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  • Electron microscopy  (38)
  • Coleoptera
  • Springer  (56)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1980-1984  (56)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1981  (56)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (56)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Years
  • 1980-1984  (56)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Xyleborus ferrugineus ; pupae ; ecdysteroids ; pharate adult ; radioimmunoassay ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Ecdysteroidtiter weiblicher Puppen von Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) wurde geschätzt, indem ganze Tiere homogenisiert und radioimmunologisch untersucht wurden. Ein ausgeprägtes Maximum an Ecdysteroiden wurde bei 36 Stunden Puppenent-wicklung beobachtet (743 pg/mg Körpergewicht). Der Titer nahm ab auf 299 pg/mg im Pharatstadium und auf 193 pg/mg unmittelbar vor Schlüpfen der Adulten. Qualitative Studien mit HPLC ergaben in frischen Puppen ein Verhältnis von 3:1 Ecdyson zu 20-Hydrooxyecdyson. Pharatstadien enthielten vor allem 20-Hydrooxyecdyson. Das beobachtete einzige Maximum im Titer stimmt überein mit den Resultaten bei andern untersuchten Coleopteren.
    Notes: Abstract Ecdysteroid titers were estimated on the whole body homogenates of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) female pupae during development by radioimmunoassay. A distinct peak of ecdysteroids was observed at 36-hr pupal development (743 pg/mg body wt). Titer declined to 299 pg/mg by the pharate adult stage and to 193 pg/mg body wt just before adult emergence. Qualitative studies by HPLC revealed a ratio of 3:1 ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone in the initial pupal stage. Pharate adults had mainly 20-hydroxyecdysone. The observed single peak in ecdysteroid titer agrees with findings in other studied coleopteran species.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium transport ; Cytochalasin B ; Dihydrocytochalasin B ; Colchicine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In vivo calcium absorption was studied in normal and rachitic chicks. Cytochalasin B (CB) at a concentration of 25 µg/ml added to the medium inside the duodenal lumen inhibited calcium absorption (20 min) from 82.5±1.9% of calcium absorbed in the controls to 59.2±3% in normal and from 70.0±2.3% to 47.0±2.1% in rachitic chicks. In vitro studies by everted ileal sacs of young rabbits also showed an inhibition of active transport of calcium due to CB. Whereas in the controls the ratio of45Ca concentrations in serosal and mucosal media (60 min) was 7.2±0.32, the ratios were 5.24±0.52; 4.40±0.36; 3.40±0.42; 5.77±0.52; 1.38±0.08; and 1.06±0.02 in the presence of CB at concentrations of 5, 10 and 25 µg/ml; colchicine 10−4M, Na citrate 0.02M, and heat-devitalized conditions, respectively.45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings was also affected. It showed an increase from controls (15,101±404 cpm/mg) and correlated with CB concentration: 17,378±489, 19,015±1000, and 20,201±362 at 5, 10, and 25 µg/ml, respectively. Dihydrocytochalasin B also inhibited active calcium transport and caused an increase in45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings. Correlated electron microscopic studies showed certain changes in the brush border, especially in some actin microfilaments in the terminal web region. It seems that these morphological alterations may be related to transcytoplasmic movement of calcium.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Electron microscopy ; Growth plate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that ethanol has a direct toxic effect on the rat skeleton characterized by decreased trabecular bone volume. In the present study, we examined the ultrastructure of the distal radial epiphyseal growth plates in these same animals. Eight weeks of ethanol administration to 12 male rats results in serum alcohol levels of 140 mg/dl but did not alter the width or light microscopic appearance of the radial growth plate. Quantitative electron microscopy failed to demonstrate morphologic evidence of toxicity in the skeletal cells. We conclude that although ethanol appears to have a direct effect on rat bone characterized by enhanced resorption, toxicity is not attended by ultrastructural changes in the skeletal cells.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone cells ; Electron microscopy ; PTH ; PGE1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Four different cell populations—designated PF, OB, OC, and PC—were isolated from calvaria of 18-day-old chick embryos for analysis of the effects of hormones on bone tissue. The cell populations were studied with histological and biochemical methods. Apart from the well-known cell types present in calvaria, a new cell type was found in the noncalcified organic matrix between the osteoblastic layer and the calcified matrix. These cells were provisionally called osteocytic osteoblasts. They represent the “transition state” between osteoblasts and osteocytes. On the basis of histological studies with light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the PF population was considered to originate primarily from the periosteal fibroblasts, the OB population from the osteoblasts and osteocytic osteoblasts. The population of cells still present in calvaria after removal of periosteal fibroblasts and osteoblasts was called the OC population. This cell population was very much enriched with osteocytes. The fourth isolated population (PC) was a mixed population of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and preosteoblasts. On exposure to parathyroid hormone (PTH), all four cell populations showed increased lactate production, but only the OB and OC populations displayed increased cAMP production. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) stimulated cAMP production in both OB and PF cells. From the results of this study it was concluded that PTH receptors are present on all of the cell types studied, but that occupancy of the receptor induces adenylate cyclase stimulation only in osteocytes and fully differentiated osteoblasts.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian eggshell ; Microstructure ; Electron microscopy ; Electron diffraction ; Calcite growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The eggshell of the domestic fowl has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. Thin sections of shell were prepared by chemical and ion-beam thinning techniques. Each calcite column of the palisade layer consisted of crystallites of diameter 20 to 30 µm with some tendency for crystallite alignment within a single column. Evidence indicates that there was no significant preferred orientation in the palisade layer as a whole. Only in the surface layer was any preferred orientation detected, and here {1014} planes tended to lie parallel to the surface. The results are compared with previously published data, and calcite nucleation and growth are discussed.
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  • 6
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    European biophysics journal 7 (1981), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Photosynthetic bacteria ; Electron microscopy ; Planar lattices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thylakoids of Rhodopseudomonas viridis have been studied by freeze-fracturing whole cells. Depending on growth conditions and treatment before freezing, three different types of particle arrangements in the photosynthetic membrane are reported: a random arrangement, an isometric (quadratic) lattice arrangement with a lattice constant of 12.5 ± 0.8 nm, and a hexagonal lattice arrangement with a lattice constant of 12.5 ± 0.8 nm.
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  • 7
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Chromatophores ; Reaction centers ; Liposomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In freeze-fractures of chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum the reaction centers are seen as hexagonal arranged particles of 13 nm diameter with a density of around 5,500 particles per μm2. Similar regions on the cytoplasmic membrane suggest that these parts are the prospective invagination sites. Isolated reaction centers are easily incorporated into liposomes. In freeze fractures of liposomes particles similar in shape and size, although less dense as in chromatophores are observed. In negative staining much smaller units of only 5 nm in diameter are found indicating that reaction centers occur in the membrane as tri- or tetramers. There is a strong correlation between particle density in chromatophores and titratable reaction centers remaining in these membranes after extraction of reaction centers by detergents; both values are in good agreement with the yield of reaction centers at a given detergent concentration.
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  • 8
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    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cockroach ; Hindgut ; Distribution ; Microbial morphotypes ; Transmission ; Electron microscopy ; Statistical analysis ; Eublaberus posticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relative numbers of fourteen microbial morphotypes in transmission electron micrographs of the hindgut of a cockroach, Eublaberus posticus, were counted and their distribution was analyzed statistically. The microbiota of three wall-associated regions (the anterior paunch, the posterior paunch, and the black band region) was clearly different from that of the gut lumen. The three wall fractions were also significantly different from each other. Only one of the fourteen types, prosthecate bacteria, appeared to be distributed randomly in the four fractions. The five main wall-associated morphotypes individually constituted up to 41% of the microbes in some micrographs. They included one type with the characteristic morphology of Methanospirillum. Six morphotypes rarely made up over 2% of the population, but were consistently present. The numbers of the remaining three morphotypes were quite variable between micrographs and between individual insects, but when present often made up 5–10% of the population.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Biological control ; Cyanobacteria ; Electron microscopy ; Entrapment ; lysis ; Myxococcus ; Phormidium ; Spherule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Myxococcus xanthus isolate from a farm drainage ditch, designated strain PCO2, is capable of rapidly inducing lysis of both agar and liquid-grown cultures of the cyanobacterium, Phormidium luridum, var. olivacea. Microscopic studies of the predator-prey interaction demonstrate that lysis of the cyanobacterium occurs within clumps and spherules formed by the cells of M. xanthus PCO2. In the earliest stage, one sees the formation of irregular microclumps of bacteria and cyanobacterial filaments. As these clumps mature, colonies 1 to 6 mm in diameter develops. The center of these densely green colonies contains cyanohacteria in various stages of degradation, while the periphery is almost exclusively a tightly woven mass of myxobacterial cells. Electron microscopy shows that long extrusions from the outer membrane of the M. xanthus PCO2 cells are involved in the formation both of initial clumps and of mature colonial spherules. These extrusions appear to efficiently entangle the cyanobacterial filaments in the culture environment. Predator-to-prey ratios of 1/10, 1/100 and 1/1,000 have resulted in cyanobacterial lysis. Because the entrapment and lysis of P. luridum filaments by M. xanthus PCO2 appears to be independent of any other heterotrophic nutritional requirement, as well as of environmental agitation, this system has potential as a biological control technique for undesirable aquatic cyanobacteria.
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  • 10
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    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 339-343 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Leptospira ; Halophilic ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray analysis ; Inclusions ; Cytoplasmic tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of cells of strain Muggia, a slightly halophilic leptospire, was examined by the negative staining technique. The ultrastructure of the cells was rather similar to that of cells of Leptonema illini, i. e. the cells possessed cytoplasmic tubules. The basal complex of their flagella, however, was similar to the corresponding part of flagella on Gramnegative bacteria. The interior of the cells was densely packed with inclusions, except for the two outermost wavelengths at each end where these inclusions were absent. X-ray microanalysis showed that the inclusions contained sodium and chlorine as their main constituents. The inclusions disappeared upon storage of the cultures at room temperature.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase ; Quaternary structure ; Molecular weight ; Electron microscopy ; Cyanobacteria ; Synechococcus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase from the marme cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., comprised both large (57,000 dalton) and small (12,000 dalton) subunits. The undissociated, purified enzyme was considerably smaller than the spinach enzyme when compared by pore-gradient electrophoresis, gel filtration and density-gradient centrifugation. This suggested that the cyanobacterial enzyme might have a hexameric (L6S6) subunit structure, unlike the enzymes from spinach and many other organisms which are octamers (L8S8). However, the molecular weight of the Synechococcus enzyme was measured by equilibrium sedimentation and found to be 530,000, which is within the range observed for L8S8-type enzymes. Furthermore, electron microscopic studies of negatively stained preparations of both the native enzyme, and a preparation depleted of 87% of its small subunits by repeated mild-acid precipitation, revealed four-fold symmetry characteristic of an octameric, cubical structure. Synechococcus RuP2 carboxylase therefore must be an L8S8 octamer and its anomalous pore-penetration behaviour may be due to an asymmetric shape. Some support for the latter possibility was provided by electron miscoscopic observations of two different types of images which may be different views of the molecule in two planes.
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  • 12
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 39-48 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect feeding deterrents ; antifeedants ; Pissodes strobi Peck ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Thuja plicata Donn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding deterrent activity of fractions from the foliage of western red cedar,Thujaplicata Donn, was studied in laboratory bioassays using the white pine weevil,Pissodes strobi Peck, as a test insect. The most active fraction was the volatile mixture that comprises the leaf oil of this tree species. Further fractionation of the leaf oil indicated feeding deterrent activity in the monoterpene hydrocarbon, thujone, and terpene alcohol fractions. When tested alone, both (−)-3-isothujone and (+)-3-thujone, which made up 75–88% and 5–10% of the leaf oil, respectively, deterred feeding by the weevils. Western red cedar leaf oil also showed antifeedant activity with the alder flea beetle,Altica ambiens (Le Conte), and served as an oviposition deterrent for the onion root maggot,Hylemya antiqua Meigen. The leaf oil, however, had no inhibitory effect on the feeding of the leaf roller,Epinotia solandriana L., and the red-backed sawfly,Eriocampa ovata L.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; Adrenergic innervation ; Insulin secretion ; Chemical sympathectomy ; Adrenalectomy ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in the adrenergic innervation of pancreatic islets after chemical sympathectomy by use of 6-hydroxydopamine and the influence of the sympatho-adrenal system on insulin secretion were investigated in the mouse and rat. Fluorescence histochemistry revealed a clear-cut reduction in the number of adrenergic nerve fibers in the pancreatic islets 2 days after administration of 6-hydroxydopamine; the reduction was more pronounced in the rat than in the mouse. In the rat, a partial regeneration was seen after 6 weeks. In the pancreas of the mouse, after administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a severe damage of unmyelinated nerve fibers was revealed electron microscopically. However, no ultrastructural or immunohistochemical alterations could be demonstrated in the endocrine cells of the islets. 6-Hydroxydopamine induced a depression of basal plasma insulin concentrations in mice and an elevation in rats. Adrenalectomy depressed basal plasma insulin levels in mice. The α-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine enhanced insulin secretion in normal mice. The secretory response of insulin to phentolamine was diminished by chemical sympathectomy and almost abolished by adrenalectomy or the combination of chemical sympathectomy and adrenalectomy. Thus, the effect of phentolamine is probably mediated by liberated catecholamines. It is concluded that basal insulin secretion is partially regulated by the sympatho-adrenal system and that species differences exist in this respect. In addition, the results suggest that endogenous catecholamines have the ability to promote insulin secretion.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 471-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovulation ; Perfusion ; Graafian follicle (Rabbit) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present investigation the ultrastructure of isolated rabbit ovaries, perfused with different media for various time periods, was studied. The steroid hormone production by the perfused ovary was also determined. Perfusion with Medium 199 results in prominent interstitial ovarian oedema which increases with perfusion time. Even after the addition of 6–10 % Dextran T40, oedema appears in the interstitial tissue of the ovary. Perfusion solutions with osmotically active colloid particles of large molecular size (Dextran T70; average molecular weight 70,000 and bovine serum albumin), cause less distortion in the ovarian structure, and ultrastructurally the ovarian tissues appear essentially the same as in the control ovaries. The results indicate that the perfused rabbit ovary, under strictly controlled conditions, can be used as an experimental model for studies of various aspects of ovarian function, including follicular rupture.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eyes ; Insects ; Crustaceans ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basement membrane of the compound eye of four insect species and three crustacean species was investigated employing electron microscopy. The basement membrane consists of an extracellular (basal lamina) and a cellular portion, the latter being composed of the flattened terminal extensions of cone cells and accessory pigment cells in insects and distal pigment cells in crustaceans. Other cells can also contribute to the basement membrane. It is thus a complex structure in all well-developed compound eyes. The cellular contributions vary in different species and were found to correlate to specific taxonomic units.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin ; CCK ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Xenopus laevis (Amphibia, Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of an anti-gastrin serum and colloidal gold- or ferritin-labelled sheep anti-rabbit γ-globulins, nerve fibres and nerve terminals containing a gastrin-like substance were characterized at the ultrastructural level in the median eminence of Xenopus laevis. These immunoreactive fibres contain neurosecretory granules displaying medium to high electron density and a mean diameter of 75 nm. Labelling intensity varies from granule to granule. This is the first demonstration at the ultrastructural level of the precise location of a gastrin-like hormone in the median eminence of a vertebrate.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 211-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Pars intermedia ; Electron microscopy ; Sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light microscopy of coronal sections of the sheep pars intermedia revealed a compact, incompletely lobulated V-shaped region about 15–20 cells thick, situated between the pars distalis and the pars nervosa. A prominent hypophysial cleft and follicles containing a colloid-like substance were seen. Using electron microscopy, five cell types could be distinguished: pars intermedia glandular cells, pars distalis-like glandular cells, interstitial cells, follicular cells and cleft lining cells. The polyhedral to pear-shaped pars intermedia glandular cells predominated. They contained dense-cored, membrane-bound granules near the Golgi complex, and larger, irregular vesicles with finely granular contents of varying electron density throughout the remaining cytoplasm; exocytotic release of granules was occasionally observed. Smaller numbers of cells resembling those seen in the pars distalis were scattered throughout the pars intermedia. Interstitial cells usually possessed elongated cytoplasmic processes which extended between the glandular cells, and were characterized by deeply indented nuclei, elaborate junctional complexes and an absence of cytoplasmic granules. Cells lining the follicles resembled the interstitial cells. The major cells bordering the hypophysial cleft were triangular in section and bore irregular microvilli on their free surface. The pars intermedia appeared to be less vascular than the remainder of the hypophysis and only occasional fenestrated capillaries were seen. Nerve profiles were rare.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 643-649 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: T-lymphocytes ; Blast cells ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As a companion to an earlier study, the morphometric attributes of stimulated (blast-derived) lymphocytes in mouse axillary lymph nodes have been established using stereological and autoradiographic methods. Blast transformation was induced in vivo with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and stimulated cells were labelled with tritiated thymidine. Random samples of cells were taken for light and electron microscopic morphometry. In comparison to the unstimulated lymphocyte, the stimulated cell increased in size and possessed a greater plasma membrane surface area. Increase in cell size was the result of increases in the volumes of all measured subcellular compartments both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Heterogeneity of the stimulated cell population precludes firm conclusions regarding the significance of all these ultrastructural changes, though alterations in cell surface are discussed in the context of known biochemical differences accompanying blastogenesis.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 557-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Neuroglia ; Silver impregnation ; Brain ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The silver-impregnation procedure of Tsujiyama is suitable for demonstration of all three classical types of neuroglial cells; in the present study it was used for electron microscopic identification of neuroglial cells in the brain of the cat. The aim of the present study was 1) to determine impregnated structural correlates of neuroglial cells at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, and 2) to determine whether the method of Tsujiyama is applicable for the electron microscopic identification of the single types of neuroglial cells. Silver deposits were observed over the cytoplasm and processes of astrocytes where numerous glial filaments were present. Oligodendrocytes and microglial cells may be precisely differentiated by use of Tsujiyama's silver impregnation method at the electron microscopic level due to the pattern of silver-deposition in these two basic types of cells. This silver-impregnation method combined with electron microscopy is thus suitable for a precise identification of neuroglial cells; the technique may prove to be very helpful in identification of such categories of neuroglial cells that encompass also the images of cells which cannot be classified by use of the standard methods.
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  • 20
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    Behavior genetics 11 (1981), S. 145-151 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus ; Coleoptera ; nonadditive inheritance ; oviposition behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract As a result of different feeding regimens, two laboratory populations of the beetleCallosobruchus maculatus Fab. developed different rates of oviposition. The behavior of the F1 hybrids cannot be explained with an additive model of inheritance. The unusual pattern of inheritance suggests a sex-related factor(s) and a two-factor interaction.
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  • 21
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Japanese beetle ; Popillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; sex attractant ; survey lure ; phenethyl propionate ; eugenol ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A combination of the synthetic sex attractant (R,Z)-5-(1-decenyl) dihydro-2(3H)-furanone with a 3∶7 mixture of phenethyl propionate (PEP) and eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxphenol) caught significantly morePopillia japonica Newman than either the sex attractant or the mixture did alone. Also, the synthetic sex attractant captured significantly more males than the PEP-eugenol did during the period of heavy adult emergence of the beetles. The two lures were not significantly different in their attractancy to males about a week later and thereafter. A combination of PEP-eugenol and virgin females in the same trap late in the season also significantly increased beetle captures.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus ponderosa ; bark beetle ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene ; verbenone ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; cis-verbenol ; attractants ; inhibition ; semiochemicals ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Dendroctonus brevicomis was attracted to a mixture of theIps paraconfusus pheromones, ipsenol,cis-verbenol, and ipsdienol at 10−9 g each/μl but was not attracted to these pheromones at higher and lower release rates.I. paraconfusus was not attracted to theD. brevicomis pheromonesexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene at any release rate tested. Increased release rates of a mixture of the three pheromones ofI. paraconfusus inhibited the attraction ofD. brevicomis to its synthetic pheromones. A mixture of ipsenol + ipsdienol orcis-verbenol alone failed to cause inhibition indicating that at least two of theI. paraconfusus pheromones are required to inhibit the response ofD. brevicomis. The pheromones ofD. brevicomis did not inhibit the attraction ofI. paraconfusus to its pheromones; however, verbenone was a potent inhibitor.
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  • 23
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; aggregation pheromone ; lesser grain borer ; grain insect pest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult males of the lesser grain borer,Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), produce a pheromone that attracts both sexes. The volatiles from males collected on filter paper or Porapak-Q were attractive in two laboratory bioassays. The mating behavior is described and the function of the phen infested with the borer.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Primary attraction ; tree predisposition ; Dendroctonus ; Ips ; Gnathotrichus ; Pityophthorus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Buprestidae ; Verticicladiella ; Pinus ponderosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Detection of weakened hosts from a distance by bark beetles through olfaction was investigated in field experiments. No significant numbers of Scolytidae were attracted to anaerobically treated pine bolts, stem disks, or sugar and ponderosa pine bark including phloem. Treatment of living trees with cacodylic acid induced attacks byDendroctonus brevicomis, D. ponderosae, Ips latidens, Gnathotrichus retusus, andPityophthorus scalptor, beginning two weeks after treatment. There was no significant difference between landing rates ofD. brevicomis andD. ponderosae on screened treated trees and screened controls. There was a significant increase in landing rates ofG. retusus andI. latidens, because both species had penetrated the screen and produced pheromones. Tree frilling alone did not increase the landing rate of bark beetles. Freezing of the lower trunk with dry ice did not increase significantly the landing rate ofD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, G. retusus, orI. latidens on screened trees, whereas unscreened frozen trees were attacked by all four species. There was no significantly higher landing rate byD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, I. paraconfusus, I. latidens, G. retusus, orHylurgops subcostulatus on screened trees evidencing symptoms of severe infection by the root pathogenVerticicladiella wagenerii, than on symptornless trees. These experiments show thatD. brevicomis, D. ponderosae, I. paraconfusus, I. latidens, andG. retusus land, apparently indiscriminately, on healthy and stressed hosts. Thus, in these species host discrimination must occur after landing and prior to sustained feeding.
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  • 25
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasites ; bioassay ; Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; olfactometer ; bark beetles
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An “H”-type olfactometer was designed and built to test the response of bark beetle parasites to various beetle and tree host odors. The design has several advantages over other types of olfactometers. Strong air currents are not utilized, parasites have free movement in the test chamber, and a concentration gradient of test compound is maintained. Parasites tested in the olfactometer demonstrated strong positive responses to air drawn over logs infested with bark beetle larvae and varied responses to tree host odors.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sexual dimorphism ; Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; behavior ; bioassay ; red flour beetle
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for the existence of a male-produced aggregation pheromone secreted from the prothoracic femoral setiferous sex patch ofTribolium castaneum is reported. Both sexes were attracted toca. 60 ng of crude secretion. Males and females perceive the pheromone on the day of emergence while perception differs between the sexes: male response reaches a maximum on day 1 posteclosion, when tested at 〈1, 1, and 30 days; females show a maximum response at 30 days posteclosion. Behavioral responses to pheromone odors and a complex Chromatographic profile are reported.
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  • 27
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 889-894 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: α-Pinene ; defensive secretions ; interspecific variation ; limonene ; monoterpenes ; pentadecene ; Artystona sp. ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; lichen ; Parmotrema reticulatum
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretions of four species of the genusArtystona endemic to New Zealand differ from those of other tenebrionids in that they contain α-pinene and limonene, as well as the more characteristic quinones and alkenes. Adults and larvae ofA. obscura, A. erichsoni, A. rugiceps, andArtystona sp. feed on the lichenParmotrema reticulatum (Taylor), but the terpenes are not sequestered from it. The defensive secretions of the four species show some interspecific variation.
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  • 28
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1135-1147 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus ponderosa ; pheromone biosynthesis ; bark beetle ; myrcene ; α-pinene ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; cis-verbenol ; myrtenol ; attractants ; pheromones
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Attraction of maleIps paraconfusus to male-infested ponderosa pine logs was inhibited by volatiles from logs infested with mated males and females over an 8-day period in the field. The response of females during this time was not significantly inhibited by these volatiles. Synthesis of the male-specific pheromones, ipsenol and ipsdienol, appeared negligible after 8 days in males allowed to mate with 3 females in these logs while males alone contained levels of these pheromones at about half their maximum rate. The decline in pheromone production in mated males appears to result, at least in part, from a reduction in the activity of the biosynthetic system that converts the host monoterpene, myrcene, to ipsenol and ipsdienol. Mating and feeding have apparently no effect on the biosynthetic system that converts the host monoterpene, (−)-α-pinene, to the pheromone,cis-verbenol in either males or females. The reduced production and release of pheromones by males after mating appears to play a major function in the process of terminating the aggregation phase of host colonization.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dihydromatricaria acid ; antifeedant ; acetylenic acid ; Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus ; Coleoptera ; Cantharidae ; soldier beetles ; Phidippus ; jumping spider ; bioassay ; defensive secretion ; defensive behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The acetylenic acid,Z-dihydromatricaria acid (DHMA), previously isolated from the defensive secretion ofChauliognathus lecontei, and now shown to occur also inC. pennsylvanicus, is a potent feeding deterrent to jumping spiders (Phidippus spp.). A simple bioassay withPhidippus is described, which is generally applicable to studies dealing with the isolation and evaluation of feeding deterrency of natural products from insects. By use of this assay,Phidippus were shown to be sensitive to as little as 1 μg DHMA, an amount equivalent to less than 2% of the DHMA content ofC. pennsylvanicus.
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  • 30
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hydrocarbons ; n-alkanes ; branched-chain alkanes ; GC-MS ; cuticular wax ; insect ; cowpea weevil ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The composition of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), was determined by using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The hydrocarbons constituted 88% of the cuticular lipids and were composed of four homologous series of alkanes. Mono- and dimethyl branched-chain alkanes made up 83% of the hydrocarbon fraction.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; lesser grain borer ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; unsaturated ester ; dominicalure ; 1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate ; 1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate
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    Notes: Abstract Volatiles from lesser grain borers,Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), were collected on Porapak Q, and those from the male beetles were shown to contain two compounds, that were attractive individually and in combination to both sexes. These compounds were identified as (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate and (S)-(+)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate by spectrometry and comparison with synthesized compounds. The two compounds have been assigned the trivial names dominicalure 1 and dominicalure 2, respectively. Synthesized samples of these compounds, individually and in combination, were effective in trapping both sexes in field studies.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: electroantennogram ; boll weevil ; grandlure ; pheromone ; Anthonomus grandis Boh. ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram techniques were used to elucidate antennal olfactory response of male and female boll weevils to a dilution series of grandlure, its components, and some vicinal dimethyl analogs. At higher concentrations, response to the mixture of the two aldehyde components of grandlure was significantly higher than to the two alcohol components. Only one vicinal dimethyl analog elicited a significantly higher response than the control. There were no significant differences in response due to sex over all compounds.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 153-161 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic transport ; Insect ovary ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovarioles of Coccinella and Tenebrio are shown to be telotrophic — a characteristic normally associated with hemipterans rather than coleopterans. They possess an anterior region of trophic cells and a chain of oocytes. The trophic cells are connected with the latter by a series of nutritive tubes, and autoradiography has shown that RNA is transported along the tubes to the oocytes. However, the system in these beetles differs markedly from that of hemipterans in that the nutritive tubes do not contain an extensive complement of aligned microtubules. The significance of this to both the mechanism and the selectivity of transport is discussed.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atretic oocyte ; Perca fluviatilis ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regression of atretic oocytes in Perca fluviatilis was studied by histochemical, light and electron microscopic methods. The course of regression can be divided into three stages, the first two comprising the dissolution of the atretic oocyte and its phagocytosis by the granulosa cells of the follicular epithelium, and the third stage consisting of the dissolution of the granulosa cells themselves. The ultrastructure in all three stages shows only features related to phagocytosis and lysosome formation. In particular, there is no agranular endoplasmic reticulum formed within the phagocytically active granulosa cells, nor is there any 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (3β-HSD). Large yellow-orange pigments, formed during the third stage of regression, are ascribed to a relative deficiency of lysosomes in lipid digestion, and do not result from a preceeding steroid-synthesising phase as in mammalian corpora lutea. Thus, the atretic oocyte of P. fluviatilis is considered not to give rise to a corpus luteum formation with endocrine function, but merely represents a degenerative structure.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tramiathaea cornigera ; Thamiaraea fuscicornis ; Aleocharinae ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; defensive secretion ; ethyl decanoate ; esters ; undecane ; toluquinone
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretions of bothTramiathaea cornigera andThamiaraea fuscicornis contain undecane, toluquinone, ethyl decanoate and smaller amounts of other esters. The presence of esters particularly ethyl decanoate as a major component sets these two beetles apart chemically not only among the staphylinids but also within the subfamily Aleocharinae.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pinus ponderosa ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; western pine beetle ; attractant ; interruption ; behavior ; pheromone ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; myrcene ; verbenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The catch of the western pine beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis, at an attractive source of racemicexo-brevicomin, racemic frontalin, and myrcene was reduced by surrounding the source with a grid of 48 stations releasing all three compounds together, orexo-brevicomin alone or myrcene alone. Each compound was released at the rate of 2 mg/24 hr/station. The catch at an attractive bolt cut from a tree being colonized byD. brevicomis was not reduced byexo-brevicomin, but was reduced by the combination ofexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene in one of two tests. When a transect of traps was placed across a 0.81-hectare plot at six of the 48 stations releasing all three compounds, more beetles were caught at outer than at inner traps. More beetles were caught at unbaited traps on trees in a plot when the three compounds were released than when onlyexo-brevicomin or no compounds were released. A few trees were attacked byD. brevicomis in some of the plots. The antiattractant verbenone released from 48 stations at the rate of 4 mg/24 hr/station did not reduce the catch at an attractive tree bolt.
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  • 37
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 209-220 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; phloem ; ponderosa pine ; host selection ; feeding stimulants ; extracts ; bark beetle
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MaleIps paraconfusus Lanier bored and fed in cellulose powder substrates treated with solvent extracts of ponderosa pine phloem in preference to cellulose powder alone. Stimuli that elicit boring and feeding behavior occurred in the water extracts and the combined solvent extracts. No significant boring or feeding occurred in the methanol extract. There was a preference for, but no significant feeding in, the water partition of the ether extract. Feeding, but no preferential boring, occurred in the ether extracts.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sperm-host glands ; Spermatozoa ; Fowl ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disintegration of spermatozoa in the infundibular sperm-host glands of the fowl was investigated by electron microscopy. After the 15th day following artificial insemination, secretory granules in the epithelial cells of the sperm-host glands increase in number and size, and subsequently the contents of the granules are released into the glandular lumen, so that the electron density of the lumen increases. At this stage, spermatozoa stored in the glands begin to undergo degenerative changes starting from the head. The heads become distended and chromatin of the nucleus begins to disperse as small masses, simultaneously with the destruction of the acrosome. As the dispersion of chromatin progresses, mitochondria of the middle piece become distended and irregular in shape, and then disintegrate. At the last stage, most of the organelles have disappeared, but the fibrous sheath and axial-filament complex are still identified.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Vitelline membrane ; Macrophage ; Fowl ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fate of spermatozoa that do not participate in fertilization was investigated by electron microscopy. After artificial insemination, we observed several spermatozoa between the fibers of the outer layer of the vitelline membrane of the ovum. One or more spermatozoa were also found in a phagocytic vesicle of macrophages located in the intercellular space of the mucosal epithelium of the infundibulum or in the outer layer of the vitelline membrane. From these observations, we assume that the superfluous spermatozoa in the lumen of the anterior part of the oviduct might be removed by inclusion into the outer layer of the vitelline membrane and by phagocytosis by macrophages.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat fetus ; Hepatocyte differentiation ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat hepatocyte differentiation between day 12 and 19 of fetal life was studied by electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic structures involved in synthetic and secretory function, i.e., rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, appear to be the first to differentiate, and their development is probably related to the secretion of different kinds of plasma proteins. The cytoplasmic organelles involved in other hepatic functions develop later: lysosomes from day 15, peroxysomes, glycogen rosettes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum still later. However, the morphological differentiation of bile canaliculi begins from day 12.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 223-247 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Active transport ; Supravital microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Preparative cell shrinkage ; Frog gallbladder
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    Notes: Summary Morphologic findings of widely dilated intercellular spaces in fluid transporting epithelia have been claimed as evidence for the existence of an epithelial compartment in which the coupling between solute and water fluxes takes place. The validity of using epithelial geometry in sectioned material as an argument can be questioned. The present report describes the morphological appearance of frog gallbladder epithelium — normal and ouabain-treated — in the living state in vitro and after fixation, dehydration and embedding. Gallbladder segments were photographed in the living state and at the end of each step of the preparative procedure. Direct observations of whole-mounted gallbladder segments were carried out, taking advantage of the possibility of optical sectioning and high resolution by Nomarski-microscopy. The same specimens were then sectioned and examined by conventional light and electron microscopy. The observations were quantitated and showed that the epithelial cells of normal and ouabain-treated gallbladders experienced an average linear shrinkage down to 70% of their length in Ringer's solution, which corresponds to a volume shrinkage down to 35%. Moreover, dilated lateral intercellular spaces appeared during the dehydration and embedding procedure in normal but only very moderately or not at all in ouabain-treated gallbladder specimens.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 69-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Satellite cells ; Cardiac muscle ; Decapod crustaceans ; Distribution ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure and distribution of satellite cells of cardiac muscles were examined in twenty-one species of animals chosen from each tribe within the order Decapoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea). The satellite cells were found in all animals observed. Most of them are morphologically identical with those described in different striated muscles of other species, but some cells have unusual features. The decapod satellite cell occasionally lies right over the region corresponding to the intercalated disc between the apposed cardiac muscle cells. The cell sends cytoplasmic processes into the adjacent muscle cells, enabling the plasma membrane to make close contact with the cleft opening of the intercalated disc, and with the myofibril at the level of the Z-line. Another characteristic feature is the presence of “paired” cells. Such cells are clearly separated from each other over most of the contact area by the respective plasma membranes, which are smooth in appearance and devoid of specialized regions. The significance of the presence of satellite cells in decapod cardiac muscle and its possible role are discussed and compared with those described for other species.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oligodendroglia ; Cell surface antigens ; Electron microscopy ; Immunoperoxidase ; Monoclonal antibodies
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoclonal antibodies to cell-surface antigens of oligodendrocytes (Sommer and Schachner 1980; Schachner et al. 1980) were used to identify this cell type by immuno-electron microscopy in monolayer cultures of fetal and early postnatal mouse cerebellum. The ultrastructural features of antigen-positive cells confirm that they are immature and mature oligodendrocytes, but not neurons, astrocytes or fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells. Type I oligodendrocytes are the immature ones with a relatively large amount of moderately electron-lucent cytoplasm, clusters of ribosomes and complex networks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Large numbers of mitochondria and microtubules, but not intermediate-sized filaments are seen in these cells. They comprise more than 90% of all 0-antigen-positive cells. Type II cells comprise only approximately 5% of all 0-antigen-positive cells. They are characterized by a limited amount of electron-dense cytoplasm, which appears more compact and granular than in type I cells. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm. Microtubules and mitochondria are present, but more difficult to distinguish due to the compactness of the cytoplasm. Type II cells display the more mature ultrastructural features of oligodendrocytes.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 433-436 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Frog ; Cutaneus pectoris muscle ; Nerve ; Muscle spindle
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three muscle fibers were identified by electron microscopy within a nerve of a frog muscle. They resembled extrafusal muscle fibers but were located in an endoneurial rather than in an endomysial compartment. To call these endoneurial muscle fibers the obvious continuation of extrafusal fibers of a muscle spindle is certainly unwarranted; to label these fibers ectopic and to let the matter rest there is probably an understatement of sorts.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 435-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haemocyanin ; Branchial gland ; Electron microscopy ; Eledone moschata ; Cephalopoda
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polymerized haemocyanin molecules have been identified as rings, about 25 nm in diameter, forming linear arrays within cytoplasmic vesicles, close to the nucleus. They were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the polygonal cells of the branchial gland of Eledone moschata Lamarck. These observations confirm previous data suggesting that haemocyanin is synthetized in the branchial gland cells of Octopoda.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endogenous peroxidase ; Trachea ; Lung ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
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    Notes: Summary Endogenous peroxidase activity was demonstrated by cytochemistry in mucous cells of the submucosal glands and tracheobronchial epithelium of guinea pigs. It is localized in the nuclear envelope, in cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in secretory granules. It was not seen in Golgi saccules or in the airway lumen. By contrast, all epithelial cells within the lung including mucous (goblet) cells lack activity. Reaction product is also absent from alveolar macrophages and mast cells. The appearance of peroxidase in mucous cells is age-related. No activity was seen at 1.5ms of age. A few mucous cells were positive at 2.5 and 3 ms while the proportion of positive cells increased substantially up to 7 ms. Thus, the age of guinea pigs in HRP transport studies must receive careful consideration in order to avoid misinterpretation of results. The function of mucous cell peroxidase is unknown. The results of this study suggest that it is secreted. Whether it plays a significant role in lung defense through its well documented anti-infectious properties remains to be determined.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chitin synthesis ; Electron microscopy ; Acari ; Tetranychus
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    Notes: Summary Two chitin synthesising systems in Tetranychus urticae are described: one chitosomal system located in the oocytes where spatial and temporal distances are large, and one membrane bound system located in the hypodermis. Similarity of mechanisms of chitin synthesis in animals and plants is suggested.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 501-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta (sheep) ; Cell phagocytosis ; Hemoglobin-derived pigments ; Residual bodies ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In trophoblastic epithelial cells of the sheep placenta the final stages of erythrocyte breakdown within the lysosomal apparatus were studied at the ultrastructural level. As a result of hemoglobin digestion lysosomes containing hemoglobin-derived pigments (HDP) were formed. The HDP-lysosomes were acid phosphatase-positive, highly electron-dense bodies of round to irregular shape containing whorled membranous formations. The accumulation of these lysosomes in epithelial cells led to fusion resulting in the formation of conglomerates. At the end of the gestation period the amount of HD Plysosomes and their conglomerates markedly increased. In addition to erythrocytes the trophoblastic epithelial cells in the erythrophagocytic regions phagocytosed maternal leukocytes and neighbouring epithelial cells and giant cells. By gradual accumulation of HDP-lysosomes and remnants of phagocytosed cells, highly electron-dense acid phosphatase-positive residual bodies of variable appearance were formed within the epithelial cells. At the end of pregnancy the spaces between juxtaposed villi of the trophoblastic epithelium in the erythrophagocytic zones were occluded by apposition of the epithelial cells. In these occluded regions an increase in highly electron-dense large-sized residual bodies (15–22 μm of dimension) occurred as a result of multiple cell phagocytosis in combination with fusion. In these residual bodies the numerous incorporated HDP-lysosomes and the remnants of phagocytosed cells could still be recognized.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 555-559 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Disaccharidases ; Intestinal brush-border membranes ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The intestinal disaccharidases, lactase, sucrase-isomaltase complex, and glucoamylase are proteins intimately associated with the brush-border membrane of the epithelial cell. These three enzyme activities are found in the intestine of the adult rat; lactase and glucoamylase activities are primarily associated with the intestine of the infant rat. Only glucoamylase and isomaltase activities are detected in the intestine of the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus. The activities of these enzymes are detected only in villus cells, and not in crypt cells. We have carried out electron microscopic studies of negatively stained brush-border preparations of intestinal crypt and villus cells; from the intestine of the 10-day-old rat and from that of the California sea lion. The density of the knob-like structures protruding from the brush-border membranes was not significantly different in any of these preparations. The diameter of the knobs on the preparations from crypt cells was smaller than the diameters of the knobs found on membranes prepared from the other sources. These data are discussed in terms of the relationship between the presence of knob structures and disaccharidase activities associated with the brush-border membranes.
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 589-597 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth basement membrane ; Ruthenium red ; Tannic acid ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ruthenium red staining and tannic acid fixation were used to analyse the fine structure of embryonic mouse dental basement membrane in intact first mandibular molars or in EDTA-isolated dental papillae. Preameloblasts are separated from extracellular matrix proper by a basal lamina that contains regularly arranged proteoglycan granules of about 10 nm in diameter. This distribution pattern is particularly evident in the inner and outer lamina rara of the basal lamina associated with EDTA-isolated dental papillae. The plasmalemma of preameloblasts demonstrates electron dense plaques on the inner leaflet. Ruthenium red positive granules (50 nm in diameter) coat non-striated and striated fibrils of the matrix. Hyaluronidase treatment digested the ruthenium red positive granules. Tannic acid fixation allowed the demonstration of filaments within the lamina rara interna, connecting the lamina densa with plasmalemma of preameloblasts. These observations are discussed in the context of the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Branchiostoma lanceolatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of monoamine-containing neurones and fibres can be discriminated in the brain of the lancelet. Two types of elongated cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurones, located in the ventral and the dorsolateral part of the brain, exhibit formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence. These neurones contain dense-core vesicles 75–100 nm in diameter. Their apical portion possesses cilia, displaying a 9×2+2 arrangement of their internal tubuli, and projecting into the ventricle. Basal processes from the ventrally situated perikarya abut upon the meninx and may discharge their catecholamines into the circulatory system. Fibres exhibiting catecholamine fluorescence originate from the dorsolaterally situated perikarya and run ventrocaudally to the neuropil, where they form numerous swellings of the bouton en passant type. A third type of perikarya in the posterior part of the brain displays specific green fluorescence. Further, neurones characterized by a specific yellow fluorescence are present in the anterior part of the brain and the anterior part of the neural tube. The rapid photodecomposition of the latter fluorophore indicates that these cells contain an indolamine.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sertoli cell (rat) ; Testis ; Vesicles ; Morphometry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Membrane-bounded spherical vesicles found in rat Sertoli cells have been examined quantitatively during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Most of the vesicles were localized to the basal and columnar portions of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm. The thin lateral projections of the Sertoli cells contained very few vesicles. Morphometric analysis of the basal portion of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm revealed that the volume density (V v ) of the vesicles changed markedly during the cycle. The V v was at its minimum (0.036) at stage VII and maximum (0.117) at stages XI-I. The vesicles were also smaller at stage VII compared to the vesicles at stages IX-V. The stage-dependent difference in the size of the vesicles was found both in the basal and the columnar portions of the Sertoli cells. At stage VII some of the vesicles appeared to be elongated much like the tubular elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) from which they are probably derived. The stage-dependent differences in volume density and size of the Sertoli cell vesicles may be related to cyclic biochemical variations in the Sertoli cells, and are further indications of a variation in Sertoli cell function during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Whether or not this is due to an “internal” cycle of the Sertoli cell or to influences from adjacent germ cells remains to be determined.
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Spinal cord ; Neurons ; Ependyma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tail of the gymnotid Sternarchus albifrons, including the spinal cord, regenerates following amputation. Regenerated spinal cord shows a rostro-caudal gradient of differentiation. Cross sections of the most distal regenerated cord show radially enlarged ependymal cells, relatively undifferentiated cells, and numerous blood vessels. More anterior sections contain well differentiated electromotor neurons, glial cells, and myelinated axons. The number of electromotor-neuron cell bodies in cross sections of regenerated spinal cord is three to six times the number in nonregenerated cord. Distinct tracts of axons, easily identifiable in normal cord, are not distinguishable in cross sections of regenerated cord. Some reorganization of the spinal cord also appears to take place anterior to the site of transection. Individual electromotor neurons in the regenerated spinal cord have morphologies largely similar to those of normal electrocytes, i.e., cell bodies are rounded, lack dendrites, have synapses characterized by gap junctions with presynaptic axons, and lack an unmyelinated initial segment. The presence of electromotor neurons with normal morphology in regenerated spinal cord correlates with the re-establishment of relatively normal electrocyte axonSchwann cell relationships in the regenerating electric organ of this sternarchid.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 209-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Herring bodies ; Median eminence ; Myelinated axons ; Mouse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior part of the median eminence of the albino mouse (CF # 1-JCL) contains a cluster of myelinated axons beneath the tanycyte layer. Among them, small Herring bodies surrounded by myelin sheaths are revealed by electron microscopy. These structures contain electron-dense bodies, lamellar bodies, autophagic bodies, autophagic vacuoles, and neurofilaments. A few neurosecretory granules and mitochondria are also present. Some myelinated axons contain mostly accumulated neurosecretory granules.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 619-627 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mosquito strains ; Blood digestion ; Serum digestion ; Proteolytic activity ; Ribosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Frühere morphometrische und biochemische Untersuchungen erbrachten teilweise unterschiedliche Resultate betreffend Verteilung freier und membrangebundener Ribosomen in Mitteldarmzellen von Aedes aegypti. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde morphometrisch untersucht, ob diese Unterschiede bedingt waren durch die Verwendung verschiedener Mückenstämme, unterschiedlichen Futters und verschiedener Narkosemethoden durch die beiden Arbeitsgruppen, oder ob methodische Einflüsse dafür verantwortlich waren. Die meisten Zellparameter im Magenepithel von A. aegypti, Stamm „Rockefeller”, wie auch ihre Änderungen während der Verdauung eines Blutmahls, entsprachen den für einen andern Aedes-Stamm (Segemaganga, Hecker und Rudin 1979) gemessenen Werten und stimmten im allgemeinen mit denjenigen für Anopheles stephensi (Hecker 1978) überein. Die proteolytische Aktivität gegen Casein war bei beiden Stämmen gleich mit einem Aktivitäts-Maximum um 30h nach Blutmahl. Bei der Verdauung von menschlichem Serum konnte keine Zunahme des Verhältnisses von membrangebundenen zu freien Ribosomen, keine signifikante Oberflächenvergrößerung des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums und keine signifikante Erhöhung der Zahl gebundener und freier Ribosomen gemessen werden. Die Proteaseaktivität war deutlich schwächer als während der Verdauung von Blut. Betäubung der Mücken vor der Sektion mit Aether oder durch Schütteln in Reagenzgläsern ergab im Vergleich keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Zellparameter von Zuckerwasser-gefütterten Weibchen, die drei Tage nach dem Schlüpfen untersucht wurden. Unterschiede in den Ribosomenparametern, die mit morphometrischen Methoden (Hecker und Rudin 1979) einerseits und biochemischen (Gander et al. 1980) andererseits untersucht wurden, konnten nur teilweise durch die Wahl unterschiedlichen Futters für die Mücken durch die beiden Arbeitsgruppen erklärt werden. Es müssen zusätzlich methodische Einflüsse für diese Unterschiede verantwortlich sein.
    Notes: Summary Previous morphometric or biochemical investigations have yielded different data on the distribution of free and membrane-bound ribosomes in midgut cells of Aedes aegypti. In the present paper ribosomal distribution has been morphometrically analysed to determine whether different mosquito strains, different food and different narcosis used in these previous studies, and/or methodological errors, could account for the different results. Most of the cellular parameters in the stomach epithelium of female A. aegypti, strain Rockefeller, and their changes during blood digestion, are comparable to those measured for another Aedes strain (Segemaganga, Hecker and Rudin 1979), and are generally similar to those of Anopheles stephensi (Hecker 1978). Proteolytic activity against casein is similar for both Aedes strains with a maximum activity being registered around 30 h after a blood meal. During digestion of human serum there is no increase in the ratio of membranebound to free ribosomes, and no significant increase in the surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or of the number of bound or free ribosomes. Proteolytic activity is distinctly lower than during blood digestion. Immobilization of mosquitoes prior to dissection by ether narcosis or by shaking in a test tube has no significant influence on cellular parameters in females fed on sugar solution and investigated 3days after emergence. It is concluded that the differences in ribosomal parameters previously obtained by morphometrical (Hecker and Rudin 1979) and biochemical (Gander et al. 1980) methods, can only partly be explained by the selection of different food for the mosquitoes, and must also have been caused by methodological inadequacies.
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    Cell & tissue research 220 (1981), S. 51-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cultured cells ; Detachment procedures ; Nuclear and cell surface ; Cytoskeleton ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rabbit auricular chondrocytes, SIRC cells, human fibroblasts, and HeLa cells were cultivated in vitro and the fine structural effects of various detachment procedures studied. Treatment with collagenase, trypsin, and trypsin-EDTA caused scalloping of the nuclear envelope, accumulation of phagolysosomes, and an increase in the number of cell surface extensions. Collagenase-EDTA evoked a marked deformation of the nuclei with formation of numerous deep indentations and a redistribution of heterochromatin. Similarly, the cell surface became extensively folded and the vacuolation of the cytoplasm was further increased. These changes were reversible and within 24 h the cells had regained a normal structure. In all cases, chondrocytes and SIRC cells were most prominently affected, whereas fibroblasts and HeLa cells were only slightly changed. Treatment of chondrocytes with colchicine or cytochalasin B did not produce any effects of the type mentioned above. Neither did treatment with the drugs before and during detachment with collagenase-EDTA prevent the structural modification of the cells. It therefore seems unlikely that micro tubules and micro filaments are essential for this process. The structural changes occurring during detachment of cells could represent an adoptive mechanism for disposal of excessive membrane in connection with transition from a flattened to a rounded shape.
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