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  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 1990-1994  (2,848)
  • 1993  (1,451)
  • 1990  (1,397)
  • 1983
  • 1981
  • 1
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 18-20 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Anomalous X-ray scattering terms for Rb+ near the K-edge measured in diffraction experiments with synchrotron radiation range up to 4.71 (6) for f′′ and down to −9.80 (11) for f′, in agreement with values derived from the absorption spectrum.
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  • 2
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The X-ray reflectivity of bent perfect crystals is calculated from a model where the crystal is approximated by a stack of perfect-crystal lamellae which have a gradually changing orientation. A computer program is developed for calculation of the reflectivity of the composite crystal from the dynamical theory of diffraction. An approximate solution is also given where an analytical formula for the reflectivity of a non-absorbing lamella is used and the effects of absorption are calculated separately. Typically, in the Bragg case, the reflectivity curve has a steep edge and an exponentially falling slope, while in the Laue case the curve is almost rectangular if the absorption is not too large. The width of the curve is inversely proportional to the bending radius in both cases. Reflectivity curves were measured for the 111 and 400 reflections of Si with Mo Kα1 radiation. The agreement with analytical and computer calculations is good, particularly at small bending radii where the kinematical limit is approached.
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  • 3
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method of measuring differences in lattice spacing with an accuracy of 1 part in 108 in a period as short as two minutes is described. The method uses one source of copper radiation and a triple-axis arrangement. Two of these axes are double-leaf silicon springs in monolithic crystal assemblies which achieve the high stability required by such measurements. Samples are easily changed and sequences of measurements are performed entirely under computer control. The method is demonstrated by a comparison of the lattice spacings of four samples which reveals differences of up to 60 parts in 108 between silicon crystals of different origins.
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  • 4
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 77-78 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 5
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Some experimental results are presented for an elastically bent perfect silicon crystal in a strongly asymmetric diffraction geometry as a neutron monochromator. The use of this unconventional geometry of the monochromator appears to be suitable for a wide (several centimetres) incident polychromatic beam, when, thanks to the spatial condensation of the diffracted neutrons (Fankuchen effect), a high monochromatic beam density may be obtained. Furthermore, when using focusing in real and in momentum space by adjusting an optimum bending radius, the intensity diffracted by a sample may be comparable even with the best mosaic monochromators such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (PG). A comparison is demonstrated on the rocking curves of a strongly mosaic Ni–Al(020) crystal obtained with the monochromatic beam from bent Si(111), Si(400) and from PG(002), Cu(220) mosaic monochromators.
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  • 6
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 134-135 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Bhatia & Thornton [Phys. Rev. B. (1970), 2, 3004–3012] have derived the formula that relates the scattering intensity of a binary system to the Fourier transform of the local number density and concentration. For the intensity at the limit of zero scattering angle, the same formula can be derived by a much simpler process.
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  • 7
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 142-143 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 8
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 144-146 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 9
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 169-174 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Single-crystal synchrotron-radiation Laue photographs of protein crystals and viruses are densely populated and a considerable amount of spatial overlapping of spots often occurs on the films. An integration procedure which enables the efficient deconvolution of these spots in order to obtain their integrated intensity has been developed and implemented. Some results are given for glycogen phosphorylase b and tomato bushy stunt virus. A comparative study of reflections overlapped on one exposure and separated on another, taken from the same crystal at a longer crystal-to-film distance, gives merging statistics comparable to those from the treatment of spatially separated spots only. In all cases the majority of the spatially overlapped data is made available for subsequent analyses.
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  • 10
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 211-212 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Previous reports by Rosenzweig & Morosin [Acta Cryst. (1966). 20, 758–761], Liminga & Abrahams [J. Appl. Cryst. (1976). 9, 42–47] and Svensson, Albertsson, Liminga, Kvick & Abrahams [J. Chem. Phys. (1983). 78, 7343–7352], that the more steeply pointed ends of α-LiIO3 crystals grown from aqueous solution with 3 ≤ pH ≤ 7 have the apex of each pyramidal IO−3 ion pointing toward the direction which develops a positive polarity (d33 〉 0) under tensile stress applied along the polar hexagonal axis, have been confirmed contrary to the conclusion of Yang Hua-guang, Zhang Dao-fan, Chen Wan-chun & Li Yin-yuan [J. Appl. Cryst.(1989). 22, 144–149]. The error leading to the latter conclusion is identified.
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  • 11
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 223-223 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 12
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 222-223 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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  • 13
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 228-233 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Synchrotron radiation has been used to measure the rocking curves from a (GaIn)(AsP) single layer grown on an InP (100)-oriented substrate. For angles of incidence ΦB = (ΘB − φ) ≤ 0.7° measured at the Bragg angle ΘB (φ is the angle between the diffracting lattice plane and the surface), the rocking curve (RC) is very strongly influenced by total external reflection (TER). This causes a decrease in the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) and an asymmetrical shape for the RC for small ΦB. Both of these effects are due to the Bragg-angle shift from the actual incident angle Φ which is not considered in the conventional dynamical theory. In this paper the essential influence of TER on any thin-layer rocking curve is investigated using a numerical solution of the extended dynamical theory. The pattern can be interpreted up to ΦB ≥ ΘC (ΘC is the angle of TER) by semiempirical incorporation of the results of the extended theory with the coupling formalism of Barrels, Hornstra & Lobeek [Acta Cryst. (1986). A42, 539–545].
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  • 14
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The ferroelectric ferroelastic phase transitions of tetramethylammonium tetrachlorozincate (HTMA) were observed by standard X-ray topography and by synchrotron topography. Observation of the phase boundary is possible in the latter case. The different kinds of domain walls observed in the ferroelastic phase cast doubts on the commonly assumed symmetry group of this phase.
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  • 15
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 180-185 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented describing convolutional properties of the reduced intensity distribution (intensity divided by the square of the atomic factor and multiplied by the scattering-vector length). The approximation used, verified on model data, leads to a relation between the effect of the multiple running average routine applied to reduced intensity and both normalization constant and local atomic density in the neighbourhood of any given atom. This enables an estimate of the normalization constant and the local density to be made with a high degree of accuracy. The effect of the choice of adjustable parameters in the running average routine is discussed. The procedure to calculate the interference function in the presence of an unknown background varying slowly with the scattering vector is presented.
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  • 16
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 212-214 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes an instrumental artifact which has been observed in three Nicolet P3F diffractometers. In cases where the peaks are very sharp in ω, the artifact causes azimuthal or ψ scans to appear very noisy and to show a complex periodic variation of intensity with ψ. These intensity variations are reproducible. A simple correction is described which, when applied to the data, dramatically improves the appearance of these aberrant ψ scans. This correction is not limited to ψ scans and should improve the quality of all data collected on the machine.
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  • 17
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 225-227 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A computer-oriented procedure for the generation of the symmetry of the multiple implication function has been developed. The symmetry of the multiple implication function, referred to its own conventional unit cell, is tabulated for all space groups.
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  • 18
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented which indexes spots recorded on single oscillation images without any a priori knowledge of cell parameters. The strategy is similar to that used in four-circle diffractometry and the method works in a fully automatic manner. It is applicable to multiple oscillation images or multiple stills. A complementary method is also described to obtain orientation angles for the case where cell parameters have already been determined.
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  • 19
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 351-354 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A photographic Weissenberg camera has been constructed which can be mounted on the 2θ arm of a four-circle diffractometer. At a distance of 0.5 m from the sample the 2θ resolution for a 100 μm crystal is 0.2 mrad (0.01°), allowing a high-resolution mapping of reciprocal space at a synchrotron source in an efficient way. As sample experimental results, a study is presented of the streak system around the 111 reflection of a perfect germanium crystal and the detection of a minute phase transformation in a single-powder grain of a high-Tc superconductor.
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  • 20
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 378-386 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The accuracy of the Chebyshev expansion coefficients used for the calculation of attenuation correction factors for cylindrical samples has been improved. An increased order of expansion allows the method to be useful over a greater range of attenuation. It is shown that many of these coefficients are exactly zero, others are rational numbers, and others are rational fractions of π−1 The assumptions of Sears [J. Appl. Cryst. (1984), 17, 226–230] in his asymptotic expression of the attenuation correction factor are also examined.
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  • 21
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 397-400 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A single-crystal study on AlPO4 was performed at 2.90 (7) GPa with synchrotron radiation using a diamond-anvil cell with a beryllium gasket. For the data collection the radiation wavelength of only 0.54 Å, was chosen to minimize the absorption of X-rays in the pressure cell. The diffracted intensity was high enough to measure even weak reflections with sufficient counting statistics. The refined structural parameters are in good agreement with those determined from data collected with a conventional X-ray tube.
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  • 22
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 418-423 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used for examining Cd(S,Se) nanocrystals grown in silicate glasses commercially available as optical filters. The lattice images of the nanocrystals were numerated and submitted to filtering through Fourier transformation in order to sweep off the background signal originating mainly from glass. Optical filters from several firms were examined. The nanocrystals have been identified with Cd(S,Se) compounds crystallized in the wurzite structure, as in bulk material. The lattice images indicate crystallites having the shape of hexagonal prisms a little elongated along the c axis. The distribution of grain size differs according to the filter: the smallest size being about 1.5 nm (threshold for detection), the largest size varies from 7 to 10 nm, the average size sa, from 3–4 to 5–6 nm and the characteristic size sc from 5–6 to 7–8 nm (sc is the size of grains occupying the main part of the crystallized volume).
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  • 23
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 430-432 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A photodiode X-ray detector was built to measure small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at a synchrotron-radiation source in conjunction with a double-crystal diffractometer SAXS camera at photon energies between 5 and 11 keV. The photodiode detector response in this energy range is linear at photon counting rates up to 1012 photons s−1 and thus it was not necessary to attenuate the monochromatic X-ray beam with calibrated foils. SAXS data taken with a scintillation counter and the photodiode detector are compared, demonstrating marked improvement in counting statistics, rate of data acquisition and signal-to-noise ratio.
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  • 24
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 441-443 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The X-rays emitted from a laser-produced plasma have been used to obtain powder diffraction patterns with exposures of less than a nanosecond. The X-rays were produced by focusing approximately 50 J of 0.53 μm laser light in a 600 ps (FWHM) pulse to a tight (1̃00 μm diameter) spot on a solid titanium target. The spectral brightness of the resonance line of the helium-like titanium thus produced was sufficient to record diffraction from LiF powder in a single exposure using the Seemann–Bohlin geometry. These results indicate that time-resolved measurements of the lattice parameters of polycrystalline materials can be made with sub-nanosecond temporal resolution.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 446-446 
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 476-484 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The use of a one-dimensional position-sensitive detector for diffuse X-ray scattering measurements is described. Calibration procedures for scattering angle and intensity measurements are discussed. Some nonuniformities have been found in the counting efficiency as a function of distance along the detector. A procedure is described for measuring the diffuse scattering in a section of reciprocal space.
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  • 27
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 497-508 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The elastic diffuse neutron scattering of an NbC0.73 single-crystal has been measured at room temperature on two different spectrometers, the four-circle D10 at the HFR–ILL (Grenoble), and the two-axis G44 with time-of-flight analysis at the Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (Saclay). The data were treated either by Fourier transformations or by least-squares fit. The short-range-order parameters and the interatomic static displacements obtained by the various experiments and/or data treatment are in good agreement: carbon vacancies tend to be third neighbours in the f.c.c. metalloid sublattice and metal atoms relax away from the vacancy first neighbours by 0̃.05 Å. It is shown that the treatment of diffuse scattering data limited to two reciprocal planes [(001) and (1{\bar 1}0)] gives satisfactory results.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 526-534 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Following the profile decomposition of CeO2 X-ray powder data into individual structure factors, the maximum-entropy method (MEM) has been used to obtain an electron-density-distribution map. In the profile decomposition process, it is impossible to avoid the problems of overlapping peaks which have the same magnitude of reciprocal vectors, such as d*(511) and d*(333), for a cubic crystal, or very severely overlapping reflections. The formalism to treat such overlapping reflections in the MEM analysis is to introduce combined structure factors. The maximum value of the scattering vector, 4π(sinθ)/λ, which was used in the present analysis is small (about 7.8 Å−1) but the resulting electron-density-distribution map is of a high quality and much superior to the conventional map. As a consequence, the ionic charge of Ce and O ions can be obtained with reasonable accuracy from the MEM density map. Furthermore, the map reveals the existence of electrons around the supposedly vacant site surrounded by eight O atoms, which is probably related to the high ionic conductivity of this substance.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 558-558 
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 560-560 
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 1-5 
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    Notes: The small-angle neutron scattering technique is applied to a hot stretched 5% perdeuterated polystyrene sample in order to investigate the residual macromolecular orientation at various length scales. The observed orientation is left over after fast quenching (in ice water) of the hot stretched sample. Previous investigations focused on how much polymer chains follow the external stretching. It is found that, even when macromolecules follow the external stretching affinely on the average, they do not deform uniformly. Moreover, over the time scale of the temperature quench, small chain portions relax more rapidly than large ones.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 21-25 
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    Notes: Anisotropic diffuse scattering of the one-dimensional conductor K-hollandite has been measured at a synchrotron source and compared with measurements with a rotating anode. The intensity gain of more than one order of magnitude and the ability to adjust the wavelength provide the counting statistics in a few hours that are necessary for a quantitative analysis of diffuse phenomena. The main advantage of a synchrotron source is the high resolution throughout reciprocal space (low and high Q). Thus, commensurate/incommensurate positions of diffuse layers may be distinguished, weak diffuse maxima become detectable and small peak shifts of diffuse modulations clearly visible. Correlation functions may be determined directly from the diffuse profiles without tedious resolution corrections. These features are essential for a dedicated instrument at a storage ring.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 73-76 
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    Notes: A new computer program MINREF has been developed for the refinement of neutron powder diffraction patterns as well as single-crystal data corresponding to incommensurate structures. The program is written in VAX Fortran 77 and is of modular construction. The program allows user-desired modifications and permits in the present version simultaneous refinement of the structures of three phases: one commensurate and two incommensurate.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 78-78 
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 94-98 
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    Notes: A computational method of absorption correction in X-ray diffractometry for single crystals in the shape of convex polyhedra bathed in an inhomogeneous and in a homogeneous X-ray beam is suggested. An absorption correction is calculated for each reflection of the data set using the measured coordinates of the specimen vertices and the experimentally measured intensity distribution in the primary beam. The program ABSCOR is written in Fortran and may be readily adopted to any four-circle diffractometer and data format. The results of the method described for crystals of different dimensions and different absorption coefficients are given. It is shown that beam inhomogeneity strongly influences the reflection intensity of large non-isometric crystals.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 99-104 
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    Notes: Two computer programs – one for calculation and graphical representation of the azimuthal angle ψ of all possible multiple reflections versus the wavelength λ (PSILAM) and one for the simulation of the Umweganregung-intensity variation during rotation of the crystal about the scattering vector of a `forbidden' or very weak reflection (PSIINT) – have been developed on the basis of the program UMWEG [Rossmanith (1985). Z. Kristallogr. 171, 253–254; (1986). Acta Cryst. A42, 344–348] with emphasis on suitability for inexpensive hardware. Examples of the excellent agreement between measurements and calculations and of the necessity of the combined application of both programs are given.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 136-137 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: A computer program has been written for the determination of crystal-size distribution in a direction perpendicular to an (hkl) crystal plane, from a digitized XRD peak. It implements an information theory approach devised by Guérin, Alvarez, Rebollo Neira, Plastino & Bonetto [Acta Cryst. (1986), A42, 30–35] and Alvarez, Bonetto, Guérin, Plastino & Rebollo Neira [Powder Diffr. (1987), 2, 220–224]. The program has a fully automated operation mode and owing to the very restricted amount of input data this program is specially suited to users with a limited knowledge of crystal-size-determination methods.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 144-144 
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  • 39
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 151-160 
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    Notes: The thermal and light-induced high-spin (HS: 5T2g) low-spin (LS: 1A1g) transitions of [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 (ptz = 1-propyltetrazole) are investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry in the range between ambient temperature and 1̃5 K. The anisotropic lattice deformation caused by variation of the HS fraction and by temperature change was calculated directly from the differences in peak positions of the powder diagrams measured at different temperatures. An analytical expression for the dependence of peak shifts and splittings on the deformation tensor elements was derived. The differences of the lattice deformations accompanying the thermal and light-induced spin transitions are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 175-179 
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    Notes: A one-stage He refrigerator (Displex CS1003) has been modified and installed on a quarter-circle Eulerian cradle of 250 mm diameter (AED Siemens) and has been operated down to 50 K. The mechanical interface, which can easily be mounted, is described as well as some alignment problems. The device is suitable for any Eulerian cradle 250 mm or larger. Structure redeterminations of two organic compounds were carried out at 52 K. R values of 2.2 and 3.6% were obtained and proved the quality of this set up.
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  • 41
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 218-221 
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    Notes: A procedure has been developed to incorporate stereo-chemical restraints information for new groups into the dictionary of ideal groups used by the program PROTIN which prepares the input file needed by the reciprocal-space least-squares refinement program PROLSQ. It requires the availability of Cartesian coordinates for the group to be added to the dictionary, usually obtained from crystallographic analysis of crystals of the compound. If no such information is available these coordinates can be generated by an ancillary program, MOLBLD, which makes use of specified bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles to produce the required coordinates. The program is written in standard Fortran 77 and has been used in the refinement of several structures.
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  • 42
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 223-224 
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  • 43
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 234-240 
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    Notes: The reproducibility of data collected on a Seimens/ Nicolet area detector has been tested with respect to crystal orientation, X-ray collimation and scaling procedure. In addition, a comparison between area detector data and diffractometer data was made in order to determine the accuracy of the area detector data. The reproducibility of the area detector data, although acceptable, is somewhat affected by crystal orientation (shape effect) and appears to be insensitive to X-ray collimation, contrary to what would be expected. The scaling procedures used in the tests were XENGEN [Howard, Gilliland, Finzel, Poulos, Ohlendorf & Salemme (1987). J. Appl. Cryst. 20, 383–387] (one, two and three parameters), FBSCALE [Weissman (1982). In Computational Crystallography, edited by D. Sayre, pp. 56–63. Oxford: Clarendon Press] and SIMPLAD [Takusagawa (1987). J. Appl. Cryst. 20, 243–245]. It was found that, although these procedures do an adequate job of scaling area detector data, none can totally correct for crystal-shape effects. From our experience, XENGEN multi-parameter or SIMPLAD scaling on data sets having low redundancy must be used with care. When compared to diffractometer data, area detector data scaled by any of the above procedures is in good agreement, with merging R-factors (on F) in the range 3.45 to 4.55%. A plot of 〈Fad〉 versus 〈Fd〉 shows a straight line with slope of 1(3)%. No saturation problems were observed.
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  • 44
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 258-262 
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    Notes: An autoclave cell has been designed for performing time-resolved neutron diffraction analyses of the dynamic processes occurring during hydrothermal syntheses under hostile (corrosive and explosive) conditions: such conditions include those of hot NaOH/NaOD solutions and pressurized steam. The cell is also capable of measuring differential pressures and accurate sample temperatures as required for the study of reactions which are temperature sensitive. The cell is described and examples of its successful use are given illustrating the synthesis of basic zeolites and a layered calcium silicate hydrate. This technique has considerable potential for studying a variety of synthesis processes of industrial importance, such as in the production of catalysts and the hydration of cements.
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  • 45
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 282-285 
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    Notes: A straightforward method for the systematic peak-shift correction using the standard reference material is proposed for the least-squares determination of unit-cell parameters. It requires no pre-determined angle-calibration curve, and the peak-shift correction can be applied simultaneously during the least squares. The procedure, programmed with Fortran 77 statements, has been tested with powder diffractometer data of an α-SiO2 + Si mixture. Advantages of the procedure are: (i) all reflection data from both sample and standard reference material contribute to determining the angle-dependent calibration curve, and (ii) one reflection from the standard reference material suffices for the correction of systematic errors.
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  • 46
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 303-314 
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    Notes: A previously described method of synthesizing a real-space distribution of scattering points which will give rise to virtually any required diffraction pattern has been extended to include the possibility of multiple symmetry-related sites per unit cell. The distribution may be used in the form of an optical diffraction screen to give an immediate visual check on both the real-space and reciprocal-space distributions. The method has been applied successfully to two examples which exhibit strong diffuse X-ray scattering effects: a molecular crystal sample, 1,3-dibromo-2,5-diethyl-4,6-dimethylbenzene (BEMB2), in which disorder occurs because the molecule can take up two different orientations in any given molecular site, and a mineral mullite, Al2(Al2 + 2xSi2 − 2x)O10 − x⊗x, where disorder diffuse scattering occurs as a result of the oxygen vacancies ⊗ and the accompanying cation displacements.
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  • 47
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 334-339 
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    Notes: An automatic diffraction data collection system with an imaging plate has been developed for protein crystallography. The system works in a similar way to the conventional rotation camera method, but in full online mode. After exposure to the X-ray beam, the imaging plate (100 mm radius) rotates whilst a reading head scans across the plate to measure the stimulated luminescence in a record-player-like manner. During the next period of exposure, the image taken immediately before is processed in parallel. The system has been tested using both peptide and protein crystals and has been proven to work successfully.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 347-348 
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    Notes: TEXCAM is an interactive program designed for IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible personal computers. It constructs schematic simulations which represent diffraction patterns produced by the texture camera. The program can be used to produce patterns from samples which are both polycrystalline and epitaxic in nature. Patterns from polycrystalline samples containing uniaxial texture may also be calculated. An installation program facilitates scaling of the on-screen image allowing texture camera films to be directly superimposed upon the simulation.
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  • 49
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 374-377 
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    Notes: This paper contains information about the Riemannian structure of orientation space which is necessary for the analysis of the rotation rate field, which in turn describes some aspects of the plastic deformation of textured polycrystalline materials. The components of the metric tensor and the connection coefficients in the coordinates used in quantitative texture analysis are given. The relation between the vector components at symmetrically equivalent points and the relation between the frequently used vectors of infinitesimal rotations are presented. The solution of the continuity equation is given for the case of a constant rotation rate field during the deformation process.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 387-391 
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    Notes: A method for mounting single crystals in macromolecular crystallographic studies is described in which the crystal is suspended in a thin film. The film is formed from a mixture of the crystallization buffer and a hydrophilic viscous material, confined within a thin-wire loop by surface tension. Compared with conventional crystal mounting methods, this method greatly simplifies and speeds the mounting procedure, is well suited to shock freezing and to optical monitoring of the crystals, deforms fragile crystals less and gives a lower and more uniform background in the X-ray diffraction patterns.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 406-411 
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    Notes: Assessment of the hand of chiral molecular compounds by least-squares refinement of a chirality parameter with all reflections is not statistically robust and can lead to incorrect answers due to a single, unnoticed, gross intensity-measurement error. An alternative is described in which the most easily observable Bijvoet differences are derived from the solved structure and remeasured at slow speed and possibly longer wavelength. Errors due to absorption, multiple reflections and anisotropic extinction can be cancelled out in the measurement for the sense of Bijvoet pairs with the proper experimental technique. An estimate of the probability of having derived the wrong hand, based exclusively on the number of remeasurements and the number of contradictions, and therefore insensitive to individual measurement errors, is developed. With this estimate, determination of the hand of compounds with oxygen as the heaviest scatterer is statistically unambiguous with Cu Kα intensity data, and feasible even with Mo Kα data. Consequently, the method can be applied to Cu Kα data for molecules with carbon as the heaviest scatterer. This approach has been automated as the utility BIVOET in the NRCVAX system of programs.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 430-430 
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    Notes: A typsetting error in the paper by Abrahams, Liminga & Albertsson [J. Appl. Cryst. (1990). 23, 211–222] is corrected. On page 212, the first sentence of the second paragraph should read: However, the Miller indices given by Rosenzweig & Morosin's (1966) coordinates result in an opposite sense assignment for the polar c-axis direction and Yang Hua-guang et al. (1989) hence confused (hk.l) with ({\bar h}{\bar k}.{\bar l}).
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 439-440 
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    Notes: With the recent improvement of high-pressure technology, in particular the diamond-anvil cell, an ever-increasing number of studies are appearing which relate unit-cell parameters (as measured by X-ray diffraction) to the applied pressure.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 445-445 
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 447-457 
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    Notes: This paper is a review of the symmetry and connectivity of composite materials with particular emphasis on the effect that these have on composite properties. Analogies are drawn between composites and crystal structures to demonstrate the similarities between microscopic and macroscopic connectivity. A notation for composite transitions which can be used to describe changes in symmetry and connectivity is also presented.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 469-475 
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    Notes: Small- and intermediate-angle neutron scattering studies have been undertaken on mixtures of deuterated and protonated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) molecules with a wide range of concentration. The samples were converted to random copolymers by transesterifying in the melt, thus removing the coherent component of the intensity associated with single-chain scattering. The transesterified samples were used to determine the level of incoherent scattering associated with each isotopic mixture which was compared with estimates from established background-correction techniques based on extra-polating from the scattering of fully protonated or deuterated blanks. Scaling via the measured sample transmission works well for predominantly protonated mixtures but fails when the fraction of deuterated polymer exceeds φD 0̃.6. Scaling via the component of the sample transmission attributable to the incoherent scattering from H nuclei works well over the whole concentration range. This method involves calculations of the sample transmission via the bound-atom cross section and this is a good approximation at the wavelength employed (λ 4̃.75 Å), where the hydrogen incoherent cross section is close to the bound-atom cross section (σH 8̃0 × 10−28 m2). However, σH is a strong function of wavelength and the method cannot be used where the measured and calculated transmissions diverge. A recently developed theory describing the scattering from random copolymers was used to analyze the residual coherent cross section of the copolymers and led to a statistical segment length b = 14.3 ± 1 Å, in good agreement with existing values for PET.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 515-519 
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    Notes: The phase transformation from NaCl structure (B 1) to CsCl structure (B2) in actinide compounds has been studied using X-ray powder diffraction in the pressure range up to about 60 GPa. It is shown that the transition is sluggish, has a strong hysteresis and is accompanied by a volume change in the range 8–12%. These features are similar to those of the corresponding transition in the alkali halides and other B1 compounds, indicating a common mechanism for the transformation as concerns the lattice geometry.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 545-549 
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    Notes: The design of a new microfurnace for use for Laue diffraction studies of solid-state transformations is described. The furnace operates in the temperature range 298–573 K with a thermal stability of about ± 0.1 K. The potential of the synchrotron-radiation Laue diffraction technique for studies of structural phase transitions is demonstrated. Experimental data on phase transitions in caesium periodate, potassium tetrachlorozincate and pentaerythritol are presented.
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 558-559 
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    Applied crystallography online 23 (1990), S. 554-557 
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    Notes: MXD is a new least-squares program for non-standard crystallographic refinement. It uses an original procedure of formula management that is derived from up-to-date compiler programming techniques. While still offering all the least-squares possibilities of most traditional programs, e.g. SHELX, SDP, XRAY etc., MXD has been fully designed for complex crystallographic, magnetic and/or modulated structure refinement. The user enters all the specific formulae describing his own problem into the input data file. Thus, MXD is very convenient when dealing with very complex problems including fitting of modulated structures (magnetic and/or charge density wave), twin or magnetic domain distribution and severe secondary extinction correction. Moreover, if the experimental data are accurate enough (especially from using polarized neutrons), form-factor fitting is accessible. Independently collected data, using various wavelengths, powder or/and single-crystal data, polarized and unpolarized neutron information etc., can be treated simultaneously.
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    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 736-745 
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    Notes: A new routine has been developed for fitting multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) maps. The map is first thinned and reduced to a series of `traces'. Each trace consists of a main trace of defined length and a series of branching side traces. Using this trace representation, the entire map can be viewed at one time and the major secondary structural features can be recognized. A number of features have been built into the routine for editing these traces, allowing neighboring traces to be connected and incorrect connections to be broken. After the traces have been edited, a polyserine fit is generated. The traces are used to guide the initial positioning of a short polyserine segment. This segment is then refined using a real-space molecular-dynamics procedure, which uses the gradient of the electron density as a pseudoforce on the polyserine atoms. After the structure of this initial polyserine has been refined, another serine is added at one end, a short period (about 10 s on a personal Silicon Graphics IRIS workstation) of molecular dynamics is applied and the procedure is repeated. The final refined structure depends only on the electron density and is independent of the thinned traces. The routine is illustrated with two examples. One example uses the 3.0 Å map generated directly from a model protein. This allows direct comparison between the polyserine fit and the model that was used to generate the map. The second example uses the experimental MIR map for lipovitellin. This is a very large protein (about 1300 amino acids), which has a poor-quality map that has not yet been refined. The program makes extensive use of Silicon Graphics graphical (GL) routines.
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    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 752-752 
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    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 752-752 
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    Notes: The practical usefulness of the expressions for the half-width proposed in paper I [Rossmanith (1993). J. Appl. Cryst. 26, 753–755] are demonstrated for three examples: a spherical YIG (yttrium iron garnet) crystal, a spherical silicon crystal and a plane-parallel perfect silicon plate. The new concept for the calculation of the width results in theoretical widths that are in excellent agreement with experimental widths observed in parallel and antiparallel arrangements of the sample with respect to the second monochromator crystal.
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    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 795-800 
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    Notes: An algorithm has been developed for the automatic interpretation of a given set of observed reciprocal-lattice points. It extracts a reduced cell and assigns indices to each reflection by a graph-theoretical implementation of the local indexing method. All possible symmetries of the observed lattice compatible with the metric of the reduced cell are recognized and reported, together with the unit-cell constants and the linear index transformation relating the conventional to the reduced cell. This algorithm has been incorporated into the program XDS [Kabsch (1988). J. Appl. Cryst. 21, 916–924], which is now able to process single-crystal area-detector data without prior knowledge of the symmetry and the unit-cell constants.
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    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 787-794 
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    Notes: A direct (i.e. noniterative) method for desmearing the beam-height effect in small-angle X-ray scattering is discussed. The method is applicable to rectangular collimation systems with arbitrary beam-height intensity profiles. The process involves the construction of an upper-triangular matrix of terms containing the resolution information. A straightforward back-substitution process can then be used to determine the ideal pinhole-collimated curve for any experimental curve obtained with the given resolution. The principal advantage of the method lies in its simplicity, which facilitates an examination of the propagation of random errors through the desmearing process. A comparison between the direct method and the iterative approach of Glatter [J. Appl. Cryst. (1974), 7, 147–153] is made to illustrate the efficiency of the technique.
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    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 812-819 
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    Notes: Perturbations from crystal perfection will result in diffuse X-ray scattering, which can be imaged by topography to yield defect information without the swamping contribution of perfect-crystal scattering. This paper illustrates the importance of the probe shape for obtaining topographic images in this diffuse region not only to aid interpretation but to isolate the contributors to this scattering. The diffuse scattering in the vicinity of the Bragg peaks of GaAs, Si and Ge substrate crystals has been mapped to very high resolution and the diffuse scattering has been imaged by topography. It was found that the majority of the scattering emanates from surface damage and dislocations and not point defects or thermal diffuse scattering (TDS). These latter two components are found to be second-order effects in general and are only just discernable as a very weak background intensity in highly perfect crystals. This topography method is very sensitive to surface damage. This is because the associated diffuse scattering close to a Bragg peak can be used to form an image. Therefore, this relatively intense scattering provides a topograph within a few hours for assessing substrate-surface quality. The sensitivity of the method is illustrated with images of surface defects and dislocations in very perfect semiconductors. A procedure for measuring the diffuse scattering emanating from microdefects is also presented.
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    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 846-846 
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    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 839-842 
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    Notes: Spectroscopic measurements on crystals during X-ray data collection provide additional information on the composition of the crystal and can be used in the interpretation of structural data. This paper describes a portable microspectrophotometer to obtain UV–visible–near-IR spectra from single crystals during X-ray measurements. The instrument consists of a deuterium lamp, optical fibres, a pair of mirror lenses and a monochromator equipped with a photodiode array detector. Spectra can be recorded in short periods of time (a few milliseconds) from a measurement area of 0.10 mm diameter or smaller. The device can be used to monitor spectral changes in crystals during time-resolved X-ray experiments so that the X-ray camera can be triggered at the right moment as determined by the spectrum, thereby eliminating much of the present guesswork from such studies.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 847-848 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The construction of a new high-pressure cell is presented. It is a piston-cylinder type of apparatus. The entrance and exit of X-rays or light are possible through two parallel diamond-plate windows placed on V-shaped slits covering almost the whole range of reflection angles. This makes the cell particularly suitable for X-ray diffraction examinations of monocrystals. The potential accuracy of absolute-bulk-modulus determination by lattice-constant measurements using the Bond method [Bond (1960). Acta Cryst. 13, 814–816] at pressures of 108–109 Pa can be estimated at 1–2%. The cell enables the simultaneous examination of two samples, which makes possible the comparison of their compressibilities with an accuracy of 0.01–0.1%. As examples, the results of compressibility measurements on GaAs and GaN are given.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 5-8 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A modification is described of the singular value decomposition (SVD) method suitable for underdetermined linear least squares (LLS). When a set of data to be fitted is incomplete and does not allow an independent determination of all model parameters, the modified method automatically merges a previously available approximate solution into the LLS results. The solution so produced is more appropriate to the particular problem than the usual SVD solution, while still being a LLS estimate of the whole set of parameters. The method is discussed with reference to the LLS determination of unit-cell dimensions during the step-by-step assignment of h, k, l indices of a diffraction pattern.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The use of position-sensitive area detectors with high-flux radiation sources demands high-rate data-acquisition systems. Ideally, such devices should be commercially available and machine independent. In this paper, the basic features of such a system are described. The steps are highlighted that determine the counting rates of present-day addressing-logic and computer-bus speeds. The improvements expected with a new industrial standard bus system are briefly described.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 82-91 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The processing and analysis of fibre diffraction data is often cumbersome. Presented here is a compact interactive computer program, PROFIDA (processing of fibre diffraction data), for fast processing of fibre diffraction data from biological molecules without many of the difficulties. Interactive rotation and centring of the diffraction pattern allow four-quadrant averaging and background subtraction. Furthermore, film coordinates may be transformed into reciprocal-space coordinates for any orientation of the specimen. Specimen tilt towards the incident-beam direction may be determined and the appropriate correction made. In addition, a routine that scales and merges data sets from a film pack is available. Data analysis is supported by an integration routine that allows layer-line profiles to be examined and integrated and layer-line plots to be produced under control of the cursor. The program is written in C to run on the Silicon Graphics Iris workstation with a button-and-dial box using the Iris graphics library.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 130-132 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The feasibility of using soft X-rays from the Aladdin storage ring for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments was demonstrated through the study of the diffraction patterns of polyethylene, paraffin and polystyrene latex spheres using monochromated radiation in the range 4.0–7.1 Å.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 132-134 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The microabsorption of X-rays scattered by isotropic powder samples is studied for nonsymmetric beam geometry including grazing incidence. Experimental results for the absorption effect and its dependence on both the incidence and scattering angles are presented. The absorption behaviour is qualitatively explained by means of a simple surface-roughness model.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 135-137 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The cryostat for 8 〈 T 〈 300 K presented here, based on a closed-cycle cryogenic engine, optimizes the powder-grain statistics of the sample by the use of a cold sample spinner working within an open helium-gas atmosphere for thermal contact. The compact design of the cooling stage adapted to the Bragg–Brentano-type diffraction geometry provides for a large open interval, 0 〈 2Θ 〈 180°, of diffraction angles. A wide variety of sample holders allows measurements with plane powder samples and thin films at low temperatures under variable orientation.
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 137-139 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A computer program, POLISH, is presented that improves the accuracy of the structure-factor magnitudes obtained from powder data. This offers a greater likelihood of success for structure determination by direct methods or Patterson techniques. Generally, the program will be used in conjunction with a unit-cell refinement program, but it may also be used independently. Accurate values of the unit-cell and peak-shape parameters are required, which may be conveniently obtained from the unit-cell-refinement program. The program is tested by application to ND4NO3 (V).
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    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 496-498 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 48-51 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 71-74 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 81-84 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 88-92 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 98-101 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 106-108 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 116-119 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 135-137 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 131-133 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 144-146 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 150-152 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 148-150 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 154-156 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 156-158 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 51-54 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 61-64 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 66-68 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 74-78 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 84-86 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 92-95 
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    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 46 (1990), S. 101-103 
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