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  • Articles  (75)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (75)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1980-1984  (75)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1935-1939
  • 1980  (75)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (75)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040101
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  • 2
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    Structural fire protection. Report of group session 5.2, CIB W14 commission meeting, Copenhagen, May 1978 (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Recent development and trends of development in progress within the field of structural fire protection are described and evaluated with a focus on the contributions circulated within CIB W14. The presentation is structured on the one hand with regard to different methods of design (experimental determination of fire resistance, analytical determination of fire resistance, analytical design based directly or indirectly on real fire exposure characteristics), on the other with regard to different structural materials (steel, concrete and wooden structures). The presentation gives evidence of a development towards an increased application of analytical design methods based on modern structural safety philosophy. The urgency of increased research is stressed for improving the present building code systems in order to achieve fire safety levels which are consistent with strictly defined functional requirements.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040102
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Two-layer modeling of smoke movement in building fires (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A description is given of a model which predicts the motion of combustion products and fresh air caused by a fire located in one room of a two-room structure. The gas in each room is assumed to be divided into two homogeneous layers, a layer next to the ceiling which contains hot combustion products and one next to the floor which contains fresh air. The model predicts the motion of the interface separating these layers and the density of the hot layers as a function of time and an arbitrarily specified fire heat release rate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Legislation in the United Kingdom relating to plastics, polymers and textiles (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 28-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper deals with legislation enacted in the United Kingdom for the control of the hazard form fire in buildings of public resort such as hotels, boarding houses, factories, offices and shops as well as domestic dwellings. It gives background to why the various Acts were deemed necessary, why subsequent Regulations under the Acts were introduced, an impression on the effect their enforcement has had and an introduction into what is envisaged for the future. The legislation is not the product of any one Government department nor is it enforced by any single agency. Much of it is enforced by local authority fire brigade fire prevention departments and other sections by local authority Building Control Officers. It is the view of the author that more controls are required by way of Regulations and that certain of the Regulations at present in force are in need of revision. Included in the paper are tables of the latest statistics available (1976) together with other data, previously unpublished, which in the author's opinion justify his claim that more controls are needed. In the final part of the paper the author recommends most strongly that the gap in the present British Standard fire tests produced by the lack of an effective means of evaluating the smoke-producing qualities and the toxicity of the produced by the lack of an effective means of evaluating the smoke-producing qualities and the toxicity of the products of combustion of different materials should be urgently studied with an amended priority.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040104
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  • 5
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    An application of the self-ignition method of polymers: Anti-smoke additive induced glowing effect in the combustion of poly(vinylchloride) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of anti-smoke additives in poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) has been studied using self-ignition methods. The self-ignition reaction was followed thermally, visually and by gas - liquid chromatography of the gaseous phase around the sample. Particular emphasis was palced on the determination of the CO, CO2 and aromatic species. It is shown that ferrocence, among similar additives, considerably modifies the self-ignition behaviour of PVC by inducing glowing phenomena of various kinds. In some cases this incandescence can lead to self-ignition. From the analysis of carbon oxids and aromatic species as a function of time and temperature, it is possible to deduce that the anti-smoke reaction is associated, at least partially, with reactions which lead to incandescence. These reactions transform the carbon into carbon oxides instead of producing, in the gaseous phase, molecules which on further condensation lead to aromatic species at the origin of the soot. In short, the anit-smoke reaction appears to proceed mainly through a competing mechanism.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040105
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  • 6
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    Flammability testing in Europe (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 149-153 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper outlines the current situation of fire testing in Europe under the headings of combustibility, ignitability, flame spread, heat release, smoke tests and toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040307
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  • 7
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    Heat transfer characteristics of flight jacket materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 144-148 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The heat transfer behavior was determined for textile materials used in Air Force flight jackets. The primary objective as to incorporate flame resistant, thermally stable fiber forms in jackets to provide greater protection to aircrewmen from fire. Combinations of fabric/insulation, flammable and nonflammable, were evaluated in the layered configurations intended for use in either cold weather and moderately cold weather jackets. A combination of Nomex fabric (outer shell) and Kynol® batting (insulation) proved superior to all other combinations of fabric and batting.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040306
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  • 8
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    Intumescent coatings and their uses (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 154-156 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Thin coats of flame-retardant paints are unable to protect flammable substrates as there is not sufficient flame retardant in the thin coat to protect the substrate. Intumescent coatings foam and bubble when subjected to high temperatures and create multicellular cushions which prevent (a) heat from penetrating into the substrate and (b) flames from spreading along the surface. This paper concentrates on paints and varnishes, but also considers protective coatings for structural steel, smoke proof and wall piercings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040308
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  • 9
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    An evaluation of heat release criteria in reaction-to-fire tests (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theoretical approach is developed for evaluating quantitatively the heat evolved during a reaction-to-fire test. This involves determining the transfer function from two head balance equations, one concerning the walls and the other the air in the test box. A comparison between this theoretical approach and the empirical ‘area under the curve’ method has been made for 34 tests on electrical cables. It is shown that the empirical method is unacceptable.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040309
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  • 10
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    Temperature of instantaneous ignition (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 163-163 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040310
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  • 11
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040401
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  • 12
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    The early fire behaviour of combustible wall lining materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 165-172 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development of the Australian Standard AS 1530 Part 3 ‘Test for Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials’ from the study of the fire behavior of cellulosic wall linings in simulated room fires has been outlined. Similar studies for assessing a wider range of wall linings are now reported including various plastic facings applied to hardboard. Using similar parameters for ignitability, spread of flame, heat evolved and smoke developed, the behaviors of the linings in the standard test have been compared to the behavior in corner-wall burns. Two methods of ignition were used for the burns; (a) timber cribs; and (b) impressed radiant heat with a pilot flame. The results are discussed in terms of the validity of the standard test as a multi-parameter assessment of materials in a fire hazard situation. The test has been validated for the wider range of wall lining materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040402
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  • 13
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    Fire performance standards and the problem of fire risk assessmentThis paper is a contribution from the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, and is published with the approval of the Director of the Division. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 173-176 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is submitted that the development of a set of complementary performance test standards and of an algorithm for calculating from the test results the inherent potential of products for harm is the prerequisite of any progress towards a coherent fire risk assessment philosophy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040403
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  • 14
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    Current thinking and development in fire testing in EuropePaper presented at the South-East Asian and Pacific Fire Safety Conference, Singapore, 4-7 September, 1979. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 177-184 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper examines briefly the history of fire testing in the UK and outlines the current European position as exemplified by activities in the EEC member countries, the Scandinavian countries and Eastern Europe. The role of ISO and the changing approach to the development of fire tests is considered. The interactions amongst test developing bodies, regulatory authorities and the regional organizations concerned with harmonization are highlighted.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040404
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  • 15
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    Heat release rate in fires (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the definition of heat release rate in fires is given in terms of heat of combustion and mass loss rate of the fuel. Various components of the heat of combustion are defined. The dependency of heat of combustion components and mass loss rate on factors such as fire stages, oxygen to fuel ratio, heat flux received by the fuel, chemical composition of the fuel vapors and products are enumerated. Applications of heat release rate data for relative fire hazard of fuels, for various fire conditions, for human escape potential from fires and for the operation of fire-sensing devices are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040405
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  • 16
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    An ignition test for plastics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 201-202 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040407
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  • 17
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    Forthcoming meeting (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 202-202 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040408
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  • 18
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    Smoke problems in buildings on fire: A TNO research project (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 192-200 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The activities within the framework of TNO's research project on smoke problems in buildings on fire are reviewed. Two aspects will be dealt with extensively: smoke production and smoke movement. Furthermore, possible application of its finding will be discussed. The article reflects the state of the art at the end of 1978. In the meantime, the research programme has been concluded.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040406
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  • 19
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    Shear band inclination and shear modulus of sand in biaxial tests (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 103-119 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The spontaneous shear band formation in the biaxial test on dry sand samples with constant cell pressure is treated as a bifurcation problem. The constitutive response of sand is described in terms of mobilized friction and dilatancy. Dilatancy is looked upon as an internal constraint and the hardening rule is expressed in terms of an adequate dimensionless stress measure. Owing to fail of normality in sand, localization always occurs in the hardening regime. The theoretical solution of the shear band inclination is a geometrical mean of the classical Coulomb and Roscoe solutions and is in good agreement with the experimental data. The incipient shear modulus is proportional to the stress level and can be estimated to be also proportional to these cant modulus.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040202
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  • 20
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    Finite element solution for saltwater intrusion in unconfined coastal aquifer (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 175-184 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040207
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  • 21
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    Announcements (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 291-292 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040308
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  • 22
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    Hysteretic and viscous material damping (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 293-311 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Hysteretic and viscous material damping are compared in the context of soils. Popular assumptions about damping are shown to lead to different results for the rocking mode of surface foundations at low frequency.
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  • 23
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    Materials with vanishing elastic region (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 389-389 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040408
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  • 24
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    Trends in computerized structural analysis and synthesis. Edited by Ahmed K. Noor and Harvey G. McComb, Jr., Published by Pergamon Press, New York in the International Journal for Computers and Structures, Volume 10 Number 1/2 April (1979). No. of Pages: 430, Price $50.00 (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 392-392 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040410
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  • 25
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    Erratum (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040402
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  • 26
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    Determination of the critical slip surface in slope stability computations (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 333-359 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The analysis of the stability of slopes using limiting equilibrium considerations necessitates the determination of the critical slip surface which yields the minimal factor of safety. The numerous methods currently available for slope stability analysis provide a procedure for assigning a factor of safety to a given slip surface, but do not consider the problem of identifying the critical conditions.This paper presents an effective minimization procedure based on dynamic programming by which the minimal factor of safety, and the corresponding surface, are determined simultaneously. This procedure SSDP (Slope Stability by Dynamic Programming), couples the minimization scheme with Spencer's method of slope stability analysis. It may be applied to slopes of any geometry, layering, pore pressure and external load distributions. No arbitrary restrictions are placed on the shape of the slip surfaces, and the analysis satisfies all equilibrium equations.Application of the procedure to slope stability problems reported in the literature shows that for a given slip surface the procedure yields factors of safety which are almost identical to those reported, but in every case a more critical slip surface, with a lower factor of safety, may be found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040405
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  • 27
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    A general basis for yield, failure and potential functions in plasticity (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 361-375 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A new concept based on the use of a function expressed as a (complete) polynomial expansion in terms of the three invariants of the stress tensor is proposed for deriving yield, failure and plastic potential functions for use in plasticity based constitutive laws. A mathematical interpretation and physical meaning of the proposed concept are provided by using the idea of the singular nature of constiutive matrices in incremental hypoelastic laws. It is suggested that the proposed function and (polynomial) forms of material moduli can be synonymous. A number of specialized forms of the general function are adopted and their values at failure from advanced three-dimensional tests for a number of (geological) media are evaluated. The results indicate the possibility that there exist invariant numbers associated with the functions(s) that may apply to a wide range of materials. Some ideas on implementation of the proposed concept are also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040406
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    A simplified analytical method for soil penetration analysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 233-254 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A new one-dimensional model for penetration analysis of a rigid projectile into a soil target is presented. The soil medium is represented by a set of discs of constant thickness, responding in the radial direction under plain strain regime. When penetration through a typical disc occurs, the projectile displaces soil material and a radial plastic shock wave propagates in the disc. The interaction pressure between the projectile and soil material is compatible with the motion of the contact boundary, between them. The instantaneous resistive force is obtained by summation of the contributions of all the discs which are in contact with the nose surface of the projectile. Soil is considered as a ‘floating’ ideally locking material, in which the locking volumetric strain is adjusted to the physical stress-strain properties of the soil material. Friction between projectile and soil is assumed to be negligible. Comparison is made with both twodimensional computer program results and experimental data, and very good agreement is observed. Comparison with other analytical methods reveals that the present model most closely resembles existing experimental results and permits further analysis of the problem as predictions of target response and of stress distribution on the projectile nose. The calculations require very small amounts of computer time. Analysis with the present model yields an efficient and comprehensive means to analyse penetration and perform parameter analysis.
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    A concept of correction functions to account for non-associative characteristics of geologic media (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 377-387 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A new and simple concept based on the idea of correcting for non-associative characteristics of (geologic) media is presented. A special form of the concept is adopted and introduced in a critical state plasticity model. An example problem of behaviour of a soil tested under triaxial conditions is included. The concept can permit a simplified treatment of non-associativeness and under certain assumptions can allow use of existing formulations of plasticity by maintaining symmetry of the associated matrices.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040201
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    The eccentric loading of a rigid circular foundation embedded in an isotropic elastic medium (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 121-129 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper examines the problem of the eccentric loading of a rigid circular disc-shaped foundation embedded in bonded contact with an istropic elastic medium of infinite extent. The solution of this problem is achieved by using a Hankel integral transform technique which reduces the problem to two sets of dual integral equations. These systems of dual integral equations represent the equations which govern the axisymmetric and asymmetric states of deformation induced by the loaded foundation. Explicit results are derived both for the displacement and rotation of the circular foundation and for the contact stress at the interface.
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    Finite element analyses of isotropic and anisotropic cohesive soils with a view to correctly predicting impending collapse (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 1-23 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: One major problem encountered when using the finite element method to simulate the load-deformation behaviour of an elasto-plastic soil mass is that the theoretical collapse load is generally exceeded, and in some cases the numerical solution fails to exhibit a collapse load. A mixed variational principle is used as the basis for developing the governing equations of deformation and the results from this are compared with those obtained from the use of the virtual power equation. The former is found to give improved results and is generalized to include description of finite deformation. An Eulerian frame of reference is used. The method of approximating configuration changes in the numerical solution procedure is found to determine the shape of the load-deformation curve. Finally, a simple method of accounting for anisotropy of yield is presented.
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    Settlement of inhomogeneous consolidating soils - II: The symmetrically loaded massSupport of this investigation by the National Science Foundation under grant ENG 75-07711 is gratefully acknowledged. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 73-88 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: We continue our study of the consolidation of inhomogeneous clay soils with an analysis of the response of a soil mass, whose shear modulus increases linearly with depth, to axially symmetric pressure on its surface. This extends the work reported in Part I on the corresponding one-dimensional problem of a clay column, and generalizes researches of Gibson and coworkers on the elastic model of the soil (i.e., the initial response).Because of great mathematical complexity when Poisson's ratio is allowed to assume arbitrary values, we have confined ourselves (as did Gibson in several of his papers) to variations of the modulus from a zero surface value, this being in reasonable accord with published test results on London clay. The deflection of points within this region, the deflection relative to the central one (that is, the shape of the deformed loading area), as well as the absolute deflection of surface points exterior to the load.
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    Settlement of inhomogeneous consolidating soils - I: The single-drained layer under confined compressionSupport of this investigation by the National Science Foundation under grant ENG 75-07711 is gratefully acknowledged. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 57-72 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The settlement and excess pore pressure are calculated for a column of water-saturated clay in which the permeability and/or shear modulus vary with depth. Several fairly general laws of variation are investigated. In each case, the soil is assumed to have a permeable top surface and to rest on an impervious substrate.For all the variations examined, in which the shear modulus increases with depth below the surface but the permeability of the soil remains constant, the deflection at a given instant after imposition of the load decreases and the degree of settlement increases with increasing rate at which the change with depth takes place. It is found that, when the variation over the height of the column is one order of magnitude or less, the curve of degree-of-consolidation versus time is reasonably wellapproximated by the curve for a homogeneous soil whose modulus equals the depth-averaged value. When, in addition, the permeability decreases with depth, the approximation becomes less accurate.The same approximation, for moderate increase in shear modulus with depth, predicts satisfactorily the process of dissipation of excess pore pressure at a given depth, but breaks down when the variation in modulus is large.Finally, it is shown that the effect of variable modulus on the settlement is greater than of a comparable variation in permeability.
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    Pile capacity in a softening soil (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 185-189 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method for determining the load-deformation response of a pile in a softening soil is presented. The results demonstrate the degree to which the flexibility of the pile can affect its ultimate capacity.
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    A finite element method for studying the transient non-linear thermal creep of geological structuresWork performed under the auspices of the USERDA. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 255-276 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite element theory, suitable for describing the long-term transient thermal creep of geomechanical structures where the material obeys an arbitrary type of creep law, is presented. The method takes into account large deformation effects, is stable for the large time steps required to model geophysical phenomena and accurately simulates changing, incompressible, plastic flow fields. Applications of the theory to the prediction of long-term creep and creep rupture of simple engineering structures, are given. The theory is also applied to predict the thermal creep of layered media to study the mechanics of folding and rift formation.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The elastic response of multiple underream anchors (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 313-332 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A technique is developed for the analysis of multiple underream anchor systems resting in an elastic soil. This technique may be used to consider anchor systems involving arbitrary anchor inclination and depth beneath the soil surface, as well as arbitrary number, shape, size and spacing of underreams. The approach is largely analytical in nature and involves only a fraction of the computation required for a finite element analysis.Consideration is given to the effects of anchor depth and inclination to the soil surface, and the spacing and number of underreams upon the elastic response of anchor systems. On the basis of the result from this study, a simple, approximate method for estimating the response of multiple underream anchors is proposed. This approach involves the use of several interaction charts, which are presented in the paper, and can be used as a hand method for estimating the load-displacement behaviour of quite general anchor systems to sufficient accuracy for most practical purposes. The use of the approximate approach is illustrated by an example.
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    On two limiting cases of a multisurface hardening model (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 389-391 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Announcements (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. i 
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    Analysis of leaky sheetpile by Summary Representation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 199-213 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A numerical technique called Summary Representation was used to solve the problem of seepage through a leaky sheetpile; this particular method was selected owing to its accuracy and computational speed. Seepage parameters were evaluated quantitatively and the influence of the leakiness of sheetpiles in a porous medium underlain by an impervious horizontal stratum was determined. The case of a single sheetpile was first considered, and the effect of the depth of penetration and coefficient of leakiness on the total rate of flow and on the values of the exit gradient was analysed. Next, the flow under an impervious dam was considered to assess the accuracy of the method. Finally, the case of seepage under a dam with leaky sheetpiles at both ends was studied, including the effect of the leaky sheetpiles on the uplift pressure acting along the foundation of the dam. Patterns of seepage through the flow line deformation that is caused by the leakiness of the sheetpiles.
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    Vane shear testing of anisotropic, cohesive soils (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 285-289 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Finite element models for rock fracture mechanicsProtions of this paper were presented at the 18th U. S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Keystone, Colarado, 1977. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 25-43 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite element model for the prediction of discrete fracture propagation in rock structures loaded in compression is presented. The model integrates any one of three theories for mixed-mode fracture initiation; it contains an energy balance algorithm for predicting crack increment length, and incorporates recent developments in finite element stress-intensity factor computation. The predictions of the model are compared with the observed fracture response of a real rock structure. Results show that the model accurately predicts both stable and unstable fracture progagations observed experimentally.
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    Isotropic yield surfaces in three dimensions for use in soil mechanics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 89-101 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: When using numerical methods in soil mechanics, one often needs to define a yield surface in three-dimensional principal-stress space. A special class of yield surfaces, given by J = (p+a)α(1-β sin 3ν)n, where ν is the Lode angle, is considered from the point of view of convexity and agreement with experimental data. Some recently proposed yield functions which belong to this class are compared. It is shown that the model with n = -0.229 is optimal as regards convexity, and can give reasonable agreement with the data.
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    Vertical and horizontal land deformation due to fluid withdrawal (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 131-142 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A non-linear distribution of vertical displacement versus aquifer depth is calculated in the case of a partially penertrating well. For a fully penetrating well, however, a linear distribution is observed. The solution exhibits a vertically uniform horizontal displacement in the case of a fully penetrating well and, for a partially penetrating well, the maximum horizontal displacement occurs at the elevation of the well bottom.
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    Stability properties of the Newmark, Houbolt and Wilson θ methods (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 143-158 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper analysis the stability of several methods for obtaining numerical solutions of second-order ordinary differential equations. The methods are popular in structural and geotechnical engineering applications and are direct, that is they do not require the transformation of the second-order equation into a first-order system. They include Newmark's method in both implicit and explicit forms, Wilson's θ-method, Houbolt's method and some variants on this latter method. We shall examine the stability of the methods when applied to the second-order scalar test equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \ddot x + 2a\dot x + (a^2 + c^2)x = 0 $$\end{document} where a and c are real.
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    Masthead (1980)
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    On hypoelasticity and plasticity approaches to constitutive modelling of inelastic behaviour of soils (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 45-55 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A comparative discussion of constitutive rate equations generated by using the hypoelasticity and plasticity theories is presented. If is shown that these two approaches are equivalent for the loading process but differ essentially in defining the unloading (or reverse loading) paths. The multisurface plasticity formulation proves to be more convenient in incorporating memory rules of particular loading events, whereas loading-unloading criteria used in hypoelasticity may result in an unrealistic prediction of material response for some loading paths, and in particular, for cyclic loading. The violation of the continuity condition between loading-unloading domains in proposed constitutive relations3,4 limits their applicability to some particular classes of loading paths.
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    Flow nets from finite element data (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 191-196 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Finite element solutions for steady-state flow of fluids through porous media do not include an explicit develpoment of the flow net, and many engineers find this lack frustrating. To solve for the stream function, the analyst can use essentially the same finite element routines as he used for the potential, but the matrix corresponding to the hydraulic conductivity is not the inverse of the conductivity. Contouring the potential and the stream function is done element by element; certain anomalous situations are described in an appendix.
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    Stress analysis of a deep rigid axially-loaded cylindrical anchor in an elastic medium (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 215-232 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The elastostatic problem of an infinite elastic medium containing an axially-loaded rigid cylindrical inclusion is investigated. This problem is of interest in connection with the geotechnical study of the time-independent, load-deflection characteristics of deep rigid anchors embedded in cohesive soil or rock media. The problem is formulated by means of Hankel integral transforms and reduced to a system of four coupled sing ular integral equations, where the unknown quantities are the normal and the shear stresses acting on the entire surface of the anchor. Numerical solutions are investigated for various Poisson's ratios and several values of the aspect ratio of radius to length of the cylindrical anchor.
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    Vertical vibrations of a rigid circular body on a non-homogeneous half-space interrupted by a frictionless plane (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 159-174 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An exact formulation is presented for the problem of a rigid circular body performing harmonic vibrations on an elastic half-space whose shear modulus increases linearly with depth and is interrupted at some finite depth by a frictionless horizontal plane. The static case is derived in the limit of zero frequency vibrations while the known result for the uninterrupted half-space is recovered in either extreme limit of the horizontal frictionless plane coinciding with the surface or when it is pushed down to an infinite depth.It is shown that the maximum effect of the interruption occurs when the frictionless plane is at a depth where the shear modulus is about 1·6 times the surface shear modulus. Furthermore, this maximum effect is equivalent to a reduction of about 5 per cent of the surface shear modulus or a reduction of about 2½ per cent in the natural frequency of the rigid body on an uninterrupted half-space. The important conclusion, therefore, is that irrespective of the depth at which a half-space isso interrupted, the surface shear modulus is still the dominant parameter and that both the increase in shear modulus with depth and the interruption are not only secondary but also opposing effects.
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    Masthead (1980)
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Stresses for an elastic half-space uniformly indented by a rigid rectangular footing (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 4 (1980), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610040306
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    A new experimental method to predict the development of a fire (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 42-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Among the various methods for predicting the development of a fire in real conditions we have chosen the one which works on a small-scale model. The differences in gas concentrations, available fuel, and convection and heat transfer are recognized and discussed. A small-scale model has been built in which any oxygen concentration, heat flux and air supply can be reproduced simultaneously. The method makes it possible to simulate a good range of conditions, and by controlling these conditions a better knowledge of the geometric reduction which is to be used in the smallscale model can be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040106
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    Skin damage due to heat transfer by conduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study provides basic data with respect to pain and burns produced on short-term contact of bare skin with heated substances. The data may also be used to determine the thermal properties and thicknesses of fabrics or coatings required to prevent injury in such contacts. The maximum temperature any material might attain without causing injury on contact with bare skin was determined from measurements of pain threshold during contact with heated materials representing a wide spectrum of thermal properties form good conductors to good insulators. Pain threshold times were converted to blister times and the latter extrapolated to predict those temperatures at which blistering would result form ‘instantaneous’ (0.3 s) contact. The predicted temperatures were verified experimentally in contacts with four different materials. From these data, charts and equations were derived by which the maximum permissible temperature for safe contact could be determined for any material solely form a knowledge of its thermal conductivity, density and specific heat. Additionally, equations for transient heat flow in two-layer systems yield the thickness of coatings, fabrics or other thermal barriers of known properties which would be required to protect the skin form pain or burn on contact with materials at excessive temperatures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040107
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    Corrigendum (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 60-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040110
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    Equations for the maintenance of standard testing conditions when using the hot flammability test apparatus (HFTA) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040109
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    Biological end-points for the assessment of the toxicity of the products of combustion of materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 50-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The toxicological end-points used in a method for the assessment of the toxicity of combustion products are described. The evaluation considers three areas of toxicological interaction: incapacitation, death, and post-exposure involvement. The model of incapacitation described is the leg-flexion avoidance response of the rat. Additional end-points to assist in the determination of the causality of the observed toxicity are included. The effects of the combustion products of Douglas fir, a phenolic foam, a urea formaldehyde foam and a flexible polyurethane foam on these endpoint are described. The wide range of types of potential toxicities resulting form exposure of animals to the combustion products of materials is discussed. Additionally discussed are the relative merits of the leg-flexion avoidance response as a model of incapacitation. Conclusions as to the important components of a first-tier toxicological evaluation of combustion products are drawn.
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    Book review (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 60-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040111
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    Conference report (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 60-60 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040112
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040201
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    Thermal expansion of Portland cement paste, mortar and concrete at high temperatures (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Results of measurements of thermal expansion of Portland cement paste, mortar, concrete and a dolomitic rock aggregate are presented. Test temperatures ranged from 27 to 871°C. Cement paste contracted when subjected to temperatures from 204 to 871°C. Thermal expansion of mortar and concrete was dominated by thermal expansion characteristics of the mineral aggregate. However, expansion was moderated by contraction of the cement paste matrix at elevated temperatures. Average coefficients of expansion, over specific temperature ranges, are given for the materials tested. Equipment developed to control automatically the rate of heating and record strain vs. temperature relationships is described.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040203
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    The possibility of characterizing the severity of fires by a single parameterAll symbols are listed at the end of paper. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 71-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Because language conveys the idea of fire severity by a single expression, it has always seemed desirable to find a single variable for its quantification. The earlier suggestion by the author that the total heat absorption per unit surface area of the compartment boundaries during the period of full fire development, to be referred to as overall heat load, be used as a measure of destructive potential of fires, has been critically examined. It has been found that for many reinforced and prestressed concrete building elements, the overall heat load is indeed an approximate descriptor of the severity of compartment fires, irrespective of their temperature histories.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040204
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    Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurementsBased on a paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Section of the Combustion Institute, Miami Beach, Florida, 29 November-1 December 1978.The technique described in this paper is sometimes referred to as oxygen consumption calorimetry for convenience, although no calorimetric measurements are involved. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption provides a simple, versatile and powerful tool for estimating the rate of heat release in fire experiments and fire tests. The method is based on the generalization that the heats of combustion per unit of oxygen consumed are approximately the same for most fuels commonly encountered in fires. A measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption can then be converted to a measure of rate of heat release. Data on heats of combustion are presented to support this generalization. The applicability of the technique to combustion under fire conditions is examined, possible sources of error in the measurements are discussed, and applications of the method are reviewed. It is concluded that the accuracy of oxygen consumption based rate of heat release measurements should compare favorably with those derived from conventional calorimetric measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040202
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    The oxidative pyrolysis of plastics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experiments using a thermobalance, a hot-plate and a moving furnace have all shown that polymers can evolve oxidation products in air even at moderate temperatures. These gases can include carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and acrolein. The amounts are generally low except near the very top of the temperature range used in some processes. Tests in the vicinity of three different extruders have confirmed some of these small-scale findings but also showed that the evolved gases were adequately handled by the ventilation installed. The evolution of other gases in certain cases has also been briefly studied. Some measure of the heat evolved in oxidative pyrolysis has also been obtained for polyethylene. The polymers investigated were low density and high density polyethylene, poly(ethylene vinylacetate), polypropylene, poly(vinylonitrille) polypropylene, poly(vinylchloride), polystyrene, poly(methylmethacrylate), polycarbonate, poly(ethylene terephthalate), nylon 6-6, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene and one nature material (wood).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040205
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    Demonstration of the effect of softening and fire resistance of materials on burning characteristics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 83-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An important observation during full-scale fires was that burning behaviour is often determined by softening characteristics as well as ignitability, flame spread, etc. Examples include stacking chairs where thermoplastics give a rapid rate of fire growth and suspended ceilings where thermoplastics reduce fire hazard. A test rig has been progressively developed at RAPRA to reproduce the mechanisms and fire growth rates of stacked chairs and to evaluate the role of softening in fire growth. Although the ignitability of fire-retarded materials is less than that of non-fire-retarded grades, the fire growth rate in stacks is similar and may be related to the softening behaviour determined by exposing sheets of material to radiant heat. The rate of fire growth in stacks may be significantly reduced by modifying the softening behaviour of materials, e.g. by using asbestos-reinforced thermoplastics which can form an integral, non-melting felt or by using non-melting materials such as SMC or wood.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040206
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    Flame-Retarded polypropylene: A comparison of large- and small-scale tests (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes work carried out on flame-retarded polypropylene comparing results on selected small-scale laboratory fire tests with those obtained on a larger-scale test designed to simulate the typical real life hazard situation. In the latter test a number of important parameters such as heat build-up, Hame spread, smoke development and gas evolution were assessed. The results indicate that there is need to use both types of tests to gain a fuller understanding prior to using new materials. An assessment based on small-scale tests alone could be misleading and allow the use of potentially hazardous material in the particular application involved.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040207
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    Fire testing of upholstered furniture and bedding (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 92-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Considerable concern has been expressed about the increasing number and changing pattern of fires and the fact that modern upholstered furniture is relatively easy to ignite and, once ignited, burns rapidly to produce large quantities of smoke and toxic gas. This led to a number of major research programmes and to the evolution of a number of test procedures in the UK. The first major test procedure was published in 1976 by the BPF in conjunction with RAPRA, BRMA and FIRA. An important aspect of this approach was the linking of ignition and rate of initial burning data with the application of the product and the environmental hazard. It was evolved within a short period of time to proved furniture designers and specifies with a means of avoiding products of high risk. The DOE/PSA are using a comprehensive series of Fire Retardant Specifications to control and specify their upholstered furniture and bedding. Specifications have been developed which enable individual components and sub-assemblies as well as the final product to be characterized in terms of ignitability and burning characteristics, i.e. temperatures, smoke, and carbon monoxide production. BS DD58 and BS 5852 Part1, ignitability tests for upholstered seating are essentially a combination of BPR and DOE/PSA test procedures. Cigarettes, gas flames and wooden cribs are used for the ignition sources and are positioned on a composite seat/back test rig.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040208
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    A new approach to testing materials in the NBS smoke chamber (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The standard NBS/Aminco smoke test chamber is critically examined from the point of view of repeatability and reproducibility of the apparatus itself. Individual components contributing to the overall determination are examined and suggested lines for improvement are made which should result in more consistent results. Problems associated with the presentation of results are discussed and a new approach which includes time-weighted data is proposed. This attempts to consider the rate dependence of smoke production in one calculated figure rather than isolated observations such as maximum optical density. Utilizing the NBS/Aminco chamber, a novel procedure for determining the smoke evolution characteristics of materials has been developed which can be considered to simulate more closely the progress of thermal degradation that a material undergoes in a real fire.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040209
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040301
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    Further variations of smoke density with heat flux (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 104-108 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The heat flux in the NBS smoke chamber has been varied from 1.0 to 5.0 W cm-2 in 0.5 W cm-2 steps for some fifteen natural and synthetic materials. These experiments confirm the results given in previous papers for a smaller heat flux range, namely that smoke density varies ove4r the temperature/heat flux range. The extended range studied ensured that a much higher proportion of the materials reached a heat flux at which ignition occurred. As before at this and higher heat fluxes, the experiments were repeated in the flaming mode to ensure better reproducibility. With a few exceptions the general shape of the specific optical density/heat flux plot was similar, with a steep rise to a peak and then a corresponding drop to a low value at high fluxes. At 5 W cm-2the drop had not been reached in some cases, but it is assumed to occur later by inference from earlier work on a smaller-scale apparatus at high temperatures. Complex materials can give unusual plots during the transition from pyrolysis to combustion. This is true of certain polymers containing fire retardant when the pyrolysis of the additive can have a separate effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040210
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    Effect of diammonium phosphate on the flammability of wood and wood-polymethylmethacrylate composites (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of diammonium phosphate has been examined on sawdust-polymethylmethacrylate composites. It has been observed that the char formation depends on the distribution of DAP in sawdust and polymethylmethacrylate. An interesting correlation was found between the mass burning rates of the composites and the extent of char formation during thermal degradation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040303
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    Analytical and toxicological assessment of combustion products from cellular plastics: Comparison of ‘DIN tubular’ and ‘potts’ furnaces (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The internal temperature of rigid foam undergoing combustion in the DIN tubular traveling furnace using conditions previously employed for gas generation and analysis has been studied. Unexpected findings were obtained in that the material exhibited no insulating effect and temperatures within the core of the foam were up to 25% (+125°C at 500°C) greater than has been assumed or indeed aimed for. An explanation of the phenomenon has been put forward and proved by further experiment. Suggested practices to be adopted in the future to minimize the effect are described. Using these practices the gaseous combustion products from the materials studied at 500°C were found not to change in type or distribution; however, rather more accurate description of combustion temperature is achieved. With a static furnace of the ‘Potts Pot’ type a very much smaller temperature differential is observed, hence better definition of combustion temperature is allowed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040302
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    Flame lengths under ceilings (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The evaluation of hazards from developing room fires often requires a knowledge of flame lengths developed by burning objects. Procedures for estimating flame lengths have been available only for vertical plume fires, where there is no flame impingement on the room ceiling. Calculational procedures are developed for approximate calculation of flame lengths when part of the flame flow is along the ceiling. Four common geometries are treated: unbounded ceiling, plume near corner, plume in corner and one-directional corridor spread. Ceiling flame lengths are calculated by use of the assumption that the total air entrained up to the flame tip is the same for ceiling flow as for the free fire. Comparison with limited experimental data suggests potential for prediction in full-scale room fires.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040304
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    Biological evaluation of toxicity caused by combustion of building materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 127-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents results of tests performed on 35 materials, including woods, synthetic and textile materials, which have been submitted to thermal degradation at three different combustion temperatures. In addition, the interpretation and limitations of toxicological test results are discussed more generally.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040305
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