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  • Articles  (1,529)
  • Springer  (1,529)
  • 1980-1984  (1,529)
  • 1981  (1,529)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (1,529)
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  • Articles  (1,529)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,529)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IV. Referate (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 27 (1981), S. 220-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243718
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seroepidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Leptospirosen bei Schalenwild in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 27 (1981), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 399 serum samples collected from native cloven-hoofed game were investigated by means of agglutinating-lysis reaction for antibodies against leptospirosis. Antibodies were found in 1,8 % of 169 sera from roe deer(Capreolus capreolus), in 2,1 % of 96 sera from red deer(Cervus elaphus) and in 18,6 % of sera from wild boars(Sus scrofa) in a serum dilution of 1:400 and higher. In 5,7 % of sera from 35 fallow deer(Dama dama) were only found suspicious titers (1:200). In 29 sera of mouflon(Ovis musimon) antibodies against leptospirosis were not detected. The most reactions were found againstL. icterohaemorrhagiae (31,7 %),L. ballum (17,1 %) andL. grippotyphosa (12,2 %). The significance of the serological findings is discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé 399 échantillons de sérum de 5 espèces d'Ongulés-gibier indigènes ont été analysés au moyen de la réaction d'agglutination quant à la présence d'anticorps contre les Leptospires. Dans 1,8 % des sérums de 169 chevreuils(Capreolus capreolus), dans 2,1 % des sérums de 96 cerfs(Cervus elaphus) et dans 18,6 % des sérums de 70 sangliers(Sus scrofa) le titrage s'avéra positif (1:400 et plus). 5,7 % des échantillons de sérum de 35 daims(Dama dama) révélèrent des teneurs suspectes (1:200), tandis que dans 29 échantillons de sérums de mouflons(Ovis musimon), aucun anticorps contre les leptospires n'a été décelé. Le plus souvent, les sérums réagissaient auxL. icterohaemorrhagiae (31,7 %),L. ballum (17,1 %) etL. grippotyphosa (12,2 %). La portée des constatations sérologiques fait l'objet d'une discussion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 399 Serumproben von 5 einheimischen Schalenwildarten wurden mittels Agglutination-Lysis-Reaktion auf das Vorhandensein von Antikörpern gegen Leptospiren untersucht. In 1,8 % der Seren von 169 Stück Rehwild(Capreolus capreolus), in 2,1 % der Seren von 96 Stück Rotwild(Cervus elaphus) und in 18,6 % der Seren von 70 Stück Schwarzwild(Sus scrofa) wurden positive Titer (1:400 und höher) gefunden. 5,7 % der Serumproben von 35 Stück Damwild(Dama dama) wiesen verdächtige Titer (1:200) auf, während in 29 Serumproben von Muffelwild(Ovis musimon) keine Antikörper gegen Leptospiren nachgewiesen wurden. Am häufigsten reagierten die Seren gegenL. icterohaemorrhagiae (31,7 %),L. ballum (17,1 %) undL. grippotyphosa (12,2 %). Die Bedeutung der serologischen Befunde wird diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243678
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rosenmißbildung bei einem Rehgehörn (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 27 (1981), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The suspicion of a formation of a double rose in a roe head from the Minden-Lübbecke District in Nordrhein-Westfalen is taken as the occasion to discuss the phenomenom of double rose formation as described in the literature. The bulkiness and disorganised growth of the rose is seen as the chief characteristic of the head from the Minden-Lübbecke District. The cause of the malformation similar to a double rose is taken to be a disturbance of the hormones which affected the rose formation and then later faded away, so that the head was able to mature and be frayed largely in the normal way.
    Abstract: Résumé La présomption d'avoir à faire à une formation de meules superposées chez un bois de Chevreuil originaire du district de Minden-Lübbecke en Rhénanie-Westphalie est à l'origine d'une recherche bibliographique sur le phénomène. La caractéristique principale du bois du district de Minden-Lübbecke est la masse et le développement désordonné de ses meules. On admet que la cause de cette formation de meules superposées réside dans un déséquilibre hormonal passager ayant provoqué la malformation des meule, sans empêcher pour autant la maturation ultérieure du bois de telle sorte qu'il a pu être frayé normalement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Verdacht einer Doppelrosenbildung bei einem aus dem Kreis Minden-Lübbecke in Nordrhein-Westfalen stammenden Rehgehörn wird zum Anlaß genommen, das Phänomen der Doppelrosenbildung nach der Literatur abzuhandeln. Für das Gehörn aus dem Kreis Minden-Lübbecke wird als Hauptcharakteristikum die Massigkeit, das unorganisierte Wachstum der Rose gesehen. Als Ursache für die doppelrosenähnliche Mißbildung wird eine hormonelle Störung angenommen, die sich auf die Rosenbildung auswirkte, später abklang, so daß das Gehörn ausreifen und weitgehend normal gefegt werden konnte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243679
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dr. Heribert Kalchreuter Leiter des Fachgebietes „Wild- und Jagdökologie“ in der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Naturschutz und Landschaftsökologie (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 27 (1981), S. 293-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02243681
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic degradation of polar lipids in deep-frozen parsley (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 172-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: galactolipids ; phospholipids ; frozen storage ; parsley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Gefrierlagerung von thermisch nicht behandelten Blattgeweben laufen bei praxisüblichen Lagerungstemperaturen enzymatische Lipidabbaureaktionen ab, die schon nach wenigen Wochen zu einem weitgehenden oder vollständigen Verlust der nativen polaren Lipide führen. Diese von einer Geschmacksverschlechterung begleiteten Prozesse wurden am Beispiel von Petersilieblättern näher untersucht. Unter den Reaktionsprodukten befanden sich beträchtliche Mengen von 6-Acylmonogalaktosyldiglyceriden — entstanden durch Transacylierung aus Monogalaktosyldiglyceriden — sowie von Phosphatidsäure, deren Bildung durch Einwirkung von Phospholipase D auf Phospholipide zu erklären ist. Die vielfach angenommene Reaktionsfolge: Spaltung der Lipide durch Acylhydrolasen, Hydroperoxidation der gebildeten freien Fettsäuren durch Lipoxigenase und Zerfall der Hydroperoxide in Off-flavour-Komponenten spielt möglicherweise nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Die Phospholipase D ist selbst bei −24
    Notes: Summary Under the frozen storage at usual storage temperatures of leafy tissues not pretreated by heat, enzymatic lipid degradation reactions take place, which lead already after a few weeks to a considerable or complete loss of the native polar lipids. These degradation processes being accompanied by a deterioration of the flavour have been studied in greater detail in parsley leaves. Among the reaction products we found large amounts of 6-acylmonogalactosyl diglycerides (formed from monogalactosyl diglycerides by enzymatic transacylation) and phosphatidic acid (formed from phospholipids through phospholipase-D action). The generally assumed reaction sequence: formation of free fatty acids by acyl hydrolases followed by hydroperoxidation through lipoxygenase and degradation o f the hydroperoxides into off-flavour compounds may hence take place, if at all, only to a limited extent. Considerable phospholipase D as well as minor acyl transferase activities are still detected at −24
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021562
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unconventional protein sources: apricot seed kernels (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 208-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: apricot seed kernels ; amino acid composition ; PER-data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hamawy apricot seed kernels (sweet), Amar apricot seed kernels (bitter) and treated Amar apricot kernels (bitterness removed) were evaluated biochemically. All kernels were found to be high in fat (42.2–50.91 %), protein (23.74–25.70 %) and fiber (15.08–18.02 %). Phosphorus, calcium, and iron were determined in all experimental samples. The three different apricot seed kernels were used for extensive study including the qualitative determination of the amino acid constituents by acid hydrolysis, quantitative determination of some amino acids, and biological evaluation of the kernel proteins in order to use them as new protein sources. Weanling albino rats failed to grow on diets containing the Amar apricot seed kernels due to low food consumption because of its bitterness. There was no loss in weight in that case. The Protein Efficiency Ratio data and blood analysis results showed the Hamawy apricot seed kernels to be higher in biological value than treated apricot seed kernels. The Net Protein Ratio data which accounts for both weight, maintenance and growth showed the treated apricot seed kernels to be higher in biological value than both Hamawy and Amar kernels. The Net Protein Ratio for the last two kernels were nearly equal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021567
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of L-tryptophan loading on glucose tolerance in kwashiorkor children (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: kwashiorkor ; glucose tolerance ; tryptophan loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021569
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survey of obesity in child communities (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 253-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: obesity ; JW/AH index method ; diabetes ; age-groups ; survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser haben eine Reihenuntersuchung für die Aufklärung der Obesitätsfälle in der Kinderbevölkerung des Bezirks Monor (Komitat Pest) durchgeführt. Das Körpergewicht und die Körperlänge von 12 751 Kindern (3–18 Jahre alt) wurden gemessen. Mit der IW/AH-(Idealgewicht/aktuelle Körperlänge-)Indexmethode wurden 705 (5,3 %) Kinder übergewichtig gefunden. Mit Fragebogenmethode wurde geklärt, daß in den Familien von 784 Kindern Diabetes vorkommt. Unter diesen wurden 66 Obesitätsfälle unterschieden. Das Prozentverhältnis ist in dieser Gruppe mit 8,4 % viel höher als in der allgemeinen Population. Die größte Zahl der Obesitätsfälle wurde im Pubertätsalter gefunden. Bei den Kindern mit einer Familiengeschichte für Diabetes war diese Zahl in dem Alter von 14 bis 18 Jahren am größten. Die spezielle Untersuchung und ärztliche Beratung dieser Kinder ist im Gange.
    Notes: Summary Authors conducted the weight-height measurements of 12,751 children in the district of Monor on the basis of the IW/AH index and found 705 obese children. Childhood obesity rate of the district was 5.53 %. The questionnaires sent to the affected children's families revealed diabetes in the families of 784 children, 66 of whom were obese, which is 8.4 % -much higher than the population's value. The highest obesity rate was found in puberty, while in children with a family background for diabetes this value was found in 14–18 years of age. The groups investigated are given special nursing. Authors express thanks to all the persons who contributed to carry out the measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021636
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein-rich food mixtures for feeding the young in Egypt 1. Formulation (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten protein-rich food mixtures were suggested. They are based on popular dishes which could be prepared simply at home. Such mixtures were prepared from seeds or legumes available in the local markets at reasonable prices. These ingredients are polished rice, decorticated lentils, defatted sesame flour, whole or roasted chick peas (dehulled), maize bread, sun flour kernels, fenugreek seeds, wheat (whole grains or parboiled grains), white wheat flour, defatted peanut flour, defatted sesame flour and dry yeast. The protein content of such food mixtures ranged from 17.7 to 23.2 %, which is in agreement with recommended values. Defatted sesame flour was incorporated in most of the mixtures in order to correct for their sulphur-containing amino-acids as it is already known that sesame is a rich source of sulphur-containing amino acids in comparison to other vegetable sources. Further investigations are going on to determine the nutritive value of the formulated mixtures before feeding them to the children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021639
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 229-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021570
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enrährung und Krebs (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 233-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A meeting report is given (Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research, Houston, and International Congress of Nutrition, San Diego) which mainly deals with cancerogenesis: The role of retinoids as inhibitors, and the role of pyrolysis products as promoter of cancerogenesis, both essentially active in the tumor promotion range of cancerogenesis, after previous initiation. In the future, enhanced chances may be foreseen for active prevention and for causal elucidation of cancer formation, which until now seems to be a spontaneous disease.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand eines Tagungsberichtes (Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer Research, Houston, und Internationaler Ernährungskongreß, San Diego) wird vor allem auf Fragen der Kanzerogenese eingegangen: Rolle von Carotinoiden als Hemmstoffe und Rolle von Pyrolyse-Produkten als Förderer der Krebsentstehung, beide überwiegend im Bereich der Promotion nach anderweitig erfolgter Initiation. Hier liegen für die Zukunft Chancen aktiver Prävention und kausaler Aufklärung bisher scheinbar schicksalhafter (Spontan-)Erkrankungen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021634
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein transport and protein storage in etiology and pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 1-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: arteriosclerogenesis ; capillary basement membrane thickening ; heart infarction ; protein storage ; risk factor diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027956
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-vivo studies on C2 organic acids in the tissues of rats injected with xylitol and glucose (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Oxal-, Glyoxyl- und GlykollsÄure wurden in Rattenleber und -niere nach Injektion von [U-14C]-Xylit oder [U-14C]-Glucose bestimmt. Weder Glucose noch Xylit führten zu einer Oxal- oder GlyoxylsÄurebildung. GlycollsÄure wurde jedoch in beiden Geweben nach Injektion von Xylit gefunden. Mögliche Stoffwechselwege vom Xylit zur GlykollsÄure werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Oxalic, glyoxylic, and glycollic acid were determined in rat liver and kidney after injection with [U-14C]-xylitol or [U-14C]-glucose. Neither glucose nor xylitol led to the formation of oxalic and glyoxylic acid, yet glycollic acid was found in both tissues after injection with xylitol. Possible pathways leading from xylitol to glycollic acid are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027959
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemische Grundlagen der Bestimmung von Soja-protein mit immunologischen Methoden (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 55-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Sojaprotein ; Radioimmunoassay (Radioimmuntest) ; Proteindenaturierung ; Passive HÄmagglutination (Sojamehl)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Soy-bean protein loses its immunogenicity by heat treatment through thermal denaturation. Incubation with 6m guanidine-hydrochloride restores the immunogenicity. This reagent causes dissociation of protein aggregates formed during autoclaving of soy protein. This seems to be the major step in the restitution of immunogenicity. These findings are discussed in connection with the quantification of heat-denaturated soy-bean protein by two independent immunologic methods: Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay and Passive Hemagglutination (inhibition test).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch thermische Denaturierung geht die ImmunogenitÄt von Sojaprotein verloren. Inkubation mit 6m-Guanidin-HCl stellt die ImmunogenitÄt wieder her. Durch dieses Reagens wird die bei Autoklavieren beobachtete Assoziation eines Teils der Sojaproteine wieder rückgÄngig gemacht. Dies dürfte die Hauptursache für die Rückgewinnung der ImmunogenitÄt sein. Diese Befunde werden im Zusammenhang mit der Bestimmung von autoklaviertem Sojaprotein durch zwei immunologische Verfahren diskutiert: Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay und passive HÄmagglutination (Inhibitionsverfahren).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027958
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases in Egyptian snake venoms (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 44-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: elapids ; viperids ; phosphomonoesterases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-specific acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases could be demonstrated in two viperids (Cerastes cerastes andCerastes vipera) and two elapids (Naja haje andNaja nigricollis). The latter could be a natural source for the production of these enzymes. The activities of both enzymes in elapids were greater than in viperids.N. nigricollis was the only to show acid phosphatase activity exceeding its alkaline one. The optimum pH values recorded for acid phosphatase was 4.0 and 4.9 and for alkaline phosphatase 9.0 and 10.0 in viperids and elapids, respectively. Optimum substrate concentration for both enzymes in viperids was 0.01 M, while for acid phosphatase inN. haje andN. nigricollis it was 0.125 and 0.150 M; and for their alkaline phosphatases the values were 0.150 and 0.125 M, respectively. Mg++ behaved as an activator for both enzymes in all venoms investigated, while Zn++ showed either no or slight activating effect. Fluoride ions as well as EDTA showed certain inhibitory action. Both enzymes in the crude venoms were heat-labile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027957
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 76-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02027960
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of calcium intake by help of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a dietary survey, large numbers of a wide variety of food samples have to be analyzed. The atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), with its simplicity, accuracy and rapidity, suggests itself for determination of many elements in such a case. In this investigation, calcium determination by AAS is reviewed. Analytical parameters, interferences and their control are studied. Food samples are dry ashed and treated so as to eliminate silicates. Most serious interference comes from phosphates and is successfully controlled by addition of lanthanum. Calcium is determined in the range 2–10 ppm with a sensitivity of 0.1 ppm. Single food samples and samples representing food mixtures are analyzed, and calcium intake of different population groups is computed. In most cases, results compare favourably well with those obtained from food composition tables. Calcium intake in the Netherlands both of the average per caput and of chosen population groups is found to cover the recommendations except for infants. Differences do exist between intakes of different groups and in different seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021257
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary protein and calcium on the skeleton of undernourished young rats (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: bone ; protein deficiency ; calorie restriction ; calcium deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von verschiedenen Protein- und Kalziummengen in der Diät auf das Skelett von jungen unterernährten Ratten durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse bezogen sich auf die physischen Eigenschaften der Knochen und auf mikroradiographische Untersuchungen verschiedener Teile der Oberschenkelknochen und auf Knochengewebeschnitte. Es zeigten sich deutliche Beziehungen zwischen Niedrig-Protein-Diät und geringer Knochenmasse, unabhängig von der Kalziumeinnahme, wie auch zwischen Hoch-Protein-Diät und hoher Knochendichte bei normalem Kalziumgehalt in der Diät. Der Einfluß von Diätprotein auf die Knochenzusammensetzung war von der Kalziumeinnahme abhängig. Eine Herabsetzung der Proteinmenge wurde mit weniger spongiösem Knochengewebe in Verbindung gebracht, eine Herabsetzung der Kalziummenge verminderte hauptsächlich die Menge von kortikalem Knochengewebe.
    Notes: Summary A study has been made of the effects of various levels of dietary protein and calcium on the skeleton of young undernourished rats. The data for the study were obtained from physical properties of bone, from microradiographs of various parts of femur and histological sections of the bone. There were significant associations between a low protein intake and low bone mass, irrespective of calcium intake, and between a high protein intake and a high bone density at a normal calcium content of the diet. The influence of dietary protein on the composition of the bone was dependent on the calcium intake. Reduction in the protein level was associated with less trabecular bone and reduction in the calcium reduced mainly the amount of cortical bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021256
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Saccharoseaustauschstoff Palatinit® unter besonderer Berücksichtigung mikrobiologischer und kariesprophylaktischer Aspekte (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 96-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zuckeraustauschstoffe ; Palatinit ; Karies ; Mundflora ; Tierexperiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Several cariogenic bacterial species, a mixed streptococci flora composed of nine species, as well as the plaque- and saliva-mixed flora from human beings were tested for acid production from the sugar substitute palatinit, which was compared to sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol and the low molecular carbohydrates sucrose, glucose and fructose. Complementary experiments with gnotobiotic and conventionally fed rats were performed in order to test the cariogenic properties of palatinit and palatinitchocolate in comparison to xylitol, sorbitol and sucrose and the corresponding chocolate substances. Palatinit and palatinit-chocolate show highly significant lower cariogenic properties than sucrose and sucrose-chocolate. On the basis of these microbiological and animal experiments, the use of palatinit as sugar substitute for caries prophylaxis can be recommended.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe kariesätiologisch wichtiger Bakterienarten, eine Streptokokken-mischflora aus 9 Arten sowie die Plaque- und Speichelmischflora des Menschen wurden im In-vitro-Versuch auf ihr Säurebildungsvermögen aus dem neueren Zuckeraustauschstoff Palatinit® überprüft. Als Vergleichssubstanzen dienten Sorbit, Mannit, Xylit und die niedermolekularen Kohlenhydrate Saccharose, Glucose und Fructose. Ergänzende Untersuchungen wurden ferner im konventionellen und gnotobiotischen Tierexperiment mit Ratten über die kariogenen Eigenschaften des reinen Palatinits und von Palatinitschokolade im Vergleich zu Xylit, Sorbit und Saccharose sowie den entsprechenden Schokoladeprodukten durchgeführt. Im Gegensatz zur Saccharose und Saccharoseschokolade zeigten Palatinit und Palatinitschokolade hoch signifikant geringere kardiogene Eigenschaften. Auf Grund dieser Versuchsergebnisse kann der Palatinit als Saccharoseaustauschstoff für den Einsatz in der Kariesprophylaxe empfohlen werden.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021255
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    Changes in composition and enzyme activities of mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial fractions of tissues of rats given mustard oil diet with carnitine and/or fish oil (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 188-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: enzyme activity ; mitochondria ; mustard oil ; carnitin ; fish oil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of short-term feeding of a 20 % mustard oil (containing 47 % erucic acid) diet with 0.1 % carnitine and/or fish oil on the activity of enzymes of lipid metabolism in mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial fractions of heart, liver, and skeletal muscles of rats were determined to study the reversal of erucic acidinduced lipidosis. Histopathological changes were also studied. The inclusion of fish oil or fish oil plus carnitine in a mustard oil diet, especially the latter, eliminated the histopathologically detectable lipidosis in heart and skeletal muscles. The reason for this appears to be the increased activity of lipase and phospholipase in tissue homogenates and of cholesterol ester hydrolase in the post-mitochondrial fraction; and also an increase in mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase which may increase the utilization of the liberated fatty acids. The results suggest that the erucic acid-induced lipidosis is prevented or eliminated by increased lipolysis and oxidation of fatty acids when such a diet is supplemented with carnitine and/or fish oil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021564
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    Efficiency of conventional versus marker technique for shortening the time in digestion trials (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 182-187 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: digestion trials ; time shortening ; marker technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Investigation was carried out to determine the digestibility of the main nutrients (DM, CP and energy) in digestion trials using some roughages in order to reduce the collection period and to study the suitable time of the marker technique and its application. This study revealed the following results: (1) The average recovery of chromic oxide in feces were 99.71±3.75% in the 3rd day (after administrating the marker), 95.17±1.03% in the 5th day and 96.53±2.35% in the 7th day. It could be concluded that this marker is indigestible and could be used as an ideal one. (2) There were no significant differences between the digestibility values with the conventional method and those of the two short-period techniques (the first three days and the first five days collection periods). The percentage differences were not exceeding 6 % except some deviations with CP digestibility in one trial (hay: rice straw mixture). These two methods seemed to be reliable in practice. (3) The same differences were found between the digestion coefficients, which conducted from the cenventional method, and those of the marker technique using three times for collection except high deviations were found with one trial in the last two procedures. Using marker technique appeared promising from the 3rd day up to the 7th day after its administration.
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    Cooking-quality of broad-bean varieties as influenced by some physicochemical measurements (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 200-207 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: broad bean ; cookability ; physicochemical measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cooking and processing-characteristics of eight Egyptian dry broad-bean varieties were studied along with some of their chemical and physical tests. Good correlation was found between their cooking-quality and their contents of seed coat and phytic acid as well as their amylograms. Seeds of Giza 2 variety contained the lowest contents of seed coat and phytic acid phosphorus and showed the lowest peak viscosity, which were associated with excellent cooking and processing-characteristics. The cooked seeds of this variety were soft and absorbed more water as well as the liquid after cooking contained more color intensity. Other tested varieties contained more of these chemical and physical tests, which were associated with variable cooking and processing-characteristics. Conversely, Rebaya 40 variety contained the highest contents of these chemical and physical tests, which were associated with less cooking and processing-characteristics. Moreover, the water absorption of the raw seeds was correlated to the water absorption of cooked seeds as well as their cookability in the tested varieties. The cooking-quality was not significantly correlated with gelatinization temperatures, protein content and amino acid composition. The amino acids were determined quantitatively by the amino acid analyser, and the predominant amino acids were found to be aspartic acid and glutamic acid, whereas the other acids were found in variable amounts. The nutritional value of broad-bean protein, generally, showed that they are deficient in methionine and isoleucine, compared with the provisional reference of amino acid pattern of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021566
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    Errata (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 311-311 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021642
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    Enzymveränderungen und Proteinstoffwechsel in der frühen und späten postoperativen Phase während intravenöser Nährstoffzufuhr (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 291-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: intraabdominelle Eingriffe ; Enzymveränderungen ; Protein-stoffwechsel ; Kalorien-Stickstoff-Quotient ; Xylit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 119 metabolically healthy surgical patients, who had to undergo elective intraabdominal surgery, were separated into upper — cholecystectomy, gastric resection — and lower — colonic and sigma surgery — intraabdominal procedures and divided into 8 groups with different infusion regimens. During the early postoperative period, patients with upper abdominal surgery had significantly higher postoperative enzyme changes compared with patients with lower abdominal surgery. Patients with cholecystectomy had the significantly highest postoperative enzyme changes. On postoperative day 6 the enzyme changes showed a significant dependence from the duration of total parenteral nutrition, the chosen calorie-nitrogen ratio, and the chosen energy substrate, Xylitol or glucose. We could show a significant negative correlation between the extent of the stimulation of hepatic lipid synthesis and the protein parameters. Of all chosen infusion regimens, Xylitol in a dosis of 0.11 g/kg BW x h together with the high amino acid infusion rate of 1.76 g/kg BW x day had the most favourable effect on the extent of stimulation of hepatic lipid synthesis, the late postoperative enzyme changes, and the synthesis rate of visceral proteins. This study could demonstrate that different intraabdominal surgical procedures need a more specific nutritional therapy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 119 stoffwechselgesunde, chirurgische Patienten, die sich einem elektiven intraabdominellen Eingriff unterziehen mußten, wurden nach oberen — Cholezystektomien, Magenresektionen — und unteren — Kolon- und Sigmaoperationen — intraabdominellen Eingriffen getrennt und in 8 Gruppen mit verschiedenen Ernährungsregimen eingeteilt. In der frühen postoperativen Phase wiesen Patienten mit oberen intraabdominellen Eingriffen signifikant höhere postoperative Enzymveränderungen auf, verglichen mit Patienten mit Operationen im unteren Abdominalbereich. Operationen in unmittelbarer Lebernähe — Cholezystektomien — wiesen die signifikant stärksten Enzymveränderungen auf. Am 6. postoperativen Tag bestand bei Patienten mit oberen abdominalchirurgischen Eingriffen eine signifikante Abhängigkeit der Enzymveränderungen von der Dauer der totalen parenteralen Ernährung, vom gewählten Kalorien-Stickstoff-Quotienten und vom gewählten Energieträger Xylit oder Glucose. Es bestand eine signifikante negative Korrelation zwischen der Stärke der Stimulation der hepatischen Lipidsynthese und den Eiweißparametern. Von allen gewählten Ernährungsregimen erwies sich die Anwendung von Xylit in einer Dosierung von 0,11 g/kg KG x Std. zusammen mit einer hohen Aminosäurenzufuhr von 1,76 g/kg KG x die am günstigsten hinsichtlich der Stimulation der hepatischen Lipidsynthese, der späten postoperativen Enzymveränderungen als auch der Synthese von viszeralen Proteinen. Diese Untersuchung konnte zeigen, daß unterschiedliche intraabdominelle Eingriffe einer spezifischen Ernährungstherapie bedürfen.
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    Buchbesprechungen (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 156-161 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021262
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    Freie und gesamte Aminosäuren im Muskelfleisch vom Weißblutfisch (Champsocephalus gunnariLönnberg) und vom Krill (Euphausia superbaDana) (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Weißblutfisch ; Krill ; Muskelfleisch ; Aminosäuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the muscle tissue of sea-frozen ice fish (Champsocephalus gunnariLönnberg) and of krill (Euphausia superbaDana) the amino-acid composition, the free amino acids and some other compounds interesting from a physiological point of view were determined. The low contents in labile energy-rich phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in ice fish suggest that the glycolytic processes were nearly completed already after freezing on sea and that they had been of only moderate significance for the metabolism, as was demonstrated also by findings on the pattern of the free amino acids and related compounds. The composition of the amino acids of the edible parts of ice fish largely corresponded to other fish. The amino acid composition of the abdominal muscle tissue of krill and of other crustaceans was comparable as well. The shares particularly of essential amino acids in ice fish and krill fulfilled the requirements of a protein of high biological value.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Muskelgewebe von auf See gefrorenem Weißblutfisch Champsocephalus gunnariLönnberg und Krill Euphausia superbaDana wurden die Aminosäurenzusammensetzung, die freien Aminosäuren und einige andere physiologisch interessante Verbindungen bestimmt. Die geringen Gehalte an labilem energiereichem Phosphat und Nicotinamid-adenindinucleotid beim Weißblutfisch deuten darauf hin, daß die glykolytischen Prozesse bereits nach dem Einfrieren auf See nahezu abgeschlossen und in übereinstimmung mit Befunden am Muster der freien Aminosäuren und verwandten Verbindungen von nur maßiger Bedeutung für den Stoffwechsel waren. Die Aminosäurenzusammensetzung im eßbaren Anteil vom Weißblutfisch stimmte mit der von anderen Fischen bekannten weitgehend überein. Auch die Schwanzmuskulatur vom Krill war in den Gehalten an Aminosäuren mit denen anderer Krebse vergleichbar. Die Anteile insbesondere an essentiellen Aminosäuren beim Weißblutfisch und beim Krill entsprachen den Anforderungen, die an ein biologisch hochwertiges Eiweiß zu stellen sind.
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    Physicochemical characteristics of lentil varieties as related to their cookability (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 194-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: lentil varieties ; cookability ; physicochemical characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Some physical and chemical characteristics of three varieties of lentil were studied along with their cookability. Gelatinization temperature and peak viscosity were found to be independent of amylose content as well as protein and amino acid contents. The maximum volume-expansion ratio was positively correlated with amylose content and independent of protein and amino acid contents. Seed coats of the tested varieties were very fine and seemed to be an unimportant factor for their cookability. No correlation was found between phytic acid phosphorus content and cookability of the tested varieties. The amino acids were determined quantitatively by the amino acid analyser. Glutamic acid was found in higher level, whereas the other amino acids were found in variable amounts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021565
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    Determining the kinetic behaviour for the secretion of milk toxin as related to dosage level of aflatoxin B1 (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 216-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: milk toxin ; toxic feeds ; feeding test ; aflatoxin-synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 39 species which belong to 14 genera were isolated from 110 milk samples collected from different dairy sources at Assiut City. The most frequent fungi wereA. niger, A. flavus andCladosporium cladosporioides, followed byCurvularia spicifera andPenicillium corylophilum. The remaining species were of rare occurrence. The fluorescence-method for detecting aflatoxin-producing strains demonstrated the presence of two isolates namelyA. flavus possesses this property. One of these toxic isolates was proved to produce high level of aflatoxin B1. It was used as a tool for determining the kinetic behaviour for the secretion of M1 toxin in milk of lactating animals which had received a toxic diet. The results revealed the following: 1. The milk toxin was detected in the milk of lactating animals next day after the toxin-containing ration was fed. 2. The level of milk toxin is gradually decreased when the feeding programme was interrupted. 3. When the animals supplied a ration containing the same concentration of aflatoxin for successive days, the milk toxin concentration was maintained at the same level. 4. The total amount of milk toxin secreted was less than one per cent of the amount of aflatoxin B1 received. 5. The concentration of milk toxin secreted by goats was higher than that of dairy cows. 6. Milk toxin failed to be detected five days after the feeding programme was discontinued.
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    A tentative molecular-biological hypothesis for arteriosclerosis (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 247-252 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick darauf, daß Komplikationen der Arteriosklerose die häufigsten Todesursachen in den Industrieländern sind, ist ihre Atiologie von enormer Bedeutung. Die weit verbreitete Lipidtheorie (besonders die Annahme von cholesterinbedingten Schäden) kann nicht aufrechterhalten werden, da sie viele Tatsachen nicht erklären kann. Hierher gehören z.B. die homöostatische Beziehung zwischen exogenem und endogenem Cholesterin; der „normale“ Cholesteringehalt des frühen Atheroms; die charakteristische Verteilung der Läsionen sowie das sozusagen „programmäßige“ Auftreten der klinischen Veränderungen. Arteriosklerose ist ein Teil der normalen Altersprozesse, die mit Veränderungen des Genoms einhergehen. Von klinischem Interesse sind dabei besonders Autoimmunprozesse und Veränderungen der extrachromosomalen Organismen des Genoms (Viren, Plasmide, Viroide). Die spezifischen Effekte dieser Organismen könnten die charakteristische Verteilung der arteriosklerotischen Läsionen erklären, und das Ende ihrer Inkubationszeit könnte vielleicht für das mehr oder weniger programmäßige Auftreten der klinischen Komplikationen verantwortlich sein. Die Lipidveränderungen sind wahrscheinlich ein Teil der Adaptionsvorgänge, die der rapiden Zerstörung der Gefäße nach dem Auftreten der DNS-Veränderungen entgegenwirken. Arteriosklerose ist ein Teil der normalen Evolution.
    Notes: Summary In view of the fact that complications of arteriosclerosis are the most frequent causes of death in industrialized societies, its etiology is of enormous interest. The widely held lipid theory (detrimental effects of cholesterol) has been attacked because it cannot account for such facts as the homeostatic relationship of endogenous and exogenous cholesterol; for the “normal” cholesterol content of the early atheroma; for the distribution of the lesions, their spotty occurrence and their “programmed” appearance. Arteriosclerosis is part of the normal processes of aging which are related to molecular-biological changes. Autoimmune processes and the effects of extrachromosomal organisms of the genome (viruses, plasmids, viroids) are clinically of interest. Arteriosclerotic lesions are probably influenced by autoimmune processes; the variability and specificity of the non-chromosomal organisms may explain the location of the lesions; the end of the incubation period of the organisms may be responsible for the programmed appearance of clinical symptoms. The lipid changes are probably part of the adaptive mechanisms counteracting the rapid destruction of the vessels following the DNA alterations. Arteriosclerosis is part of normal evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021635
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    Biochemical studies on the effect of breast and artificial feeding in newborn Egyptian infants I. Serum proteins and immunoglobulins in 1–4-day-old newborns (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 283-290 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Investigations on the effect of colostrum feeding in 1–4-day-old newborn infants on serum proteins and their immunoglobulins were carried out. The values for serum total proteins, albumin and gamma globulins are higher in colostrum-fed infants than the artificially fed group. Immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A levels were significantly higher, while immunoglobulin M level was only slightly elevated in the former group. On the other hand, serum total proteins as well as albumin and gamma globulins levels were decreased in lactating compared with non-lactating females, while the alpha and beta globulins levels were higher for lactating than controls. For individual immunoglobulins; IgG level was lower and IgA, IgM levels were higher for lactating than non-lactating females.
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    Unconventional protein sources: “Date seeds” (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Different varieties of Egyptian date seed were evaluated biochemically. The protein content of which was in the range of 7.13–10.36 %, while the fat content was from 6.32–9.28 %. Phosphorus, calcium and iron were determined in all experimental samples. One variety of date seed (Samany) were used for extensive determination of the amino acids constituents by acid hydrolysis, quantitative determination of some amino acids, and evaluation of their biological value on attempt to use the seeds as new protein sources. Weanling albino rats fed on a diet of protein level 5 % lost weight, but no toxic signs were observed. Analysis of blood serum of rats, for total proteins, albumin globulin ratio and free nonessential/essential amino acid protein, showed the date seed protein to be of low biological value.
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    Enzymatische Oxydationsreaktionen in gefrorener Petersilie (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 270-274 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Petersilie ; Gefrierlagerung ; Lipoxygenase ; Hydroperoxydiensäuren ; „off-flavor“
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During frozen storage of (non-blanched) parsley, substances are formed showing absorption (234 nm) typical for hydroperoxidienoic acids with conjugated double bonds. However, only small quantities of these compounds are found in the frozen material as compared to other lipid degradation products; for instance, during 2 months at −18 °C only 0.1 % of the fatty acids (bound to polar lipids) present in fresh parsley are transformed into dienoic acids. These low dienoic acid concentration are nevertheless sufficient to explain off-flavour formation since the sensorythreshold values of the degradation products are in the range of some ppb only. After storage for 2 months at −24 °C no hydroperoxidienoic acids were found, which means that this temperature, in contrast to the usual storage temperature of −18 °C, provides practically full protection against lipoxygenase-catalyzed spoiling reactions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Verlaufe der Gefrierlagerung von (unblanchierter) Petersilie entstehen Substanzen, die eine für Fettsäure-Hydroperoxyde mit konjugierten Doppelbindungen charakteristische Absorption bei 234 nm aufweisen. Mengenmäßig treten diese Verbindungen allerdings gegenüber anderen enzymatisch gebildeten Lipidabbauprodukten stark zurück; es werden z. B. in zwei Monaten bei −18 °C nur 0,1 % der im frischen Material vorhandenen (an polare Lipide gebundenen) Fettsäuren in Diensäuren überführt. Bereits der Zerfall geringer Anteile hiervon würde dennoch ausreichen, um die Bildung von „off-flavor“ zu erklären, da die sensorischen Schwellenwerte der Zerfallsprodukte im Bereich weniger ppb liegen. Bei −24 °C konnten nach 2monatiger Lagerung keine Hydroperoxydiensäuren nachgewiesen werden, so daß diese Temperatur auch bei längeren Lagerungszeiten praktisch vollständigen Schutz vor Lipoxygenase-katalysierten Verderbsreaktionen bietet, was für die praxisüblichen Bedingungen (−18 °C) nicht zutrifft.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021638
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    Buchbesprechungen (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 312-314 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021643
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    Untersuchungen zum proteinsparenden Effekt verschiedener Konzepte der peripheren parenteralen Ernährung (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 81-95 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: postoperativer Proteinstoffwechsel ; peripher-venöse parenterale Ernährung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A randomized clinical study was performed postoperatively in a total of 47 patients comparing three different concepts of peripheral parenteral nutrition. Substituting 1 g amino acids (AA)/kg b.w. daily, the amount of carbohydrates (CH) was changed solely: gr. II no carbohydrates (sole AA-substitution), gr. III 2 g CH/kg b.w. (hypocaloric nutrition) and gr. IV 5 g CH/kg b.w. (basic nutrition). The influence on protein metabolism was examined by cumulative N-balances, various plasma proteins viscerally synthesized and serum amino acids predominantly utilised in peripheral tissues. In comparison to a non-fed-control group (I), hypocaloric nutrition showed the qualitative most favourable protein-sparing effect. Besides, 87 % of N-retention serum levels of plasma proteins and amino acids investigated could be normalized completely. Peripheral basic nutrition also had a 88 % rate of N-retention, however, only peripherally utilised amino acids were influenced beneficially whereas the plasma proteins remained depleted. Sole AA-substitution neither affected amino acid levels nor plasma proteins, and the N-retention rate was significantly lowered (67 %). Possibly this type of therapy increases protein turnover soleley, while true protein-sparing took place only with additional CH supply. However, a positive effect on visceral protein synthesis was observed exclusively with hypocaloric nutrition.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer vergleichenden klinischen Studie wurden bei insgesamt 47 Patienten postoperativ drei verschiedene Konzepte der peripheren parenteralen Ernährung untersucht. Bei einer täglichen AS-Substitution von 1 g/kg KG/Tag wurde lediglich das Ausmaß der KH-Zufuhr variiert: Gr. II: keine KH-Zufuhr (alleinige AS-Substitution), Gr. III: 2 g KH/kg KG (hypokalorische Ernährung) und Gr. IV: 5 g KH/kg KG (Basisernährung). Anhand der kumulativen N-Bilanzen, verschiedener viszeral synthetisierter Plasmaproteine sowie vorwiegend peripher verstoffwechselter Aminosäuren wurden die Auswirkungen auf den Proteinstoffwechsel beurteilt. Im Vergleich zu einer nicht ernährten Kontrollgruppe (I) zeigte dabei die hypokalorische Ernährung den qualitativ günstigsten proteinsparenden Effekt. Neben einer 87 %-N-Retention konnte das Verhalten der Plasmaproteine und der Aminosäuren normalisiert werden. Die periphere Basisernährung zeigte ebenfalls eine 88 %-N-Retention, jedoch kam es nur zu einer günstigen Beeinflussung der peripher utilisierten Aminosäuren, während die viszeral synthetisierten Plasmaproteine uniform erniedrigt blieben. Bei der alleinigen AS-Substitution konnte weder ein Effekt auf die Aminosäuren noch auf die Plasmaproteine nachgewiesen werden, die N-Retention war mit 67 % ebenfalls deutlich geringer. Möglicherweise kommt es bei dieser Therapieform nur zu einem erhöhten Proteinumsatz, während bei zusätzlicher KH-Zufuhr ein echter proteinsparender Effekt nachweisbar war. Jedoch nur bei der hypokalorischen Ernährung wurde dabei auch eine Verbesserung der viszeralen Proteinsynthese beobachtet.
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    Unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid composition of pea oil (1981)
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    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 132-138 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 14 compounds were detected in the unsaponifiable matter of pea oil by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and 8 of them were identified as hydrocarbons C30, C32, squalene, α-tocopherol, cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The predominant unsaponifiable fraction was β-sitosterol whereas the others were found in variable amounts. Two sterols were isolated by column chromatography. One of them was characterised as β-sitosterol by measuring the melting point, [α]D, and infrared spectra and those of its acetate. However, the other sterol was unidentified. The fatty acid contents in pea oil were determined quantitatively by GLC. They were present in variable amounts, whereas linoleic acid was the major one.
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    Evaluation of local varieties of Egyptian rice (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 152-155 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The different nutritional ingredients of the Egyptian varieties of rice (Giza 171, Giza 172, and Giza 180) were determined. 1. The nutritive values decreased in polished varieties more than in the hulled ones. 2. A wide variation in the protein content in the different varieties was recognized. 3. Giza 180 could be considered as the best Egyptian variety from the nutritional aspects.
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    Amino acid distribution of cereals in commerical mill products (1981)
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    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 139-144 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The amino acid contents of wheat and rice as well as their final products produced by commercial milling were determined quantitatively by the amino acid analyzer. Less quantities of lysine, glycine, arginine, alanine, and aspartic acid were found in the flour, whereas more levels of these amino acids were found in the wheat grain. Conversely, more proline, phenylalanine and glutamic acid were found in the flour, and less amounts of these amino acids were found in the wheat grain. The proportion of the other amino acids were slightly affected by milling. On the other hand, less amounts of aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, and proline were found in rice bran and germ, whereas more levels of these amino acids were found in brown and milled rice. Conversely, rice bran and germ contained more threonine and cystine than brown and milled rice. The proportions of the other amino acids were slightly affected by milling, however, high content of lysine in germ was notable.
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    Composition of cocoa shell fat as related to cocoa butter (1981)
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    European journal of nutrition 20 (1981), S. 145-151 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The physical and chemical constants of cocoa shell fat (a by-product resulted during the production of cocoa butter at chocolate factories) were almost identical with those of cocoa butter obtained from the same cocoa beans except for their high acid value. Shell fat contained more amount of phospholipid content (as cephalin) than cocoa butter. The lipid classes were almost the same in cocoa butter and shell fat, however, the latter contained an unidentified constituent which was not found in cocoa butter. The fatty acids were determined quantitatively by GLC, and the results showed that the predominant acids in cocoa butter were palmitic, and oleic. Less amounts of capric, myrisitic, palmitoleic and linoleic were found in cocoa butter, whereas more amounts of these acids were found in shell fat. Cocoa butter gave higher values of stearic and myristic acids than those of shell fat. Seventeen compounds were detected by GLC in the unsaponifiable matter of both cocoa butter and shell fat from which eight were identified as C30 hydrocarbon, C32 hydrocarbon, squalene, α-tocopherol, cholesterol, campsterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in the two samples. The sterols were determined quantitatively, and it was found that the predominant sterol in cocoa butter and shell fat was B-sitosterol. Cocoa butter contained higher values of stigmasterol than that of shell fat, which contained increasing values of campsterol, low values of cholesterol were found in both samples. Stability of cocoa butter and shell fat towards oxidative rancidity at 100 °C was the same (10.5 hrs).
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    Lowering ammonia volatilization losses from urea application by activation of nitrification process (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 101-107 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; nitrification rate ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to lower ammonia volatilization losses by increasing the rate of nitrification. This was achieved by eliminating the gap in timing between urea hydrolysis and ammonium nitrification. Soils were pretreated with a small amount of ammonium salt which led to the activation of the nitrification process. When nitrification passed its lag period, urea was applied to the soils. Ammonium produced by urea hydrolysis was quickly oxidized into nitrate and did not accumulate in the soil. This resulted in decreased ammonium concentrations in soil, and consequently, in decreased ammonia volatilization losses.
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    Effect of level, timing and method of nitrogen application on spring-planted sugarcane (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 127-134 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: millable canes ; sugar yield ; foliar application ; juice quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during the years 1976–79 involving two planted cane crops and two ratoons showed that nitrogen application to planted cane increased the millable cane and sugar yields of the planted cane and had a significant residual effect on the ratoon. Taking together the yields of planted cane and ratoon, an application of 150 kg N ha−1 increased the yield of millable cane by 33.3t ha−1 and that of sugar by 3.9t ha−1. The results suggested that with 75 kg N ha−1 three-quarters should be applied at planting, while with 150 kg N ha−1 only half should be applied at planting. The remaining dose of nitrogen should be applied at earthing up. Foliar application of part of the nitrogen indicated some advantage in the case of millable canes in the planted cane, but this did not show up in the sugar yield.
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    Hydrolysis of aluminium on weakly acidic organic exchangers: Implications for phosphate adsorption (1981)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 159-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: acidity ; adsorption ; aluminium ; hydrolysis ; organic exchanger ; phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to its behaviour on soil clays and in aqueous solution, aluminium is more extensively hydrolysed between pH3 and 4.5 on organic exchangers because the weakly acidic carboxyl groups appear to act as sinks for the protons released by hydrolysis and polymerization of the Al(H2O) 6 3+ ions. In consequence, the basicity (measured by the OH/Al mole ratio) of Al adsorbed on samples of acid peat, humic acid and Amberlite IRC-50 resin was closely correlated with the apparent pKa of the acid groups. The amount of phosphate adsorbed depended not only on the amount of Al adsorbed but also on the basicity of the adsorbed Al. Phosphate and OH− ions competed for Al on the exchange sites with the result that the P/Al mole ratio on the exchanger was inversely related to the basicity of the adsorbed Al. Once adsorbed, the Al was quite stable and P adsorption on the Al-exchanger was unaffected by a rise in pH from 4.5 to 6.4.
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    Soil clay mineralogy in relation to fertility management: Effect of soil clay mineral composition on potassium fixation under conditions of upland rice soils (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 193-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: clay minerals ; fertility management ; potassium fixation ; upland soil ; rice culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since K fixation in soils is largely a function of clay mineralogy, an effort was made to elucidate the influence of mineralogical variations in soil clays on K fixation, under the moisture-temperature regimes usually prevalent in tropical upland rice soils. Beidellitic clay turned out to be the most severe fixer of addedK (80%), followed by vermiculitic (69%) clays. Fixation is not appreciable (〈 15%) in clays consisting of montmorillonite, x-ray amorphous material, chlorite, hydrous mica, kaolinite and halloysite. Fixation by beidellite and vermiculite clays is reduced by the simultaneous occurrence of other mineral species.
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    Use of low grade phosphate rocks as biosuper fertilizer (1981)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 199-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: allophanic soil ; biosuper ; low grade phosphate rock ; marine phosphorite nodule ; phosphate rock/sulphur granule ; ryegrass ; Thiobacillus spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot trial was conducted for 10 months to evaluate the fertilizer value of two low grade phosphate rocks applied either as biosuper (phosphate rock/sulphur granules, PR/S*) or as untreated granulated rocks. The phosphate rocks were Chatham Rise nodules (CR), a marine deposit containing calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, and the ‘C’ grade ore from Christmas Island (CC) containing predominantly aluminiumiron phosphate and free oxides of iron and aluminium. Perennial ryegrass was grown as the test crop in a highly phosphate retentive allophanic soil, limed to pH 6.2. Single superphosphate was used as the standard fertilizer. Phosphate uptake and dry matter yields showed that biosuper prepared from CR was agronomically as effective as superphosphate whereas that prepared from CC was less effective. At the highest rate of application CR increased the yield of ryegrass by 80% over that of control but granulating it with sulphur increased the yield by 143%. The corresponding values for CC and CC/S were 39% and 50%. The time lags from the addition of CR/S and CC/S to apparent maximum phosphate availability were less than 18 and 49 days respectively. Olen bicarbonate extractable phosphate of soils increased by 100% and 33% respectively when CR and CC were added as biosuper in comparison with addition as phosphate rock granules. Liming the soil to raise its pH from 5.1 to 6.2 lowered the quantity of superphosphate needed to reach 90% of maximum yield by 23%.
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    Very high applications of nitrogen fertilizer on grassland and residual effects in the following season (1981)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 309-327 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: residual nitrogen ; grassland ; nitrogen fertilization ; soil mineral nitrogen ; yield ; nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract At very high nitrogen applications (480 and more kg N ha−1 yr−1) in field trials on all-grass swards the amount of N applied exceeded the amount of N harvested. In the humid temperate climate of the Netherlands in the subsequent spring approximately 25, 40, and 50% of this excess nitrogen was recovered as accumulated mineral nitrogen in the 0–100 cm layer of sandy, clay and heavy clay soil, respectively. The effect of this excess nitrogen on growth during the subsequent season was measured through the increase in DM and N yield over a reference treatment. In this season all treatments received a uniform application (40 kg N ha−1 cut−1). Residual effects were absent on sandy soil but distinct on the clay soils. On the clay soils each accumulated kg soil mineral nitrogen produced 15 kg DM. Assuming a relatively small contribution of residual nitrogen carried over in stubble, roots and organic matter, the accumulated soil mineral nitrogen would seem to be as effective as applied fertilizer nitrogen.
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    Fertilizer use and food production: World scene (1981)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 33-51 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: energy ; models ; N-fixation ; nutrients ; re-cycling ; yield ; food production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cereal yield per ha in the different countries of the world is almost proportional to the rate of fertilizer application. Yields in countries where most people live are severely limited by nutrient deficiencies. Unless steps are taken to rectify these deficiencies, crop yields will always be very poor, even if other improved agronomic practices are adopted. Much fertilizer is at present wasted because of difficulties in forecasting how to adjust levels and methods of application for differences in conditions. More widespread adoption of ‘mechanistic’ approaches to studying the problems than hitherto offers opportunities for improvement. Considerable scope also exists for saving fertilizer by more re-cycling of nutrients, by greater biological-N fixation and by the adoption of better cropping sequences. Only a minute fraction of the present consumption of fossil energy in the world is needed to manufacture all the required fertilizer. Adequate supplies of potassium and phosphate minerals probably exist to meet demand. The major problems in the future are likely to arise from the fact that essential resources are very unevenly distributed in relation to where they are needed to grow food.
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    The effects of fertilizing on the foliar nutrient concentrations inEucalyptus grandis (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 73-87 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: N P K fertilizing ; liming ; leaf sampling ; foliar analysis ; Eucalyptus grandis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The foliar concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients were studied in four N P K-lime fertilizer experiments withEucalyptus grandis, in the Natal Midlands and Zululand, South Africa. The sampling method and the chemical analysis of the foliar nutrient concentrations are described. Nutrient levels are similar to results found elsewhere and they differ little from those for other eucalypt species. There are many significant changes in foliar nutrient concentrations as a result of fertilizing. The relationship between soil and foliar N and P concentrations are clear as well as the importance of well-balanced N/P and Ca/Mg ratios. The Zn-P and Zn-Mg relationships make it apparent that Zn-enriched fertilizers should be used forE. grandis.
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    The relationship between Bray's P1, modified NaHCO3, New Mehlich and NH4F. HF extractants for P in savannah soils of western Nigeria (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 89-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; P fractions ; strip cropping ; P uptake ; relative yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sixty surface (0–15 cm) soil samples and 20 field sites with different cropping histories were selected from the major soil types of the western Nigeria basement complex savannah. Available P was evaluated with six different extractants, namely Bray's P1, 0.1N AHDF (pH 4.1–4.3), 0.1N AHDF (pH 5.0), 0.05N AHDF (pH 7.0), New Mehlich and modified Olsen's 0.5M NaHCO3 (pH 8.5). The highest amount of P was extracted by 0.1N AHDF (pH 4.1–4.3), while 0.05N AHDF (pH 7.0) extracted the lowest. In the greenhouse, the New Mehlich extractant had the best correlation with P uptake (r = 0.95,p 〈 0.001), which was not different from Bray's P1, 0.1N (pH 4.1–4.3), 0.1N AHDF (pH 5.0) and modified 0.5M NaHCO3 extractants. Field experiments in the various locations showed a significant correlation between relative maize yield and soil tests. The 0.5M NaHCO3 had the highest correlation (r = 0.70,p 〈 0.01) while 0.1N AHDF (pH 4.1–4.3) had the lowest (r = 0.53,p 〈 0.05). All extractants seem to extract the same forms of P. Although Fe-P contributes the highest amount of active P extracted with the Chang and Jackson procedure, its utilization by the crop seems to be relatively lower than the other P forms. The 0.1N AHDF (pH 4.1–4.3) extracted 38% of this active P form while Bray's P1, New Mehlich, 0.1N AHDF (pH 5.0), modified 0.5M NaHCO3 and 0.05N AHDF (pH 7.0) extracted 29, 27, 22, 21 and 7% respectively. It is therefore concluded that any of the following four extractants, namely New Mehlich, 0.5M NaHCO3, 0.1N AHDF (pH 5.0) and Bray's P1, could be adopted for routine soil testing for P in the savannah zone of western Nigeria.
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    Performance of Pb/Zn tolerantFestuca rubra on metalliferous spoil in relation to nitrogen source (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 135-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: mineral nutrition ; nitrogen fertilizer ; Festuca rubra ; metal tolerance ; lead/zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a glasshouse bioassay of acid and calcareous Pb/Zn mine waste, relationships between dry matter yield of Pb/Zn tolerantFestuca rubra L. cv. Merlin, and seven conventional and slow-release nitrogen fertilisers applied as single and split applications were examined against a standard background of phosphate and potassium levels. No significant advantages were found to justify the use of slow release N sources over standard formulations, despite losses due to volatilisation, leaching and immobilisation processes. The fate of the applied nitrogen fertiliser is greatly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the substrate which must be taken account of in formulating establishment and management specifications.
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    Dissolution of granulated CuZn-superphosphate in soils (1981)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 147-157 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: acid-soluble P ; citrate-soluble P ; copper ; dissolution ; fertilizer ; superphosphate ; water-soluble P ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Granules and pressed pellets of ordinary superphosphate and CuZn superphosphate were drilled and surface applied to two moist soils in the field. Residues were collected at intervals up to 1 year and chemically analyzed. The water-soluble P, Cu and Zn fractions dissolved within 7 days. Dissolution of S, Ca, remaining Cu and citratesoluble P was slow with approximately half the initial contents remaining in pellets and large granules after 1 year. All constituents dissolved more rapidly from small granules and in the heavier-textured soil. Crystalline dicalcium phosphate was not detected in residues despite its reported formation in analogous laboratory studies.
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    Efficiency of HCl- and H2SO4-acidulated rock phosphates for a rice based cropping system (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 109-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: H2SO4 - or HCl-acidulated rock phosphates ; phosphate fertilizers ; water- and citrate soluble phosphates ; rice based cropping system ; rice—wheat/wheat—rice rotation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot experiments were conducted with an acid laterite soil and a shallow black calcareous soil to study the effect of initial application of North Carolina and Udaipur rock phosphates, acidulated with HCl or H2SO4 to the extent of 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the requirement for complete conversion into superphosphate, on the grain yield and P uptake by crops in rice—wheat and wheat—rice cropping sequences. The products obtained on acidulation with HCl or H2SO4 at a given degree behaved similarly. Rock phosphates partially acidulated with HCl or H2SO4 to 50–75% could be used successfully for growing rice or wheat on both the soil types. In the rice—wheat sequence, the wheat crop following rice gave very low grain yields compared to the wheat crop in the wheat—rice rotation, while in the wheat—rice rotation the rice crop following wheat gave yields comparable to that of rice in the rice—wheat rotation. The reasons for this differential effect have been made plausible. The studies indicate that a 50–75% H2SO4 - or HCl-acidulated rock phosphate may be used as a single application to an upland crop in an upland crop—rice rotation especially on acid soils, where the water soluble fractions of the product are used by the wheat crop. During the process of growth of the upland crop under aerobic soil conditions, the citrate soluble and insoluble fractions undergo such transformations that make it possible for the following rice crop to utilize them under waterlogged conditions.
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    The transformations and balance of nitrogen in Japanese paddy fields (1981)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 261-278 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen balance ; nitrogen-15 ; nitrogen transformation ; paddy soil ; rice plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Research on the transformations and balance of nitrogen in Japanese paddy field is reviewed. During the past decade substantial progress has been made in estimating more accurate nitrogen balance. However, available data do not provide reliable assessments of nitrogen losses or gains, especially of biological nitrogen fixation, denitrification and leaching. Accordingly, data obtainable now permit only a partial accounting of the nitrogen balance in flooded paddy soils. Accurate estimates on inputs and outputs of nitrogen are required. The problems in estimating these gains and losses are discussed, and the need for more nitrogen balance studies in the field is emphasized.
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    Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit) prunings as nitrogen source for maize (Zea mays L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 279-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Leucaena ; prunings ; placement ; time of application ; N-source ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness ofLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, prunings as N source for maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated in field and pot trials at Ibadan, southern Nigeria. An N deficient, sandy Apomu soil (Psammentic Usthorthent) was used. The prunings significantly increased N uptake of seedlings and N percentage in ear leaves of maize. High maize gain yield was obtained with application of 10 tons fresh prunings or a combination of 5 tons fresh prunings and N at 50 kg ha−1. The prunings as N source, appeared to be more effective when incorporated in the soil than when applied as mulch. In the pot trial, prunings applied two weeks before planting was more effective than when applied at time of planting maize. Under screen house conditions, the apparent N recovery from prunings with early incorporation about equals that of fertilizer N.
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    Use of electroultrafiltration (EUF) method for investigating the behaviour of phosphate fertilizers in tropical soils (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: superphosphate ; rock phosphate ; solubility ; tropical soil ; EUF method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Lölichkeit von Superphosphat und Rohphosphat wurde in 6 Böden untersucht, die sich beachtlich in ihrem pH-Wert, in ihrem Tongehalt und in ihren Tonmineraltypen unterschieden. Die Böden wurden mit steigenden Phosphatmengen für die Dauer von 1, 4, 12, und 24 Wochen bei 60% der maximalen Wasserkapazität inkubiert und dann mittels Elektroultrafiltration (EUF) extrahiert. In den sauren Böden (pH-H2O): 4.3 bis 5.6) unterschieden sich die Phosphatmengen nicht wesentlich, die von den beiden Phosphatdüngemitteln extrahiert wurden. In den neutralen Böden (pH-H2 O: 6.6 bis 6.9) wurde von den Superphosphatvarianten 2 bis 10 fach mehr Phosphat extrahiert als von den Rohphosphatvarianten. Eine fractionierte EUF-Extraktion (Änderung der Desorptionszeit und der Spannung) zeigte, daß in den sauren Böden das Rohphosphat besser löslich war als das Superphosphat; in den neutralen Böden wurde die umgekehrte Beziehung gefunden. In 5 von den 6 untersuchten Böden nahm die Löslichkeit des Superphosphates im Verlaufe der 24 wöchigen Inkubationsdauer ab. Die Löslichkeit des Rohphosphates zeigte keinen klaren Trend in Abhängigkeit von der Inkubationsdauer.
    Notes: Abstract The solubility of superphosphate and rock phosphate was studied in six soils differing widely in pH, clay content, and type of clay minerals. Soils were incubated with increasing amounts of phosphate fertilizer for 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks at 60% maximum water capacity and then extracted by means of electroultrafiltration (EUF). In the acid soils (pH-H2 O: 4.3 to 5.6) the phosphate quantities extracted did not differ much between fertilizer types. In the neutral soils (pH-H2 O: 6.6 to 6.9) 2 to 10 times as much was extracted from the superphosphate treatments as from the rock phosphate treatments. A fractionated EUF extraction (change of extraction time and voltage) showed that in the acid soils, rock phosphate was more soluble than superphosphate, but in neutral soils the opposite was true. In five of the six soils investigated the solubility of superphosphate declined during an incubation period of 24 weeks, whereas the solubility of rock phosphate showed no clear trend in relation to the time of incubation.
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    Effect of different nitrogen levels, plant population and soil nutrient status on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) in different ecological zones of Nigeria (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 177-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: soil nutrient status ; nitrogen fertilization ; maize ; yield component ; ecological zone ; relative yield ; soil testing ; spacing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field studies on the effect of nitrogen levels, plant population and soil nutrient status on maize yield and yield components at eight different sites representing six different ecological maize growing zones of Nigeria conducted during 1976, 1977 and 1978 indicated that N significantly influenced yield at six of the eight sites, NIFOR, Umudike and Uyo (rain forest zone), Mokwa and Samaru (Savanna zone) and Riyom (derived savanna zone). Optimum N required for maize varies between 50 and 100 kgN in the different zones. There was no response to spacing except at Umudike, Uyo and Riyom, and no significant interaction between N and spacing at any location. Nitrogen application significantly influenced earweight at Ikenne, NIFOR, Umudike, Uyo and Mokwa. Nitrogen application had a significant effect on the number of cobs at NIFOR, Uyo and Mokwa, while spacing significantly influenced number of cobs at all locations except Uyo. Husk weight was significantly increased by nitrogen application at four locations, NIFOR, Uyo, Mokwa and Samaru, but spacing had no effect on this yield component in any of the other locations except Umudike. There was an N by spacing interaction on husk weight at Umudike and Mokwa. Nitrogen application significantly influenced lodging at tasseling at Uyo, Mokwa and Riyom, whilst there was a significant effect of spacing at Uyo and Samaru. At harvest, lodging was not influenced by N application but spacing significantly affected lodging at Ibadan and NIFOR. Both N application and spacing had no significant effect on shelling percentage at any location. The high correlation between relative yield and available Zn(r = 0.77), Cu (r = 0.63) and Fe (r = − 0.66) of the soil at all the locations has shown that: (i) other nutrients besides N, P and K affected maize yield, therefore the inclusion of other nutrients besides N, P and K in the fertilizer recommendation for maize should be encouraged; (ii) different levels of NPK fertilizer plus other nutrients are required in each ecological zone and this can be determined by soil testing.
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    Ammonia volatilization from flooded soils (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 227-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: paddy soils ; rice fertilization ; nitrogen efficiency ; nitrogen loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization from flooded soils has been studied for over half a century. In reviewing the literature on this subject, it becomes clear that there is no consensus on the importance given to this loss mechanism. In part, the differences of opinion can be explained by the fact that ammonia losses were studied in different environments, but to a great extent it seems due to the wide diversity of techniques used to study this loss mechanism. The many factors that influence ammonia volatilization from flooded soils are chemical, biological, and environmental in nature. These various factors are reviewed in depth and discussed with respect to their implications for measurement techniques and for soil, fertilizer, and water management. The major objective of this paper is to familiarize the reader with the most current developments in thinking about the mechanisms and extent of ammonia loss and hopefully to stimulate meaningful research on ammonia volatilization from flooded soils. Such research should be conducted in a wide range of agroclimatic conditions utilizing measurement techniques that are valid or for which the limitations are clearly understood. A better appreciation for the importance of ammonia volatilization will provide the impetus to research and development in fertilizer technology and management aimed at preventing such losses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050196
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    Effect of N-rates on dryland wheat in relation to mulching previous crop or fallow (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: mulching ; dryland wheat ; nitrogen response curves ; water supply and nitrogen interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In many rainfed areas a rainy season crop is followed by a post rainy season (rabi) crop and the yield of the latter is directly related to the profile-stored water at the time of its sowing. Mulching is known to help increase soil moisture storage. The yields of dryland crops are also limited by availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen. We studied the effect of organic mulching in rainy season maize or fallow on the yield of maize and the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of the following wheat fertilized with different rates of N. Mulching increased yield of maize by 9–12% and that of the following wheat by 25–28%. The increase in wheat yield with mulching in the previous crop of maize is attributable to greater residual moisture after maize particularly in the seed-zone and enrichment of soil with nutrients. In wheat following mulched maize, the yields with 0 and 40 kg N ha−1 were comparable to those with 40 and 80 kg N ha−1 in the absence of mulch. For a given N rate the yield of wheat was a function of available water supply. The yield increased with water supply up to a certain level beyond which it decreased with additional water supply. The threshold water supply and the corresponding yield increased with increase in N rate. Favourable effects of mulching in maize on the yield of wheat decreased with increase in water supply. The results suggest that to achieve optimum yield of wheat in double cropping the previous crop should be mulched and the N rate for wheat should be chosen in relation to available water supplies.
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    Time and mode of nitrogen fertilizer application to tropical wetland rice (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 247-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium sulfate ; supergranules ; sulfur-coated urea ; ammonia volatilization ; floodwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In experiments with transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, two methods of split application of urea and ammonium sulfate were compared with deep, point placement (10 cm) of urea supergranules and broadcast application of a slow-release fertilizer sulfur-coated urea (SCU). Comparisons were made in the wet and dry seasons and were based on rice yield and N uptake. Urea- and ammonium-N concentrations and pH of the floodwater were measured to aid interpretation of the results. Split applications of urea were generally less efficient than ammonium sulfate. The split in which the initial fertilizer dose was broadcast and incorporated into the soil before transplanting was more effective than the split in which the fertilizer was broadcast directly into the floodwater 21 days after transplanting. Both split applications were inferior to the urea supergranules and SCU, in terms of both yield and N uptake efficiency; average apparent N recoveries ranged from 30% for the delayed split urea to 80% for the urea supergranule. Broadcast applications of urea and ammonium sulfate produced high floodwater concentrations of urea- and ammonium-N, which fell to zero within 4–5 days. Floodwater pH was as high as 9.3 and fluctuated diurnally due to heavy algal growth. Ammonia volatilization and algal immobilization of N in the floodwater were probably responsible for the poor efficiency of the split applications; the supergranules and SCU on the other hand produced low floodwater N concentrations and were efficiently used by the rice crop.
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    Effect of intensive cropping and fertilizer use on the crop removal of sulphur and zinc and their availability in soil (1981)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: multiple cropping ; continuous cropping ; fertilizer use ; available nutrient status ; nutrient removal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a long-term field experiment, involving multiple cropping (pearl millet-wheat-cowpea) and use of fertilizer based on soil tests for a slightly alkaline alluvial soil, an attempt has been made to examine the pattern of crop removal of sulphur and zinc and their availability in the soil during a 7 to 8 year period. Additions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enhanced the sulphur uptake over the control and treatment N, by 60.8 and 23.4% respectively. Both sulphur (through superphosphate) and farm manure raised the removal of S to the same extent. NPK applied at 50, 100 and 150% of the optimum recommended dose showed an increase of 63.2, 26.5 and 17.1% respectively, over control, 50 and 100% level of application. Treatments N, NP and NPK promoted the uptake of zinc by 67.4, 23.4 and 14.0% over the control, treatment N and treatment NP respectively. An increase of 7.1 and 17.7% in Zn uptake was noticed with farm manure and zinc sulphate incorporations. As has been seen in the case of sulphur, graded doses of NPK showed respective increases of 49.8, 27.0 and 8.6% in Zn removal. There was a marked depletion by 54.8 to 67.1% in available S in soil in all the treatments except the one where sulphur was being supplied every year. Without zinc being added, the extent of decrease in Zn in soil ranged from 18.9 to 30.6%. Addition of zinc improved the availability by 128.0% over the initial status.
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    Irrigation for crops in a sub-humid environment (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 3 (1981), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A water balance model, incorporating the influence of water deficit during vegetative growth on depth of water extraction, was used to calculate stress days from soybean irrigation experiments. A stress day was defined as a day when soil water deficit exceeded 60% of the capacity of the current root zone. Using data from 17 experimental treatments the influence of water deficits on yield and leaf area were ascertained. Soybeans were most sensitive to water stress during flowering and pod filling, and stress just prior to and during flowering increased the effect of stress during pod filling. For example, in the cultivar Ruse, stress during pod filling reduced yield by 21 kg ha−1 (stress day)−1 if there was no previous stress. If there had been 10 days of stress during vegetative growth, yield in pod filling was reduced by 52 kg ha−1 (stress day)−1. Yield was expressed as a function of stress days. Using this function and past meteorological data in the water balance model, it was found by simulation that from an allocation of 960 thousand cubic meters of water, the greatest yields were obtained by growing 100 ha of soybeans and irrigating at 60% soil water deficit. With progressively larger areas the water allocation was exhausted before the end of the season in an increasing number of years. However, the larger area compensated for the reduced yield and net returns averaged over 20 years were greatest when 160 ha were grown. Increasing the deficit for irrigation in order to make the water last longer increased the yield in dry years when the allocation was exhausted prematurely, but when averaged over 20 years, this effect was outweighed by loss of yield in the other years.
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    Irrigation for crops in a sub-humid environment (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 103-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this paper the soil water balance model developed and tested in Part III (Mason and Smith, 1980) for soybeans grown in the variable rainfall environment of the Namoi Valley of New South Wales was used to investigate the potential advantages of a computer-based system of irrigation scheduling. The advantages were evaluated using historical rainfall data for the 25 seasons from 1953/54 to 1977/78. The effects on irrigation efficiency of soil water holding capacity, the allowable soil water deficit prior to irrigation, and ordering irrigation water in advance were evaluated with the model. Reducing the allowed deficit prior to irrigation by 20% compared to the recommended level increased the number of irrigations by an average of 2.8 per year and irrigation requirements by 0.73 X 103 m3 ha−1. The need to order water 6 days in advance because of delays in delivery also increased requirements by 1.46 X 103 m3 ha−1 due to a reduced ability to utilize natural rainfall. Average farm irrigation efficiencies calculated from actual pumping records were found to be low by world standards for the 3-year period 1975/76 to 1977/78. It was concluded that if increased production per unit of water became a high priority in the Namoi Valley, then irrigation efficiency for the three year period discussed could have been increased from 35 to 47%, a saving of 1.3 X 103 m3 ha−1 year−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270753
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    Effect of irrigation and antitranspirants on evapotranspiration, water use efficiency and moisture extraction patterns of barley (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of irrigation and antitranspirants on evapotranspirations (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and the soil moisture extraction patterns of a barley crop grown on a sandy loam soil during the 1977 – 78 and 1978 – 79 seasons. An increase in irrigation frequency increased ET and decreased WUE. The moisture use by barley decreased with soil depth irrespective of treatment. The unirrigated barley extracted relatively more, but absolutely less moisture than the irrigated barley from the deeper soil layers. The application of various antitranspirants had no significant effect either on seasonal ET or on the pattern of moisture extraction from the root zone soil. However, daily ET was reduced significantly after the application of stomata closing type chemicals (Phenyl mercuric acetate [PMA] or Atrazine) used in conjunction with reflecting type antitranspirant (Kaolin). The moisture conservation effects of these chemicals lasted about two weeks under clear weather conditions. Such rainless periods occurred during anthesis and grain development of barley in the 1977 – 1978 crop season, explaining the significant increase in WUE following the use of PMA or Atrazine with Kaolin which only occurred in this crop season.
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    Corn yield and evapotranspiration under simulated drought conditions (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Measurements of corn yield and evapotranspiration (ET) were made under a wide variety of limited irrigations simulating drought conditions. Three locations were studied in two seasons. There was a strong linear relation between relative yield and ET (R2 = 0.95 for dry matter yield and R2 = 0.87 for grain yield) where variable irrigation was applied throughout the season as well as where irrigation was applied only at the early part of the season. Yield predictions using the model PLANTGRO (Hanks, 1974) were made from soil, crop, and climatic data. Agreement between prediction and measurements was better for relative dry matter yield (R2 ranged from 0.91 to 0.99) than a relative grain yield (R2 ranged from 0.93 to 0.97). The method for predicting grain yields could be improved but a relation involving seasonal estimates of relative transpiration gave good first-order predictions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258373
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    Interactive effects of soil salinity, fertility, and irrigation on field corn (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A line-source field experiment was conducted to study the interactive effects of four levels of soil salinity, five rates of applied nitrogen fertilizer and six levels of irrigation on the production of field corn (Zea mays L.). In general, increased levels of soil salinity and decreased irrigation reduced grain and stover (stems and other above-grand dry matter) yields. Increased quantities of irrigation, presumably through maintenance of high (less negative) total soil water potential, were effective in decreasing the effect of salinity, and as a result improved yield. The highest salinity level (9.6 mmho/cm) resulted in dry matter yield reductions of 41 and 93 percent of the maximum observed yield at the highest (479 mm) and lowest (210 mm) irrigation levels respectively, averaged over all fertility levels. Under the same conditions grain yield declined by 48 and 96 percent. Yield was not improved as a result of applying nitrogen. Main effects on yield of salinity (1% level), water (1% level) and nitrogen (5% level) were found. Interactive effects upon yield were demonstrated for salinity X nitrogen (1% level) and salinity X water (1% level) combinations. Nitrogen content of stover and grain rose with increased levels of soil salinity and nitrogen, and declined with increased irrigation. A salinity X nitrogen interaction effect was demonstrated for nitrogen content of the grain, and a salinity X water effect demonstrated for stover. Multiple regression equations for stover and grain yields as functions of salinity, fertility and irrigation were developed (R 2 = 0.88 and 0.85 respectively).
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    The influence of soil water potential on the flowering pattern, pod set and yield of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 3 (1981), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of the soil water potential on pod yield of snap beans grown with a series of irrigation frequencies was studied over two seasons. The treatments were to furrow-irrigate either weekly or fortnightly during the preflowering period, and each treatment then received weekly or fortnightly irrigations to harvest. These treatments were compared with trickle irrigation applied daily in the first season and every second day in the second season. The irrigation frequencies during the pre-flowering period did not influence the pod yield. However, in the second season plants given the trickle irrigation treatment produced more early flowers and set pods earlier than those in the other treatments. Consequently the pods were harvested three days earlier from plants on this treatment. Pod yield was determined by the irrigation treatments applied after flowering. The highest yield was similar in each season (16.7 t ha−1) and was produced under trickle irrigation. Fortnightly irrigations during the pod-fill phase reduced yield by 56% in the first season and 41% in the second season when compared with trickle irrigation. The pod yield was reduced by 0.5 t ha−1 each day the soil water potential at 30 cm depth was less than −50 kPa. This relationship accounted for about 77% of the variation in pod yield.
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    Irrigation for crops in a sub-humid environment (1981)
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    Irrigation science 3 (1981), S. 17-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A four year study examined the effect of irrigating at various water deficits at different times in the growing season, in combination with a range of nitrogen fertilizer rates, on the growth, yield and quality of cotton. The major effect of irrigation treatment on growth was to increase leaf area and plant size; net assimilation rate in the vegetative phase was not affected by irrigation treatment. The initial rate of boll setting was slightly faster in low nitrogen and less frequent irrigation treatments, but by day 180 (immediately prior to defoliation), all treatments had 60% of total dry weight as bolls and 7% as leaf. The best irrigation strategy varied from year to year due to the variable rainfall pattern. Irrigation when 80% of the available soil moisture had been depleted in the first half of the season only decreased total lint yield by up to 12% in two of the four seasons. During the second half of the season the 80% level of depletion decreased yield by an average of 15% but gave an earlier crop. Yield was reduced by up to 17% if irrigation at 40–60% of available moisture depletion in the first half of the season was followed by irrigation at 80% of available moisture depletion in the second half of the season. A rainfed treatment yielded from 16 to 43% less than the heaviest yielding irrigation treatment. After irrigation there was evidence of poor aeration in the soil which was most severe and lasted the longest at 30 cm depth. Heaviest yields were obtained with 100–150 kgN ha−1, except in rainfed treatments where 0–50 kgN ha−1 was sufficient. Irrigation at only 40% of available moisture depletion decreased nitrogen uptake in all seasons. Treatment effects on fibre quality in these experiments were small and variable. Nitrogen fertilizer generally increased length and strength but decreased micronaire. Stress during boll filling decreased micronaire and length in two of the four seasons.
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    Irrigation for crops in a sub-humid environment (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 89-101 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A soil water use model was linked with a model of soybean growth and yield to simulate soybean production in an area of New South Wales, Australia. The model was developed and tested against results from a 3-year soybean irrigation experiment. Good agreement was obtained between measured and predicted water use and yield for two soybean cultivars (Ruse and Bragg). In the test region summer rainfall averages 300 mm but is highly variable. Therefore the model was used to simulate soybean production using 25 years of historic rainfall data to examine the amount of irrigation water necessary to produce high yields while using both irrigation water and rainfall efficiently. It was found that to obtain high yields for the 25 years, an average of 4.7 crop irrigations were required, using 4.04 X 103 m3 ha−1 of irrigation water. Because of variations in rainfall the number of crop irrigations varied between years from 2 to 6 and the amount of irrigation water required to supplement natural rainfall varied from 1.63 to 5.14 X 103 m3 ha−1.
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    Irrigation scheduling of cotton in a climate with uncertain rainfall (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 127-140 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was made of the irrigation requirements of cotton grown in a sub-humid environment with significant but highly variable rainfall. In the first year of the study, no additional yield benefits accrued to subsequent irrigations following a pre-emergent irrigation due to above average rainfall (550 mm) throughout the growing season. In the second year a similar rainfall amount (502 mm) fell but significant yield increases to irrigation resulted due to the uneven distribution of the rainfall. The main effect was associated with later rains which influenced the number of bolls set. The maximum amount of water extracted by cotton from a deep grey cracking clay was 178 mm. It was found that 70% of this amount could be depleted before irrigation without loss of yield. Crop evapotranspiration varied from 607 mm with no irrigation after emergence to 775 mm following three irrigations. Irrigation was associated with significant losses from rainfall runoff. Too frequent irrigation creates a risk that soil will be too wet to permit utilisation of natural rainfall. Therefore, the use of soil water information to maximise the interval between irrigation is proposed as a necessary basis for efficient irrigation management.
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    Osmotic stress and the nitrogen metabolism of two groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) cultivars (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The water status and nitrogen metabolism of the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, M-13 and M-145 were examined during a period of water stress and recovery. 10 day old seedlings, grown in controlled environment were exposed to solutions of polyethylene glycol (MW 6000, osmotic potential, −0.5 or −0.8 MPa = −5 or −8 bars) for a week when the stress was relieved by replacing the PEG solution with a nutrient solution. Relative turgidity, total protein and free amino acid concentration and nitrate reductase activity were measured during the period of stress and recovery. Cultivar M-13, despite its lower relative turgidity during stress, was better able to preserve its protein concentration and nitrate reductase activity, and recover to a normal state within three days of the relief of stress. M-145, on the other hand, failed to recover within this period. The results are discussed in the light of the known performance of the two cultivars in the field under drought conditions.
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    Distribution of herbicides in soil in a simulated drip irrigation system (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 155-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The behavior of two herbicides (bromacil and napropamide) applied to a Mediterranean red loam soil (hamra) from a point source is presented. Neither herbicide was degraded during the period of the study. Bromacil was only slightly adsorbed by the soil (K d − 0.1 ml/g; Fig. 1) and was evenly distributed in the soil volume when applied at a constant concentration (Fig. 3). The distribution of napropamide, which was adsorbed by the soil (K d − 1.2 ml/g; Fig. 1), was restricted to the zone immediately around the emitter (Fig. 3). Application of the herbicides to previously wetted soils increased the vertical and lateral movement of both herbicides (Fig. 4). Leaching of the chemicals was more pronounced for bromacil than for napropamide (Fig. 5). Cycles of irrigation and evaporation at two irrigation frequencies demonstrated that bromacil can be leached quickly from the emitter zone whereas naproparnide will move only slowly into the soil volume (Fig. 8).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257977
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    Calibration of thermocouple hygrometers (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 192-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257981
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    Relationships between crop temperature, grain yield, evapotranspiration and phenological development in two hybrids of moisture stressed sorghum (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 213-224 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recent studies have shown that the grain yields of corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are related to the degree of water stress they undergo. The purpose of the study reported here was to establish relationships between crop temperature and the grain yields, phenological development, evapotranspiration rates (ET) and leaf water potential (ψ l ) of two hybrids of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) subjected to varying levels of plant water stress. The study was conducted at the University of Nebraska Sandhills Agricultural Laboratory in 1978 on a Typic Ustipsamment (Valentine fine sand) soil. The sorghum hybrids used were RS 626 and NB 505. Four irrigation treatments were applied in order to subject the crops to varying levels of water stress during each of three major growth stages. Soil moisture was monitored with a neutron probe. ET was estimated with the water balance technique. Crop temperature was measured with an IR thermometer and leaf water potential was measured with a Scholander pressure bomb. Grain yields were reduced by water stress occuring at anytime during the growing season. Yield reductions were largest when stress occurred during only the grainfill period and were least when stress occurred during the entire growing season. The percentage reduction in sorghum grain yield can be described by an index involving the seasonal accumulation of the daily mid-day temperature differences between well-watered and stressed crops (Σ TSD). As Σ TSD values increased, ET decreased. However, the correlation of ET with Σ TSD was relatively low (R2 = 0.60) probably due to the limited amount of data available for analysis and inaccuracies in the soil water balance method used to estimate ET. The mid-day temperature of well-watered rows ranged between 18.0 and 32.8 °C with a mid-day temperature range of about 0.5 °C between the well-watered rows in various plots for several days following an irrigation. However, in certain instances, the mid-day temperature range increased to 1–2 °C for a few days before irrigation. This suggests that certain of the rows experienced water stress and should have been irrigated earlier. Yield data support that conclusion. Range in crop temperature within a field appeared to be a sensitive indicator of crop water stress in sorghum. No significant difference in the phenological development of sorghum resulted from water stress except in one NB 505 plot in which plants were stressed throughout the entire season. In that plot, the stressed plants lagged in development behind non-stressed plants by approximately ten days. The differences in mid-day leaf water potentials (Δψ l ) and crop temperatures (ΔT) between stressed and non-stressed vegetation were examined. As ΔT increased up to about 4 °C, Δψ l , also increased. Beyond that point, Δψ l decreased while ΔT continued to increase. This behavior was attributed to stomatal closure which permitted an increase in ψ l of the stressed plants (hence reducing Δψ l ) even as ΔT continued to increase.
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    Studies on the nitrogen and water relations of wheat (1981)
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    Irrigation science 3 (1981), S. 29-44 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interrelations between nitrogen and water supply on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied with particular attention to water use and grain yield in relation to the time of application of nitrogen to the plants. Nitrogen was applied at seeding or deferred until the double ridge-stage of development. Effects of both soil-applied and foliar-applied nitrogen were investigated under deficient or adequate water supply. The supply of water to the crop controlled the level of yield obtained and the response of the crop to applied N was markedly greater in drought-free conditions. Application of N resulted in increases in both crop leaf area duration and water use. Greater responses to N were obtained when the fertilizer was applied to the soil, rather than as a foliar spray.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251381
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    A simple technique for timing irrigation in coffee using cobalt chloride paper disks (1981)
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    Irrigation science 3 (1981), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A simple technique for determining the time to irrigate coffee using leaf water potential as an indicator of internal water belance is described. The technique is based on the time taken for dry cobalt chloride paper disk to change its colour from blue to pink when attached to the abaxial side of the leaf. If this is more than 5 min during the time when trees experience maximum diurnal stress (i. e. between 12.30 and 14.00 h) and leaf water potential is close to −20 bar trees should be irrigated, otherwise not.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251383
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    Corn yield functions of irrigation and nitrogen in Central America (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 79-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This paper reports the results of a three-year field study conducted in El Salvador, Central America to develop yield response functions for corn to irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilizer. Four levels of irrigation were imposed using two application methods, furrow and trickle, in combination with four nitrogen fertilizer rates. Yields generally increased with higher levels of applied water and with higher nitrogen rates up to 200 kg N/ha, with a strong interaction between these two variables. Yield was independent of irrigation method although less water was applied with the trickle system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270751
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    Calibration of thermocouple hygrometers (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 113-125 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objective of the research reported was to improve the calibration procedure used for thermocouple hygrometers. If the wet bulb temperature is defined by the maximum point-of-inflection voltage of the psychrometer output, then a unique point with maximum sensitivity to water potential is obtained (Figs. 2, 3). A predictive model based on calibration data at a few temperatures is used to obtain the psychrometer calibration slope at any temperature (eq. 11 to 15). Use of this model indicates that psychrometers differ from each other (Tables 4, 5) and therefore must be individually calibrated. Dewpoint hygrometers are shown to be less temperature sensitive than thermocouple psychrometers (Fig. 4) and have the added advantage of a voltage sensitivity nearly twice that of psychrometers, −7.0 X 10−3 μV kPa−1 compared to −3.7 X 10−3 μV kPa−1 at 25 °C. However, the accuracy of thermocouple hygrometers is critically dependent on the correct setting of the dewpoint cooling coefficient, particularly at temperatures less than (about) 15 °C. At 15 °C, for example, the coefficient must be set within 1 % of the true value in order for the correct voltage to have an error of less than 4%.
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    Plant indicators of wheat and soybean crop water stress (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 167-176 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The onset of water stress within a crop is defined as the time at which the rate of water loss declines below that of a well watered crop in the same locality. The relation to the onset of water stress and soil water status of several readily measured plant parameters was investigated in crops of wheat and soybeans over three years. Evapotranspiration ET was monitored with weighing lysimeters. A noticeable decline in the rate of ET for both wheat and soybeans was detected once 20% to 30% of the total plant available water PAW remained in the 1 m deep lysimeter soil profile. Extension growth of wheat declined when PAW was 33% and 34% in two years of measurement. In soybeans, the decline in the rate of leaf extension coincided with the decline in the rate of ET. Midmorning measurement of exposed leaf water potential ψL, covered leaf water potential ψCL and covered plant leaf water potential ψCP yielded similar results for both wheat and soybeans. Day-to-day variability was least in ψCP and most in ψL. Values of ψCP, ψL and ψCL decreased rapidly with PAW 〈 30%. Daily values of leaf diffusive conductance were variable but there was a general decline in conductance with PAW 〈 30%. It is suggested that ψCL may be the easiest and most reliable parameter to monitor as a means of detecting the onset of stress. The results indicated that PAW levels in the root zone of 50% for wheat and 30% for soybean probably do not affect extension growth or plant water status parameters and can thus be used as criteria for irrigation scheduling.
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    Measuring yield-reducing plant water potential depressions in wheat by infrared thermometry (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 205-212 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Measurements of foliage and air wet- and dry-bulb temperatures were made over six differentially irrigated plots of Produra wheat grown at Phoenix, Arizona, in the spring of 1976. These data were used to evaluate a newly developed plant water stress index each day from the initiation of heading to the commencement of senescence. Daily measurements on total plant water potential were also obtained over this period; and after demonstrating how the atmospheric-induced component can be removed from these data, the resultant soil-induced component was plotted as a function of the new water stress index. The result was a simple linear relationship, which was found to be identical to one previously derived for alfalfa. Finally, it was shown that grain yield was directly related to the mean plant water stress index over the reproductive growth period from heading to senescence.
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    Effect of irrigation on tillering in wheat, triticale and barley in a water-limited environment (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 225-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of irrigation on tillering and tiller mortality in varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum and T. durum), triticale and barley was studied under field conditions. Low temperature in the early stages of growth promoted production of tillers whereas increase in temperature during extension growth phase increased tiller mortality. More than 1000 tillers m−2 were produced with five irrigations but 40% or more died. With limited water availability tiller production was reduced but so was their mortality. Grain yield in wheat and triticale was positively correlated with productive tillers and negatively correlated with the maximum number of tillers produced in wheat and barley grown under limited irrigation conditions. Varieties with a capacity to produce fewer tillers were identified. Some of them proved more stable in yield. No correlation was found between tiller number and grain yield in the frequently irrigated treatment.
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    Analysis of soil-water uptake from a drying loess soil by an oat crop using a simulation model (1981)
    Springer
    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 237-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A simulation model of water uptake by a crop was developed to facilitate synthesis of field and laboratory observations with existing knowledge, and to analyze and predict affects of management practices, such as tillage, on water uptake from a drying soil. Radial water flow resistance in soil Rs was estimated by the single root flow model. Leaf stomata closure was represented by an observed minimal leaf water potential. Flow resistances, per unit root length Rr and in the plant Rp, were assumed to be constant and were evaluated together with an effective root length factor Frl, in the course of simulating a ten week period of observed soil water depletion by a crop of oats. Rr, Rp, and Frl were found to have similar values to those reported in the literature. Potential transpiration and evaporation and their ratio were estimated by the methods of Van Bavel (1966) and Denmead (1973). Evaporation reduction due to soil drying was estimated empirically. Cessation of soil water depletion (attainment of a permanent wilting soil water content) in the 0 – 20 cm soil layer, during the last ten-day period, was explained to be the net result of soil water extraction by the roots and backflow of water from the roots into the soil. Simulated onset of crop stress (closure of stomata) was found to be characterized by: (a) a steady decrease in average soil water potential, at a rate of about 500 cm-water per cm-soil water depletion; (b) a tenfold increase in the average soil resistance to radial flow, to about the same magnitude as average radial flow resistance in the roots; and (c) soil water diffusivities in the 0 – 50 cm layer being about 6 cm2/day. Sensitivity analyses showed that the ratio of actual to potential cumulative transpiration RCT depended primarily on potential evapotranspiration, rainfall, the unsaturated-to-saturated hydraulic conductivity exponent and plant cover. RCT was affected similarly by changes in Rr and in Rs. Under the conditions tested, zero tillage may increase RCT significantly only if it increases deep rooting beyond the 50 cm depth.
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    Irrigation scheduling of cotton in a climate with uncertain rainfall (1981)
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    Irrigation science 2 (1981), S. 141-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-1319
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Wolfgang Schröder zum Professor ernannt (1981)
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    European journal of wildlife research 27 (1981), S. 73-73 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02240002
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    Detlev Eisfeld habilitiert (1981)
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    European journal of wildlife research 27 (1981), S. 73-74 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    IV. Referate (1981)
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    European journal of wildlife research 27 (1981), S. 74-80 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02240004
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    An immersion technique for studying wood wettability (1981)
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 31-43 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The wetting properties of wood were studied by a modification of the Wilhelmy technique. This method involved continuously monitoring the force exerted on a wood specimen as it was immersed at a controlled rate into a liquid. Wettability was expressed in terms of the area under the force-immersion curve and was referred to in this study as “wettability index”. The applicability of the technique was demonstrated for padauk and white spruce wood specimens heated for various time periods. The wettability of these woods in both distilled water and sodium hydroxide solutions decreased with increasing heating time. Sodium hydroxide solution yielded higher wettability index values, indicating that it was a better wetting agent than distilled water. The pH of the sodium hydroxide solution had a strong influence on magnitude of the wettability index. The possibility of using the technique for examining wood surface inactivation in relation to bonding with different adhesives is discussed.
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    Quantitative analysis of lignin using an UV microscopic image analyser. variation within one growth increment (1981)
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 45-55 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The variation of the lignin content within one growth increment of Abies sachalinensis was investigated with the aid of an ultraviolet microscopic image analyser. The lignin content was determined continuously in each cell within a growth increment. The direct photometric scanning method of UV image is believed to give accurate results for determination of the lignin content of the cell wall, since it contains fewer assumptions. The lignin content of the earlywood was higher than that of latewood in adult wood as same as the others. It was high, however, in the terminal zone of the latewood. The trends of the juvenile wood were quite different from those of the adult wood. The lignin content increased from earlywood to latewood.
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    Book review (1981)
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 80-80 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366503
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    Reaction wood in Pseudowintera colorata — A vessel-less dicotyledon (1981)
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 81-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Inclined branches of Pseudowintera colorata exhibit pronounced growth promotion to the lower (abaxial) side similar to that found in gymnosperms. The only other significant difference between the anatomy of the upper and lower regions is that the tracheids on the lower side have a larger microfibril angle. Other microscopic features normally associated with compression wood or tension wood are completely absent. The longitudinal shrinkage of samples from the upper and lower regions is shown to be related to the mean microfibril angle in a highly non-linear way, and a relatively small change in microfibril angle is associated with a large change in longitudinal shrinkage. This result is in agreement with the hypothesis that compression wood force generation arises during the lignification phase of secondary wall deposition and is critically dependent on mean microfibril angle.
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    Thermal diffusion of bound water in wood (1981)
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 105-112 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary There are few references in the wood science literature to nonisothermal moisture movement. Some experiments by Voight, Babbitt, and Choong indicate that thermal diffusion in wood may be very significant. Three equations are presented to represent nonisothermal moisture movement through wood in the transverse direction. The first, described in detail in a previous paper, is based upon two driving forces: Soret potential which results in thermal diffusion and chemical potential which results from a gradient of equilibrium relative humidity. All three equations include the same term for Soret potential and, in the second two equations, the thermal-diffusion term was derived by the application of activation theory. The isothermal term in these two equations utilizes moisture content gradient as the driving force and therefore a knowledge of the sorption isotherm is not necessary. The third equation contains an additional term for moisture-content activation to account for the increase in flux with an increased moisture content. All three equations give approximately the same result with the same input data at low moisture contents. The results diverge at high moisture contents and experimental data are required to determine which equation is most representative of the physical phenomenon of nonisothermal moisture movement.
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    Creep in chipboard (1981)
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 125-144 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The effect of moisture and level of stressing on the rate of creep and time to failure is studied for UF and MUF bonded particleboard. Response curves were fitted to a 4-element rheological model with a high degree of accuracy for four levels of stressing and for three levels of relative humidity at 20°C. Values of relative creep increased with time and also with increased levels of stress and r.h. The ratio of stress to deflection — presented either as the creep modulus or as isochronous curves — decreased rapidly with time. Particleboard is demonstrated to exhibit non-linear viscoelastic properties, particularly at the higher levels of stress. Deflection was increased and time to failure decreased when r.h. was raised from 65 to 90 per cent, but no significant statistical change was noted between 30 and 65 per cent r.h. Increased levels of stress caused a decrease in both deflection and time to failure. Greater deflection at failure and longer time to failure were recorded for MUF board, but for the UF board the 90 per cent r.h. had a more pronounced effect in increasing deflection and decreasing the time to failure. Predictions are made on the long-term stress loadings for different humidity conditions.
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    Erratum (1981)
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 170-170 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353468
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    Addressing the problem of non-steady state liquid flow in wood (1981)
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    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Problems associated with handling non-steady liquid flow data are discussed. It is shown that the Darcian flow model is fundamentally imprecise when applied to non-steady state flow in wood due to: 1) the observed decrease in permeability with increased specimen length 2) the wide range of diameters encountered in wood pores. Because of this wide range of pore sizes, liquid penetrates some flow paths more rapidly than others. This may give rise to the occurrence of surface forces resisting penetration, with both “wetting” and “non-wetting” liquids. It seems unlikely that these various factors can be accurately quantified. Hence the precise prediction of liquid penetration rate from steady state permeability data may be illusory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353469
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  • 92
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    Capillary pressure in softwoods (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary To predict the capillary transport of free liquid during the drying of softwood, it is essential to have knowledge of capillary pressure as a function of moisture content. The dependence of the capillary pressure on the wood's moisture content is predicted with a mechanistic model and measured for isothermal moisture movement in the tangetial direction. The experimental measurements confirm the model which is formulated on the postulate that the menisci that form between the liquid and gas in the tracheid lumens control the magnitude of the capillary pressure. Lumen size variation within an annual growh ring was found to significantly affect the local capillary pressure and indicated that separate flow paths are likely to exist in earlywood and latewood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353471
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  • 93
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    On the distribution of tree growth stresses (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A model for the build up of residual growth stresses in cylindrical tree stems is presented. By using Bessel functions the general equations can be solved to allow for surface strain distributions that vary both in the circumferential as well as longitudinal directions. An arbitrary surface strain distribution can be decomposed into Fourier components and the residual internal stresses can be found by superimposing the component solutions due to each new increment of growth. A numerical simulation leading to the residual stress distribution for a typical hardwood is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353472
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  • 94
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    Ultrastructure—Critical domain for wood behavior (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 1-29 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary That the behavior of wood in service results from its “structure” is generally accepted by wood scientists. No doubt this acceptance is due to the broad interpretation of such a term. Structure can refer to the organization of elements on a macro scale, such as in a laminated beam, as well as to the arrangement of cellulose molecules in the crystalline region of an elementary fibril. This presentation focuses on a structural domain that appears increasingly to be a critical one in wood behavior-ultrastructure. The spectrum of terminology that has been used in profusion during the “electron microscopic era” must first be defined so that confusion is minimized. Then a historical evolution of the field of wood ultrastructure can be presented to provide perspective. Structures that have been shown to affect or indeed to control certain processes can be identified. The role of a “non-structure”, the elusive transient capillary, can be illustrated. Microfibrillar organization and cell wall archictecture fall into the realm of ultrastructure as well. The past decade of research in wood science has been productive to a significant extent because of scanning electron microscopy and its accessory tools and techniques. The exploration of wood penetration by wood preservatives, pulping liquors and coatings using this approach has yielded much new evidence. One can speculate about the anticipated contributions of computer-driven SEM, stereology, STEM, and even higher resolution microscopy in the near future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366498
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  • 95
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    Viscoelastic properties of wood in swelling systems (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The torsion modulus and the mechanical damping were investigated on wood swollen with formamide and a series of glycols, at frequencies of 0.5 and 0.02 Hz as a function of temperature. In wood swollen with formamide to the same extent as it would swell when saturated with water, the temperature of maximum damping was about 48° and above 100°C for wood swollen with polyethylene glycols, while that of water saturated wood was 80°C. For more highly formamide swollen wood (1.2 times the swelling in water) the temperature at which maximum damping develops decreased to 30°C. With regard to the influence of swelling and temperature on the torsion modulus of wood, three regions of viscoelastic behavior were recognized in these swelling systems. They are the glassy region in non-swollen wood, where the torsion modulus decreases gradually with increasing temperature, the transition region where the torsion modulus decreases abruptly with increasing temperature and swelling, and a plateau region appearing at high temperatures for highly swollen wood where the torsion modulus remains fairly constant with temperature with a value of about one tenth the modulus for non-swollen wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366501
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  • 96
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    The reactions of alkaline hydrogen peroxide with lignin model dimers (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 67-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Three lignin model dimers of the phenacyl α-aryl ether type were treated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide under simulated technical bleaching conditions in the presence and absence of peroxide stabilization agents. The reaction products were characterized and their yields determined using a combination of gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The principal reaction in each case consisted in the displacement of the side chain via the Dakin reaction. In the case of one of the dimers, α-guaiacoxy-β-hydroxypropioguaiacone, a competing dehydration reaction occurred, resulting in the formation of guaiacyl α-guaiacoxyvinyl ketone, which subsequently was degraded to guaiacol and glycolic acid. Stabilization of the peroxide with Na5DTPA enhanced the yield of acyclic Dakin products (α-guaiacoxy carboxylic acids). Product analysis supported the conclusion that oxygen, formed from the decomposition of peroxide, was itself relatively unreactive in the initial phase of the reaction under peroxide bleaching conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366502
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  • 97
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    Determination of equilibrium moisture content of yellow-poplar sapwood above 100°C with the aid of an experimental psychrometer (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 93-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of yellow-poplar sapwood was experimentally determined at dry bulb temperatures from 88 to 116°C and wet bulb temperatures from 77 to 99°C at atmospheric pressure. EMC values were within 1.3 percent moisture content of theoretical values reported in the literature. A high temperature psychrometer, capable of handling humid air at dry bulb temperatures to 177°C, was designed and constructed to accurately measure the humidity during evaluation of EMC's.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367856
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  • 98
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    The reactions of alkaline hydrogen peroxide with lignin model dimers (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 113-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (I) was treated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide under simulated technical bleaching conditions in the presence and absence of a peroxide stabilization reagent, Na5DTPA (sodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate) and with molecular oxygen under similar conditions. The reaction products were characterized and their yields determined using a combination of gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. In the reaction of I with peroxide, the principal reaction consisted of the displacement of the side chain (Dakin-like reaction) initiated by molecular oxygen and/or other peroxide decomposition products. The displaced side chain, α-0-(2-methoxyphenyl)glyceraldehyde, subsequently was dehydrated to α-guaiacoxyacrolein which was oxidized by peroxide to guaiacol and glycolic acid. α-Guaiacoxyacrolein also gave evidence of undergoing competing condensation reactions in the alkaline medium. The influence of Na5DTPA in controlling peroxide decomposition was evident after comparing the yields and types of products formed when I was reacted with peroxide in the presence and absence of this stabilizer. The findings are discussed in terms of their relationship to technical peroxide bleaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367858
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  • 99
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    Experimental studies on band saw blade vibration (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 145-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The band saw blade vibration under non-moving and moving conditions has been experimentally studied for band saw blades unfitted with saw tension and back crown, fitted only with saw tension, and only with back crown. The lateral natural frequency of a band saw blade was found to decrease by fitting saw tension in a saw blade, but there was little or no effect for blades having only back crown. The torsional natural frequency of a band saw blade increased by fitting saw tension in a saw blade, but again there was little or no effect of fitting back crown in a blade. The lateral natural frequency decreased by tilting the upper wheel for the band saw blades investigated. On the contrary, when the upper wheel was tilted the torsional natural frequency increased for an untensioned blade with no back crown, and blades fitted only with back crown, however, there was little or no effect for a band saw blade fitted only with tension. The lateral and torsional natural frequencies significantly affected the over all self-excited displacement vibration of band saw blades. However, the displacement vibration due to the frequency of the number of wheel rotation affected significantly the over all self-excited displacement vibration of a band saw blade fitted with excessive back crown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367860
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  • 100
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    Effects of formaldehyde-acid catalyzed reactions on wood ultrastructure (1981)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 15 (1981), S. 287-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Crosslinking of wood with gaseous formaldehyde improves its hygroscopic and dimensional behaviour and its resistance against microorganisms. However, this formaldehyde crosslinking reaction takes place only in the presence of an acid catalyst, which results in losses in mechanical strength. Electron microscopic analysis of poplar samples treated under various conditions of reaction revealed severe degradation of cell wall substances. The formaldehyde gaseous nonomer is shown to have some hydrolytic action on cellular structure. Sulphur dioxide and particularly hydrochloric acid used as catalysts caused substantial extraction of matrix substances from fibre walls. Walls of vessels and ray parenchyma cells seemed to become less degraded. Strong exposure of cellulose fibrils during formaldehyde crosslinking reactions, illustrated by highly electron transparent zones in the S1 and inner S2 layers, occurred for both the SO2 and HCl catalyzed treatments. In general a more extensive degradation was observed for the formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid reaction and for the formaldehyde sulfur dioxide treatments using a high acid concentration. From these observations it might be concluded that the reduced mechanical strength of formaldehyde-treated woods are partially based on the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate backbone of the cell wall.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350946
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