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  • Articles  (68)
  • bioavailability  (25)
  • Zea  (22)
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  • Springer  (68)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1980-1984  (68)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1981  (68)
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  • Books
  • Articles  (68)
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  • Springer  (68)
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 1980-1984  (68)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Planta 151 (1981), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin (uptake, transport) ; Benzoic acid ; N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The validity of a chemiosmotic hypothesis for uptake of weak acids as an explanation for the accumulation of auxin by cells has been explored further by comparing the uptake of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by 1-mm segments of corn (Zea mays L.) coleoptiles with that of benzoic acid and two neutral indoles, indoleethanol and indoleacetonitrile, which do not ionize. These substances, while structurally related to IAA lack both auxin activity and polar transport. Uptake of IAA and benzoic acid increase with decreasing external pH, whereas the uptake of the two neutral indoles is independent of external pH. Although metabolism of IAA, during 90 min or less, is minimal and without significant effect on its uptake, metabolism of benzoic acid appears responsible for the apparent saturation of benzoic acid uptake at high concentrations. An inhibitor of auxin transport, N-1-naphthylphathalamic acid (NPA), stimulates uptake of IAA but has no effect on uptake of either benzoic acid or the two neutral indoles. Thus, NPA does not affect the driving forces for accumulation of weak acids but probably specifically decreases the flux of the auxin anions relative to undissociated auxin. Since the electrochemical potential of auxin anions is usually higher in than outside cells, blocking the anion flux with NPA would enhance auxin uptake. Azide, which abolishes accumulation of both IAA and benzoic acid, may simply collapse the pH gradient across the plasma membrane. In the absence of NPA, increasing concentrations of auxins or the analogoue β-naphthaleneacetic acid (β-NAA) exert two opposing effects on the uptake of IAA-depression and stimulation. Stimulation results from saturating the anion flux. With uptake fully stimulated by NPA, however, increasing concentrations of auxins or analogues only depress uptake of [3H]IAA. These results are consistent with more than one path for auxin transport each with a different dependence on concentration. In depressing NPA-stimulated IAA uptake, the effectiveness of β-NAA≧IAA≫α-NAA≫ benzoic acid, a specificity similar to that of an auxin binding site in vitro that has been implicated by others in auxin transport. The results support the general hypothesis that cellular auxin uptake and polar transport through tissues are chemiosmotically coupled to the electrochemical potential of auxin and protons.
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  • 2
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    Planta 153 (1981), S. 436-442 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Aminopterin-resistant variants ; Cell culture ; Folate analog ; Variant selection ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aminopterin-resistant cell lines of maize were isolated by two different procedures of callus selection and by plating suspension cultures on drugcontaining medium after mutagen treatment. Efficiencies of different methods of variant selection were compared. Four aminopterin-resistant cell lines were shown to be 10–40 times more resistant than the parental cell line, and they were also resistant to another folate analog, methotrexate. The results suggest that alterations in at least three different cell properties could be responsible for resistance; 1) increased dihydrofolate reductase activity, 2) altered aminopterin sensitivity of dihydrofolate reductase, and 3) reduced drug uptake. One of the resistant cell lines showed more than one alteration, but its resistance proved to be unstable. The results suggest that stable changes which may or may not be of genetic origin and also unstable physiological changes or a combination of both could lead to aminopterin resistance in maize cell cultures.
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  • 3
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    Planta 153 (1981), S. 443-446 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: ATPase ; Mitochondria ; Mycotoxin ; Pisum ; Zea ; Zearalenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract At 5 and 10 μg ml-1 concentration, zearalenone (F-2), a mycotoxin produced by a number of species of the genus Fusarium, causes an inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation of isolated plant mitochondria, while at 20 and 40 μg ml-1 it causes uncoupling. However, when the mitochondria are pre-incubated for 20 min with F-2, the uncoupling appears to be the prevailing effect. F-2 is also able to inhibit the mitochondrial ATPase activity (Mg2+-dependent). Conversely, F-2 (40 μg ml-1) does not alter the ATP level of maize roots and only slightly affects the ATPase activity of pea stem and maize root microsomal fractions. In addition, F-2 (10–40 μg ml-1) inhibits ATP synthesis catalyzed by rat liver mitochondria. It is suggested that the phytotoxicity of F-2, also known for its ability to collapse the transmembrane electric potential of maize roots, may be mainly linked to its ability to increase the proton permeability of the cell, similar to the common uncouplers.
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  • 4
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    Planta 153 (1981), S. 471-475 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Geotropism (root) ; Growth inhibitor ; Light and root-cap inhibitor ; Root cap (inhibitor) ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth inhibitors were assayed from extracts of intact (attached) and of excised (cultured) root caps of Zea mays L., cv. Merit, the roots of which show a positive geotropic response only after exposure to light. If caps are intact at the time of illumination, at least two inhibitory substances are produced, an acid inhibitor and a neutral inhibitor, whereas if caps are detached from roots, placed in culture and then illuminated only the neutral inhibitor is formed. Cycloheximide retards inhibitor production in both intact and cultured caps. When [14C]mevalonic acid is included in the culture medium and the caps are illuminated, 15–25% of the recoverable 14C cochromatographs with the neutral inhibitor, whereas in caps cultured in the dark, this radiolabelling pattern is not observed. Cyloheximide in the light reduces the incorporation of 14C into compounds cochromatographing at the Rf of the neutral inhibitor. It is suggested that the neutral inhibitor may be important in the light-induced bending of roots.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin (immunoassay) ; Avena ; Coleoptiles (physiological tip) ; Enzyme immunoassay ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A specific solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for the detection of as little as 3–4 pg of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is described. The assay involves minimal procedural efforts and requires only standard laboratory equipment. Up to 50 samples in triplicate, processed simultaneously, can be assayed and evaluated in 2.5 h. As little as 1 mg oat coleoptile tissue is sufficient for a quantitative IAA analysis and little or no extract purification is necessary. Using this assay, levels of IAA have been determined in coleoptiles of maize and oat. The distribution of IAA within single coleoptiles was quantitated and the production of IAA during the regeneration of the physiological tip in Avena coleoptiles was investigated. The changes in levels of IAA and other major phytohormones were quantitated during the growth of oat coleoptiles.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell-wall autohydrolysis ; β-D-Glucan ; Glucanase ; Hemicellulose ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The proteins dissociated from isolated Zea seedling cell wall using high-ionic-strength salt solutions have been found to include a number of enzymes which appear to participate in autolytic reactions of the cell wall. These enzymes caused extensive degradation of enzymatically inactive cell wall, liberating as much as 100 μg/mg dry weight over a 48-h period. Lithium chloride (3M) was shown to be most effective in yielding protein and wall-degrading activities. Molecular-sieve chromatography of the cell-wall protein resolved endo-β-D-glucanase and exo-β-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.58) activities when Avena glucan and laminarin, respectively, were employed as substrates. The exoenzyme (molecular weight around 60,000) was strongly inhibited by inorganic mercury at a concentration which suppressed the release of monosaccharide from autolytically active cell wall. The endo-β-D-glucanase (MW around 26,000), which showed a marked preference for substrates of mixed-linkage, exhibited features indicating that it initiates the autolytic solubilization of wall glucan. Cell-wall β-D-glucan, recovered as a component of an alkali-soluble cell-wall fraction, served as a substrate for the purified glucanases. Their hydrolysis pattern, assessed using gel exclusion chromatography and product analysis, confirmed that they hydrolyze β-D-glucan. The products generated by the endoglucanase were similar in molecular-size distribution to those liberated from autolytically active-wall. Exoglucanase activity was required for extensive hydrolysis of β-D-glucan in vitro. During coleoptile development the autolytic activity of the cell wall increased dramatically. This increased activity, however, did not parallel the growth potential of the tissue, but more closely reflected an increase in cell-wall β-D-glucan, the primary substrate for autolytic reactions.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Acid growth ; Auxin ; Growth ; Root ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of proton excretion in the growth of apical segments of maize roots has been examined. Growth is stimulated by acidic buffers and inhibited by neutral buffers. Organic buffers such as 2[N-morpholino] ethane sulphonic acid (MES) — 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3 diol (Tris) are more effective than phosphate buffers in inhibiting growth. Fusicoccin(FC)-induced growth is also inhibited by neutral buffers. The antiauxins 4-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) and 2-(naphthylmethylthio) propionic acid (NMSP) promote growth and H+-excretion over short time periods; this growth is also inhibited by neutral buffers. We conclude that growth of maize roots requires proton extrusion and that regulation of root growth by indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) may be mediated by control of this proton extrusion.
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  • 8
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    Planta 151 (1981), S. 68-74 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Energy metabolism ; Germination (seeds) ; Protein synthesis ; Temperature and seed germination ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Poor emergence of maize seedlings, due to high soil temperatures, is a major limitation of crop potential in the lowland tropics. Ability to germinate at high temperature (〉c. 37° C) is related to the temperature sensitivity of the embryo, and there is considerable genotypic variation for this character. Respiration and mitochondrial phosphorylation proceed normally in seeds imbibing at 41° C, and ATP levels are adequate for germination. However, the specific activities of several important enzymes are lower, and the rate of protein synthesis is severely reduced compared with seeds imbibing at 28° C. The depression of the rate of protein synthesis in the embryos of several tropical hybrids imbibing at high temperature correlated with their known temperature sensitivity. It is concluded that protein synthesis is an especially temperature sensitive process in germinating maize embryos, and that this is the principal reason for the sensitivity of germinating maize seeds to high temperature.
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  • 9
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    Planta 151 (1981), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Embryos (protein synthesis) ; Germination (seeds) ; Protein synthesis and temperature ; Temperature and protein synthesis ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The poor germination of maize seeds at high temperatures (〉37°C) is related to the low rate of protein synthesis by the embryo. The apparatus of translation was not heat-labile when embryos were incubated for 2 h at 41°C, and cell free extracts from seeds imbibed for 16 h at this temperature were able to translate exogenous mRNA, indicating that ribosomes and other subcellular components were present and functional. Analysis of polysome profiles from embryos imbibing at high temperature indicated that the low rate of protein synthesis was due to the non-availability of active mRNA.
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  • 10
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    Planta 151 (1981), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chromosome isolation ; Petroselinum ; Polyethylene-glycol ; Protoplast (uptake of chromosomes) ; Triticum ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For mass isolation of plant metaphase chromosomes, cultured cells of wheat (Triticum monococcum) and parsley (Petroselinum hortense) were synchronized by hydroxyurea and colchicine treatment. This synchronization procedure resulted in high mitotic synchrony, especially in suspension cultures of parsley in which 80% of the cells were found to be at the metaphase stage. Mitotic protoplasts isolated from these synchronized cell cultures served as a source for isolation of chromosomes. The described isolation and purification method yielded relatively pure chromosome suspension. The uptake of the isolated plant chromosomes into recipient wheat, parsley, and maize protoplasts was induced by polyethylene-glycol treatment. Cytological studies provided evidences for uptake of plant chromosomes into plant protoplasts.
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  • 11
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    Planta 151 (1981), S. 146-150 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Georeaction (root) ; Growth inhibitors ; Growth (root) ; Root (georeaction, growth) ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth rate of the two sides of 10-mm apical segments prepared from primary roots and of intact primary roots of maize has been analyzed in both vertical and horizontal positions, using a filming method allowing continuous growth recording. The data showed that the georeaction began by a decrease in the overall elongation rate of the roots. This inhibition is effective on the lower side of the bending zone, where the growth is practically stopped during the period of maximum rate of geocurvature. In contrast, the growth is slightly enhanced on the upper part of the elongating zone.
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  • 12
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    Planta 152 (1981), S. 319-324 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Nitrate influx (efflux, metabolism) ; Pennisetum ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) seedlings were exposed to [15N]nitrate for 1-h periods at eight times during a 24-h period (16–8 h light-dark for maize; 14–10 h for millet). Influx of [15N]nitrate as well as its reduction and translocation were determined during each period. The efflux of previously absorbed [14N]nitrate to the uptake solution was also estimated. No marked diurnal changes in [14N]nitrate efflux or [15N]nitrate influx were evident in maize. In contrast, [14N]nitrate efflux from millet increased and eventually exceeded [15N]nitrate influx during the late dark and early light periods, resulting in net nitrate efflux from the roots. The dissimilarity of their diurnal patterns indicates that influx and efflux are independently regulated. In both species, [15N]nitrate reduction and 15N translocation to shoots were curtailed more by darkness than was [15N]nitrate influx. In the light, maize reduced 15% and millet 24% of the incoming [15N]nitrate. In darkness, reduction dropped to 11 and 17%, respectively. Since the accumulation of reduced-15N in shoots declined abruptly in darkness, whereas that in roots was little affected, it is suggested that in darkness [15N]nitrate reduction occurred primarily in roots. The decrease in nitrate uptake and reduction in darkness was not related to efflux, which remained constant in maize and did not respond immediately to darkness in pearl millet.
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  • 13
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    Planta 151 (1981), S. 499-505 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin ; Calorimetry ; Coleoptile ; Energetics ; Growth regulator ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) promotes an increase in steady-state heat production by corn (Zea mays L.) coleoptile tissue; this increase is associated with an elevation in aerobic respiration rates. A detailed time dependence of the exothermic response to IAA was obtained using flow calorimetry. The latent period and magnitude of response were evaluated as a function of IAA concentration and pH. The data indicate that more than one response may occur. The optimal change in heat production was produced by an IAA concentration of 3·10-5 M. It was initiated within 5 min after the start of the IAA treatment, and reached a magnitude in excess of 25% of the tissue's basal heat production. Concentrations of IAA greater than 1·10-4 M resulted in diminished response(s), but the effect was strongly pH dependent. Several possibilities for the increased heat production triggered by IAA are discussed.
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  • 14
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    Planta 151 (1981), S. 506-511 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell fractionation ; Cucurbita ; Malic enzyme ; Plasma membrane ; Subcellular localization ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A definite membrane fraction from Cucurbita hypocotyls, maize coleoptiles, and other plant tissues contains a NADP-dependent malic enzyme activity, up to 10% of overall tissue activity, and probably other soluble proteins. This “malic enzyme particle” is identified as plasmalemma on the basis of sedimentation behavior, density distribution in sucrose gradients, in comparison with enzyme markers, and sluggish penetration by the sugar Metrizamide. Enzyme binding to the plasma membrane is stable and scarcely sensitive to salts and EDTA, although all activity is released to the supernatant in the presence of Triton-X-100 or under hypotonic conditions. The properties of bound enzyme are similar to those of free enzyme in cell extracts. It is proposed that osmotically sensitive plasma membrane vesicles, containing cytoplasm fragments, are formed during homogenization. Low malic enzyme activities are also associated with Cucurbita proplastids.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; Phetorespiration ; Photosynthesis ; Triacontanol ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato (C3-plants) and maize (C4-plants) were grown in a nutrient solution to which triacontanol was added twice a week. After about 4 weeks the triacontanol treatment caused a significant increase in the dry weight of the tomato plants. Leaf area and dry weight measurements of tomato leaves at different stages of development showed that the largest increase in growth was obtained when triacontanol treatment was initiated before bud formation. In maize, no effect of the triacontanol treatment on dry wieght was observed. Photosynthesis was inhibited by 27% in young leaves from triacontanol-treated tomato plants and 39% in the controls, when the oxygen concentration was raised from 2% to 21%. In maize no change in photosynthesis could be observed, neither after altered oxygen concentration nor after triacontanol treatment. The difference in the response of C3- and C4-plants to triacontanol indicates that it regulates processes related to photosynthesis.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic pH ; Fusicoccin ; Hydrogen-ion extrusion ; pH-stat ; Root ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 31P-Nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra of maize (Zea mays L.) root tips, that had been induced to extrude large amounts of H+ in response to fusicoccin (FC) in the presence of potassium salts, indicate that the cytoplasmic pH does not become higher than that of controls. In fact, the cytoplasmic pH may become slightly (approx. 0.1 pH unit) lower in cells extruding H+. Estimations of the buffer capacity of the cells show that without active intracellular pH regulation, H+ extrusion caused by FC would cause the intracellular pH to rise by at least 0.6 pH unit h-1. Our results indicate that intracellular pH is tightly regulated even during extreme rates of acid extrusion, and that a rise in cytoplasmic pH is not the signal linking H+ extrusion with enhanced organic-acid synthesis or other intracellular responses to H+ pumping.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Acid growth ; Geotropism ; Helianthus ; Phototropism ; Proton secretion ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By placing seedlings of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) or maize (Zea mays L.) on agar plates containing a pH indicator dye it is possible to observe surface pH patterns along the growing seedling by observing color changes of the indicator dye. Using this method we find that in geotropically stimulated sunflower hypocotyls or maize coleoptiles there is enhanced proton efflux on the lower surface of the organ prior to the initiation of curvature. As curvature develops the pattern of differential acid efflux becomes more intense. A similar phenomenon is observed when these organs are exposed to unilateral illumination, i.e. enhanced acid efflux occurs on the dark side of the organ prior to the initiation of phototropic curvature and the pattern of differential acid efflux intensifies as phototropic curvature develops. These observations indicate that differential acid efflux occurs in response to tropistic stimuli and that the acid efflux pattern may mediate the development of tropistic curvatures.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin uptake ; Coleoptile ; Fluorescein ; Morphactin ; Naphthylphthalamic acid ; Triiodobenzoic acid ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using both 1-mm segments of corn (Zea mays L.) coleoptiles and a preparation of membranes isolated from the same source, we have compared the effectiveness of several inhibitors of geotropism and polar transport in stimulating uptake of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) into the tissue and in competing with N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) for a membrane-bound site. Low concentrations of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), NPA, 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid (morphactin), and fluorescein, eosin, and mercurochrome all stimulated net uptake of [3H]IAA by corn coleoptile tissues while higher concentrations reduced the uptake of both [3H]IAA and another lipophilic weak acid, [14C]benzoic acid. Since low concentrations of fluorescein and its derivatives competed for the same membrane-bound site in vitro as did morphactin and NPA, the basis for both the specific stimulation of auxin accumulation and the inhibition of polar auxin transport by all these compounds may be their ability to interfere with the carrier-mediated efflux of auxin anions from cells. At higher concentrations, the decrease in accumulation of weak acids was nonspecific and thus may be the result of acidification of the cytoplasm and a general decrease in the driving force for uptake of the weak acids. Triiodobenzoic acid was an exception. Low concentration of TIBA (0.1–1 μM) were much less effective than NPA in competing for the NPA receptor in vitro, but little different from NPA in ability to stimulate auxin uptake. One possibility is that TIBA, a substance which is polarly transported, may compete with auxin for the polar transport site while NPA, morphactin, and the fluorescein derivatives may render this site inactive.
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  • 19
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    Planta 152 (1981), S. 397-407 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cytokinesis ; High voltage electron microscopy ; Mitosis ; Zea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structure and distribution of cytoplasmic membranes during mitosis and cytokinesis in maize root tip meristematic cells was investigated by low and high voltage electron microscopy. The electron opacity of the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was enhanced by staining the tissue in a mixture of zinc iodide and osmium tetroxide. Thin sections show the nuclear envelope to disassemble at prophase and become indistinguishable from the surrounding ER and polar aggregations of ER. In thick sections under the high voltage electron microscope the spindle is seen to be surrounded by a mass of tubular (TER) and cisternal (CER) endoplasmic reticulum derived from both the nuclear envelope and ER, which persists through metaphase and anaphase. At anaphase strands of TER traverse the spindle between the arms of the chromosomes. The octagonal nuclear pore complexes disappear by metaphase, but irregular-shaped pores persist in the membranes during mitosis. It is suggested that these form a template for pore-complex reformation during telophase. Phragmoplast formation is preceded by an aggregation of TER across the spindle at anaphase. Evidence is presented to suggest that the formation of the desmotubule of a plasmodesma is by the squeezing of a strand of endoplasmic reticulum between the vesicles of the cell plate.
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  • 20
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 251-258 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: medigoxin ; digoxin ; dissolution rate ; proportionality ; bioavailability ; prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We compared our ability to predict the dose of medigoxin and of digoxin required to achieve a fixed serum concentration (the dose requirement) in 33 outpatients. Preliminary work supported the assumptions that the steady state glycoside concentration achieved was proportional to the daily dose given to an individual, and that the bioavailability of the different tablet presentations was similar for either glycoside. We were not able to predict the dose requirement from patient characteristics with any more certainty for medigoxin than for digoxin. Not only the between-patient variability in dose requirement, but also the within-patient variability, was similar for the two glycosides. However the digoxin used had a dissolution rate of over 90% in 1 h. When comparing medigoxin with digoxin of lower, or more variable dissolution rate, medigoxin may be preferable.
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  • 21
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: digoxin ; bioavailability ; dose-dependency ; urinary excretion ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nine healthy volunteers received single 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg doses of oral digoxin tablets in random sequence on five occasions separated by at least 4 weeks. Urinary excretion of immunoassayable digoxin was determined from 8 consecutive 24 h urine samples collected after each dose. Mean values of cumulative urinary excretion of digoxin at the 5 doses were: 40.9, 35.6, 36.4, 34.1, and 33.5% of the dose (F=0.64; d. f.=4.32; N. S.). Mean values of urinary excretion half-life were: 2.48, 2.03, 2.20, 2.07, and 1.87 days (F=2.87; d. f.=4.32;p=0.05). Thus, the bioavailability of orally administered digoxin tablets in healthy volunteers is dose-independent over an 8-fold range of doses.
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  • 22
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diacetolol ; acebutolol ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diacetolol, the principal metabolite of acebutolol, were studied in 6 healthy subjects. Plasma concentrations were determined following a single intravenous injection of diacetolol 100 mg and three oral doses of diacetolol 100, 400 and 800 mg, in random order. The average oral bioavailability of diacetolol was F: 0.302±0.052 (100 mg), 0.363±0.052 (400 mg) and 0.426±0.068 (800 mg); the differences are not significant. The mean plasma half-life of the terminal phase, 7.94±0.26 h after intravenous administration, was significantly higher than after oral administration 12.27±1.00 h (100 mg), 12.82±1.59 h (400 mg) and 13.05±1.22 h (800 mg) (p〈0.02 to 0.05); the mean urine half-lives of the terminal phase were not significantly different. Renal clearance of diacetolol 10.2±0.81·h−1 represented about two-thirds of total body clearance 15.9±1.21·h−1. The results suggest either a first-pass effect or incomplete absorption of diacetolol after oral administration.
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  • 23
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 305-307 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketoprofen ; aluminium phosphate ; bioavailability ; antacid ; pharmacokinetics ; interaction study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to determine whether a concomitant single dose of antacid (aluminium phosphate), or multiple doses of this antacid, administered prior to and with ketoprofen would alter the bioavailability of this non steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. The possible effects of aluminium phosphate were evaluated following administration of ketoprofen alone (Phase I), co-administration of antacid and ketoprofen (Phase II), and antacid for four days before administration of ketoprofen with co-administration on the day of the study (Phase III). There were no significant differences between treatment means for peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve. The observed differences were due only to individual effects. The results indicate a lack of interaction between ketoprofen and the antacid aluminium phosphate (Phosphalugel)
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  • 24
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolfenamic acid ; anti-inflammatory agent ; human pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; intravenous administration
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tolfenamic acid, a new anti-inflammatory agent was studied in six healthy volunteers after an intravenous dose of 100 mg and oral doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg. The disposition of intravenous tolfenamic acid could be described by two-compartment open model, with a central compartment volume (Vdc) of 5.6±0.31 (mean±SE), volume during β-phase (Vdβ) of 31±21, and a total elimination rate constant (k10) 1.6±0.1 h−1. The terminal elimination half-life was 2.5±0.6 h and the total plasma clearance 155±15 ml/min. The elimination occured principally by extrarenal mechanisms, the recovery of unchanged drug together with is glucuronide in urine averaging only 8.8% of the intravenous dose. The binding of tolfenamic acid to plasma proteins averaged 99.7%. The gastrointestinal absorption had a mean half-life of 1.7±0.1 h. Based on comparison of areas under the plasma concentration time-curves after intravenous and oral administration, the biovailability of tolfenamic acid capsules averaged 60%. The rate and extent of absorption and the rate of elimination of tolfenamic acid were independent of dose.
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  • 25
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; oral absorption ; influence of food ; plasma clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tranexamic acid 1 g was given intravenously to three healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations decayed in three monoexponential phases. Most elimination took place during the first eight hours, giving an apparent elimination half-life of approximately two hours. Plasma clearance ranged between 110–116 ml/min. The urinary recovery of tranexamic acid exceeded 95% of the dose. Ten healthy volunteers were given tranexamic acid 2 g orally on an empty stomach, and together with a meal. Food had no influence on the absorption of tranexamic acid, as judged by comparison of the peak plasma concentration, the time required to reach the peak, the AUC from zero to six hours, and the urinary excretion data. The oral bioavailability of tranexamic acid, calculated from 24 h urinary excretion after oral and intravenous administration, was 34% of the dose.
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  • 26
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 277-282 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dexamethasone phosphate ; dexamethasone sulphate ; intravenous injection ; bioavailability ; pituitary-adreno-cortical suppression ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolic fate and ACTH-supressant activity of two injectable dexamethasone esters, 21-phosphate and 21-sulphate, were studied in healthy men. After i.v. injection of 20 mg free steroid alcohol, dexamethasone phosphate was efficiently hydrolyzed to free dexamethasone, reaching its peak plasma concentration within 5 min. About 9% of the administered dose appeared in the urine as free dexamethasone. By contrast, virtually no free dexamethasone was found in plasma and urine after injection of dexamethasone sulphate. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that dexamethasone sulphate had a shorter plasma half-life and a higher metabolic clearance rate than free dexamethasone. A larger fraction (60%) of dexamethasone sulphate was rapidly excreted unmetabolized in urine. The plasma cortisol level was significantly suppressed for more than 24 h after dexamethasone phosphate, while the plasma cortisol profile after dexamethasone sulphate merely showed physiological circadian variations. When the steroid esters were injected after pretreatment with metyrapone, a definite suppression of plasma ACTH was noted after dexamethasone phosphate, but again, dexamethasone sulphate was ineffective. These results cast serious doubt on the clinical value of dexamethasone sulphate as an injectable glucocorticoid, and critical reevaluation of this preparation is needed.
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  • 27
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 465-471 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoclopramide ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; first-pass effect
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time courses of plasma metoclopramide concentrations were followed in six subjects after oral and intravenous single dose administration. Plasma concentration-time data following i.v. administration in each subject were found to fit a two compartment model with a mean terminal half-life of 4.55 h±0.80 h and a mean distribution half-time of 0.35 h±0.09 h. Volumes of distribution were high (3.43±1.181 · kg−1), and clearances (0.53±0.191 · kg−1h−1) approached liver plasma flow. This suggests that metoclopramide occurs at higher concentrations in tissues than in plasma, and that its clearance is probably limited by liver blood flow rather than liver metabolic capacity. The post-absorption decline in metoclopramide plasma levels after oral administration was also biexponential in each subject. The terminal half-life was 5.17 h±0.98 h. Mean volume of distribution and mean clearance were similar to intravenous values (after adjustment for bioavailability). Oral absorption was rapid with peak plasma concentrations being reached at a mean time of 0.93 h. A mean bioavailability of 0.77 was calculated for the six subjects, and it was postulated that this incomplete availability is due to a first-pass effect. The inter-individual variation in the degree of ‘first-pass’ was considerable (0.47–1.14).
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  • 28
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 473-478 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: methadone ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; single dose ; stable isotope technique ; two compartment model
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition of methadone was studied in eight opiate dependent subjects during detoxification. Plasma concentrations were determined by mass fragmentography for 48 hours after administration of methadone 20 mg as tablets and simultaneous intravenous injection of deuterium-labelled methadone 20 mg. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for the intravenous dose assuming a two compartment open model. Bioavailability was determined by comparing the areas under the plasma concentration versus time curves of unlabelled and labelled methadone. The beta-phase plasma half-lives varied five-fold, with a range from 8.5 to 47 h. The apparent volumes of distribution varied from 2.1 to 5.61/kg. Five patients had a bioavailability exceeding 90%, and three had lower bioavailabilities of between 41 and 76%. The unlabelled and labelled drug appeared to be pharmacokinetically equivalent. The data show that for a majority of these subjects the bioavailability was higher than 45%, the previously reported value. The marked individual variation in methadone pharmacodynamics and kinetics, and the possibilities both of cellular and methabolic tolerance, require an individually optimized dosage regimen.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: verapamil ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; hepatic first-pass metabolism ; stable isotopes
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following i. v. administration, the plasma concentration-time curve of verapamil could best be described by either a mono- or biexponential equation. Total plasma clearance (1.26 l/min) approached liver blood flow (1.5 l/min), so it can be concluded that its clearance is liver blood flow-dependent. Although absorption was almost complete after oral administration, absolute bioavailability (20%) was low, due to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. The approach using stable isotope-labelled and unlabelled drug permits simultaneous administration by the intravascular and extravascular routes, thus allowing determination of absolute bioavailability in a single experiment.
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  • 30
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: proxyphylline ; asthma ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; healthy adults ; theophylline derivative
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of proxyphylline have been measured in five healthy adults after intravenous (29 µmol/kg), single oral (21 µmol/kg) and multiple oral (21 µmol/kg three times a day) doses to produce steady state. The mean peak time after oral administration was 29 min. The mean fraction absorbed was 1.09 calculated from serum concentrations, and 1.05 calculated from urinary excretion of the drug. The apparent volume of distribution was 0.61 l/kg (0.53–0.72 l/kg), 26% higher in males than in females. A two-compartment open model was found to describe the decline in the serum concentrations, giving a mean distribution half-life of 6 min. The intersubject ranges of biological half-life were 8.1–12.1 h and 8.3–12.6 h calculated from serum and urine data, respectively. 24% (18–29%) of the dose was excreted unchanged in urine, which agreed with the relationship between the calculated total body clearance and the renal clearance of the drug.
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  • 31
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; phenobarbital ; gastro-intestinal absorption ; bioavailability ; renal clearance ; non-renal clearance ; enzyme induction
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of orally administered cimetidine was studied in 8 healthy subjects before and after 3 weeks of treatment with phenobarbital 100 mg daily, and in a separate study 4 subjects received cimetidine intravenously before and after the administration of phenobarbital. There was no change in the volume of distribution, but total plasma clearance was increased by a mean of 18%, mainly due to a 37% increase in nonrenal clearance. Renal clearance and half-life were not significantly altered. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve after oral administration was significantly (P≪0.05) reduced by a mean of 15% after phenobarbital treatment. The amount of cimetidine excreted in urine and its sulphoxide metabolite were significantly (P〈0.05) reduced, on average by 34% and 26%, respectively by phenobarbital treatment. The data indicate that an apparent 20% reduction in the absorption of cimetidine was due to induction of gastrointestinal metabolism of cimetidine, with some contribution also from hepatic metabolism. Reduced absorption per se could not be totally excluded. Although the magnitude of the change was small, the finding of an 11% decrease in the time to achieve an effective plasma level of cimetidine after phenobarbital treatment may contribute to the ineffectiveness of cimetidine in certain patients.
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  • 32
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 449-452 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; ethylenediamine ; suppository ; serum concentration ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of theophylline from a suppository not containing ethylenediamine was tested in 9 healthy volunteers. AUC after rectal administration of anhydrous crystalline theophylline 250 mg (AUCrectal) was compared with the AUC after oral administration of microcrystalline theophylline 250 mg (Nuelin®; AUCoral) in a randomized, cross-over study. The ratio AUCrectal/AUCoral was 0.75 at 10 h, and the ratio AUCrectal×βrectal/AUCoral×βoral extrapolated to infinite time was 0.83. A mean concentration of 5.7 µg/ml was reached 3.7 h after a single rectal dose. The absorption studies were performed with suppositories stored for 15 weeks at 22 °C. No effect on the in vitro release rate of theophylline from the suppository was observed during storage at room temperature from 3 to 31 weeks after production. Since aminophylline suppositories are known to decompose upon storage, the results suggest that a formulation without ethylenediamine is preferable for the rectal administration of theophylline.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: buflomedil ; vasodilatation ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; vasoactive drug
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A dose-ranging pharmacokinetic study of buflomedil was carried out in eight subjects to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug after oral and intravenous administration. Based on AUC∞ analyses, the pharmacokinetics of buflomedil were found to be linear within the dose ranges studied (50 to 200 mg for i. v. injection and 150 to 450 mg for oral administration). In the oral study, the mean biological half-life of the drug was 2.97 h, while after intravenous dose it was 3.25 h. The apparent volume of distribution after the pseudodistribution equilibrium (Fdβ) and volume of distribution at the steady state (Vdss) were 1.43±0.24 l/kg and 1.32±0.26 l/kg, respectively. The mean urinary recovery of intact drug and the metabolite, paradesmethyl buflomedil, after intravenous dosing, were 23.6% and 18.7%, respectively, while after oral dosing, they were 18% and 14.8%, respectively. On the average, 72% of the dose was obserbed into the systemic circulation after oral administration. This level of bioavailability was attributed to the hepatic first-pass effect.
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  • 34
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 19 (1981), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: fluoride ; sustained release tablets ; serum concentration ; urinary excretion ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Various sodium fluoride tablets used for the treatment of osteoporosis were evaluated. The tablets were characterized in vitro by determining the release curves. The serum levels and urinary recovery of fluoride were determined after a single oral dose either of rapidly soluble (conventional), sustained release or enterocoated tablets. The in vivo study showed that administration of sustained release tablets eliminated high serum peaks and prolonged the duration of an elevated serum level as compared to conventional tablets. The biovailability of the fluoride was lower after intake of sustained release and enterocoated tablets, and there was an increase in the interindividual variance of biovailability.
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  • 35
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hydralazine ; food ; absorption ; plasma level ; salivary level ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of hydralazine (Apresoline) 50 mg were administered on two occasions to eight healthy volunteers when fed and fasting. Blood and saliva samples were taken at intervals after dosing and analysed for drug. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured before and at intervals after dosing, at rest, after tilt and exercise. Plasma hydralazine levels showed wide inter-individual variation. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (0–8 h), the height of the peak plasma levels and the time to peak were not significantly different between the fed and fasting state. Salivary hydralazine levels were readily measurable but showed little correlation with plasma levels. The heart rate and pulse pressure were increased after drug both at rest, supine and erect, and after exercise for between 6 and 8 h.
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  • 36
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketoprofen ; pharmacokinetics ; multipledose ; bioavailability ; assay ; modelling
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A commercial capsule containing 50 mg of ketoprofen (Orudis), a simple capsule containing 50 mg of ketoprofen alone and 50 mg of ketoprofen in an aqueous solution were given as separate doses in a randomized sequence to 12 normal adult males. The areas under the resulting plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) were remarkably consistent for each volunteer. The bioavailability from the commerical capsule relative to that from the solution was 99.7%±10.5% and that from the simple capsule was 102%±10%. After 6 of the volunteers had taken the commercial capsule 6 hourly for thirteen doses, their AUC extrapolated to infinity was significantly higher (by 22%) than that after the single dose indicating, contrary to previous reports, accumulation upon multiple dosing. The interdose AUC after the thirteenth dose was, however, statistically indistinguishable from the AUC-to-infinity after the single dose as might be expected from linear kinetics. The ketoprofen solution generated peak plasma concentrations in only one-third the time (21±7 min) required for the capsules (commercial, 72±45; simple, 61±39 min). Despite plasma concentrations being tracked over a 200-fold range, log linearity was not established within 12 h in any of the 42 profiles obtained. A two-compartment open model was fitted to the solution data giving excellent prediction of the time-to-peak and clearance (Cl/F=5.2±1.1 l/h) as determined by eye and by log-trapezoidal rule, respectively.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: zimelidine ; norzimelidine ; antidepressant ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; urinary excretion
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five healthy adults were administered zimelidine orally (150 mg) and by intravenous infusion (20 mg) in a crossover design. Blood and urine samples were collected for a period of 28 hours after dosing and the concentrations of zimelidine and norzimelidine determined. There was no significant difference in terminal phase half-life of zimelidine after oral (4.7 h±1.3 SD) or intravenous dosing (5.1 h±0.7 SD). An average of 50% of the ingested oral dose reached the systemic circulation. Excretion of unchanged zimelidine in urine was on average 1.26% of the intravenous dose. In appears that zimelidine is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and “first-pass metabolism” in the liver reduces the bioavailability to 50%. The mean plasma half-life for norzimelidine was 22.8 h. The area under the plasma concentration time curve for norzimelidine after oral administration was 92% of that after intravenous administration. The plasma concentration of both zimelidine and norzimelidine are predicted to approach steady-state within 3–5 days.
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  • 38
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 20 (1981), S. 225-228 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; antacids ; metoclopramide ; absorption ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 8 healthy subjects the absorption of cimetidine was investigated when given alone, together with 60 ml aluminium/magnesium hyroxyde containing antacid (neutralising capacity 26 mmol HCl/10 ml), and together with liquid metoclopramide 14 mg. The antacid significantly (P〈0.01) reduced the bioavailability (area under the plasma level-time curve) of cimetidine, on average by one third. Metoclopramide also reduced the bioavailability by an average of 22%. The reductions were associated with significantly reduced excretion of cimetidine in urine. There was no change in the half-life or renal clearance of cimetidine, supporting the hypothesis of reduced gastrointestinal absorption. The results indicate that cimetidine and antacids should not be given together, and that the dose of cimetidine may have to be increased if it is administered concomitantly with metoclopramide.
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  • 39
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    Planta 153 (1981), S. 447-452 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin binding ; Root (auxin) ; Zea
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Auxin binding onto membrane fractions of primary roots of maize seedlings has been demonstrated using naphth-1yl-acetic acid (NAA) and indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) as ligands. This binding is compared with the already well characterized interaction between auxins and coleoptile membranes. The results indicate that while kinetic parameters are of the same order for root and coleoptile binding, a number of differences occur with respect to location in cells and relative affinity. The possible significance of the existence of such binding sites in root cells is discussed in relation to auxin action.
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  • 40
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    Planta 153 (1981), S. 453-458 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; Gravireaction ; Growth inhibitors ; Root ; Zea
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques of analyses, it has been found that endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) becomes asymmetrically distributed in the elongation zone of horizontal Zea mays (cv. LG 11) roots which are showing a positive gravitropic response. There is a relative increase in the ABA content of the lower half and a concomitant decrease for the upper half in such roots. Asymmetric distribution of ABA is also detected in the elongation zone of half-decapped roots.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Aerenchyma ; Ethylene ; Gas space ; Oxygen and gas-space formation ; Roots, adventitious ; Silver ions ; Zea
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the role of ethylene in accelerating the lytic formation of gas spaces (aerenchyma) in the cortex of adventitious roots of maize (Zea mays L.) growing in poorly aerated conditions. Such roots had previously been shown to contain increased concentrations of ethylene. Ten day-old maize plants bearing seminal roots and one whorl of emerging adventitious roots were grown in nutrient solution bubbled with air, ethylene in air (0.1 to 5.0 μl l−1), or allowed to become oxygen-deficient in nonaerated (but not completely anaerobic) solution. Additions of 0.1 μl l−1 ethylene or more promoted the formation of aerenchyma, with lysis of up to 47% of the cortical cells. The effects of non-aeration were similar to those of exogenous ethylene. When silver ions, an ethylene antagonist, were present at low, non-toxic concentrations (circa 0.6 μM), aerenchyma formation was prevented in ethylene treated roots and in those exposed to oxygen deficiency. Silver ions also blocked the inhibiting effect of exogenous ethylene on root extension. By contrast, the suppression of aerenchyma formation by silver ions under oxygendeficient conditions was associated with a retardation of root extension, indicating the importance of aerenchyma for root growth in poorly aerated media. Rates of production of ethylene by excised roots were stimulated by a previous non-aeration treatment. The effectiveness of Ag+ in inhibiting equally the action on cortical cells of exogenous ethylene and of non-aeration, supports the view that gas space (aerenchyma) formation in adventitious roots ‘adpted’ to oxygendeficient environments is mediated by increased concentrations of endogenous ethylene. The possibility that extra ethylene could arise from increased biosynthesis of a precursor in root tissues with a restricted oxygen supply is discussed.
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  • 42
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 9 (1981), S. 41-58 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: transepidermal ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; drug surveillance ; compliance
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous transepidermal drug collection (CTDC) has been proposed for use in assessing ethanol intake and in monitoring compliance with therapeutic regimens. Exploration of a theoretical basis for use of CTDC in these circumstances and for its use in assessing other aspects of drug disposition kinetics was undertaken. Effects of single and multicompartmental drug disposition models, single dose and multiple dose regimens, with regular and irregular doses and dosing intervals, and zero-order, first-order, and Michaelis-Menten excretion patterns were explored. First-order transepidermal drug transfer was assumed with and without back transfer from the collection device. These analyses suggest that the utility of CTDC is severely restricted when back transfer from the collection device is substantial. With back transfer minimized, CTDC may be a useful tool for assessing amount of drug exposure, compliance with therapeutic regimens, and relative bioavailability, but offers little advantage over discrete sampling of other body fluids in the study of other aspects of drug disposition kinetics.
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  • 43
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 9 (1981), S. 389-417 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: Prednisone ; prednisolone ; dose-dependent ; pharmacokinetics ; biotransformation ; protein binding ; bioavailability ; transcortin binding ; interconversion ; renal clearance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six healthy male volunteers were given 5, 20, and 50 mg of oral prednisone and 5, 20, and 40 mg doses of intravenous prednisolone. Plasma and urine concentrations of prednisone and prednisolone were determined by HPLC, and the binding of prednisolone to plasma proteins was measured by radioisotopic and equilibrium dialysis techniques. The pharmacokinetics of both oral prednisone and intravenous prednisolone were dose-dependent. The mean oral dose plasma clearances of prednisone ranged from 572 ml/min/ 1.73 m 2 for the 5mg dose to 2271 ml/min/1.73 m 2 for the 50 mg dose. Changes in prednisone half-life were insignificant, but increases in the half-life of its metabolite were dose-dependent. The systemic plasma clearance of i.v. prednisolone was dose-dependent and increased from 111 to 194 ml/min/1.73 m 2 over the 5 to 40 mg i.v. dosage range. The steady-state volume of distribution also increased, but little change in mean transit time and half-life was found. The binding of prednisolone to plasma proteins was markedly concentration-dependent, and a two compartment, nonlinear equation was used to characterize the effective binding of prednisolone to transcortin and albumin. The apparent pharmacokinetic parameters of protein-free and transcortin-free prednisolone were relatively constant with dose. The interconversion of prednisone and prednisolone varied with time and dose, although prednisolone concentrations dominated by 4-to 10-fold over prednisone. In urine, 2–5% of either administered drug was excreted as prednisone and 11–24% as prednisolone. The apparent renal clearances of both steroids were also nonlinear and unrelated to protein binding. These studies indicate that the pharmacokinetics of prednisone and prednisolone are dose-dependent and that protein binding does not fully explain their apparent nonlinear distribution and disposition.
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  • 44
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 9 (1981), S. 535-551 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: sisomicin ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; two-compartment open model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed analyses of the pharmacokinetics of sisomicin administered at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg intravenously and intramuscularly to healthy volunteers established that the drug is handled by a two-compartment open model system with a disposition (elimination) half-life of 2.6 hr. The kinetic estimates over this dose range are linear and independent of dose and were verified by a 60-min infusion experiment in which dose and the maximum serum concentration achieved (5 μg/ml) were predicted correctly. Sisomicin was rapidly distributed to the tissue compartment, and equilibrium between the central and the tissue compartment was established by 30 min after dosing. Renal clearance (55 ml/min) of sisomicin was about 30% less than total body clearance (78 ml/min). Total urinary excretion of sisomicin during a 24-hr period following drug administration was about 70% of the dose. The disposition kinetics of sisomicin following intramuscular administration are similar to those obtained following rapid intravenous administration. Intramuscular bioavailability of sisomicin for the doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg was greater than 95%. Based on these results, various initial loading infusion doses and maintenance infusion rates were calculated to provide specific desired peak and steady-state serum sisomicin concentrations rapidly. The purpose was not to expose patients to potentially toxic high peak concentrations of drug while maintaining these concentrations during the current therapeutic dosing intervals of 8 to 12 hr.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: diazepam ; controlled release ; bioavailability ; single dose ; steady-state
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A controlled release formulation of diazepam was compared to equal daily doses of the trade tablet under single day and steadystate conditions. Virtually no differences were found in the mean steadystate concentrations of diazepam or its metabolite, N-desmethyldiazepam, when the subjects received the 5 mg trade tablet three times daily or the 15 mg controlled release formulation once daily. Similarly, there was no difference in mean diazepam or N-desmethyldiazepam plasma concentrations when single doses of the controlled release formulation were given to fed or fasted volunteers. These data indicate that the controlled release formulation produces plasma concentrations of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam comparable to those achieved with the same daily dose of the trade product given three times daily, suggesting that these regimens can be used interchangeably.
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  • 46
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 9 (1981), S. 725-738 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; chlorpheniramine ; first-pass effect ; bioavailability ; gut metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oral absolute bioavailabilities of chloropheniramine (CPM) in four rabbits (New Zealand White, male, mean wt. 3.71 kg), averaged 0.06±0.03, 0.11±0.08, and 0.09±0.01 following a 3, 10.5, and 21 mg/kg dose, respectively. The individual bioavailability data and the AUCof one of the demethylated metabolites, desdimethyl CPM (DDCPM) obtained following different doses suggested the existence of saturable presystemic elimination. Two rabbits received an additional 10.5 mg/kg dose of CPM through portal vein infusion. Based on the oral, intraportal vein and i.v. studies, the mean extraction ratios of gut and the liver calculated for these two rabbits averaged 0.58 and 0.76, respectively. The latter value agreed well with the estimated hepatic extraction ratio from the in vitro liver homogenate study (0.89) or from the i.v. studies (0.83). The extensive prehepatic first-pass effect observed in the present study was consistent with similar findings in humans and dogs.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 9 (1981), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: prednisone ; prednisolone ; dexamethasone ; pharmacokinetics ; tobacco ; smoking ; bioavailability ; corticosteroids ; enzyme induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of oral prednisone and oral dexamethasone were examined in 18 healthy male adults. Eight subjects also received intravenous prednisolone and intravenous dexamethasone. Half of each group were cigarette smokers as confirmed by plasma thiocyanate concentrations. Plasma and urine concentrations of prednisone and prednisolone were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography, while plasma dexamethasone was measured by radioimmunoassay. There were no statistically significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers in the systemic availability of prednisolone (75 versus 84%), oral dose clearance of prednisone (29 versus 27 ml/min/kg), systemic prednisolone clearance (2.8 versus 2.9 ml/min/kg), or in the interconversion rates, volumes of distribution, or urinary recoveries of prednisone and prednisolone. Similarly, the pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone were unaffected by smoking. A limited correlation (r=0.55) was found between the high oral dose clearances of prednisone and the lower values of dexamethasone (6.73 and 5.71 ml/min/kg in smokers and nonsmokers). A two- to threefold variability occurred in oral dose clearances of each steroid with partial intrasubject covariance. Unlike the anticonvulsants, which markedly induce corticosteroid metabolism, smoking has no effect on their pharmacokinetics and should not complicate therapy with these drugs.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in Biolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Red. zu Arsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sensitive method for hydride generation and graphite tube furnace atomic absorption spectrometric measurements with a reducing tube has been developed for the determination of arsenic in tea and orchard leaves. Arsines were generated in a horizontal glass tube, in which a pellet of NaBH4 was placed. 1.5–2.0 l/min of argon flow rate and 2,400° C of atomization temperature were the best experimental conditions. The strong supression of the arsenic signal by Ni and Co was effectively eliminated with 1,10-phenanthroline. A detection limit of 0.3 ng was obtained with a precision of 3–4%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Arsin wird in einem horizontalen Glasrohr erzeugt, das eine NaBH4-Tablette enthält. Die AAS-Bestimmung erfolgt am günstigsten bei einem Argonstrom von 1,5–2,0 l/min und mit einer Atomisierungstemperatur von 2400° C. Die starke Unterdrückung des Arsensignals durch Ni und Co kann mit 1,10-Phenanthrolin wirksam eliminiert werden. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,3 ng bei einer Reproduzierbarkeit von 3–4%. Das Verfahren wurde auf die Arsenbestimmung in Tee und Obstbaumblättern angewendet.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bleitetraalkyl in Luft ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The determination of the total concentration of tetraalkyllead compounds in the air is based on the cryogenic condensation in a cooled trap at −130° C, thermal desorption at 60° C into impingers containing nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and a determination with graphite furnace atomic-absorption. The method is highly specific and suffers no interferences from lead in the particulate phase. The detection limit is 42 ng Pb/m3 for air samples of ca. 3601.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Gesamtkonzentration an Tetraalkylbleiverbindungen in der Luft beruht auf der Kondensation in einer Kühlfalle bei −130° C, Desorption bei 60° C in ein Salpetersäure-Wasserstoffperoxid-Gemisch und anschließender Bestimmung mit Graphitofen-AAS. Die Methode ist hochspezifisch und wird durch bleihaltige Festteilchen nicht gestört. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 42 ng Pb/m3 für 3601-Proben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 13-14 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bor in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flammenlos, Graphitrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple and rapid procedure is described for the determination of boron in water using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. A Ca/Mg solution is added before measurement. The method is suitable for boron concentrations up to 250 μg/l. The mean standard deviation is 6±4 μg/l.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine schnelle und einfache Methode zur Bestimmung von Bor im Wasser mittels flammenloser AAS wird beschrieben. Die Messung erfolgt nach Zugabe einer Ca/Mg-Lösung. Die Methode ist geeignet für Borkonzentrationen bis 250 μg/l. Die mittlere Standardabweichung beträgt 6±4 μg/l.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Gold in Selen, Erzen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Methacrylsäuremethylester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem einfachen Verbundverfahren werden ppm- und ppb-Gehalte von Gold entweder nach Extraktion mit Methacrylsäuremethylester (MME) direkt im ppm-Bereich mittels Flammen-AAS oder im ppb-Bereich nach Absorption an selenorganische Verbindungen in der Graphitküvette bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze in der Flammen-AAS ist 0,2 μg Au/ml MME; in der Graphitküvette können noch 0.25 ng nachgewiesen werden. Die relative Standardabweichungen für die Goldbestimmungen sind bei Gehalten von 0,064 ppm in Selen 23%, bei 14 ppm 3,5%; in Bleikonzentraten bei 0,41 ppm 10,2%. Das angegebene Verfahren ist auf Erze und andere Metallkonzentrate übertragbar.
    Notes: Summary With a simple method ppm and ppb amounts of gold were determined either after extraction with methyl methacrylate (MME) directly by flame AAS in ppm amounts or after absorption on organoselenium compounds in ppb amounts with flameless AAS. The determination limit by flame AAS is 0.2 μg Au/ml MME, by flameless AAS 0.25 ng. The relative standard deviations for the determination of gold are 23% for the determination in selenium in the range of 0.064 ppm, in the range of 14 ppm 3.5%. For lead concentrates with 0.41 ppm the relative standard deviation is 10.2%. This method may be used, too, for the analysis of other metal concentrates and ores.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 332-338 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium, Calcium ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Matrixeffekt, empirische math. Modelle, Optimierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method of experimental optimization of an analytical procedure aimed at elimination of the matrix effect is proposed which is based on the theory of design of experiments. The criterion functions Q are formulated, which are expressed by regression coefficients in the empirical mathematical model approximating the relationship between a quantity R and the concentrations of sample components. R denotes, for example, the measured signal (e.g. absorbance, emission intensity), the concentration of a component being determined read from the calibration graph, or the error of determination. The quantities Q depend, in general, on the conditions of analysis which can be expressed by the factors z 1..., z M (e.g., in AAS — observation height, gas flux, concentrations of the auxiliary substances in a sample, etc.). It is assumed that the extreme of a function Q corresponds to the optimum conditions of analysis. In this paper the relationship between a quantity Q and the factors z is approximated by the polynomial model. The regression coefficients in this model are estimated on the basis of the results of an experiment carried out according to the composite rotatable design. The extreme of the model is found mathematically. Various criterion functions Q are discussed. An example concerning determination of Mg and Ca in AlCl3 reagent by AAS is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein auf der Theorie der Versuchsplanung beruhendes Verfahren zur experimentellen Optimierung einer analytischen Methode mit dem Ziel der Eliminierung des Matrixeffekts wird beschrieben. Die Kriteriumfunktionen Q werden formuliert, die durch Regressionskoeffizienten in einem mathematischen Modell ausgedrückt werden, das der Beziehung zwischen einem Wert R und den Konzentrationen der Bestandteile angenähert ist. Hierbei bedeutet R z. B. das gemessene Signal (Extinktion, Emissionsintensität), den von der Eichkurve abgelesenen Konzentrationswert oder den Fehler der Bestimmung. Der Wert Q hängt im allgemeinen von den Analysenbedingungen ab, die durch die Faktoren z 1... z M (bei der AAS zum Beispiel die Beobachtungshöhe, der Gasstrom, die Konzentration von Hilfssubstanzen usw.) ausgedrückt werden können. Es wird angenommen, daß der Extremwert einer Funktion Q den optimalen Analysenbedingungen entspricht. Die Beziehung zwischen Q und den Faktoren z wird durch ein Polynommodell angenähert. Die Regressionskoeffizienten in diesem Modell werden aufgrund von Versuchsergebnissen bestimmt. Der Extremwert des Modells wird mathematisch berechnet. Verschiedene Kriteriumfunktionen Q werden diskutiert. Als Beispiel wird die Bestimmung von Mg und Ca in AlCl3 mit Hilfe der AAS beschrieben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 448-451 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Schwefelsäure ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ultramicro amounts of selenium in sulphuric acid are determined by a new atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Selenium(IV) is directly determined ater extraction into toluene with an aromatic o-diamine and addition of nickel(II) prior to atomization; the determination of total selenium (0, IV and VI) needs a treatment of the sample with selected oxidizing and reducing agents. In the studied samples, total selenium (0.003–0.022 μg of Se in 1 ml sulphuric acid) is present only in the tetravalent state. The detection limit of the method is 0.003 μg of selenium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Selen(IV) kann direkt bestimmt werden nach Toluolextraktion der mit einem aromatischen o-Diamin behandelten Lösung und Zusatz von Nickel(II). Die Bestimmung von Gesamtselen (0, IV, VI) erfordert eine Vorbehandlung mit Perchlor- bzw. Salpetersäure und Wasserstoffperoxid. Die Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens beträgt 0,003 μg Se. In den untersuchten Proben war das Gesamtselen (0,003–0,022 μg/ml) nur als Se(IV) vorhanden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thallium in Gesteinen, Kohle Gras ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Vorkonzentrierung, Extraktion, Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die beschriebene Methode für die Bestimmung von Tl in Zement und dessen Ausgangsmaterialien eignet sich auch für die Spurenbestimmung in Gesteinen, Lösungen, usw. Spuren von Tl können aus großen Gehalten von Ca oder Fe durch Maskieren der Fremdelemente in mineralsaurer Lösung mit großen Mengen Citronensäure, Ascorbinsäure, wenn nötig auch mit KCN, und Extrahieren bzw. Konzentrieren des Tl als Diethyldithiocarbaminat-Komplex mit kleinen Mengen Methylisobutylketon bei pH 10,5 abgetrennt werden. Tl+ und auch Tl3+ werden erfaßt. Der Methylisobutylketon-Extrakt kann direkt in die Flamme eingesprüht werden. Die Empfindlichkeit ist in Methylisobutylketon-Lösung etwa um 30% besser als in rein wäßriger Lösung. Ein Zusatz von Cd, welches unter den gegebenen Bedingungen ebenfalls mitextrahiert wird, verbessert die Empfindlichkeit durch Interferenzeffekt nochmals um weitere 30 %. Wird eine Proben-Einwaage von 1 g zur Extraktion verwendet, so kann noch 0,1 ppm Tl im Ausgangsmaterial nachgewiesen werden. 60 untersuchte Kationen und etwa 20 Anionen stören in weiten Grenzen nicht. Mit der flammenlosen Atomisierung im Graphitrohrofen können noch 20–100mal kleinere Mengen Tl bestimmt werden, wenn das Tl im Methylisobutyl-Extrakt mit HNO3 in die Nitratform gebracht und mit Alkohol verdünnt wird. Die Methoden wurden mit Standardgesteinen und Zementproben mit zugesetztem Tl überprüft.
    Notes: Summary A sensitive method for the trace analysis of Tl in cement raw materials, rocks and other samples by AAS is described. To the aqueous sample solutions, containing mainly Ca or Fe, large amounts of citric and ascorbic acid were added for masking interfering cations. Tl is extracted and concentrated as the diethyldithiocarbamate complex in methyl-isobutylketone at pH 10.5. This extract can directly be injected into the flame. The sensitivity was found to be 30% higher than for aqueous solutions and can be enhanced by another 30% by addition of some Cd. For a 1 g-sample the sensitivity is about 0.1 ppm Tl. Some 60 cations and 20 anions may be present in rather large amounts without disturbing the Tl-determination. A procedure for the flameless AAS is also described leading to a 20–100 times higher sensitivity. The methods were tested with standard rocks and with cement samples to which defined amounts of Tl had been added.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 398-399 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickeloxid in Nickel ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Lösung in KCuCl3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen, Selen in Geolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Hydridbildung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A rapid semi-automated hydride evolution-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of arsenic and selenium in geological materials. A representative sample of a rock, soil or sediment is digested with a mixture of HNO3-HClO4. The nearly dry digestate is taken up in HCl. The arsenic (or selenium) in the hydrochloric acid solution is converted to its hydride with sodium borohydride. The hydride is decomposed and atomized in an electrically heated quartz furnace, and the atomic absorption signal is measured at the appropriate resonance wavelengths of arsenic and selenium. Both the elements can be reliably determined in geochemical samples in the range of 0.05–2.00 μg/g. The method has wide tolerance for variation in reagent concentrations and possible interferences, and when tested on some certified rocks having a wide range of arsenic and selenium values is found to be satisfactorily accurate and precise. The procedure is now routinely used in our laboratories. At least 10 samples can be analyzed per hour.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei dem beschriebenen Verfahren wird die Probe mit einem Salpetersäure-Perchlorsäure-Gemisch aufgeschlossen, der Rückstand in Salzsäure aufgenommen und Se bzw. As mit Hilfe von Natriumborhydrid in Hydrid übergeführt. Die Atomisierung zur Messung erfolgt in einem elektrisch beheizten Quarzofen. Beide Elemente können im Bereich von 0,05–2,00 μg/g zuverlässig in geologischem Material bestimmt werden. Die Methode hat einen weiten Toleranzbereich für Änderungen der Reagenskonzentration sowie für mögliche Begleitelemente und zeigte bei Referenz-Gesteinsproben zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. Sie wird in den Laboratorien des Autors routinemäßig eingesetzt. Wenigstens 10 Proben können innerhalb von 1 h analysiert werden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 365-371 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom, Kupfer, Mangan, Nickel, Eisen in Stahl ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Genauigkeit in Gefügebestandteilen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Charakterisierung von Isolaten differenziert behandelter Stähle erfordert die schnelle und genaue Bestimmung von Haupt- und Nebenbestandteilen aus Einwaagen im Milligrammbereich. Mit der Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie wurden die Elemente Fe (40–95 m-%) sowie Cr, Cu, Mn und Ni (0,05–10 m-%) aus einer Lösung (50–100 ml) durch Eichung mit geeigneten Standardstählen bestimmt. Die statistische Bewertung der Eisenbestimmung erfolgte am Beispiel der Analyse von Standardstählen und konkreten FexC-Isolaten. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der klassisch-chemischen Isolatanalyse verglichen. Es wurden Reproduzierbarkeiten von s r≦0,01 bei garantierter Richtigkeit im Konfidenzintervall erreicht. Voraussetzung dafür ist die Messung auf Fe-Linien geringerer Empfindlichkeit (373,7 nm bzw. 358,1 nm), wodurch weitere Verdünnungsschritte vermieden und das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis verbessert werden. Bei der Cr-Bestimmung muß die spektrale Reinheit der Hohlkathodenlampe garantiert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß deutliche Mehrbefunde bei Lampen mit eisenhaltigem Trägermaterial bei Spaltbreiten 〉 0,2 nm und Messung auf λ Cr=357,9 nm in Abhängigkeit vom Cr-Fe-Verhältnis auftreten. Als Ursache dafür wurde eine absorbierende Fe-Linie (358,1 nm) innerhalb der spektralen Bandbreite nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The characterization of residues of differently treated steels requires the rapid and precise determination of principal and secondary components from mg sample weights. The elements Fe (40–95%-wt) and Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni (0.05–10% wt) were determined from one solution (50–100 ml) with calibration of suitable standard reference materials by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Precision and accuracy of the Fe-determination were studied at SRM and concrete FexC-residues and by comparison with classical chemical analysis. The precision was ≦1% with a guaranteed accuracy in the confidence interval. This was attained by using Fe-lines with lower sensitivity (373.7 nm or 358.1 nm) to eliminate the dilution and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. For the determination of chromium, it is necessary to guarantee the spectral purity of the used hollow cathode lamp. It was shown that the Cr-response was too high in dependence on the Cr-Fe-ratio when using a hollow cathode lamp with ferruginous cathode material, a spectral bandpass of 〉 0.2 nm and the Cr-line λ Cr=357.9 nm. This was caused by an absorbing Feline (358.1 nm) in the used spectral bandpass.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 378-380 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Techn. Produkten ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Methacrylsäuremethylester, Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Methacrylsäuremethylester (MME) wird als Extraktions- und Lösungsmittel für die Flammen-AAS vorgeschlagen. Als Extraktionsmittel ist es für bestimmte Spurenanreicherungen selektiver als Methyl-iso-butylketon bei gleichen Eigenschaften in der Flammen-AAS. Als analytisches Beispiel wird die Selen-Extraktion und Bestimmung im ppm-Bereich bei Kupfer- und Bleikonzentraten, Kupferstein und Rohkupfer durchgeführt. Als Extraktionsmittel wird eine 5%-Lösung von Aceton im MME verwendet. Die relativen Standardabweichungen sind für Selengehalte von 5,6–70,5 ppm 6 bis 2%, bei 580–1100 ppm 1,8 bis 1,4%. Das beschriebene Verfahren ist im ppm-Bereich störungsfrei gegenüber Begleitelementen.
    Notes: Summary Methyl methacrylate (MME) is proposed as an extractant and solvent for flame-AAS. For the enrichment of certain traces it is more selective than methyl-iso-butylketone (MIBK), with equal properties in flame-AAS. The extraction and determination of selenium in the ppm-range in copper- and lead concentrates, blister copper and copper matte is described as an analytical example. A solution of 5% acetone in MME is used as extractant. The relative standard deviations for selenium are 6 to 2% for 5.6 to 70.5 ppm and 1.8 to 1.4% for 580 to 1,100 ppm. Accompanying elements do not interfere in the ppm-range.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 307 (1981), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluorid in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Fällung mit Ca, Pb, Bi
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei, Cadmium, Quecksilber in Klärschlamm ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zeeman-Effekt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei Klärschlammstandards wurden mit der Zeeman-AAS auf ihren Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Es fand keine chemische Probenvorbereitung statt. Die gut homogenisierten Proben wurden direkt auf einer Mikrogrammwaage in ein Graphitschiffchen eingewogen. Die Messungen zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit den Referenzwerten. Auch für andere Elemente und Matrixformen ist diese Feststoffanalyse möglich.
    Notes: Summary Three sewage sludge standards were analysed for their Pb, Cd and Hg contents by means of Zeeman-AAS. The samples did not undergo chemical pretreatment. They were well homogenized and directly weighed into a graphite boat by means of a microbalance. Results were in good agreement with reference values. This solid state analysis is also suitable for other elements and other types of matrices.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Anorgan. Material, Organ. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verdampfung im dynam. System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine spezielle Apparatur zur Abtrennung von Selengehalten aus anorganischen (≥ 0,5 ng/g) und organischen (≥ 2 ng/g) Matrices beschrieben, die eine zuverlässige Bestimmung der isolierten Selenspuren durch Hydrid-AAS (HG-AAS) bzw. AAS mit elektrothermischer Atomisierung (ETA-AAS) ermöglicht. Beim Aufschluß der Probe im O2- bzw. Ar/O2-Trägergasstrom wird das Selen in einem Quarzsystem als SeO2 verflüchtigt und in einer Vorlage zusammen mit dem Sauerstoff und anderen flüchtigen Substanzen durch Kühlen mit flüssigem Stickstoff kondensiert. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verbundverfahrens wird durch zahlreiche Se-Bestimmungen in Metallen, Gesteinen, Sedimenten, Böden, pflanzlichen und tierischen Matrices belegt.
    Notes: Summary A special apparatus for the separation of low levels of selenium from inorganic (≥ 0.5 ng/g) and organic (≥2 ng/g) matrices is described. It enables a reliable determination of the isolated traces of selenium by hydride-AAS (HG-AAS) or AAS with electrothermal atomisation (ETA-AAS). During decomposition of the sample in a stream of O2 or Ar/O2 in a quartz system, selenium is volatilized as SeO2 that is subsequently trapped simultaneously with oxygen and other volatile substances by cooling with liquid nitrogen. The capability of this multi-stage procedure is proved by numerous determinations of Se in metals, rocks, sediments, soils, plant and animal matrices.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; heißes Quarzrohr, Zugabe von Komplexbildnern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nickel, Cobalt und Kupfer stören die Arsenbestimmung durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie mit Atomisierung von Arsenwasserstoff im heißen Quarzrohr. Der Störeinfluß läßt sich durch Komplexbildner vermindern. Von einer Anzahl untersuchter Chelatbildner zeigte Pyridin-2-aldoxim die größte Wirkung: 300 mg Pyridin-2-aldoxim in der Meßlösung schalten die Störung durch 40 mg Metalloxid aus.
    Notes: Summary Nickel, cobalt and copper interfere in the quantitation of arsenic by atomic absorption spectrometry with atomisation of arsine in a hot quartz tube. A number of chelating agents was investigated with a view to eliminate the suppressing effect of these metals. Pyridine-2-aldoxime was most efficient: 300 mg of pyridine-2-aldoxime exclude an interference by up to 40 mg of metal oxide in the final solution.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bleioxid in Blei ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of a minute amount of lead oxide in and on high-purity lead metal. The lead metal is shaken with 0.5% (w/v) ammonium acetate solution and sodium tetrahydroborate in nitrogen atmosphere. The metallic lead is unaffected while the lead oxide is dissolved in the aqueous solution and can be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure is repeated in the presence of mercury. In this case lead is converted to amalgam and total lead oxide is dissolved and determined. The lead oxide contained in the interior of the sample is obtained by the difference. Lead oxide in commercial lead metals of various forms has been determined by this method. It is simple and fast, a minute amount of lead oxide can be determined precisely with high reproducibility (recovery is 98–100%).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bleiprobe wird mit 0,5 %iger Ammoniumacetatlösung und NaBH4 unter Stickstoff geschüttelt, wobei sich das an der Oberfläche befindliche Bleioxid löst und in der Lösung durch AHS bestimmt werden kann. Metallisches Blei wird durch diese Behandlung nicht angegriffen. Eine weitere Metallprobe wird dann in Gegenwart von Quecksilber ebenso behandelt, wobei Bleiamalgam gebildet wird und das gesamte Oxid in Lösung geht. Der Oxidgehalt in der Probe ergibt sich aus der Differenz der beiden Werte. Verschiedenartige Bleiproben wurden mit diesem Verfahren untersucht (Reproduzierbarkeit 98–100%).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 104-111 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Gallium, Aluminium ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren in Reinstmetallen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der für die Extraktion im stark sauren Medium geeignete Chelatbildner Dithiophosphorsäure-O,O-diethylester kann auch für die Spurensorption an Aktivkohle eingesetzt werden. Durch das unterschiedliche Sorptionsverhalten der Elemente ist es möglich, eine Gruppe von Elementspuren (Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl) selektiv aus verschiedenen Matrices abzutrennen. Am Beispiel der Analyse von Reinstgallium konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Kombination von Spurenabtrennung und mikrophysikalischem Bestimmungsschritt zu Nachweisgrenzen im ng/g-Bereich führt. Als Bestimmungsverfahren für die angereicherten Spuren wurden die Injektionsmethode der Flammen-AAS und die Schlaufen-AAS eingesetzt, da mit beiden Methoden bei sequentieller Messung noch Multielementbestimmungen aus Spurenkonzentraten von weniger als 1 ml möglich sind.
    Notes: Summary The chelate complexing agent dithiophosphoric acid-O,O-diethylester, suitable for extraction from high acidity media, can also be put to use in trace sorption on activated carbon. Due to different sorption behaviour of elements, it is possible to separate selectively from different matrices, groups of elements (such as Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl). By way of example concerning the analysis of high-purity gallium, it could be demonstrated that by combination of a trace separation with a micro-physical determination step, detection limits in the ng/g-region could be reached. As a determination procedure regarding pre-concentrated traces, the injection method of flame-AAS and loop-AAS were applied, because both these methods allow sequential multielement determinations from trace concentrates of less than 1 ml.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cobalt, Nickel in Boden ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Zr-beschichtetes Graphitrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es gestattet, Cobalt und Nickel in Bodenaufschlüssen nach Anreicherung durch Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK und anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorption unter Verwendung Zirkonium-beschichteter Graphitrohre zu bestimmen. Das bisher für Cadmium und Blei verwendete Anreicherungsverfahren wurde so modifiziert, daß außer diesen beiden Elementen auch Cobalt und Nickel quantitativ extrahiert wurden. Cobalt und Nickel werden dabei um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Die stark salpetersauren Reextrakte können direkt in die Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohre injiziert werden. Mit einem Rohr können 150 bis 200 Analysen durchgeführt werden. Als Nachweisgrenze wurde im Mittel eine Konzentration von 15 μg Co und 20 μg Ni/l Reextrakt gefunden. Das entspricht einer Nachweisgrenze von ca. 3 μg Co und 4 μg Ni/l Aufschlußlösung (statistische Sicherheit 95%).
    Notes: Summary Subsequent to an enrichment of cobalt and nickel from digested soil solutions by extraction with APDC/MIBK followed by reextraction with nitric acid these elements can be determined by means of flameless atomic absorption without interferences. Zirconium coated tubes are used as electrothermal atomizers. After a modification of the enrichment procedure which was used for cadmium and lead, also cobalt and nickel could be extracted quantitatively. Both elements are enriched by a factor of five. In spite of the high concentration of nitric acid in the reextracts, which are injected directly into the tubes, their life time was remarkable good. 150 to 200 analyses could be performed with one tube. Detection limits were found to be 15 μg of Co and 20 μg of Ni/l reextract and about 3 μg of Co and 4 μg of Ni/l digested soil solution (confidence level 95%).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 351-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Anwendung der Additionsmethode, Diskussionsbeiträge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Mangan in Legierungen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Statist. Versuchsplanung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Mangan in verschiedenen Legierungen wurde die Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (AAS) angewendet. Die Abhängigkeit des Mangansignals von der Zusammensetzung der zu analysierenden Probe wurde unter Einsatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Elemente Eisen, Molybdän und Kobalt das Mangansignal nicht beeinflussen, Nickel und Aluminium vermindernd und Kupfer leicht erhöhend wirken. Zusätzlich dazu beeinflussen die Elemente Nickel, Chrom, Aluminium und Kupfer das Mangansignal in Form von Wechselwirkungen, d. h. der Einfluß eines dieser Elemente hängt ab von der Konzentration der anderen. Diese Information kann nur unter Einsatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung erhalten werden. Die Auswertung der Versuchspläne gestattet es, die Manganbestimmung in hochlegierten Stählen und Legierungen auf Kobalt- oder Nickelbasis mittels AAS unter Einsatz einer einheitlich zusammengesetzten Eichlösung durchzuführen und somit das Additionsverfahren zu ersetzen.
    Notes: Summary The dependence of the absorbance of manganese on the composition of sample was studied by means of the design of experiments. It was found that the elements iron, molybdenum and cobalt do not influence the absorbance of manganese, while nickel and aluminium reduce it and copper slightly increases it. In addition, the absorbance of manganese is influenced by several interaction effects of nickel, chromium, aluminium and copper. This means that the magnitude of the influence of one of these elements depends on the concentration of the other elements. This information can only be obtained by means of the design of experiments. The evaluation of the designs allows the determination of manganese in high-alloy steels and alloys based on cobalt or nickel by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy using only one uniformly composed series of calibrating solutions and makes it possible to substitute the method of addition in this way.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Berechnung der Standardabweichung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Standardabweichung des Meß-resultates stellt eine der wichtigsten Analysenkenngrößen dar. Für den Fall der Atomabsorptionsanalyse werden theoretische Beziehungen für den Zusammenhang zwischen der zu messenden Elementkonzentration und der zu erwartenden Standardabweichung abgeleitet. Die gewonnenen Beziehungen werden anhand von Literaturdaten und eigenen Meßwerten am Beispiel der Cadmiumbestimmung sowohl für den Fall der Flammenatomisation als auch für Messungen mit der Graphitrohrküvette überprüft. Insgesamt ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment.
    Notes: Summary The standard deviation of measurements is one of the most important characteristics of any analytical method. For the case of atomic absorption spectrometry, theoretical relations are given revealing the relation between concentration of the element in question and the standard deviation expected. These relations are tested against data from literature and own measurements by determination of cadmium by flame atomization and using the cuvette as an example. The agreement between theory and experimental data is quite satisfactory.
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