emitted at the same time and may become added to the glandular material. Ants (Formica exsectoides) are effectively fended off by the beetle and were shown in bioassays (Monomorium destructor) to be repelled by the four major components of the secretion (II, III, X, VE); the principal component (VE) was the most active. Some anatomical features of the glands are described.
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    Antennal olfactory responsiveness of Douglas-fir beetle,Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to pheromones and host odors (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1383-1395 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Douglas-fir beetle ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; electroantennograms ; host selection ; attractants ; aggregation ; 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one ; 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol ; frontalin ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; limonene ; camphene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms were obtained fromD. pseudotsugae in response to the pheromones 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (3,2-MCHone), 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (3,2-MCHol), frontalin,trans-verbenol, verbenone, and the host terpene hydrocarbons limonene and camphene. Male and female beetles were 10 and 100 times more sensitive to 3,2-MCH-one and 3,2-MCHol than to the other compounds. Of the other compounds, males were most sensitive totrans-verbenol, verbenone, and camphene, while females were most sensitive to frontalin, limonene, and camphene. The results parallel and help explain behavior of individual males and females during host tree selection, aggregation, and colonization.
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    Effects of multilure components on twig-crotch feeding by European elm bark beetles (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1513-1523 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; European elm bark beetle ; pheromone ; epideictic pheromone ; twig-crotch feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The three components of the European elm bark beetle pheromone dispensed from polyethylene vials attached to the boles of healthy juvenile elms affected the rates of beetles landing and twig feeding on the baited trees. Maximum attraction to the tree occurred when all three pheromone components were presented together in a ratio of 1∶1∶8 for 4-methyl-3-heptanol (H), α-multistriatin (M), and α-cubebene (C). M released either alone or in excess of its natural ratio with H and C induced twig-crotch feeding. H presented alone had no effect on attraction or twig-crotch feeding, but in combination with M it induced landing on and boring into the tree bole. We concluded that the ratio of M and H being released influenced incoming beetles either to land on and colonize the bole or to feed in twig crotches. M in excess of H, known to occur when most females are mated, terminates colonization and deflects incoming beetles to crowns of elms.
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    Pygidial defensive titer and population structure ofAgabus bipustulatus L. andAgabus paludosus F. (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dytiscidae ; pygidial glands ; aromatic defensive secretions ; age classes ; seasonal variation ; Agabus bipustulatus ; Agabus paludosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aromatic pygidial gland constituents ofAgabus bipustulatus L. andA. paludosus F. were quantitatively determined. Concentration fluctuations were found to be dependent on age and season. Both in quantity and quality of the secretion, young beetles differ from mature beetles by storing only small amounts of gland material with different portions of constituents. Seasonal variations are mainly due to the changing population structure of the species.
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    TrappingDendroctonus brevicomis Changes in attractant release rate, dispersion of attractant, and silhouette (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 311-321 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Temnochila chlorodia ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Trogositidae ; western pine beetle ; attractant ; pheromone ; trap ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sticky trap with 3 m2 surface area was modified by changes in attractant release rate, vertical dispersion of the attractant, and addition of a tree trunk silhouette to the trap axis. As attractant release rate increased, the number ofDendroctonus brevicomis caught at the source of attractant and at 1.5 and 5.2 m above ground on two vertical silhouettes 4.5 m away increased. In one experiment, more beetles were caught at a dispersed source of attractant than at a point source. Fewer beetles were caught at the lower traps on the two outlying silhouettes when a silhouette was at the source, than when no silhouette was at the source. As attractant release rate increased, the catch of a predator,Temnochila chlorodia, increased at the source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988451
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    Structure-activity correlations among analogs of 4-methyl-3-heptanol, a pheromone component of the european elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 615-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity relationships ; pheromone ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dutch elm disease ; electroantennogram ; chemoreception ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; analogs ; attractant ; aggregation ; beetle ; bark beetle ; alcohols ; ketones ; esters ; epoxides ; carboxylic acids ; amines ; isothiocyanates ; halides ; azides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of analogs of the title compound (1), with several different functional groups in place of the 3-OH and with a variety of substituents, were tested for biological acitivity by a laboratory walking-beetle assay. The electroantennogram (EAG) response was determined for many of these, as well. Field tests with baited sticky traps were carried out on compounds with activity in the walking-beetle assay and/or that gave a high EAG response. Structure-activity correlations with parameters reflecting hydrophobic, steric, electronic, and van der Waals interactions with olfactory receptors were examined primarily on the basis of the behavioral tests. Electronic substituent effects on the 3-position functional group and steric effects were found to correlate best. It is suggested that the strength of a hydrogen bond to the 3-oxygen or 3-nitrogen (as proton acceptor) is important in chemoreception by receptors that are involved in the behavioral response.
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    Biochemical adaptations of the bruchid beetle,Caryedes brasiliensis tol-canavanine, a higher plant allelochemical (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 803-815 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Caryedes brasiliensis ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; l-canavanine ; l-canaline ; Dioclea megacarpa (Leguminosae) ; allelochemicals ; detoxification ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This communication reviews recent biochemical studies ofl-canavanine that have provided significant understanding of the interaction between the seed ofDioclea megacarpa (Leguminosae) and the bruchid beetleCaryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae). The principal biochemical bases are proposed for: canavanine toxicity, the ability of the beetle larvae to adapt to its presence, the metabolic sequestration and detoxification of ammonia, and the potential amplification by microbial symbionts of the beetle's abilities to adapt to toxic components of the host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987806
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    Identification of a female-produced sex pheromone from the southern corn rootworm,Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1363-1375 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica ; southern corn rootworm ; spotted cucumber beetle ; western spotted cucumber beetle ; sex pheromone ; 10-methyl-2-tridecanone ; ketone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone has been isolated and identified from virgin females of the southern corn rootworm (SCR),Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. The synthesized compound, 10-methyl-2-tridecanone was shown to be attractive to males of the SCR, and also to males ofD. u. undecimpunctata Mannerheim, the western spotted cucumber beetle (WSCB), and ofD. u. duodecimnotata in Mexico. Males of both the SCR and the WSCB strongly preferred theR over theS enantiomer. The resolved enantiomers were not tested againstD. u. duodecimnotata.
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    Southern pine beetle: Olfactory receptor and behavior discrimination of enantiomers of the attractant pheromone frontalin (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 873-881 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enantiomers ; bark beetle ; pheromone ; Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; southern pine beetle ; electrophysiology ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory and field bioassays, the response ofDendroctonus frontalis was significantly greater to the mixture of (1S, 5R)-(−)-frontalin andalpha-pinene than to (1R,5S)-(+)-frontalin andalpfa-pinene. Electro-physiological studies revealed that antennal olfactory receptor cells were significantly more responsive to (1S, 5R)-(−)-frontalin than to (1R, 5S)-(+)-frontalin. Both enantiomers stimulated the same olfactory cells which suggests that each cell possesses at least two types of enantiomer-specific acceptors.
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    Male-produced aggregation pheromone of the maize weevil,Sitophilus zeamais, and interspecific attraction between threeSitophilus species (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 831-841 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus zeamais ; Sitophilus granarius ; Sitophilus oryzae ; maize weevil ; granary weevil ; rice weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; interspecific attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A dual-choice pitfall bioassay was used to demonstrate the existence of a male-produced aggregation pheromone in the maize weevil. Both males and females showed a highly significant preference for extracts of disks exposed to wheat-feeding males over extracts of disks exposed to wheat kernels only. Neither sex responded significantly to extracts from females. Mating did not reduce pheromone release by males. Response by virgin females to pheromone was significantly higher than response by mated females, but males of either mating status responded equally well. There was no apparent daily periodicity in the responsiveness to pheromone. Rice and maize weevils showed a strong interspecific cross-attraction. Granary weevils of both sexes responded well to maize weevil extracts, but only females showed a significant response to rice weevil extracts. Neither maize nor rice weevils responded significantly to granary weevil extracts.
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    Comparison of sediment energy-texture relationships in marine and lacustrine environments (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; lakes ; seas ; oceans ; energy relationships ; population statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediments in the marine environment are generally subject to higher energy levels than those of lake systems, and lakes are virtually unaffected by tidal range which modifies beach structures formed in response to wave effects. However, despite different energy levels, the textural characteristics of both marine and lacustrine sediments are very similar. The main difference between marine and lacustrine facies is the depth range over which these characteristics remain consistent. In lakes, depth limitation may influence the development of surface waves and restrict textural distributions. Simple textural relationships can be used to describe comparable marine and lacustrine sedimentary conditions. Sediments which have been altered by post-depositional erosion, such as lag deposits, or by ice-drop or wind blown settlement, show comparable textural modifications. The settlement of silt and clay size particulates, in the marine environment and lakes, may differ slightly because of the chemical differences between salt and fresh water.
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    Model for instream regulation of radioisotopes and heavy metals in riverine waters subjected to a uranium mill discharge (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 175-188 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: simulation ; sediments ; radioisotopes ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the Athabaska sandstone region of northern Saskatchewan, mining and milling of uranium-bearing ore is subjecting, and will continue to subject, surface waters to inputs of soluble heavy metals and uranium and thorium decay series radioisotopes. A mathematical simulation model was developed to assess the role of riverine sediments in regulating soluble concentrations of heavy metals and radioisotopes released to the environment through treated mining and milling process effluents. Specific elements studied included As, Ni, Pb, U, and Ra-226. The model considered that diffusion into sediment porewater and adsorption by sediment particulates from sediment porewater were the two dominant mechanisms regulating sediment loading. Experiments indicated that the equilibrium adsorption behaviour of the heavy metals and radioisotopes studied could be adequately explained using a linear adsorption isotherm, over the range of concentrations expected in the environment. Experimentally determined linear isotherm slopes ranged from 200 ml g−1 to 21 000 ml gl. Diffusion into the effective depth of the sediments (20 cm) was modelled using a quadratic (second order) driving force and a corresponding mass transfer coefficient. The model coefficients were calibrated using field and laboratory data. Results of the modelling suggested that the sediments have a small effect on instream concentrations during the active phases of mining and milling. The sediments were predicted to accumulate sufficient adsorbed mass, during the operational phase of mining and milling, to act as a distributed instream source after completion of milling activities. The significance of this post-operational source was a function of the initial effluent loading, elapsed time and site specific river characteristics.
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    Microbial metabolism in surface sediments and its role in the immobilization of phosphorus in oligotrophic lake sediments (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 261-268 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial metabolism ; phosphorus ; sediments ; oligotrophic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid microbial metabolism and a large phosphorus uptake potential were observed in surface sediments of Lake George, New York. This sediment (termed the flocculent layer) also exhibited a phosphorus limited condition and a large reservoir of inorganic phosphorus associated with humic substances. These observations suggest that the empirically observed phosphorus retention in oligotrophic lake sediments may be promoted by a rapid cycling of phosphorus between microflora and its associated organic matter.
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    Distribution and concentrations of naturally-occurring radionuclides in sediments in a uranium mining area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 355-361 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; uranium ; radium ; radionuclides ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uranium mining and milling operations can contribute to environmental degradation through the increased release of naturally-occurring radionuclides. However, studies of the interactions of these radionuclides with freshwater sediments have been limited. The present study examined the vertical distribution of uranium, thorium, radium-226, polonium-210 and lead-210 in undisturbed sediment cores collected in the vicinity of mining, milling and exploration activities. Uranium levels in surface sediments ranged from 1.9 to 5650 µg g−1, Ra-226 from 〈0.1 to 480 pCi g−1 and Pb-210 from 0.8 to 931 pCi g−1 in the samples reported here, with the highest values occurring downstream of waste rock disposal areas. Concentrations usually decreased with depth, and there was little evidence of any strong effect of bioturbation on radionuclide profiles at the scale examined here. Mathematical models of uranium and radium-226 adsorption on and movement into the sediment were constructed, based on expected adsorption coefficients and estimated loading. The model predictions of radionuclide distribution with depth were qualitatively similar to those actually measured, but the predicted concentrations were generally lower than those observed, both in unaffected areas and in areas adjacent to uranium extraction activities.
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    The fractionation of iron-phosphorus compounds in sediments studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 697-700 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; iron ; phosphorus ; geochemistry ; analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Iron compounds of phosphorus form a large part of the phosphorus bound in sediments. Mössbauer spectroscopy is a technique that enables us to study, directly, chemical forms of iron in solid samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed us to check, directly, the selectivity of the extraction scheme for soil phosphorus proposed by Chang & Jackson (1957), but only as far as the iron compounds are concerned. It appears that selectivity of the extraction method leaves much to be desired.
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    Spatial heterogeneity in whole lake sediments — towards a loading estimate (1982)
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    Hydrobiologia 91-92 (1982), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nutrients ; loading estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nutrient loadings, to shallow culturally eutrophied Alberta lakes, suggest internal inputs are significant. In this regard, estimation of bottom sediment P loads to Lake Wabamun (80 km2, 5.5 m $$\bar x$$ depth) were examined. Initially we determined the spatial variability in Total Organic Content (% loss on ignition) and Total Phosphorus, as indicators. Phosphorus fractions and biologically available phosphorus (BAP) were measured at specific stations. These data showed a very uniform distribution in sediment type with a Total Organic Content of 40.6 ± 3.3 (95% C.L.) at the west end, gradually declining to 26.3 ± 0.9 at the east end. Transects performed at routine monitoring stations indicate the representativeness of each station, e.g., station 2, 40.8 ± 1.3 (10 sites). One explanation of this uniformity is provided from210Pb analysis of shallow cores which indicate mixing to a depth of 16 cm. This is also thought to explain the mechanics of P loading to the water phase. Finally, Total Organic Content relates well to BAP (r2 = 0.80). It is hoped that this simple technique may well permit more precise extrapolation to whole lake BAP estimates at least on this lake.
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    An investigation into some physical and biotic effects of flooding on reservoir mud previously subjected to a period of aerial exposure (1982)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 97 (1982), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hong Kong ; man-made lake ; marginal zone ; sediments ; Melanoides tuberculata ; freshwater gastropods ; allochthonous ; water-level fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of laboratory experiments were carried out in order to investigate the effects of selected physical and biotic processes on the substratum of a recently flooded gently sloping marginal zone of Plover Cove Reservoir, Hong Kong. The physical effects of disturbance of the sediments promoted the redistribution of organic matter, as shown by differences in the percentage of organic matter in the supernatant and residue resulting when reservoir mud was stirred. It is suggested that such a process would promote the transfer of allochthonous organic carbon from the marginal zone (the area of input of such material) to the rest of the water body. Substrate characteristics were also influenced by the activities of two species of benthic gastropod,Sinotaia quadrata andMelanoides tuberculata. These animals increased the rate of production of particles from soaked blocks of parent mud when compared with experimental treatments in the absence of snails. Additionally both species enhanced the production of aggregates from fine sediments with a particle size of less than 125 µm. The magnitudes of both processes were statistically significant. Laboratory observations showed thatM. tuberculata had a significantly faster rate of aggregate and fine particulate production thanS. quadrata and it is possible that the former species may have the capacity to modify the substrate characteristics of the newly flooded marginal zone of Plover Cove.
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    Microbiological examination of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario sediments (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 98 (1983), S. 135-145 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; Canadian Great Lakes ; bacteria ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diver collected cores from three sites in Lake Erie, west of Cleveland, Eastern basin and near Buffalo, and one from Lake Ontario near the mouth of the Niagara River, were sectioned to 20 cm and examined for sulfur cycle and nitrogen cycle bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, insoluble organic and inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria and manganese oxidizing bacteria. Eh, pH, nitrogen, organic carbon and percentage moisture determinations were also made. Data from this study support and confirm other microbiological data collected from Lower Great Lakes sediment and also support the hypothesis that microbial flora of similar type sediments are numerically similar irrespective of the sediments source within the Lower Great Lakes.
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    The relationship between fossil diatom assemblages and limnological conditions (1983)
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    Hydrobiologia 98 (1983), S. 223-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: diatoms ; paleolimnology ; lakes ; Minnesota ; sediments ; microfossils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fossil diatom assemblages from the sediment/water interface in 105 Minnesota lakes were compared with measurements of alkalinity, sulphate, total phosphorus, transparency, and water depth at the sample site. Similar assemblages were placed together using cluster analysis and comparisons of environmental variables between diatom clusters were made using an analysis of variance. Total alkalinity and transparency showed the greatest difference among clusters. Samples from shallow eutrophic prairie lakes were dominated by Melosira granulata, Stephanodiscus niagarae and, occasionally, by Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Deep oligotrophic lakes had modest percentages of Cyclotella comta. Dilute acid lakes were dominated either by Melosira distans and M. italica or by Tabellaria fenestrata, Cyclotella stelligera, and in some cases C. glomerata. Assemblages with Cyclotella glomerata and Synedra nana were found in naturally meromictic lakes. Stephanodiscus hantzschii showed a preference for extremely eutrophic lakes. The relationships between recently deposited diatom assemblages and the lake environmental conditions studied here can be used to evaluate the extent of past environmental change in lakes.
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    Gas chromatographic determination of total amino acids and protein in sediments using the ninhydrin-CO2 reaction (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 101 (1983), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: amino acids ; protein ; sediments ; ninhydrin reaction ; gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive modification of the ninhydrin-CO2 method involving the gas chromatographic determination of the total protein and amino acid content of sediment is described. The method gives a linear response over the amino acid concentration range 10−5 M to 4 × 10−2 M. It can be used for whole sediment, hydrolysates and interstitial water. The performance of the method is compared with the fluorescamine method for primary amines.
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    Chrysophycean cysts: indicators of eutrophication in the recent sediments of Frains Lake, Michigan, U.S.A. (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 101 (1983), S. 195-202 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chrysophycea ; cultural eutrophication ; paleolimnology ; resting cyst ; statospore ; stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent sediments of Frains Lake, Michigan contain a rich and well preserved association of chrysophycean cysts. Forty one forms are revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Taxonomic descriptions. and SEM micrographs are provided for the dominant forms. The three dominant taxa throughout the sediments, Cysta minima, C. modica and C. subbavaricum, do not show significant shifts in proportional abundance associated with European settlement and the onset of cultural eutrophication. However, certain subdominant taxa do show clear trends. Density counts indicate a dramatic decline in cyst concentration (by volume and by dry mass) and a sharp increase in absolute accumulation (net annual influx) following settlement. The Frains Lake profile of chrysophycean cysts is compared to sequences of other North American and European temperate lakes. The utility of chrysophycean cysts as paleoenvironmental indicators is considered on the basis of these results.
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    Cultural disturbances and trophic history of a small meromictic lake from central Canada (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 125-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; pollen ; diatoms ; Synuraceae ; Chrysophyta ; meromixis ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent history of Little Round Lake, a small meromictic lake in southeastern Ontario, is considered. Pollen analyses were used to identify past changes in terrestrial vegetation, whilst limnological conditions were interpreted on the basis of diatom and chrysophyte microfossils. Contemporaneous with the arrival of European settlers (ca. A. D. 1850), the predisturbance assemblage of oligotrophic Cyclotella diatoms was replaced by Synedra spp., which then succeeded to a eutrophic flora dominated by Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Meanwhile, synuracean algae were almost completely excluded. Over the last 30 years, the algal microfossils indicate that the lake underwent a marked return to oligotrophy. Evidence is presented which suggests that this shift was related to the cultural enhancement of meromixis by the seepage of road salt.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleolimnological reconstruction of the effects of atmospheric deposition of acids and heavy metals on the chemistry and biology of lakes in New England and Norway (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 103 (1983), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; acidic precipitation ; lake acidification ; heavy metal pollution ; diatoms ; cladocerans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from nine lakes in southern Norway (N) and six in northern New England (NE) were dated by 137Cs, 210Pb and in NE also by pollen, and were analyzed geochemically and for diatoms. Cores from two N and three NE lakes were analyzed for cladocerans. 137Cs dating is unreliable in these lakes, probably due to mobility of Cs in the sediment. In Holmvatn sediment, an up-core increase in Fe, starting ca. 1900, correlates with geochemical indications of decreasing mechanical erosion of soils. Diatoms indicate a lake acidification starting in the 1920's. We propose that soil Fe was mobilized and runoff acidified by acidic precipitation and/or by soil acidification resulting from vegetational succession following reduced grazing. Even minor land use changes or disturbances in lake watersheds introduce ambiguity to the sedimentary evidence relating to atmospheric influences. Diatom counts from surface sediments in 36 N and 31 NE lakes were regressed against contemporary water pH to obtain coefficients for computing past pH from subsurface counts. Computed decreases of 0.3–0.8 pH units start between I890 and I930 in N lakes already acidic (pH 5.0–5.5) before the decrease. These and lesser decreases in other lakes start decades to over a century after the first sedimentary indications of atmospheric heavy metal pollution. It is proposed that the acidification of precipitation accompanied the metal pollution. The delays in lake acidification may be due to buffering by the lakes and watersheds. The magnitude of acidification and heavy metal loading of the lakes parallels air pollution gradients. Shift in cladoceran remains are contemporary with acidification, preceding elimination of fishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028438
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