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  • Ultrastructure  (131)
  • hypertension  (50)
  • Springer  (181)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984  (181)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1982  (82)
  • 1980  (99)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (181)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1980-1984  (181)
  • 1975-1979
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration and division of cleavage nuclei in the gall midge,Wachtliella persicariae (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nuclear migration ; Cleavage ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure ; Gall midge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofWachtliella persicariae the cleavage nuclei move relative to the surrounding ooplasm. This ‘active’ migration is caused by an organelle whose ultrastructure was studied throughout the mitotic cycle. It consists of a greatly enlarged polar cytaster derived from the mitotic apparatus, linked to the nucleus by 100 Å filaments. The microtubules of the cytaster were found only during periods of active nuclear migration, i.e., from the onset of anaphase to the early prophase of the next mitotic cycle. They are always solitary and follow the course of the astral rays, which are known to temporarily adhere to peripheral structures of the egg cell and to exert tractive forces. In contrast to the cytaster microtubules, the microtubules in the spindle are bundled and persist from early metaphase through late telophase. During ontogenesis the first migration cytaster is built up between 3 and 12 min after oviposition near the anterior egg pole, in the vicinity of the sperm nucleus. In non-inseminated eggs time lapse films show a migration cytaster to develop autonomously in a region free from nuclei, but it does not follow the normal path of the male pronucleus. In several cases the female pronucleus, which remains without a cytaster of its own, was observed to move to the cytaster generated in the absence of the male pronucleus. Whether or not it is adhering to a nucleus, the cytaster divides into two at the correct time, i.e, corresponding to the first cleavage division in fertilized eggs. In some non-inseminated eggs this type of ‘pseudocleavage’ has been observed to occur repeatedly, giving rise to an increasing number of anucleate cytasters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848611
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphogenesis in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster — Germ band extension (1980)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Ultrastructure ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes at the ultrastructural level during germ band extension in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster are described. Cytoplasmic connections between cells and the yolk sac are present during initial cellular movements. At this time, a continuous system of microfilaments is present adjacent to the membranes in the connections and at the periphery of the yolk sac. As germ band extension progresses, this system becomes discontinuous, and microfilaments are apparent only in the immediate vicinity of the connections. Cytoplasmic connections are disassembled at approximately the midpoint of extension; at the same time, extensive membrane associations develop between germ band cells and between these cells and adjacent yolk sac membranes. Positioning and orientation of cytoplasmic connections suggest that the yolk sac, via these connections, is actively involved in the cellular movements of early germ band extension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00849045
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase activity during rodent odontogenesis (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase were studied with respect to cell differentiation, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization in the incisor and molar teeth of 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were perfused intracardially at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) with 3–4% sucrose. The jaws were dissected, immersion-fixed for 24 h, and the incisor and molar tooth germs removed. These were demineralized in 10% EDTA in NaOH (pH 7.4) with 7% sucrose. After reactivation of the enzyme with 0.1M MgCl in Tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, the teeth were incubated for alkaline phosphatase in a medium consisting of 6 ml 3% sodiumβ-glycerophosphate, 4 ml 0.2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.2), 3 ml 1.6% MgSO4, 12 ml 0.5% lead citrate (pH⋍12), and 2.1 g sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 9.2 with 0.2M HCl, the volume made up to 30 ml, and the solution centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. Control teeth were incubated in medium minus the substrate. Finally, the specimens were routinely post-fixed and embedded for sectioning and examination with a Philips 300 electron microscope. A gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was mapped along the developing teeth in the cells of the stratum intermedium, the proximal borders of the ameloblasts, the early dentine matrix, the predentine-dentine border, matrix vesicles, and the plasma membranes of odontoblasts and subodontoblast cells. The gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the forming tooth from the cervical loop to the crown apex and was related to the cellular events, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization occurring during odontogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411250
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of apatites in human urinary calculi (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 93-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calculus ; Ultrastructure ; Apatite ; Transmission ; Scanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we have studied the ultrastructure of a number of urinary calculi, mainly composed of calcium phosphate. Three fundamental kinds of calcium phosphates were detected: nonstoichiometric carbonate apatite, nonhexagonal octacalcium phosphate, and calcium-magnesium whitlockite. The influence that the organic matter, substitutions in the phosphate lattice of CO3 and Mg, and apatitic stoichiometry have on the ultrastructure of the calcium phosphate calculi has been detailed. An originating apatitic unity named U2 is assumed to be the responsible for all the different structures of calcium apatites appearing in renal calculi. On the basis of our observations, a mechanism whereby apatites grow is postulated; magnesium functions as an inhibitor for the growing mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407170
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar growth cartilage of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Calcium ; Cartilage ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was utilized for the selective subcellular localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar cartilage of 1-day-old rats. Electron dense calcium pyroantimonate precipitates were localized principally in mitochondria and at the cell membrane of the chondrocytes. In addition, small intracellular vesicles 0.1–0.2µm in diameter were observed in proximity to the cell membrane of chondrocytes of the mid-hypertrophic zone. The results suggest that these vesicles were being extruded from the cell into the extracellular matrix. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that calcium is the principal cation of the electron-dense precipitates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408603
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of avian osteopetrosis induced by retrovirus MAV.2-O (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 382-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian osteopetrosis ; Avian oncornavirus ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Bone cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diaphyseal tibial bone of 12.5 – 13-day and 19-day-old embryos and 20-day-old hatched chicks infected with retrovirus MAV.2-O were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The viruses were associated with lining osteoblasts and osteocytes. Whereas the infection of the osteoblast layer seemed to be a transient stage, virus association with osteocytes was a constant and main ultrastructural feature. The viruses were found either in the osteoid or in the periosteocytic space of the bone lacunae. They arose from dense cytoplasmic areas located near the cell plasmalemma via a budding process. The newly budded virus particles often had a large tail or a fine stalk-like process lost in the extracellular space. The viruses underwent calcification by deposition of inorganic material and were incorporated in the bone trabeculae. No production of virus was observed in typical osteoclasts with well-differentiated ruffled borders. The viral-induced avian osteopetrosis seemed to result from increased bone deposition through stimulation of osteoblast and osteocyte activities, whereas osteoclastic bone resorption seemed to be undisturbed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411272
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of sotalol after chronic administration to patients with renal insufficiency (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: sotalol ; hypertension ; renal impairment ; chronic administration ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten hypertensive patients with moderate to severe impairment of renal function were treated with sotalol for 5 to 10 weeks (average 6.4 weeks). Dosage was individually titrated (range 80 to 480 mg daily). The drug was given once daily in the morning. In eight patients blood pressure was satisfactorily controlled. Higher steady-state levels were observed than have been reported after similar doses in patients with normal renal function. The apparent first-order elimination rate constant and plasma clearance were significantly correlated with glomerular filtration rate. For an anuric patient, serum half-life was calculated to be 69 h. In relation to the raised plasma levels, side effects were uncommon. Since sotalol is excreted predominantly via the kidney, therapy in patients with impaired renal function should start with a low dose and any increase in dosage should be made carefully. As the anti-hypertensive effect does not appear to be correlated with the plasma level or with tolerance, adjustment of dose should be based on clinical response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561389
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maximal exercise power after a single dose of metoprolol and of slow-release metoprolol (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; hypertension ; slow-release preparations ; maximal exercise power ; fatigue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The treatment of hypertension with a single daily-dose of a beta-blocker gives rise to high peak-plasma concentrations 1.5 h after ingestion. After slow release-preparations of beta-blockers, the peak concentrations are half those produced by the conventional preparation at the same oral dose. A frequently occurring side-effect of beta-blocker therapy is fatigue. In this study the effect of a single dose of metoprolol 300 mg, 200 mg, 200 mg slow-release and a placebo on maximal exercise power was tested in 6 healthy subjects, 1.5 h and 24 h after ingestion. Maximal exercise power was significantly reduced 1.5 h after ingestion of metoprolol 300 mg and 200 mg. No change was found 1.5 h after 200 mg of a slow-release preparation. The possible reasons for reduced maximal exercise power are discussed. It is concluded that use of a beta-blocker for the treatment of hypertension in a single daily-dose regimen may be a reason to prefer a slow-release preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563003
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid during treatment of hypertension with prazosin (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 399-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prazosin ; hypertension ; central monoaminergic neurons ; monoamine metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six hypertensive patients were treated with prazosin up to a final dose of 3–4.5 mg/day. There was a significant reduction of blood pressure. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the major metabolites of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin were unchanged. This indicates that the antihypertensive effect is not mediated via central monoaminergic neurons as suggested by animal studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636792
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: renin ; angiotensin ; aldosterone ; hypertension ; hypoaldosteronism ; pseudohypoaldosteronism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is increased activity of the renin, angiotensin, aldosterone (RAA) system in infancy and childhood. An inverse relationship between plasma renin, aldosterone and age has been demonstrated. In childhood hypertension due to renovascular disease or pyelonephritic scarring peripheral plasma renin is increased. Renal vein renin measurements in children with renal hypertension have proved valuable in predicting surgical curability of the underlying lesion. The upper limit of normal for the renal venous renin ratio in normotensive children without renal disease is 1.5. Pharmacological blockade of the RAA system has a place in diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive children. The plasma renin aldosterone profile is diagnostically useful in the investigation of salt-wasting disease and can easily distinguish between aldosterone biosynthetic defects and pseudohypoaldosteronism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561486
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the effects of propranolol and labetalol on renal haemodynamics at rest and during exercise in essential hypertension (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; labetalol ; propranolol ; renal haemodynamics ; glomerular filtration rate ; blood pressure ; exercise ; renal blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of exercise on renal haemodynamics was examined in young patients with mild essential hypertension. Four groups of subjects were studied: 13 normotensive, healthy control subjects, and 15 untreated, 11 propranolol-treated, and 6 labetalol-treated patients. Renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured during four consecutive periods, a pre-exercise control period, two exercise periods with loads of 450 kpm/min and 600 kpm/min, respectively, and a post-exercise control period. In the untreated patients RPF and GFR were lower during exercise than in the normotensive control subjects, whereas no significant differences were found at rest. In the propranolol-treated patients the reduction in RPF and GFR during exercise was more pronounced than in the untreated hypertensives. In the labetalol-treated patients however, RPF and GFR were reduced only to the same degree as in the untreated hypertensives. The reduced renal blood flow in propranolol-treated patients may be attributed to a compensatory increase in sympathetic activity caused by an impaired cardiac response to exercise. The lack of reduction in renal blood flow during labetalol therapy could partly be related to alpha-adrenergic blockade in the renal vascular bed induced by labetalol, and partly to the smaller reduction in cardiac output during labetalol than during propranolol therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561580
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Double-blind controlled trial of molsidomine in hypertension (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: molsidomine ; hypertension ; hypotension ; angina pectoris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Molsidomine (M), a new long-lasting antianginal compound, was studied in 38 hypertensive patients to assess its antihypertensive properties. Six patients were selected for an acute, single dose comparative trial with placebo over 8 h after treatment. The remaining 32 patients were used in a 1 month trial to study the effect on BP of more prolonged treatment. Systolic, diastolic and mean BP were significantly reduced after a single dose of M 4 mg, and the effect lasted for about 8 h. M also inhibited the hypertensive response to isometric exercise in handgrip tests performed 1 and 8 h after M ingestion. A dose-related decrease in systolic and diastolic BP in the one month trial was also observed. In addition to its antianginal properties, M appears to possess an interesting effect on BP in mildly to moderately hypertensive patients. A fall in BP is also a valuable effect in coronary patients with augmented metabolic demands of the heart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563004
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between the antihypertensive effect and steady-state plasma concentration of nifedipine given alone or in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; nifedipine ; beta-adrenoceptor blockade ; hypotensive action ; adverse effects ; combination therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of nifedipine (10–20 mg t.i.d.) given alone, or in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, was related to the observed plasma concentration during one dosage interval at steady-state (Pl-Nifss). The study was carried out as a within-patient comparison of treatment with nifedipine or placebo for 4 weeks. A highly significant reduction in blood pressure was obtained during monotherapy, as well as during combined treatment. The blood pressure reduction when nifedipine was added to beta-adrenoceptor blockade was of the same magnitude as that observed on nifedipine monotherapy. A considerable variation in Pl-Nifss was noted (range: 2–70 ng/ml). No significant correlation was found between the percentage reduction in blood pressure and Pl-Nifss in either of the two groups. There was a close relationship between Pl-Nifss and the concentration found 4 h after the morning dose. Side-effects were common during nifedipine monotherapy and were the reason for discontinuation of treatment in 4 of 18 patients. In contrast, none of the 9 patients on combined treatment dropped-out. In neither of the treatment groups was there any evidence for sodium retention and volume expansion during the first 4 weeks expressed as weight gain or signs of cardiac insufficiency. However, in 13 patients who continued on long-term treatment for 3–14 months, a definite need for concomitant diuretic therapy was found. The results indicate that nifedipine is effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, either when given alone or in addition to beta-adrenoceptor blockade. It appears best tolerated as combination therapy. Long-term treatment requires addition of a diuretic. Pl-Nifss did not seem to be a major determinant of the magnitude of the hypotensive response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561384
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antihypertensive and renal effects of orally administered verapamil (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: calcium antagonist ; verapamil ; hypertension ; vasodilators ; plasma renin activity ; mode of action ; sodium balance ; fluid balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 12 in-patients with moderate uncomplicated hypertension, maintained on constant sodium intake for 15 days, single-blind oral administration of verapamil 80–160 mg t. i. d. for 10 days had a significant antihypertensive effect: in the supine position systolic blood pressure decreased from 177±5 to 150±3 mmHg, and diastolic pressure from 111±3 to 96±2 mmHg; standing values were similarly lowered from 171±7 to 143±4 mmHg, systolic, and from 118±4 to 97±2 mmHg, diastolic. The heart rate did not show any significant change (from 79±3 to 77±2 beats/min, supine, and from 92±3 to 87±3 beats/min, upright). The antihypertensive effect was uniform throughout the day, being similar 2, 3, 6 and 8 h after administration of a dose. Dynamic exercise (75–100 watts on a cycle-ergometer) caused identical increases in arterial pressure and heart rate on the last day of placebo and again on the last day with verapamil, but the peak levels of systolic pressure reached during exercise were lower after verapamil than with placebo, because of the lower blood pressure before exercise. Reduction of arterial pressure by verapamil was not accompanied by increased plasma renin activity, or by renal retention of sodium and water: there was a small increase in sodium excretion, at least during the first days of verapamil administration (from 107±15 to 113±15 mEq Na+/day), and a slight significant reduction in body weight (from 74.2±3.7 to 73.5±3.7 kg). It is concluded that oral administration of verapamil significantly lowers blood pressure without simultaneously inducing cardiac stimulation, renin secretion or salt and water retention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636788
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolmesoxide in essential hypertensives (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tolmesoxide is a new, direct-acting vasodilator drug for use in the management of both hypertension and cardiac failure. In 6 essential hypertensives inadequately controlled by combined β-blocker and diuretic therapy (average supine blood pressure 178/103 mm Hg) the addition of tolmesoxide (300–900 mg daily) was associated with a significant improvement in blood pressure control (average supine blood pressure 161/89 mmHg). The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolmesoxide have also been studied because, particularly at higher doses, the drug has been associated with upper gastrointestinal upset and it has been empirically recommended that it be taken with food. The blood pressure and heart rate responses were not significantly different when tolmesoxide was taken fasting or with food. Food resulted in a significant reduction in the peak plasma tolmesoxide concentration (2.14 µg/ml compared to 2.97 µg/ml) and a significant increase in the time to reach peak plasma concentration (1.67 h compared to 0.63 h). Although there was no impairment of its hypotensive effect, food significantly altered the pharmacokinetics of tolmesoxide and may therefore be useful in reducing the gastrointestinal disturbance associated with its use. In the treatment of inadequately controlled hypertension, tolmesoxide has a limited role as an alternative vasodilator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637615
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of labetalol and clonidine in hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 363-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: labetalol ; clonidine ; hypertension ; dose titration ; bendrofluazide ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of labetalol (L) was compared with that of clonidine (C) in a randomized cross-over study in 17 hypertensive outpatients on bendrofluazide (B). After treatment for two weeks with B (5 mg qd), either L (100 mg tid) or C (0.1 mg tid) was given and their doses were titrated at 2-weekly visits until normotension was achieved, or intolerable side-effects occurred. The treatment with B and L or C was then continued in a cross-over fashion for two 6-week periods, with 3 week diuretic washouts and subsequent dose-titration periods between the treatment periods. At the end of B, the supine blood pressure (BP) was 156/101, and at the end of B + L and B + C it was 136/91 (p〈0.001) and 137/91 (p〈0.001), respectively, pooling the data from both periods. At the end of B, the standing BP was 155/115, and at the end of B + L and B + C 134/100 (p〈0.001) and 139/106 (p〈0.001), respectively. The mean daily doses required were L 476mg and C 0.335 mg. On a weight basis, labetalol had about 1/1400 of the potency of clonidine. 12 patients complained of tiredness and dry mouth on clonidine and 2 patients of unsteadiness on labetalol. Labetalol caused a psoriasiform rash on the hands in one patient and limb weakness in one patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542319
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prazosin depression of baroreflex function in hypertensive man (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prazosin ; baroreflexes ; hypertension ; reflex tachycardia ; alpha adrenergic blockade ; dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prazosin is a post synaptic alpha adrenergic blocker effective in hypertension, whose hypotensive effect is unaccompanied by reflex tachycardia or hyperreninemia, nor by other evidence of increased sympathetic activity. We studied the baroreceptor reflex arc as a potential mediator of these effects. Twenty-two essential hypertensive men were treated with prazosin alone versus placebo, and experienced a blood pressure fall (from 114.8±3.6 down to 101.1±2.5 mm Hg,p〈0.005) unaccompanied by any change in heart rate, plasma renin activity, or several other indices of sympathetic nervous system activity (plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity; urinary excretion of free catecholamines and vanillyl mandelic acid; allp〉0.1). Concomitant with the blood pressure fall, there was a significant depression of baroreflex arc sensitivity, from 11.4±2.0 ms/mmHg down to 6.6±1.9 ms/mmHg (p〈0.05), without an associated change in cardiac vagal inhibition (291.2±46.2 versus 300.3±19.2 ms,p〉0.1). Baroreflex arc sensitivity depression may in part explain the lack of reflex sympathetic outflow noted during prazosin treatment of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606418
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction between oxprenolol and indomethacin on blood pressure in essential hypertensive patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; oxprenolol ; indomethacin ; drug interaction ; hypotensive effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double-blind, cross-over study in 16 patients with essential hypertension was carried out, to evaluate any possible interference by indomethacin, a known prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitor, with the antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol, a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Both indomethacin and oxprenolol, as well as the two drugs combined, inhibited plasma renin activity; no change was found in urinary sodium excretion or body weight. Oxprenolol alone caused a highly significant decrease in the systolic (−10.4 mmHg,p〈0.001), diastolic (−7.4 mmHg,p〈0.001) and mean (−7.7 mmHg,p〈0.01) blood pressures, whereas indomethacin did not influence blood pressure. When the two drugs were given in combination, blood pressure decreased (systolic: −5.9 mmHg; diastolic: −4.0 mmHg; mean: −4.6 mmHg), but the changes induced in blood pressure were reduced by about 50% when compared with those in the oxprenolol alone period. The data show that indomethacin seems to interfere with the antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol, by an action which may be due to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545214
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    Antihypertensive, saluretic and hypokalaemic effects of cyclothiazide in comparison with hydrochlorthiazide with amiloride supplement (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 495-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; cyclothiazide ; hydrochlorthiazide ; thiazide diuretics ; potassium-sparing diuretics ; saluretic effect ; hypokalaemia ; hyperuricaemia ; amiloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive, saluretic and hypokalaemic effects of a small dose of cyclothiazide (2.5 mg daily) were compared with those of a conventional dose of an hydrochlorthiazide-amiloride hydrochloride combination (50+5 mg daily). Both preparations were given to 13 patients with mild (WHO I) hypertension in a cross-over manner for six weeks, with an intervening wash-out phase of three weeks. The antihypertensive efficacy of cyclothiazide was well comparable to that of the hydrochlorthiazide-amiloride combination, although cyclothiazide tended to inhibit renal sodium reabsorption less than the combination. Cyclothiazide tended to cause hypokalaemia, apparently due to increased potassium loss, but with the present dosage none of the 13 patients developed marked hypokalaemia (serum potassium less than 3.3 mmol/l). Both drugs led to a comparable increase in serum urate concentration. Neither of the preparations affected creatinine or free-water clearance. The results suggest that even in relatively small doses thiazides effectively decrease blood pressure, and combining thiazides with potassium-sparing diuretics is advantageous only in patients with marked hypokalaemia and its associated risks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609621
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  • 20
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    Time-course of the anti-hypertensive action of atenolol: Comparison of response to first dose and to maintained oral administration (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 365-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atenolol ; hypertension ; plasma renin activity ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To show whether repeated administration of atenolol for several days would influence its pharmacokinetic parameters and the extent and duration of the pharmacologic responses, the plasma level of atenolol and changes in heart rate, blood pressure and plasma renin activity were measured in 12 hypertensive patients at various times of day (9 a. m., 12 noon, 3 p. m. and 7 p. m.) after oral administration of the first dose of atenolol 100 mg, again during the 7th and 14th days of continued once-daily administration of the same dose, and finally during the three days following withdrawal of the drug. The peak plasma concentration of atenolol (about 600 ng/ml) was found 3 h after administration of the first dose, and measurable amounts (50–70 ng/ml) were found after 24 h. None of the pharmacokinetic characteristics were changed by administration of a single daily dose for two weeks. After withdrawal of the drug, detectable amounts of atenolol were found in plasma for at least 48 h. The first dose of atenolol caused prompt (3 h) and prolonged (up to 24 h) lowering of supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures, slowing of supine and standing heart rate, reduction of the blood pressure and heart rate responses to dynamic exercise, and a decrease in plasma renin activity. The extent and time-course of all these responses were not influenced by repeated once-daily administration of the 100 mg dose for two weeks. Most of the effects continued during the withdrawal days, the lowering of blood pressure being somewhat more prolonged than the slowing of heart rate. It is concluded that a once-daily dose of atenolol 100 mg decreases blood pressure and heart rate throughout the following 24 h, without excessive daily fluctuation in its effects, and without signs of tolerance or accumulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636787
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  • 21
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    Once-daily dosing of timolol in hypertension: A controlled study (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 239-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: timolol ; hypertension ; dose ranging ; double-blind trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nine previously untreated patients with mild-moderate hypertension were included in a dose-ranging double-blind trial to determine the effectiveness of daily versus thrice daily timolol administration. In 8 patients control of blood pressure was equally effective though with significantly lower heart rate achieved in the once daily group. One patient was not satisfactorily controlled on the daily regimen demonstrating that many but not all hypertensives can be controlled with daily administration of timolol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00625796
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  • 22
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    Relationship of propranolol pharmacokinetics to antihypertensive effect and beta-adrenergic blockade in the treatment of hypertension (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 391-394 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; hypertension ; beta-adrenergic blockade ; exercise heart rate ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of propranolol in 16 hypertensive patients was compared after the first oral dose of 80 mg and during chronic treatment with 80 mg bd. The degree of beta-adrenergic blockade was estimated by the reduction in maximal exercise heart rate. No significant change in plasma half-life occurred and there was no correlation between the mean steady-state propranolol concentration and beta-adrenergic blockade or antihypertensive effect. A linear relationship was observed between the decrease in blood pressure and the reduction in heart rate during maximal exercise. Therefore, the antihypertensive effect of propranolol can be explained by its peripheral beta-adrenergic blocking properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636790
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  • 23
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    Response of blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine to propranolol, metoprolol and clonidine during isometric and dynamic excercise in hypertensive patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-blocker ; hypertension ; clonidine ; plasma catecholamines ; metoprolol ; propranolol ; blood pressure responses ; isometric work ; dynamic work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of metropolol (beta1-selective), propranolol (nonselective) and clonidine (central alpha-stimulant) on plasma norepinephrine, blood pressure and heart rate were assessed at rest, during isometric work and dynamic exercise in 15 patients with moderate hypertension. Metroprolol resulted in a lower diastolic blood pressure during isometric and dynamic exercise than propranolol, which was paralleled by a lower plasma norepinephrine level during dynamic work; both beta-adrenergic blocking compounds resulted in a lower heart rate in all test situations than that obtained with clonidine; clonidine produced similar control of diastolic blood pressure to that obtained with the beta-adrenergic blocking agents, but did not clearly attenuate the systolic blood pressure response to dynamic exercise. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations tended to be lowest following clonidine, especially during dynamic work. The findings support the hypothesis that the central action of clonidine inhibits peripheral release of norepinephrine, but is insufficient to attenuate cardiac stimulation by physical exercise. The fact that propranolol caused higher plasma norepinephrine concentrations than metoprolol during exercise may explain the difference in the blood pressure responses during exercise.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637613
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  • 24
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    Simplified antihypertensive therapy with pindolol retard (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 445-449 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; hypertension ; retard formulation ; plasma levels ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 36 out of 52 patients with essential hypertension, whose blood pressure was not normalized with pindolol 15 mg per day, were treated with 30 mg per day for four to six weeks. Pindolol was administered in random order, either as 15 mg twice daily or as one 30 mg retard tablet once daily. Blood pressure was lowered from mean pretreatment levels of 174/111 mmHg to 149/98 mmHg by 15 mg b.d., and to 145/97 mmHg by 30 mg retard. In five patients diurnal variations in blood pressure and plasma pindolol levels were determined. At all times during the day blood pressure was at least as well controlled by 30 mg retard as by 15 mg b.d. Plasma concentration maxima were similar with both forms, but a higher concentration was maintained for a longer time after the retard tablet. Pindolol 30 mg was well tolerated and the incidence of side effects was lower than during treatment with 15 mg b.d. Thus, patients requiring high doses of pindolol for control of hypertension can safely and conveniently be treated with a single tablet of 30 mg pindolol retard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542036
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  • 25
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    Haemodynamic changes in heart failure induced by a new vasodilator tolesmoxide (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 473-477 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; vasodilators ; heart failure ; haemodynamics ; hypertension ; sulphoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic effect of Tolmesoxide, a new sulphoxide chemically dissimilar from other vasodilators, was investigated in eight patients with chronic heart failure subsequent to ischaemic heart disease and/or hypertension. Tolmesoxide significantly increased the cardiac output and reduced the indices of systemic vascular resistance, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure and left ventricular filling pressure in most patients studied. These changes were observed both as acute and chronic effects. No significant effect on the mean arterial pressure, heart rate or myocardial oxygen supply/demand was observed. Tolmesoxide appeared to be therapeutically potent by both intravenous and oral routes.
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  • 26
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    Studies on the autonomic nervous system in borderline hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 285-288 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; plasma adrenaline ; plasma noradrenaline ; isoprenaline response ; noradrenaline response ; salivation ; parasympathetic nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Parameters of the autonomic nervous system were studied in normotensive subjects (NT; standing blood pressure (BP)≤125/85 mmHg) and in subjects with borderline hypertension (BHT; 140/90≤standing BP〈60/100 mmHg). No differences in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels were found between NT and BHT subjects, neither at rest nor during exercise at 75% of maximum work capacity. The dose of noradrenaline required to increase systolic BP by 10 mmHg was significantly higher in NT than in BHT subjects (5.13±0.42 vs 3.50±0.57 µg · min−1). No difference between NT and BHT subjects was found in the dose of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 20 beats · min−1 (1.21±0.12 vs 1.09±0.11 µg · min−1). Resting salivary flow was significantly lower in BHT than in NT subjects (0.39±0.06 vs 0.98±0.06 g · min−1), suggesting decreased parasympathetic activity in the former group. The enhanced pressor effect of noradrenaline, together with the decreased parasympathetic activity, could explain the elevated blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with borderline hypertension.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548394
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  • 27
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    Effects of a new long-acting beta-blocker bopindolol (LT 31-200) on blood pressure, plasma catecholamines, renin and cholesterol in patients with arterial hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 491-493 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bopindolol ; hypertension ; beta-blocker ; blood pressure ; plasma renin ; plasma catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bopindolol (LT 31-200), a new, long-acting, non-selective beta-blocker, was given as monotherapy to 13 patients, 12 with essential hypertension and 1 with renovascular hypertension. After a placebo period of 4–6 weeks, bopindolol was given once daily, starting with 1 mg and subsequently increasing at two-weekly intervals to 2 and 4 mg once daily until a diastolic blood pressure⩽90 mmHg was achieved. The effective dose was continued for 12 weeks. In 10 patients plasma levels of renin, noradrenaline, adrenaline and cholesterol were measured during placebo and after 3 months of therapy. Blood pressure and heart rate were lowered significantly during bopindolol treatment. The mean effective dose was 2.2 mg per day. In 10/13 patients a diastolic blood pressure⩽90 mmHg was achieved. Side effects were minimal. Changes in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were small and not significant, but renin and cholesterol were significantly reduced. Thus, LT 31-200 is an effective and well tolerated beta-blocker when given in a once daily dosage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609620
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  • 28
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    Long-term therapy of arterial hypertension with nifedipine given alone or in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 101-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; nifedipine ; beta-adrenoceptor blockade ; long-term treatment ; adverse effects ; propranolol ; timolol ; metoprolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of nifedipine during long-term therapy was investigated in 5 patients receiving nifedipine as the sole drug and in 10 patients who had nifedipine in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug. Nifedipine monotherapy was problematic because of side-effects and development of resistance to therapy after a few months. In patients who received the combined therapy significant and stable blood pressure reductions were maintained during the whole observation period (12–33 months). However, the occurrence of peripheral oedema in 4 of the patients necessitated the addition of a thiazide diuretic. It is concluded that nifedipine is not a first choice drug for the long-term treatment of arterial hypertension. When given in addition to a beta-blocker it is well tolerated and powerful but fluid retention may occur and if not counteracted by a diuretic it will limit the antihypertensive potential of the drug.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542452
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  • 29
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    Acute and long-term hypotensive effects and plasma concentrations of nifedipine in patients with essential hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 197-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; low dose ; plasma concentration ; acute and long-term treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute and long-term hypotensive effects of low doses of nifedipine, and the correlation between the fall in the blood pressure (BP) and the plasma nifedipine concentration, were investigated in patients with essential hypertension. The oral administration of nifedipine 5 mg rapidly decreased BP from 163±22/101±10 to 127±12/82±9 mmHg (mean±SD; p〈0.001), and increased heart rate from 72±8 to 76±6 beats/min (p〈0.05), plasma renin activity rose from 1.2±0.6 to 1.4±0.8 ng/ml/h (p〈0.05), and plasma nifedipine concentration was 75.6±22.0 ng/ml 30 min after administration (n=7). The nifedipine concentration was significantly correlated both with the fall in BP (r=0.410, p〈0.02, n=31) and the rise in the heart rate (r=0.412, p〈0.02, n=31). Treatment with nifedipine 5 mg t.d.s. alone or in combination either with propranolol 10 mg t.d.s., or thiazide 1 tablet daily, or propranolol and thiazide, controlled BP in 36 patients during the 22 week study period. During the long-term nifedipine therapy, the plasma nifedipine level was significantly correlated with the fall in systolic (r=0.577, p〈0.01, n=20) and diastolic (r=0.595, p〈0.01, n=20) BP. It was concluded that the plasma nifedipine concentration could be correlated with the fall in BP, and that low doses of nifedipine, either as monotherapy or in combination, were effective in the acute and long-term treatment of patients with essential hypertension.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547553
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  • 30
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    Antihypertensive mechanism of the diuretic muzolimine in mild renal failure (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 215-220 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; muzolimine ; mild renal functional impairment ; diuretic treatment ; body sodium ; catecholamines ; cardiovascular pressor responsiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen patients with mild impairment of renal function (glomerular filtration rate 65±5 ml/min: m±SEM) and hypertension (168/105±6/3 mmHg) were shown on average to have abnormally increased cardiovascular pressor responsiveness to infused norepinephrine (NE; p〈0.05), whereas plasma and urinary NE, exchangeable body sodium and blood-volume did not differ significantly from normal. A slightly increased pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II was associated with a tendency to low plasma renin activity (PRA). Compared to placebo conditions, treatment with the loop-diuretic muzolimine in a mean dose of 35±2 mg/day for six weeks decreased blood-pressure and exchangeable sodium (p〈0.05), and NE pressor responsiveness was restored to normal values, whilst plasma and urinary NE were not significantly changed. This was consistent with improvement of the initially abnormal relationship between NE levels and NE responsiveness factors. In contrast, the pressor dose of angiotensin II and PRA were increased to an approximatively similar extent during muzolimine treatment. These observations suggest that removal of body sodium and a decrease in NE reactivity without an equivalent increase in sympathetic nervous activity may be important complementary factors in the antihypertensive mechanisms of diuretic treatment in patients with mild renal functional impairment.
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  • 31
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    Acute effects of prizidilol on blood pressure, heart rate, catecholamines, renin and aldosterone in essential hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 289-296 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prizidilol ; vasodilator ; hypertension ; beta blocker ; plasma renin ; aldosterone ; catecholamines ; acetylator type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prizidilol is a new antihypertensive agent reported to possess combined precapillary vasodilator and betareceptor-blocking properties. To clarify the profile of the acute effects of prizidilol in man, a variable dose study was performed in 8 patients with benign essential hypertension. Blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, plasma and urinary catecholamines and electrolytes were determined at short intervals before and up to 23 h after oral administration of placebo and prizidilol 150, 300 and 600 mg. The 4 studies were performed at weekly intervals according to a Latin square design. Prizidilol produced dose-dependent decreases in supine and upright blood pressure, with an initial change after about 2 h and maximal effects from 4 to 8 h after drug ingestion. Following a high dose of prizidilol, supine mean blood pressure (average 128 mmHg prior to treatment) was normalised (〈107 mmHg) from 3 to 7 h and was still below predose levels 23 h after ingestion. The only reported side effects were postural dizziness in 2 cases (corresponding to a fall in systolic upright blood pressure to 〈95 mmHg) and headache in one case. A biphasic variation in heart rate and plasma renin activity, with an early drop and a subsequent tendency to a slight rise, was observed after an intermediate or high dose of prizidilol. Plasma norepinephrine levels were increased by a high dose of prizidilol, while plasma epinephrine, aldosterone and plasma and urinary electrolytes were not consistently changed. Prizidilol in a single oral dose appeared to be a potent antihypertensive agent. The profile of heart rate and plasma renin point to early dominance of beta-blockade followed by appearance of the concomitant vasodilator properties of prizidilol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613608
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  • 32
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    Reserpine, hydrochlorothiazide and pituitary-gonadal hormones in hypertensive patients (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 329-332 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: reserpine ; hydrochlorothiazide ; pituitary hormones ; gonadal hormones ; hypertension ; serum concentration ; antihypertensive therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sex histories and serum samples were obtained from 27 hypertensive men before and after 3 months of therapy with either 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide or 0.25 mg of reserpine daily. Sera were analyzed for testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone and prolactin. Both drugs effectively lowered blood pressure. The incidence of impaired sexual performance was low and insignificantly different in the two treatment groups. There were no significant changes in serum hormone concentrations as a result of drug therapy.
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    Single daily dose penbutolol in the treatment of hypertension: A double blind crossover comparison with propranolol (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 409-413 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: penbutolol ; hypertension ; propranolol ; double-blind crossover comparison ; blood pressure ; heart rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penbutolol is a potent long-acting non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker with partial agonist activity. A double-blind cross-over comparison of penbutolol given in a single daily dose and propranolol given twice daily in the treatment of ambulant patients with moderate hypertension is described. Fourteen patients completed the study and were treated with each drug for 12 weeks. Penbutolol in daily doses of 20–120 mg and propranolol in daily doses of 80–400 mg produced similar significant reductions in both supine and erect blood pressure. Penbutolol did not reduce heart rate to the same extent as propranolol, in equivalent doses. Penbutolol appears to produce adequate control of moderate hypertension when administered once a day, and this effect appears to be equivalent to divided doses of propranolol. No serious adverse effects were reported, although one patient receiving penbutolol experienced severe eye pains at a dose of 40 mg which resolved on crossing over to treatment with propranolol.
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  • 34
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    Influence of propranolol and pindolol on the haemodynamic effects of papaverine, isoprenaline and noradrenaline in hypertensive patients (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 18 (1980), S. 141-146 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: papaverine ; propranolol ; pindolol ; hypertension ; isoprenaline ; haemodynamic effects ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of two β-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol and pindolol, on the haemodynamic effects of papaverine, isoprenaline and noradrenaline was investigated in 9 male patients with first degree essential hypertension. Propranolol and pindolol were given according to a doubleblind, crossover scheme. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured before and after each treatment. Propranolol 670 µg/kg i. v. reduced the supine and standing systolic blood pressures by 2.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Similarly, the intravenous administration of pindolol 35 µg/kg reduced supine and standing systolic blood pressure by 5.5% and 8.3% respectively (clinically insignificant). Neither drug affected diastolic blood pressure. Following propranolol, there were moderate reductions in supine and standing heart rates, respectively by 24% and 20% (p〈0.001). Similarly, but to a lesser extent, pindolol reduced supine and standing heart rate by 12% and 17% (p〈0.001). The effects of papaverine, which, at 1.5 mg/kg i. v. reduced systolic blood pressure by 5–10% and increased heart rate by 8–15%, were not significantly influenced by the β-blockers. The blood pressure and heart rate responses to isoprenaline, on the other hand, were attenuated or inhibited by both β-blockers. While the β-blockers inhibited the β-adrenoceptor component of noradrenaline, the pressor component of noradrenaline, which is mediated through the α-adrenoceptors, was not influenced by propranolol, but was inhibited after pindolol. It is concluded that pindolol differs qualitatively from propranolol in that it inhibited both the α-and β-adrenoceptor effects of noradrenaline.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561581
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    Time course of blood pressure, pulse rate, plasma renin and metoprolol during treatment of hypertensive patients (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 321-328 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma renin ; blood pressure effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven patients were treated for essential hypertension with metoprolol (Selokén®) for more than three months. The time course of changes in blood pressure, pulse rate and plasma renin activity was studied during treatment with an oral maintenance dose of 100 mg twice daily. Significant decreases in pulse rate, diastolic blood pressure and plasma renin activity were observed even after the first dose. The plasma concentration of metoprolol reached equilibrium after the second dose. After the third dose there was no further significant change in blood pressure. There was a significant correlation (p〈0.001) between the initial (after three doses) and final (after 〉90days) effect of metoprolol on blood pressure (r=0.86 and 0.91 for systolic and diastolic blood pressure change, respectively).
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    Effect of spironolactone on systemic blood pressure, limb blood flow and response to sympathetic stimulation in hypertensive patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 263-267 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; spironolactone ; hypotensive action ; peripheral circulation ; plethysmography ; handgrip test ; cold pressure test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since there is only scanty, indirect information about the mechanism of the hypotensive effect of spironolactone, 9 patients with essential hypertension were studied according to a randomised double-blind, cross-over protocol. Spironolactone 100mg b.i.d. and placebo were each given for one month and the following parameters were studied: blood pressure, heart rate, response to cold pressure and hand-grip tests, as well as blood flow in the calf and finger vessels. Flow in the calf and fingers representing muscle and skin arteries, respectively, was measured semicontinuously with an ECG-triggered venous occlusion plethysmograph. After spironolactone there was a significant decrease in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the supine, sitting and standing positions; the sitting systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by (mean ± SE) 27±4mm Hg (p〈0.001) and 11±4mm Hg (p〈0.02), respectively. No orthostatic response was observed. Heart rate remained unchanged. Blood flow through muscle and skin vessels increased in 6 out of 9 patients, and in these patients calculated vascular resistance in these areas decreased. Spironolactone did not significantly change the response of systemic blood pressure to the handgrip and cold pressure tests. The present data confirm the hypotensive properties of spironolactone and show that this effect is associated with dilatation of muscle and skin arteries in many but not in all the patients. The data do not support the hypothesis that spironolactone decreases the responsiveness of systemic blood pressure to orthosympathetic stimulation.
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    Effects of once daily indapamide and pindolol on blood pressure, plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity in a general practice setting (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; indapamide ; pindolol ; plasma renin activity ; plasma aldosterone concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen patients with essential hypertension completed a double blind factorial trial comparing the effects of indapamide (2.5 mg daily) and pindolol (10 mg daily) on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration. There were four randomised test phases of eight weeks each during which patients received indapamide alone, pindolol alone, indapamide plus pindolol and no active treatment (placebo). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured every two weeks. Supine mean arterial pressure fell from 117 mm Hg in the placebo phase to 111 mm Hg in the indapamide phase, 106 mm Hg in the pindolol phase and 103 mm Hg in the combined indapamide plus pindolol phase. Factorial analysis confirmed that the hypotensive effects of the two drugs were additive, without evidence of potentiation or antagonism. Indapamide caused significant reductions in plasma potassium and chloride, and increases in plasma bicarbonate and urate concentrations; it also caused increases in plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. These changes are similar to those observed with thiazide diuretics.
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  • 38
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    Titration of nadolol in the treatment of hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 487-489 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nadolol ; hypertension ; effective dose range ; compliance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An open, observer-blind, therapeutic titration trial was carried out in 28 patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension to determine the effective dose range of nadolol given once a day. 11 patients became normotensive (supine diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or below) with 80 mg, 4 with 120 mg and 1 with 160 mg. The largest step in the reduction of blood pressure was achieved with the first dose step of 80 mg, and only a small, non-significant further decrease was obtained with higher dose levels. Thus, nadolol, unlike propranolol, has a narrow effective dose range, and this should permit a brief dose adjustment period, which would be important in improving patient compliance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609619
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  • 39
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    The clinical pharmacology of tolmesoxide (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 93-97 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: tolmesoxide ; vasodilator ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; haemodynamics ; plasma renin activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The haemodynamic response and pharmacokinetics of single dose oral tolmesoxide were studied at various dose levels in 4 patients with severe hypertension. There was a reproducible fall in mean arterial pressure from baseline of 24.2% and a rise in heart rate of 37.6% following administration of tolmesoxide. The onset of antihypertensive action occurred within 1 h, with a peak effect at 3 h after dosing. The mean duration of action was up to 12.0 h. Tolmesoxide had a mean half-life of 3.0 h. It was rapidly absorbed with a mean peak plasma level occurring at 1.0 h. Plasma levels correlated well with the doses administered. Side-effects included mild nausea, facial flushing and postural symptoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545961
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  • 40
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    Comparison of labetalol, propranolol and hydralazine in hypertensive out-patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 457-460 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; propranolol ; hydralazine ; labetalol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a randomised cross-over trial the combination labetalol/hydrochlorothiazide was compared with the combination of propranolol/hydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide in 34 uncomplicated hypertensive patients, who were not satisfactorily controlled with hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg alone. The elevated diastolic pressure (D.P.) in 27 patients responded satisfactorily to the labetalol schedule and in 28 patients to the propranolol/hydralazine schedule. No difference was found in the rate of decrease of D.P., nor in the disappearance of hypertension — related complaints. Although the duration of the washout between treatments was at least one month, treatment was significantly more efficacious during the second period. Labetalol pre-treatment especially seemed to enhance the effect of subsequent propranolol/hydralazine administration. Side effects due to therapy were rare and were not related to any particular treatment. The median daily dose of labetalol in responders was 600 mg and that of propranolol/hydralazine 120/60 mg (in both therapies hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg was given in addition). Patients showed a slight preference for the labetaol medication. It is concluded that labetalol/hydrochlorothiazide and propranolol/hydralazine/hydrochlorothiazide are equally satisfactory in the treatment of uncomplicated hypertension.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542038
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  • 41
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    Ticrynafen and hydrochlorothiazide a comparison in hypertensive patients with renal impairment (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 203-206 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; ticrynafen ; hydrochlorothiazide ; renal impairment ; uricosuria ; diuretic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy of ticrynafen in the treatment of hypertension in patients with moderate renal impairment was compared with that of hydrochlorothiazide in a randomised, double-blind crossover trial in eleven subjects with renal insufficiency. Significant reductions in blood pressure occurred with both treatments, with the maximum responses occurring at different time intervals and to different degrees in individual patients. Thus, although ticrynafen caused a significant reduction in blood pressure in this group of hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency, it was not consistently different from that which could be achieved with hydrochlorothiazide. Ticrynafen also significantly reduced the serum uric acid concentration, compared with a significant rise with hydrochlorothiazide. No major biochemical abnormalities or side-effects were encountered in any subject. Thus, in these patients with renal insufficiency, ticrynafen still demonstrated a uricosuric effect as well as a useful anti-hypertensive action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545215
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  • 42
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    Clinical evaluation of labetalol alone and combined with chlorthalidone in essential hypertension: A double-blind multicentre controlled study (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: labetalol ; chlorthalidone ; hypertension ; fixed combination ; antihypertensive therapy ; side effects ; multicentre study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a multicentre, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study, the antihypertensive effect of labetalol 100 mg and chlorthalidone 10 mg, given alone or in combination, has been assessed in 32 hypertensive patients. The combination had a greater effect in reducing blood pressure than did its separate components. This was particularly evident after exercise. Heart rate increased during chlorthalidone therapy, decreased during labetalol therapy, and a summation effect was observed during treatment with the combination. In most cases additivity was observed, as no interaction between the single components was observed, except for heart rate after exercise, and for diastolic blood pressure in the upright position. No interaction was observed either in the biochemical indices or in the clinical side-effects.
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  • 43
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    Antihypertensive effect of fractionated sublingual administration of nifedipine in moderate essential hypertension (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 161-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; blood pressure ; heart rate ; plasma renin activity ; aldosterone ; clinical trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The magnitude and duration of the antihypertensive effect of nifedipine were studied in 7 cases of moderate essential hypertension. In a double-blind crossover study, nifedipine 10 mg or a placebo were administered sublingually 4 times a day for 2 days, and the results were compared. Each dose of nifedipine reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 14% both in the supine and upright positions. The antihypertensive action lasted for about 3 h and it was not cumulative. The reduction in blood pressure was associated with a temporary increase in heart rate. Administration of nifedipine 10 mg did not significantly raise plasma renin activity or plasma aldosterone. The drug was well tolerated and no side effects were detected.
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  • 44
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    Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in hypertensive subjects with and without co-administration of chlorthalidone (1980)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 17 (1980), S. 333-337 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atenolol ; chlorthalidone ; hypertension ; chronic treatment ; co-administration ; plasma half-life ; urine half-life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of atenolol with and without the co-administration of chlorthalidone were studied in five hypertensive subjects. Concomitant administration of chlorthalidone appears to have little if any effect on the pharmacokinetics of atenolol during treatment for 7 days. The atenolol elimination half-lives were 6.7±1.1 and 6.3±0.9 h, respectively, with and without chlorthalidone. Two healthy volunteers also received a single 50 mg oral dose of chlorthalidone. Their blood profiles and pharmacokinetics were similar to those observed in hypertensive subjects, but a statistically significant difference (p〈0.01) was found between the urinary excretion half-lives of chlorthalidone. This difference may be because chronic administration of the drug caused saturation of red cell binding.
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  • 45
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    Effects of treatment with nifedipine and metoprolol in essential hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 389-390 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; metoprolol ; hypertension ; calcium antagonist ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind trial 26 patients with essential hypertension were treated with nifedipine or placebo for 8 weeks, following a 4-week run-in place-bo period in all patients. The daily dosage of nifedipine during this phase was 10mg 3 times daily. Metoprolol was then added to the therapeutic regimen of both groups for a further 12 weeks. Both nifedipine and metoprolol used as mono-therapy caused statistically significant reductions of arterial pressure. The addition of metoprolol to nifedipine tended to reduce blood pressure further, but blood pressures were not significantly lower than during nifedipine mono-therapy. Side-effects were few and only two patients had to be withdrawn during active therapy, one for headaches during nifedipine therapy, and another for asthma during metoprolol treatment. Combined therapy with a beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, such as metoprolol, and a calcium antagonist with vasodilating properties, such as nifedipine, offers a theoretically interesting approach in the treatment of hypertension, even though the practical outcome in the present study probably suffered from an inadequate dose of nifedipine during the period of combined therapy.
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  • 46
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    Penbutolol (Hoe 893 d) in primary hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 95-99 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: penbutolol ; hypertension ; primary hypertension ; blood pressure response ; plasma concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penbutolol (Hoe 893 d), a long-acting non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, was given once daily to 23 patients with primary hypertension, WHO Stages I–II. The dose (50–100 mg) needed to achieve the therapeutic goal, i.e. supine diastolic BP〈95 mm Hg, was titrated individually. On a daily dose of penbutolol 83±19 mg (mean±SD) blood pressure (BP, mean±SD) fell from 180±21/112±8 mmHg on placebo to 154±25/94±14 mmHg. 18 patients who reached the therapeutic goal (responders) continued in a double blind, cross-over study versus placebo, during which the supine BP fell on average 20/10 mmHg on the same dose of penbutolol, and 2/1 mmHg on placebo. Plasma concentrations (mean±SD) of free 0.10±0.07 µg/ml) and total (2.02±1.39 µg/ml) penbutolol did not differ between responders and nonresponders, and were not correlated with the fall in BP. Side effects were mild and mostly well tolerated. One patient developed dermatitis and another an elevation of liver enzymes.
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  • 47
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    In vitro and in vivo down-regulation of human plateletα 2-adrenoceptors by clonidine (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 403-409 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alpha-2-adrenoceptors ; hypertension ; clonidine ; human platelets ; 3H-yohimbine binding ; receptor regulation ; clonidine withdrawal ; desensitization ; GTP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of clonidine on the number ofα 2-adrenoceptors in human platelet membranes, determined by3H-yohimbine binding, was investigatedin vitro andin vivo. Incubation of platelet membranes with clonidine (1–100 µM) for 16 h at 25 °C led to a concentration-dependent decrease in the number of3H-yohimbine binding sites of 10–25%; the affinity of3H-yohimbine to the sites was not changed (KD approximately 3–4 nM). In such “desensitized” membranes, inhibition of3H-yohimbine binding by clonidine resulted in steep, monophasic displacement curves, which in comparison to the curves from control membranes (IC50 for clonidine 90 nM), were shifted to the right (IC50: 321 nM) and were not affected by 10−4M guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP). Treatment of 3 hypertensive patients with clonidine (3×150 µg/d for 7 days) reduced blood pressure and heart rate. Simultaneously, both3H-yohimbine binding sites on platelet membranes and plasma catecholamine levels decreased within three days and remained at a reduced level during treatment. After abrupt cessation of clonidine treatment, blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines rapidly increased, reaching values after two days similar to or higher than those before treatment.3H-yohimbine binding sites, however, initially decreased further before returning to control values. In platelet membranes derived from hypertensive patients treated with clonidine for at least three weeks, GTP (10−4M) had no influence on inhibition of3H-yohimbine binding by (—)-adrenaline and clonidine. It is concluded that clonidine desensitizesα 2-adrenoceptors in human platelet membranesin vitro andin vivo. An important step in the desensitization process is the uncoupling of receptor occupancy by agonists and adenylate cyclase activity, as indicated by loss of the regulatory activity of GTP on desensitized membranes. The clonidine withdrawal syndrome may be caused by enhanced release of endogenous catecholamines not adequately regulated by presynapticα 2-adrenoceptors, which have become subsensitive after chronic clonidine treatment.
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  • 48
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    Comparison of two doses of betaxolol and placebo in hypertension: A randomized, double-blind cross-over trial (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 491-494 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: betaxolol ; hypertension ; double-blind trial ; cross-over trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Betaxolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker, which has a bioavailability of 90% and a T1/2 of 20 h. A four group, cross-over double-blind trial was conducted to select between betaxolol 20 mg and 40 mg for long term trials. 60 patients were allocated randomly to one of the sequences placebo-20 mg, 20 mg-placebo, placebo-40 mg and 40 mg-placebo, each treatment lasting for 2 weeks. Groups were homogenous for baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP), age and male/female ratio, and were slightly unbalanced for weight. A two-way ANOVA (3 treatments, 2 sequences) showed no treatment-sequence interaction nor sequence effect. The mean reduction in DBP was 14.2±1.8 mm Hg following 20 mg and 18.0±1.8 following 40 mg betaxolol, and 4.0±1.2 mm Hg during placebo (p〈0.001). Age, weight, baseline DBP and duration of hypertension did not influence the treatment effect. The 95% confidence intervals of the reduction in DBP were 10.4–17.9 for 20 mg and 14.3–21.6 mm Hg for betaxolol 40 mg. Aiming at a mean reduction to 90 mm Hg, betaxolol 20 mg would appear to be adequate in similar patient populations.
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  • 49
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    Prizidilol (SK & F 92657), a new vasodilator with beta-blocking properties in the treatment of essential hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 411-415 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prizidilol ; hypertension ; side effects ; chronic treatment ; antihypertensive effect ; anaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effect of a new vasodilator with betablocking properties (SK & F 92657) was investigated in 10 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. After a mean treatment period of 26,5 weeks (6,5–49 weeks) blood pressure was significantly reduced, from 168±22/106±6 mmHg to 144±19/94±12 mmHg (p〈0.05 and 0.025). The mean dose was 410 mg (100–700 mg). Heart rate decreased slightly from 77±12 to 70±8 beats/min. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone showed only minor changes. Nausea, heavy dreams, facial and hand flushing and mild depression were reported as side effects. In most patients the symptoms disappeared without reduction in the dose. In one patient anaemia developed after 7 weeks and treatment with prizidilol was stopped. A slight but statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration of 1.1±0.6 g/dl was observed in 5 of the 10 patients (p〈0.02). Thus, a mean dose of prizidilol of 410±242 mg/day had a mean blood pressure lowering effect of 24/12 mmHg. In 7 of the 10 patients (70%) diastolic blood pressure could be reduced to 95 mmHg or less. However, the observed haematological side-effects should be carefully monitored in further studies and may limit the clinical use of prizidilol.
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  • 50
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    The use of long-acting propranolol (‘Inderal’ LA) in the management of elderly hypertensive patients (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 22 (1982), S. 379-381 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: propranolol ; hypertension ; elderly patients ; long-acting propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifteen elderly patients whose hypertension was controlled by conventional propranolol 80 mg twice a day had their medication changed to one capsule of ‘Inderal’ LA1 (160 mg) daily. The blood pressure, heart rate and propranolol concentrations were measured at various time points when the patients were receiving the conventional preparation and these assessments were repeated when the long-acting preparation was administered. Although the heart rate was lower with conventional propranolol than with ‘Inderal’ LA there was no significant difference in the blood pressure levels. The mean peak blood level of propranolol was, however, significantly lower with ‘Inderal’ LA compared with conventional propranolol and occurred later. At 12 h the plasma propranolol levels were higher after ‘Inderal’ LA than following the intake of conventional propranolol (p〈0.01); there was no difference in the plasma levels at 24 h. The area under the concentration time curve was significantly higher on conventional propranolol. Compared with published data, the plasma levels were higher than those in younger patients. ‘Inderal’ LA was well tolerated and side effects were minimal.
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  • 51
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    Within patient comparison of prazosin and UK-33,274. A new alpha-adrenoceptor-antagonist (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 397-401 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; prazosin ; alpha-adrenoceptors ; alpha-blocking drugs ; UK-33,274
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension received increasing single daily doses of UK-33,274, a new alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist, and prazosin for 4 days, in a open cross-over study. Doses were increased until a satifactory blood pressure response was obtained. Average doses reached were 4.5 mg for UK-33,274 and 2.4 mg for prazosin. The maximum effect of the two drugs on standing blood pressure was similar, but prazosin was more effective in the supine position. Both drugs had a greater effect on standing than on supine blood pressure. UK-33,274 caused a consistent increase in heart rate while prazosin did not. Whereas there was no clear difference between the two compounds in the duration of the reduction in blood pressure the onset of action was more gradual for UK-33,274. The incidence of side-effects was similar for both drugs. The data suggest that UK-33,274 is less effective than prazosin in reducing blood pressure.
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  • 52
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    Comparative evaluation of the new vasodilator carprazidil and minoxidil in the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 23 (1982), S. 483-489 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carprazidil ; minoxidil ; hypertension ; catecholamines ; renin ; aldosterone ; blood volume ; hypertrichosis ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy and side effects of the new vasodilator carprazidil and the established vasodilator minoxidil were compared in 18 hypertensive patients inadequately controlled by 2 to 4 conventional drugs; the latter included diuretics, beta-blockers and/or sympatholytics and, in half the cases, vasodilators, such as hydralazine, diazoxide or the postsynaptic alpha-blocker prazosin. The vasodilators were withdrawn and, using a crossover design all patients received carprazidil (mean final dose 88 mg) and minoxidil (20 mg) for an average period of 5 to 6 months. The effects of the 2 agents appeared to be qualitatively and quantitatively similar. Both tended to cause sodium retention and an increase in heart rate, which required an increased dose of diuretic in one third of the cases or of a beta-blocker in a quarter. With this approach mean body weight and blood volume were not altered in the established phase of carprazidil or minoxidil treatment; heart rate and plasma norepinephrine tended to be only minimally increased, plasma renin was slightly increased, and plasma aldosterone and epinephrine were largely unchanged. Supine and upright blood pressure were reduced from initial values of 189/113 and 167/113 mm Hg, to 149/95 and 138/95 mm Hg (−18 and −17%), respectively, during carprazidil, and to 154/95 and 141/96 mm Hg (−17 and −15%) during minoxidil therapy. Hypertrichosis occurred with both agents in almost all patients, and limits their more prolonged use in females. No adverse side effects on haematological parameters, liver or renal function were observed, nor was antinuclear antibody detected. It is concluded that carprazidil and minoxidil are equivalent vasodilator agents in the treatment of severe hypertension, particularly in males.
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    An electron microscopic study on the mating tube formation in the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 215-221 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mating tube ; Microtubule ; Tremella ; Ultrastructure ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructure of the mating tube formed in yeast haplont of the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica was studied by electron microscopy. Cell wall of the mating tube emerged as evagination of the inner layers, rupturing outer layers of the mother cell wall. Comparison with budding cells suggested that the tube emergence place at bud scar and the process of tube emergence was the same as that of bud emergence. Electron transparent vesicles of 0.1 μm diameter were scattered in the cytoplasm of the mating tube. Nucleus-associated organelle was located at one side of the nuclear envelope which extended towards the mating tube. A few microtubules were detected in the mating tube, but their association with a nucleus was not clear. The cytoplasmic structure of the mating tube was discussed in comparison with that of hyphae of the filamentous fungi.
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    Ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium,Mastigocladus laminosus (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 11-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Mastigocladus laminosus ; Fischerella ; True branching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the thermophilic cyanobacteriumMastigocladus laminosus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mature cultures consisted of relatively old, wide filaments that branched frequently to form younger, thinner filaments. The cells of the younger filaments had a consistently cylindrical morphology, while those of older filaments were rounded and pleomorphic. The internal ultrastructure of the cells depended somewhat on their age. As young cells became larger and wider, their thylakoids underwent slight rearrangement and spread out toward the center of the cytoplasm. Polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), and lipid-body-like structures increased in number as the cells aged, but ribosomes and cyanophycin granules were depleted. Cell division involved septum formation followed by ingrowth of the outer membrane and sheath. Cells in older filaments were separated from each other by a complete layer of sheath material. Septum formation in older cells was also seen to occur parallel to the long axis of the filament, thereby confirming that true branching took place.
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    Changes of the cytoplasmic ultrastructure during development of sclerotia in Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 125 (1980), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Claviceps purpurea ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Sclerotium ; Oleosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea was investigated by light and electron microscopy. During the first days after infection sterigma and conidiospores are formed. The spores show a moderately developed vacuolar system, they are thick walled and contain about 20% lipid (related to the cell volume) embedded in glycogen. The sterigma are cylindrical unicellular hyphae with electron dense cytoplasm and isolated strongly contrasted lipid droplets. In maturing sclerotia the hyphae become septated with increasingly thick cell walls and a large lipid content. The lipid forms small droplets in young cells, while in the mature sclerotium it occurs in the form of very large drops, occupying the major part of the cell. Simultaneously the composition of the lipid is changed. The mature cells have several nuclei. They are partially connected by osmiophilic substances, forming a network of intercellular spaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446885
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    The lateral eyes of the scorpion, Androctonus australis (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 95-114 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral eyes ; Scorpion ; Ultrastructure ; Retina ; Arhabdomeric cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dioptric apparatus of the lateral eyes of the scorpion, Androctonus austrails, consists of a cuticular lens, but lacks a vitreous body. The retina is formed by (1) retinula cells displaying a contiguous network of rhabdoms; (2) arhabdomeric cells bearing a distal dendrite that contacts retinula cells via numerous projections and ends before the rhabdomere of the retinula cells; (3) pigment cells that ensheath retinula and arhabdomeric cells with the exception of the contact regions; and (4) neurosecretory fibres possibly originating in the supraesophageal ganglion. The ratio of the number of retinula to arhabdomeric cells is determined to be close to 2 ∶ 1 in the three larger anterolateral eyes, in contrast to the median eyes where the ratio is 5 ∶ 1. The construction of the dioptric apparatus as well as the anatomy of the retina imply that in the lateral eyes of Androctonus australis visual acuity is reduced. A certain degree of spatial discrimination, however, may be retained by the presence of a relatively high number of arhabdomeric cells. It is suggested that the lateral eyes of A. australis mainly function as light detectors, e.g., for Zeitgeber stimuli.
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    Fine structure of the compound eyes and interfacetal mechanoreceptors of Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 123-138 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Sense organs ; Compound eyes ; Interfacetal mechanoreceptor ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the compound eyes of adult Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst was examined by use of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Each ommatidium of these photopic eyes is eucone and has a “subcorneal layer” situated between the corneal lens and crystalline cone. A distal rhabdomere consisting only of microvilli from retinula cell seven, a more proximal, rectangular, fused rhabdom formed from six retinula cells, and a basal, eighth retinula cell with a spherical rhabdomere comprise the light sensitive portions of the ommatidium. The “subcorneal layer” consists of lamellae of endocuticular microfibrils and, in surface view, shows 11 concave polygons. Proximal extensions of the crystalline thread form inter-retinular fibres containing microtubules between retinula cells 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/1. The primary pigment cells are devoid of pigment granules, but are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proximal to each retinula cell nucleus are two basal bodies, one perpendicular to the other. The more proximal basal body extends two fibrillar feet proximally which fuse to form a horizontally-banded ciliary rootlet extending the length of the retinula peripheral to the rhabdom. Each ommatidium is surrounded by 16 secondary pigment cells. Interfacetal mechanoreceptors between some adjacent lenses each have a single bipolar neuron, with a dendritic sheath, tubular body, cilium, outer and inner sheath cells, and an axon surrounded by a neurilemma sheath cell.
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    Ontogeny and ultrastructure of somatostatin and calcitonin cells in the thyroid gland of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin cells ; Calcitonin cells ; Ontogeny ; Ultrastructure ; Thyroid (rat)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcitonin cells are relatively numerous in the thyroid gland of the rat. In contrast, somatostatin cells are very scarce except at the time of birth and a few days thereafter, when they are conspicuously numerous. Somatostatin cells of the thyroid gland, which are ultrastructurally similar to somatostatin cells in gut and pancreas, also contain immunoreactive calcitonin. It is not clear whether somatostatin cells in the rat thyroid gland produce calcitonin or accumulate calcitonin from the environment.
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    Ultrastructural and gas-chromatographic analysis of the preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 73-82 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Preputial glands ; Nude mice ; Ultrastructure ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice were analyzed by a combination of electron microscopy and gas chromatography to determine whether or not they are affected, like developing hairs and nails, by the nu/nu genotype. Results of the analyses revealed no differences between the glands of nude and normal male mice in either their ultrastructural characteristics or lipid secretory products.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233724
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    Ultrastructural alterations associated with the initiation of follicular atresia (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 105-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Preovulatory follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Atresia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To identify and describe ovarian follicles committed to undergo follicular degeneration (atresia), immature rats were primed with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). After PMSG treatment, preovulatory follicles develop but subsequently degenerate. Prior to the appearance of pyknotic nuclei (Stage I of atresia), degenerative changes were observed in focal areas of the granulosa cell layer. These changes include “blebbing” of the cytoplasm and alterations in the shape of the granulosa cells. The appearance of these degenerative changes coincides with a decrease in ovarian concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. Since estrogens and androgens maintain the follicle, the decline in estradiol and testosterone could be responsible for the further degenerative alterations that lead to complete deterioration of the preovulatory follicle. In Stage I atretic follicles, lysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles develop and macrophages invade both the thecal and granulosa cell layers. The combined actions of the autophagic vacuoles and macrophages could destroy both the granulosa-cell and thecal layers and thereby transform the preovulatory follicle into an ovarian cyst.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233727
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    A study by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy of the glomerular capillaries in developing rat kidney (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 241-255 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomerulogenesis ; Glomerular capillaries ; Kidney development ; Corrosion casts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kidneys of 2 to 10 day-old rats of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains were fixed with glutaraldehyde by retrograde vascular perfusion and then prepared for observation in TEM and SEM. In addition methacrylate casts of differentiating glomerular capillaries were examined by SEM. Although the glomerular vascular pattern differs from one glomerulus to another, its differentiation proceeds according to the following general plan. First the glomerular capillary splits longitudinally, finally to form 3 to 5 lobules consisting of a capillary network, sustained centrally by the mesangium. In the present study the differentiation of glomerular capillaries is described in five successive arbitrarily selected stages. At Stage I a capillary loop penetrates between the lower limb and the middle segment of the S-shaped body, the rudimentary nephron. At Stage II the capillary undergoes a first subdivision, establishing the primitive lobulation of the glomerulus. At Stage III the vascular and urinary poles differentiate. At Stage IV the glomerulus assumes the aspect of a spherical body, and the capillaries in each lobule undergo subdivision. In Stage V the glomerular vascular pattern approaches its adult appearance, although the maturation processes continue for an extended period of time. Hence in the 10 day-old rat the best-differentiated glomeruli are half the size of adult glomeruli, and their capillary loops are proportionally less well-developed. The capillaries of adjacent lobules may communicate with each other, but a direct vascular shunt between the afferent and efferent vessels cannot be demonstrated.
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    Evidence for two secretory cell types in the Stannius bodies of the teleosts Fundulus heteroclitus and Carassius auratus (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 295-306 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stannius bodies ; Secretory cell types ; Teleosts (Fundulus, Carassius) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Stannius bodies of killifish and goldfish were ultrastructurally investigated after exposure of the fish to media of different osmolality and calcium content. In both species two structurally different secretory cell types are found. Type-1 cells predominate. They contain an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum, some large Golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter of about 0.4 μm. These cells are activated by transfer of freshwater fish to seawater, but not by transfer to low-calcium seawater. Type-2 cells often contain cytoplasmic processes that penetrate between the type-1 cells and are ending on the basal lamina. In this contact area granule release takes place. Type-2 cells contain some strands of granular endoplasmic reticulum, several small Golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter between 0.15 and 0.20 μm. Type-2 cells are not activated after transfer of fish to seawater. In killifish seawater exposure leads to a reduction of type-2 cells. The differences between the reactions of both cell types to different media point to functional differences between their secretory products. Type-1 cells may produce a hypocalcemic factor. It is concluded that type-2 cells are typical for freshwater fish or euryhaline fish spending part of their life cycle in freshwater. The proper function of these cells is unclear.
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    The occurrence of erythropoiesis in the thymus of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 307-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus (Mammalia) ; Erythropoiesis ; Macrocytes ; Anaemia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thymus of wild young and adult bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) was examined by histological methods for the presence of developing erythroid cells. Nucleated erythroid cells were observed in 26% of the glands examined by light microscopy and in 69% of the glands examined by electron microscopy. The largest number of developing erythroid cells was observed in the thymus of pregnant females, also showing raised reticulocyte counts (3.1–10.2%). However, erythropoiesis could also be found in breeding and non-breeding, first year and older animals. Erythroid cells were mainly located in the cortex, sometimes in small groups interspersed between lymphoid cells, and also randomly scattered in the cortex. Occasionally, macrocytic erythroid cells were also present. Pyknotic cells were commonly present, and granulopoiesis was frequently observed.
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    Ultrastructural studies of severed medial giant and other CNS axons in crayfish (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 123-133 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lesioned axons ; Ultrastructure ; Crayfish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal stumps of severed medial giant axons (MGAs) and of non-giant axons (NGAs) in the CNS of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii show long-term (5–9 months) survival associated with disorientation of mitochondria and thickening of the glial sheath. However, the morphological responses of the two axonal types differ in that neither the proximal nor the distal stump of severed MGAs ever fills with mitochondria as is observed in some severed NGAs. Furthermore, the adaxonal glial layer never completely encircles portions of MGA axoplasm as occurs in many severed NGAs; in fact, ultrastructural changes in the adaxonal layer around severed MGAs are often difficult to detect. No multiple axonal profiles are ever seen within the glial sheath of the proximal or distal stumps of severed MGAs whereas these structures are easily located within severed NGAs.
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    The neurosecretory system of the adult Melanogryllus desertus Pall. (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 223-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion, insect ; Median neurosecretory cells ; Melanogryllus desertus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on the nature of their granules, eight principal types of neurons, six of which are thought to be neurosecretory, are recognized in the median neurosecretory cell group of the brain of Melanogryllus desertus. Most of the neurosecretory cells contain granules with diameters of 200–300 nm. In a few the granules are smaller with diameters varying from 60–100 nm. Most of the cells have well developed Golgi areas and dense bodies of different sizes. Dense bodies are closely associated with neurosecretory granules. Accumulations of electron-dense granular material occur in expanded cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum, particularly in type-I cells.
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    Glyoxylic acid fluorescence and ultrastructural studies of neurones in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion of the aged rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 475-485 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Prevertebral ganglia ; Ageing ; 5-hydroxydopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion (CSMG) complex of aged (24 month) rats have been studied by glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence and electron microscopy. Comparisons have been made with the CSMG of young adult (4 month) rats. In the aged rats the noradrenaline fluorescence of the majority of neuronal perikarya was very low or absent and few intraganglionic fluorescent varicosities were seen. Lipofuscin pigment was very prominent at the nuclear pole region of neurones and also in dendrites and axonal processes. Ultrastructural studies revealed large accumulations of residual bodies at the nuclear poles and in axons and dendritic profiles. Within the perikarya many mitochondria were distorted or swollen, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was disarranged and much dilated as were Golgi cisternae. Primary lysosomes were encountered throughout the neurone perikaryon and its axonal or dendritic processes. In contrast to the young adult CSMG, no evidence for loading of transmitter storage vesicles with an identical dose level of 5-hydroxydopamine was detected in any part of the neurones of aged rats. This might reflect an impairment of the uptake mechanisms and/or storage of noradrenaline in aged sympathetic neurones and their axonal and dendritic processes.
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    Ultrastructural study of the human neurohypophysis (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 273-287 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Pituicytes ; Ependyma ; Choristoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis from 12 patients undergoing hypophysectomy for palliative treatment of advanced carcinoma was studied electron microscopically. Special attention was given to the cellular elements, the pituicytes. Five different classes of pituicytes, with various transitional forms, were elucidated based on their ultrastructural characteristics: (1) The most common type, referred to as “major pituicytes”, is reminiscent of astrocytes. (2) “Dark pituicytes” are thought to represent different functional stages of the “major pituicytes”. (3) “Ependymal pituicytes” are believed to provide ultrastructural evidence that human pituicytes are phylogenetically derived from ependymal cells. (4) “Oncocytic pituicytes” were observed in all cases and are of unknown significance. (5) The ultrastructural features of “granular pituicytes” suggest the existence of an active uptake and catabolism of extracellular material by pituicytes, probably through “ultraphagocytosis” or “endocytosis”. These five classes of pituicytes are considered to represent different functional forms of one cell line that originates phylogenetically from the ependyma.
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    Ultrastructure of the human enamel organ (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 361-370 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enamel organ ; Human foetus ; Tooth germ ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of external enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium in primary tooth germs (bell stage) from four human foetuses was investigated. Characteristically, the cells of the differentiated external enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium exhibit many free ribosomes, few rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns, well-developed Golgi complexes, many coated and smooth vesicles, often in relation to the cell membranes, and many bundles of tonofilaments. The cells are connected by numerous desmosomes and gap junctions. A parallel differentiation of stratum intermedium — external enamel epithelium, and the ameloblast layer is demonstrated. The morphology of the cells of the three layers indicates that these have secretory, transport and supporting functions.
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    Morphology, ultrastructure, and development of the parasitic larva and its surrounding trophamnion of Polypodium hydriforme Ussov (Coelenterata) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 487-500 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophamnion ; Coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme ; Ultrastructure ; Planula ; Parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larval stage of Polypodium hydriforme is planuliform and parasitic inside the growing oocytes of acipenserid fishes. The larva has inverted germ layers and a special envelope, the trophamnion, surrounding it within the host oocyte. The trophamnion is a giant unicellular provisory structure derived from the second polar body and performing both protective and digestive functions, clearly a result of adaptation to parasitism. The trophamnion displays microvilli on its inner surface, and irregular protrusions anchoring it to the yolk on its outer surface. Its cytoplasm contains long nuclear fragments, ribosomes, mitochondria, microtubules, microfilaments, prominent Golgi bodies, primary lysosomes, and secondary lysosomes with partially digested inclusions. The cells of the larva proper are poorly differentiated. No muscular, glandular, neural, interstitial, or nematocyst-forming cells have been found. The entodermal (outer layer) cells bear flagella and contain rough endoplasmic reticulum; the ectodermal (inner layer) cells lack cilia and contain an apical layer of acid mucopolysaccharid granules. The cells of both layers contain mitochondria, microtubules, and Golgi bodies; their nuclei display large nucleoli with nucleolonema-like structure, decondensed chromatin, and some perichromatin granules. At their apical rims, the ectodermal cells form septate junctions; laterally, the cells of both layers form simple contacts and occasional interdigitations. The lateral surfaces of entodermal cells are strengthened by microtubules.
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    The fine structure of smooth muscle cells and their relationship to connective tissue in the rabbit portal vein (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 257-267 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Smooth muscle ; Connective tissue ; Portal vein ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The smooth muscle of rabbit portal vein was studied by electron microscopy with particular emphasis on the mechanical linkage between the muscle cells and on the distribution of connective tissue. The media of this vein is composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers which are orientated almost perpendicularly to each other. The muscle of the inner circular layer shows very irregular contours with much branching and anastomosing of the cytoplasmic processes, which often make membrane contacts with neighbouring cells to form an extensive network of cytoplasmic processes. The muscle cells of the outer longitudinal layer are arranged in densely packed bundles and are spindle-shaped, with no branching processes. Opposing dense areas from neighbouring cells, with variable gap distances (30–100 nm) and close membrane contacts (intermediate junctions) with a gap of 11 nm were observed in both circular and longitudinal muscle layers. In the terminal regions of muscle cells in both circular and longitudinal layers a specialized anchoring structure was present which was closely related to extracellular elastic tissue. Muscle cells in the longitudinal layer showed the most elaborate structure, the tapering end of the muscle cell showing a honeycomb-like structure penetrated by columns of connective tissue compounds. The functional implications of these structures are discussed.
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    Changes in the fine structure of the testicular Leydig cells of the seasonally-breeding bat, Myotis adversus (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 339-347 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seasonal breeding ; Leydig cells ; Ultrastructure ; Bat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Leydig cells of the bat, Myotis adversus, have been examined by electron microscopy throughout fourteen months. During the breeding season the Leydig cells become hypertrophied and are characterised by prominent areas of agranular endoplasmic reticulum and numerous small, membrane-bound granules. Microperoxisomes are also observed. During the period of testicular regression. Leydig cell size and the number of membrane-bound granules are greatly reduced. Lipid droplets and dense bodies are more numerous.
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    The pineal gland of equatorial mammals (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 417-433 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Malaysian rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les pinéalocytes d'un Rat de Malaisie (Rattus sabanus), un animal vivant près de l'équateur donc dans une zone où les variations annuelles de la longueur des jours sont minimes, examinés au microscope électronique ont été comparés à ceux d'autres Mammifères. Une seule population de pinéalocytes a été observée. La présence d'un grand nombre de vésicules granulaires et de rubans circonscrits par des vésicules est la caractéristique premi`ere des pinéalocytes de cette espèce. Les rubans circonscrits par des vésicules ont été plus spécialement observés dans les terminaisons des prolongements des pinéalocytes où ils sont nombreux et la plus souvent en contact directe avec l'espace périvasculaire. L'importance physiologique de ces rubans circonscrits par des vésicules et des vésicules granulaires est discuté.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of the Malaysian rat (Rattus sabanus), a mammal inhabiting a zone near the equator where the annual variations of daylength are inconspicuous, was examined and compared with that of pinealocytes of other mammals. On the basis of the presence of granular vesicles, only one population of pinealocytes was found. A large number of granular vesicles and vesicle-crowned rodlets is characteristic of the pinealocytes of this equatorial species. Vesicle-crowned rodlets are especially numerous in the endings of the pinealocyte processes and; they most often found in direct topographical connection with the perivascular spaces. The physiological significance of the presence of such large amounts of vesicle-crowned rodlets and of the secretory process characterized by the formation of granular vesicles is discussed.
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    Immuno-electron microscopic identification of somatostatin in cells and axons of sympathetic ganglia in the guinea pig (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 83-89 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone-release-inhibiting factor (somatostatin) ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Ultrastructure ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The superior cervical ganglia (SCG), celiac superior mesenteric ganglia (CMG), and splanchnic nerve of unoperated guinea pigs, as well as both proximal and distal stumps of a previously transected branch of the postganglionic plexus of the CMG, were immunostained for somatostatin (SS). In addition, the PAP technique was adapted for fine-structural visualization of SS. A greater proportion of cells were labeled for SS in the CMG than in the SCG. PAP molecules were present in one type of intraganglionic axons. Only two labeled axons were found in the splanchnic nerve. Neither proximal nor the distal stump of the transected CMG postganglionic nerve contained labeled axons. The present results support the hypothesis that the intraganglionic axons labeled for SS arise from SS-containing intraganglionic neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234035
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    The ultrastructure and vascular supply of the different fibre types in the axial muscle of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus, Pallas (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sturgeon ; Muscle fibres ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Vascularisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and vascular supply of the different fibre types in the lateral muscles of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus were studied by light- and electron microscopy and morphometry. Three fibre types form separate layers without intermingling. The red fibres are superficial, the white fibres deep and the intermediate fibres between them. From morphometric analyses, the mitochondrial volume fraction in red fibres is 30%, in intermediate fibres 3.7% and in white fibres 0.7%. Z lines are most fuzzy in the red fibres. Triads of the sarcotubular system are always situated at the level of the Z discs. In red fibres the three elements are arranged in a series along the myofibrils, whereas in white fibres they are arranged transversely and in the intermediate fibres they are aligned obliquely. The number of capillaries surrounding each fibre is 2.3, 0.9 and 0.2 for the red, intermediate and white fibres, respectively. In red fibres 16% of the surface is directly covered by capillaries. The corresponding percentages for intermediate and white fibres are 5 and 1, respectively. Per unit volume of the fibre, the directly vascularised fibre surface in red fibres is about ten times larger than that of white fibres. The degree of vascularisation of the fibre types is directly related to the volume fraction of mitochondria, and thus to their aerobic capacities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234038
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    Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the initial phases of an experimental cutaneous calcinosis (calcergy) in the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 185-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcergy ; Calcification ; Cutaneous calcinosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats a subcutaneous injection of KMnO4 leads to the calcification of the connective tissue. During mineral deposition, both intra- and extracellular changes are observed in the connective tissue. The intracellular phase is characterized by the formation of intramitochondrial granules and cytoplasmic vesicles, both in fibroblastic and extrinsic cells. In the extracellular phase, numerous heterogeneous matrix vesicles appear in the extracellular matrix. At the same time, globular particles which are resistant to microincineration, are observed between the collagen fibrils. The mineralization of the extracellular matrix takes place in two stages. The first stage comprises the appearance of needle-like structures and round aggregates. The needle-like structures are observed occasionally in the matrix vesicles and often in the extracellular matrix where they appear isolated or diverging from a central point. The round aggregates, composed of dense particles, are seen in the ground substance between the collagen fibrils. The second stage is characterized by a progressive mineralization of the collagen fibrils and the elastic fibers, without formation of extended calcified plaques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233954
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    Ultrastructural studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes in T cell-depleted rabbits (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 221-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral blood lymphocyte ; Density separation ; T cell depleted rabbits ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Density separation of purified peripheral blood leucocytes from T-cell depleted rabbits on a linear Ficoll-metrizoate gradient has been applied to obtain different leucocyte fractions. Two lymphocyte fractions separated on density seem to have different characteristics, both morphologically and immunologically. In this study these two fractions have been characterized ultrastructurally by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a relationship has been established between the surface architecture (SEM), the cell size (SEM/TEM) and surface-Ig/C3-receptors (LM, light microscopy). Finally three types of lymphocytes have been described in the two lymphocyte fractions separated on density. Morphometric information such as cell size, cell shape, eu-/heterochromatin ratio in the nucleus and the nucleus-/cell ratio have been correlated to the stage of activation of the B lymphocyte in a representative density separation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234783
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    The caveolae in rabbit sinus node and atrium (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 183-196 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sinus node ; Atrium ; Ultrastructure ; Caveolae ; Freeze fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Caveolae or membrane vesicles are commonly observed in smooth and skeletal muscle as well as in working heart muscle. Using sections of fixed tissue and replicas of freeze-cleaved material, we show in this study that caveolae are also very numerous in sinus node cells of the rabbit, and to a lesser degree, in the atrial cells. Caveolae increase the plasma membrane surface area by 115% in the leading sinus node, and by 56% in the atrial cells. In these two cell types, the membrane of the caveolae contains four times fewer intramembranous particles than the rest of the plasma membrane, and this difference applies to both PF and EF faces. The role of the caveolae is still unclear, but it does not seem that they have a pinocytotic function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234869
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    Light and electron microscopic studies on the excretory system of Macrobiotus richtersi Murray, 1911 (Eutardigrada) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 171-182 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nephridia ; Anatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Tardigrada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretory system of Macrobiotus richtersi consists of one dorsal and two lateral components and shows a high degree of structural complexity. In each of these a tricellular external lobe and a column can be distinguished, the two parts being connected distally. The surface of the lobe cells is increased by deep basal infoldings and fingerlike processes which form a labyrinth next to the basal lamina. Their cytoplasm contains numerous mitochondria, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, and granules in amounts depending on the physiological state of the animal. Excretory crystals occur in caveolae located in the lobe: between the fingershaped processes of the cell and in the space enclosed by the basal lamina on one side and the column on the other. The column faces an extracellular channel meandering along its whole length which is surrounded on the outside by a basal lamina. Morphologically the column is similar to the protonephridial channel of Rotifera. At the ultrastructural level, the cytoplasm of the column shows numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and a well developed Golgi apparatus. The lumen of the channel is coated by glycocalyx. At the base of the column several small cells form the proximal part of a duct that communicates with the gut. The morphology and ultrastructure of the excretory system of M. richtersi have been compared with similar a system in Isohypsibius megalonyx (Greven, 1979), and on these grounds a proposal is put forward to call the excretory organs of Tardigrada “nephridia” instead of “Malpighian tubules”.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239339
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    The preoptic area of the domestic fowl (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 85-94 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Domestic fowl ; Preoptic area ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous secretory parvocellular perikarya were found in the preoptic region of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). The dense-core secretory vesicles belong to two categories: vesicles with a diameter of (i)80–90 nm and (ii) 110–140nm. Scattered magnocellular elements display larger dense-core granules. The parvocellular neurons form unit-like clusters, showing also zones of direct apposition of neuronal membranes. The surrounding neuropil is rich in synaptic structures, formed by at least three types of axon terminals, distinguishable on the basis of vesicular morphology. These observations confirm the findings in other avian species. The hypothetical function of this system of peptidergic neurons in the rostral hypothalamus of birds is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232144
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    Alterations in the distribution of glycoproteins in epithelial cells of murine colon after injection of tunicamycin (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 121-132 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycoproteins ; Ultrastructure ; Tunicamycin ; Colonic epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glycoproteins are associated with several structures of colonic absorptive cells of the mouse. These include the cell coat, Golgi apparatus and vesicles that transport the glycoproteins from the apparatus to the cell surface (Michaels and Leblond 1976). In many in vitro systems, the antibiotic tunicamycin inhibits the glycosylation of asparagine residues yielding carbohydrate-poor glycoproteins. In the present in vivo study, tunicamycin was injected into mice. The murine colonic epithelial cells were prepared routinely for electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Cells from the experimental and control animals were similar morphologically. However, staining by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique, revealed differences in the distribution of glycoproteins. In animals that received the higher dosages of tunicamycin there was a substantial reduction in silver staining in both the Golgi apparatus and the vesicles of colonic epithelial cells compared to these structures in cells of identically treated control tissues, whereas the staining over the cell coat was not significantly altered. Possible explanations for the staining of the cell coat in the treated animals were provided in the text. This report demonstrates the feasibility of using tunicamycin in vivo and detection of the changes obtained by the silver methenamine method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232148
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    Multinucleate neurons with neurohaemal and synapsing axons at the heart and alary muscles of the butterfly Caligo beltrao Illiger (Lepidoptera) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 351-362 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transmitter-dualism ; Multipotential neuron ; Heart innervation ; Ultrastructure ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The segmental heart nerves of Caligo beltrao Illiger (Brassolidae) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Heart and alary muscles are innervated by branching processes of single multinucleate neurons (MNNs). There is one MNN situated at each segmental fan-shaped group of alary muscles. The main nerve of the MNN consists of a bundle of processes. This nerve extends centripetally toward the CNS and corresponds to the dorsal portion of the transverse nerve. However, neither axo-somatic nor axo-axonic synapses were found, the presence of which might suggest that this nerve contains axons of different neuronal origin. The synaptic contacts of the MNN with axons originating from the CNS are therefore assumed to be established beyond the spiracular region. In addition to the neuro-muscular junctions of the smaller centrifugal axon branches there are neurohaemal release sites along the entire length of all MNN axon bundles. Axon terminals are packed with either dense-cored or multigranular vesicles. Both morphological types of vesicles are, however, found side by side in the large axons and in the perikaryon, often at the same Golgi element. These morphological findings may support the concept that more than one transmitter is produced in a single neuron. Questions that arise in reference to dual or polyfunctional neurons and to the control of cardiac activity are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236502
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    Ultrastructural alterations in the initial segments and in the recurrent collateral terminals of Purkinje cells following axotomy (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 415-427 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje axon ; Ultrastructure ; Axotomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transection of Purkinje cell axons in adult male rats made 1.5 mm or further from the cell body does not lead to the death of the neuron and results in compensatory structural alterations of the surviving axonal portions of the nerve cell. Near to, and at the emergence of recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons, huge varicosities filled with filaments, granular material, lysosomes and mitochondria develop. Terminals of recurrent axon collaterals also exhibit different degrees of structural changes. Most striking of the morphological alterations is the regular presence of nematosomes in the hypertrophic axonal branches, especially in synaptic terminals. Since nematosomes were shown to contain RNA in other types of neurons, their presence in recurrent collaterals may indicate an enhanced synthetic activity in Purkinje axonal processes and endings after axotomy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236507
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    Ultrastructure of the prothoracic gland of variously aged female pupae of Xyleborus ferrugineus and associated ecdysteroid titers (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ecdysteroids ; Moulting hormones ; Xyleborus ferrugineus pupae ; Ultrastructure ; Prothoracic gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prothoracic glands of female pupae of Xyleborus ferrugineus at three ages (0-h, 48-h and 72-h-old) were examined for ultrastructural changes that correlate with high titers of ecdysteroids in the entire pupa. In all three ages, the prothoracic gland cells appear compact with a prominent nucleus. Lysosome-like structures with concentrically oriented internal membrane are observed in both 0-h and 72-h-old gland cells. Mitochondria are abundant in the glands of both ages, and rough endoplasmic reticulum is relatively sparse. Numerous microtubules are present in the prothoracic gland cells of 48-h-old female pupae that contain relatively high titers of ecdysteroids. Rough endoplasmic reticulum also is especially abundant at this age of the pupa. Ecdysone titers, estimated by the radioimmunoassay method (RIA), were 161.04±22.61 pg/mg, 704.25±69.02 pg/mg and 298.72±26.80pg/mg body weight in 0-h, 48-h and 72-h-old female pupae, respectively.
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    Ultrastructure of the trophic chamber and nutritive cord of Aspidiotus hederae (Homoptera, coccoidea) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophic chamber ; Nutritive cord ; Ultrastructure ; Homoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Each ovariole of the coccidian Aspidiotus hederae contains a single oocyte connected by means of a nutritive cord to the trophic chamber. The trophic chamber consists of three nurse cells characterized by an enlarged, ramified nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. The perinuclear cytoplasm contains nuage material, large amounts of free ribosomes, and scattered mitochondria. Occasional cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and bacteroids are found in trophocyte cytoplasm. The nutritive cord contains many microtubules in parallel array interspersed with numerous free ribosomes and a few mitochondria. The nutritive cord is strengthened by trophocyte projections which surround it. Microtubules in the projections are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the cord.
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    Effects of metronidazole on growth, chloroplast structure and differentiation in gametophytes ofAnemia phyllitidis L. Sw. (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 144-149 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anemia phyllitidis ; Chloroplast ; Gametophyte ; Metronidazole ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Metronidazole inhibits cell division in gametophytes of the fernAnemia phyllitidis without changing morphogenetic patterns. Simultaneously the sensitivity of the prothallia against gibberellins which substitute for the natural sexual pheromone “antheridiogen A”, is increased. The inhibition of cell division is accompanied by a loss of chlorophyll and by severe changes in the ultra-structure of the chloroplasts.
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    Nuclear and nucleolar inclusions in root tip ofBrassica napus L. (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 189-192 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Membrane ; Nucleolus ; Nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vacuole-like structures were found in the nuclei of root tip cells ofBrassica napus. The cells containing the unusual nuclear inclusions were found to be adjacent to zones of degenerating cells. Such groups of cells occurred irregularly in the meristematic regions of the young root tips. The possibility that they represent changes which have occurred in old seeds is discussed. The “vacuole-like” structures seen in the cells adjacent to the degenerating zones were bounded by a membranous layer 12 nm thick. This is thicker than most cellular membranes. The “vacuoles” frequently contained inclusions and showed similarities to protein bodies reported elsewhere. The structures are thought to represent rearrangements of cell products which may have accumulated through an imbalance of metabolism in consequence of the imminent cell degeneration.
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    Hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus and possible implications of woronin bodies close to the hyphal apex of the latter species (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 209-213 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; Aspergillus giganteus ; Hyphal apex ; Ultrastructure ; Woronin body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus indicates that their apical organization is very similar to that found in other filamentous fungi. Both species have an area immediately behind the hyphal apex free of all large organelles and containing a high concentration of vesicles. InA. giganteus only one size class of vesicle is clearly evident, with a mean diameter of 72 nm. InA. nidulans two size classes of vesicle were found, with mean diameters of 75 nm and 31 nm. A Spitzenkörper is evident inA. nidulans as an area very close to the tip containing only the smaller vesicles. InA. giganteus one or more apparently mature Woronin bodies were found within the first 1 μm of some hyphal apices. The possible significance of their presence is discussed.
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    Ultrastructure of meiosis in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum I. Prophasic microtubules and spindle dynamics (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 110 (1982), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Microtubules ; Polarity ; Ultrastructure ; Mosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An extensive system of microtubules develops during meiotic prophase in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.)Jaeg. &Sauerb. Development of the cytoskeleton can be traced to early prophase when the nucleus is acentric and the single plastid divides into four plastids. The cytoskeletal microtubules are associated with equidistant positioning of the four plastids at the distal tetrad poles and with migration of the nucleus to a central position in the sporocyte. The cytoskeleton, which interconnects plastids and encloses the nucleus, contributes to the establishment of moss sporocyte polarity. Just prior to metaphase I evidence of the prophase cytoskeleton is lost as the bipolar metaphase I spindle develops in association with discrete polar organizers located in opposite cleavage furrows between plastids.
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    Ultrastructural localization of polysaccharides in the motile diatomNavicula cuspidata (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 10-22 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Diatom ; Motility ; Mucopolysaccharide ; Secretion ; Staining ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Generation of movement in benthic diatoms is thought to be intimately associated with secretion at the raphe, a slit in the silica cell wall. The presence and distribution of extracellular substances and their source was investigated cytochemically by transmission electron microscopy. Extracellular material, possibly-acid mucopolysaccharide, was observed consistently within the entire length of the raphe of both valves and also as a sheath enveloping the silica frustule. Such quantities of extracellular material are absent in conventionally fixed motile diatoms. Numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, with fibrillar contents, distributed peripherally but concentrated along the raphe and at the cell poles, react strongly with a polysaccharide specific stain; their distribution in the cell and polysaccharide content suggest these may be the source of raphe and sheath material. Results support the most recent theories on the mechanism of locomotion in outline only; the details cannot be clarified. Localization procedures using alcian blue and silver staining of peroxidised sections are discussed briefly.
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    Isolation and ultrastructural identification of membranes from the fungusGilbertella persicaria (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 87-106 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungi ; Gilbertella persicaria ; Membranes ; Mitochondria ; Organelle isolation ; Plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuoles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for isolating and identifying subcellular membranes from walled hyphae ofGilbertella persicaria. Differences in thickness and symmetry of membranes and in contents of vesicles were used to distinguish different types of membranes. Mitochondria, vacuoles, plasma membrane, and vesicles with attached ribosomes from homogenized germlings equilibrated at the 1.2/1.4 M interface in discontinuous sucrose gradients. Accelerated flotation in centrifuged Ficol-sucrose gradients resulted in the additional separation of the mixed membranes into three fractions: one contained predominantly intact mitochondria, another was composed of vacuoles and vesicles coated with ribosomes, and a third was enriched in plasma membranes. Based upon morphometric analysis, these fractions contained 92% mitochondria, 53% vacuoles, and 89% plasma membranes, respectively. The source of vesicles coated with ribosomes was investigated since rapidly growing hyphae ofG. persicaria contained little rough endoplasmic reticulum as compared with other classes of membranes. Reconstruction from electron micrographs of mitochondrial fragmentation and vesiculation suggested that most of the ribosome-coated vesicles originated from disrupted mitochondria rather than from rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study demonstrates the utility of ultrastructural markers to identify membranesin vitro independent of, or as an adjunct to, cytochemical and biochemical markers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282067
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    A light and electron microscopic study of stigmas inAneilema andCommelina species (Commelinaceae) (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 26-36 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aneilema ; Commelina ; Cytochemistry ; Evolution ; Papillae ; Pollination ; Secretion ; Stigmas ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stigmas of species inAneilema andCommelina are trifid and comprise elongate papillae. Progressive degeneration of papular cells is observed in stigmas from open flowers and at anthesis papillae may be moribund and collapsed. Fluid emanating from the hollow style flows onto the surface through ruptures in the cuticle at the interpapillar junctions into the interstices at maturity. This secretion stains positively for protein. Stigmas are of the “wet” type. The cuticle overlying the papillar cells is ridged and at the final stages prior to flowering this cuticle becomes detached from the underlying cellulosic wall. The sub-cuticular space so formed is filled with secretion. InAneilema species detachment of cuticle is at the papillar tip and along the lateral walls. InCommelina species the anticlinal walls of adjacent papillae are strongly attached for much of their length and thus detachment of cuticle is restricted to the papillar tip. The cell wall at the tip in both genera may proliferate forming a rudimentary transfer-cell type wall. The secretion is considered to be produced by the papillar cells. It is PAS positive but fails to stain for protein and in both the light and electron microscopes appears heterogenous. Pollen attachment, hydration, germination and early tube growth are very rapid following self-pollination, the pollen tubes entering the neck of the style within ten minutes of attachment. A unique character combination involving pollen and stigmas in these genera indicates a monophyletic origin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280212
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    Microcyst formation in the plasmodial slime moldDidymium iridis (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 81-91 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Didymium iridis ; Microcyst-encystment ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Myxomycete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Myxamoebae ofDidymium iridis were removed from the bacterial food source and induced to encyst by transfer to 10 mM phosphate buffer. After 24 hours of induction approximately 90% of the myxamoebae had differentiated into microcysts. The kinetics of encystment were not significantly affected by pH or osmolarity of the encystment medium. Early stages of encystment were distinguished by the appearance of autophagic vacuoles and an extracellular “slime-like” sheath. The outer wall layer, consisting of dense fibrils, was unevenly deposited after 4 hours. An electron-lucent, second wall layer appeared between 5–10 hours followed by a densely packed, third wall layer adjacent to the plasma membrane. Wall formation appeared to involve smooth-membraned vesicles of possible Golgi origin. The vesicle contents and outer wall layer reacted with the periodic acid-silver methenamine stain for polysaccharide. The density of intramembrane particles of the protoplasmic fracture face increased during encystment with a gradual formation of aggregates of particles.
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    Tentacle contraction and ultrastructure inDiscophrya collini: The response to cations (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 92-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Discophrya ; Tentacle contraction ; Cations ; Calcium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Discophrya collini is a suctorian protozoan with contractile tentacles containing a microtubule-lined canal and microfilaments. The effects of a range of cations on tentacle contraction and ultrastructure have been determined. Treatment with 80 mM CaCl2 and 95 mM MgCl2 causes contraction to 28% and 57% of the control length respectively. Re-extension takes over 4 hours in the culture medium, but CaCl2-treated tentacles are re-extended after a 5 minutes treatment with 10−2 M EDTA or 5 × 10−3 M EGTA. CuCl2 causes a significant contraction at 10−5 M (to 77%); LaCl3 at 10−4 M (to 65%); ZnCl2 at 10−2 M (to 65%), but BaCl2, CoCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, and SrCl2 cause significant changes only at 10−1 M. The cytoplasm of CaCl2-treated cells contains two forms of membraneous structures when viewed in TEM; that of MgCl2-treated cells reveals granular areas of medium electron density. None of these features are seen in control cells. The microtubules of the tentacle canal appear to be intact upon its retraction into the cell with no change occurring in the numbers or relative positions of the microtubules. The tentacle cortex is wrinkled. It is suggested from this and previous work that tentacle contraction may be mediated by a microfilament-based mechanism, and that calcium may be involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280219
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    Cross-linking bridges associated with the microbody-lipid globule complex inChytriomyces aureus andChytriomyces hyalinus (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Zoospore ; Ultrastructure ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Determining how the orientation and association among organelles are maintained within zoospores of theChytridiales is important to understanding the control of zoospore motility. Zoospores of the aquatic fungi,Chytriomyces aureus andC. hyalinus, contain microbody-lipid globule complexes with an elongate microbody adjacent to the portion of a lipid globule facing the cell's interior and a fenestrated cisterna (the rumposome) opposed to the surface of the lipid globule toward the plasma membrane. Mitochondria are intimately associated with the microbody. Electron microscopy of the microbody-lipid globule complex fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, with or without tannic acid, reveals cross-linking bridges connecting the rumposome to the plasma membrane, to the microbody, and to microtubules of the rootlet extending from the kinetosome. It is concluded that these bridges are responsible, at least in part, for the consistent location of the microbody-lipid globule complex in the zoospore body. The possible role of the rumposome as a receptor organelle is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01284092
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  • 95
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    Rapidly-secreting, cultured oat cells serve as a model system for the study of cellular exocytosis. Characterization of cells and isolated secretory vesicles (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 196-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Secretion ; Vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Cultured cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Callus-derived suspension cultures of oats dramatically increase the viscosity of the culture media after one month in culture. Colorimetric assays for sugars and protein, as well as measurements of viscosity, suggest that the released material is a long-chain polysaccharide, probably a pectinaceous substance. These cells grow slowly in liquid culture, yet despite their low cell density, they are able to increase the viscosity of the media several fold within seven days after media transfer. Ultrastructural observations show that oat cells have features common to actively-secreting cells; especially evident are numerous dictyosomes with hypertrophied cisternae. Using a combination of filtering and centrifugation techniques we were able to recover large numbers of intact secretory vesicles. The interior of the vesicles stain with periodic acid-silver hexamine, and colormetric analysis of the vesicle pellet for total sugars confirms the presence of polysaccharides in this vesicle fraction. Because of the uniformity of these cells, the high rate of secretion, and the accessability of a large vesicle population, this culture system is'a useful model for studying the secretory process in plant cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01284094
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  • 96
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    Effect of adaptation to high altitude hypoxia on catecholamine metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (1982)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 93 (1982), S. 24-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: catecholamines ; hypertension ; hypoxia ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00837540
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  • 97
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    Hemodynamic response of normotensive and hypertensive rats to prostaglandins and indomethacin (1982)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 1063-1066 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: prostaglandins ; hemodynamics ; baroreflex ; hypotension ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00830713
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  • 98
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    Effect of isoproterenol on adenylate cyclase activity in adipocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats (1980)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1082-1085 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hypertension ; adrenalectomy ; fat cells ; isoproterenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00844539
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  • 99
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    Fine structure of trophozoites and cysts of the pathogenic diplomonadSpironucleus muris (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 62 (1980), S. 47-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Flagellates ; Spironucleus ; Mouse ; Ultrastructure ; Systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using light and electron microscopy, we studied the ultrastructure ofSpironucleus muris (syn.Hexamita muris) from spontaneously and experimentally infected normal and athymic mice. Kinetosomes and cytoskeletal fibers arranged in two-fold rotational symmetry are similar to the speciesSpironucleus elegans from amphibians. Taxonomic proposals and a possible evolutionary scheme for diplomonad genera accepted at the last International Congress of Parasitology are given. The genusHexamita should be divided into two new genera:Hexamita (usually free-living) andSpironucleus (exclusively parasitic). We consider previous descriptions of hexamitiasis in rodents as dealing with spironucleosis. We distinguish a fresh and an old cyst of the parasite on the basis of structure, light refraction, location in the host, and infectivity. The transition from a fresh to an old cyst paralles the dessication of feces. The trophozoites can damage the microvilli and penetrate into the epithelium. We explain the differences in findings concerning intestinal lesions and forms of the disease (from acute to chronic to latent) by differences in the virulence of different parasite strains and by differences in inherent host resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925366
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  • 100
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    An ultrastructural study of the microtriches of adultProteocephalus tidswelli (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) (1980)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 64 (1980), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Cestoda ; Proteocephalus tidswelli ; Ultrastructure ; Microtriches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on adultProteocephalus tidswelli revealed a marked microtrichial polymorphism. Structural and dimensional variations of microtriches between different regions of the strobila and scolex, as well as within the same region, were observed. The authors suggest that microtriches are involved in a diversity of functions, and possible functional activities are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00927060
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