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  • Chemistry  (6,605)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (479)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (256)
  • AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
  • SOLAR PHYSICS
  • 1975-1979  (7,795)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1979  (7,795)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (7,795)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
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    Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-oxide adenosine and deoxyadenosine adducts: structure and stereochemistry (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-12-14
    Description: The structure and absolute stereoconfigurations of four adenosine adducts with (+/-)-7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene (BPDE) and their deoxyadenosine analogs have been determined. They result from both cis and trans addition of the N6 amino group of ademine to the 10 position of both enantiomers of BDPE. This was determined from studies of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectra, and circular dichroism spectra, as well as from their pKa values and chemical reactivities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jeffrey, A M -- Grzeskowiak, K -- Weinstein, I B -- Nakanishi, K -- Roller, P -- Harvey, R G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Dec 14;206(4424):1309-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/316186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Benzopyrenes ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Circular Dichroism ; Dna ; *Deoxyadenosines/analogs & derivatives ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Conformation ; Mutation ; Stereoisomerism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    N-formyliminodiacetic acid, a new compound from the reaction of nitrilotriacetic acid and chlorine (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-06-08
    Description: It has been proposed that nitrilotriacetic acid be substituted for trisodium polyphosphates in detergents as a way to reduce the rate of eutrophication in the Great Lake Basin. The reaction of nitrilotriacetic acid with chlorine-containing solutions produces a hitherto unknown degradation production, N-formyliminodiacetic acid, in high yield. The toxicological and environmental implications of this reaction are unclear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spanggord, R J -- Tyson, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Jun 8;204(4397):1081-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acetates ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Chlorine ; Dicarboxylic Acids ; Environmental Pollutants ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Imino Acids ; Mutagens ; *Nitrilotriacetic Acid
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    HCN did not condense to give heteropolypeptides on the primitive earth (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferris, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Mar 16;203(4385):1135-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/218287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; *Hydrogen Cyanide ; *Peptides
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) status report (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Fuel efficiency in aeronautics, for fuel conservation in general as well as for its effect on commercial aircraft operating economics is considered. Projects of the Aircraft Energy Efficiency Program related to propulsion are emphasized. These include: (1) engine component improvement, directed at performance improvement and engine diagnostics for prolonged service life; (2) energy efficient engine, directed at proving the technology base for the next generation of turbofan engines; and (3) advanced turboprop, directed at advancing the technology of turboprop powered aircraft to a point suitable for commercial airline service. Progress in these technology areas is reported.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 1-58
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  • 5
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    Soviet short-term forecasts of active region evolution and flare activity (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The structure and strength of the magnetic fields of the Sun's active regions were studied to obtain information for short term forecasting. Intensity forecasts were then made using the information obtained on the gradients of the magnetic fields between sunspots of opposite polarity. A comparison of flare forecasting methods is presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 72-88
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  • 6
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    High-performance-vehicle technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Propulsion needs of high performance military aircraft are discussed. Inlet performance, nozzle performance and cooling, and afterburner performance are covered. It is concluded that nonaxisymmetric nozzles provide cleaner external lines and enhanced maneuverability, but the internal flows are more complex. Swirl afterburners show promise for enhanced performance in the high altitude, low Mach number region.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 445-462
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  • 7
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    Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) propulsion technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Propulsion problems and advanced technology requirements of VTOL aircraft are discussed. Specific topics covered include inlets with high angle of attack capability, rapid thrust modulation fans, and propulsion-system/aircraft-control integration.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 409-444
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  • 8
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    Hypersonic propulsion (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Research on hydrogen fueled scramjet engines for hypersonic flight is reviewed. Component developments, computational methods, and preliminary ground tests of subscale scramjet engine modules at Mach 4 and 7 are emphasized. Airframe integration, structures, and flow diagnostics are also discussed. It is shown that mixed-mode perpendicular and parallel fuel injection controls heat release over a wide Mach range and the fixed geometry inlet gives good performance over a wide range of Mach numbers.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 387-408
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  • 9
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    Control technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: An overview of engine control technology is presented with emphasis on gas turbine engine controls. The role of the government, and NASA in particular, in advancing this technology is discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 329-344
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  • 10
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    Supersonic propulsion technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Propulsion concepts for commercial supersonic transports are discussed. It is concluded that variable cycle engines, together with advanced supersonic inlets and low noise coannular nozzles, provide good operating performance for both supersonic and subsonic flight. In addition, they are reasonably quiet during takeoff and landing and have acceptable exhaust emissions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 345-386
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  • 11
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    Mechanical components (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Research on bearings, gears, seals, and rotor dynamics (specifically high speed balancing and dampers) is presented. The research pertains to problems in both aircraft turbine engines and helicopter transmissions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 273-308
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  • 12
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    Instrumentation technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Some of the efforts made in applying technologically new tools to today's propulsion measurement problems are described. They include: (1) a blade-tip clearance system; (2) a pulsed thermocouple system used to measure gas temperature with a thermocouple at temperatures above the melting point of the thermocouple; (3) an optical technique for measuring blade flutter; (4) a probe for dynamic flow and flow angle measurement; and (5) a laser anemometer system for rapidly mapping the flow profiles between the blades of a rotating compressor.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 309-328
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  • 13
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    Turbomachinery technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: A technology assessment of turbomachinery is presented. The design of the fan, compressor, and turbine components for future advanced aircraft engines is discussed. Basic flow characteristics in compressors and turbines and the heat transfer phenomena in cooled turbines are also discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 231-272
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  • 14
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    Computational fluid mechanics of internal flow (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Major solution techniques for internal computational fluid mechanics are discussed and some examples are presented. The major steps involved in developing a large computer code are then discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 187-230
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  • 15
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    Alternative jet aircraft fuels (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Potential changes in jet aircraft fuel specifications due to shifts in supply and quality of refinery feedstocks are discussed with emphasis on the effects these changes would have on the performance and durability of aircraft engines and fuel systems. Combustion characteristics, fuel thermal stability, and fuel pumpability at low temperature are among the factors considered. Combustor and fuel system technology needs for broad specification fuels are reviewed including prevention of fuel system fouling and fuel system technology for fuels with higher freezing points.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 129-148
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  • 16
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    Materials and structures technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Materials and structures performance limitations, particularly for the hot section of the engine in which these limitations limit the life of components, are considered. Failure modes for components such as blades, vanes, and combustors and how they are affected by the environment for such components are discussed. Methods used to improve the materials used for such components are: (1) application of directional structures to turbine components for high strength at high temperatures; (2) improved coatings to increase oxidation and corrosion resistance; (3) increase strength and stiffness with reduced weight by applying higher specific properties of composite materials; and (4) cost effective processing such as near net shape powder methods applied to disks. Life prediction techniques developed to predict component life accurately in advance of service and progress in improving the intermediate and cold section components of turbine engines are covered.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 149-186
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  • 17
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    Noise reduction (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: The turbofan engine's noise-producing components are discussed in terms of efficient and economical noise reduction techniques that do not penalize the engine performance or weight significantly. Specific topics covered include fan noise, acoustic suppression, jet noise technology, combustor noise, and aircraft noise prediction.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 85-128
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  • 18
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    Emission reduction (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-16
    Description: Control of the gaseous pollutant emissions of aircraft engines is considered in terms of the emission standards for six classes of aircraft engines. Emphasis is placed on combustor design concepts to significantly reduce emissions levels and lean-burning techniques to lower flame temperature, to reduce the oxides of nitrogen in the gaseous emissions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: Aeropropulsion 1979; p 59-84
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  • 19
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    MSFC solar activity predictions for satellite orbital lifetime estimation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The procedure to predict solar activity indexes for use in upper atmosphere density models is given together with an example of the performance. The prediction procedure employs a least square linear regression model to generate the predicted smoothed vinculum R sub 13 and geomagnetic vinculum A sub p(13) values. Linear regression equations are then employed to compute corresponding vinculum F sub 10.7(13) solar flux values from the predicted vinculum R sub 13 values. The output is issued principally for satellite orbital lifetime estimations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 378-384
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  • 20
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    Coronal holes inferred from the Fleurs East-West solar scans (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: East-West solar scans produced daily on 692 and 1415 MHz are analyzed for the period 1968 to 1973. The analysis confirms that coronal holes are stable features displaying significantly reduced electromagnetic emission which can persist for many solar rotations. The coronal hole observations are summarized in a series of tables.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 288-311
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  • 21
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    A review of short-term flare forecasting activities at Toyokawa (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Short-term forecasting of solar activity conducted at Toyokawa is briefly reviewed. The forecasts are based on microwave observations of the slowly varying component of solar radiation associated with active regions. It was found that for proton flares which take place in intense active regions, it is possible to predict their occurrence with certain accuracy, but for a certain class of proton flares which occur in a small active region or which are associated with an active region, which evolves very rapidly, or for whose which occur behind the limb, it is almost impossible to forecast their occurrence.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 205-211
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  • 22
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    Solar activity predictions at Peking Observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar activity prediction procedures used at the Peking Observatory are briefly reviewed. Methods for short term prediction of solar proton events and the results for proton events of importance greater than 1 during the period 1974-1977 are given in detail. The characteristic values of solar cycle 21 are predicted.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 154-162
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  • 23
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    Forecasting of solar energetic radiation at the forecast center of the Institute of Applied Geophysics (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar energetic radiation forecasting techniques are described. The factors that are used as the basis for the forecasts are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 89-103
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  • 24
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    Summary report of the Lightning and Static Electricity Committee (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Lightning protection technology as applied to aviation and identifying these technology needs are presented. The flight areas of technical needs include; (1) the need for In-Flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) technology base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from General Aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) obtain pilot reports of lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness. The nature of each problem, timeliness, impact of solutions, degree of effort required, and the roles of government and industry in achieving solutions are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-214
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  • 25
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    The forecasting center of Meudon, France (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Main features of solar activity are described in relation to solar and geophysical forecasting. Spectroheliograms, radio and X-ray data, white light coronal observations, particles data, photospheric images, and photospheric magnetic fields are among the types of data used to identify the active centers and flares of the Sun. Forecasting and identification of geomagnetic activity is also discussed. The forecasting technique is described along with the types of users.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 1-11
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  • 26
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    Planetary waves and Sun-weather effects (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief outline about the theory of planetary waves is given and a review of space-time analysis, mainly at the 500 mbar pressure level, is presented. This analysis gives evidence that broad spectral bands of two types of waves exist within the troposphere: ultralong waves with zonal wave numbers M or approximately equal to 4 and periods tau or approximately equal to 5 days, propagating mainly to the west, and synoptic scale waves with M or approximately equal to 3 and tau or approximately equal to 10 days, propagating mainly to the east. These waves are generated by internal turbulent processes within the atmosphere and are quasi-persistent with lifetimes of several periods. It is shown that solar activity cannot generate planetary waves of significant amplitudes, and that the observed 'Sun-weather effects' can be interpreted within the framework of these internally generated planetary waves without any trigger mechanism from outside the atmosphere. It is suggested that a better knowledge of these persistent ultralong waves may help to improve long range weather forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 703-721
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  • 27
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    Coupling processes related to the Sun-weather problem (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Physical mechanisms for coupling the energetics of solar activity to meteorological responses are reviewed. Although several hypotheses have been advanced, none can be said to be sufficiently complete to be applied to weather or climate prediction. Solar activity indicators potentially useful for forecasting are identified, including sunspots, solar flares, and magnetic sector boundary crossings. Additional experiments, studies, and analyses are required before Sun-weather concepts can be utilized for predicting meteorological responses.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 669-688
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  • 28
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    Solar weather/climate predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar variability influences upon terrestrial weather and climate are addressed. Both the positive and negative findings are included and specific predictions, areas of further study, and recommendations listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 655-668
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  • 29
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    The impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting is examined. The type of knowledge of the effect is evaluated to determine if it is in a form that can be used for forecasting purposes. It is concluded that the present understanding of the effect does not lend itself readily to applications for forecast purposes. The limits of present predictive skill are examined and it is found that skill is most lacking for prediction of the smallest scales of atmospheric motion. However, it is not expected that Sun-weather research will have any significant impact on forecasting the smaller scales since predictability at these scales is limited by the finite grid size resolution and the time scales of turbulent diffusion. The predictability limits for the largest scales are on the order of several weeks although presently only a one week forecast is achievable.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 689-702
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  • 30
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    Solar forecast and real-time monitoring needs of the Study of Energy Release in Flares (SERF) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Complementary, simultaneous observations of flares from as many observatories, both ground based and orbiting, as possible planned for the Solar Maximum Year are considered. The need for forecasts of solar activity on long term, one week, and two day intervals is described. Real time reporting is not needed, but daily summaries of activity and permanent records are important.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 331-339
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  • 31
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    The variability of the solar ultraviolet spectral irradiances (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Available data on the solar spectral irradiances at wavelengths below 3100 A are extremely limited and there are major uncertainties in many of the measurements. In particular, there is major disagreement on the magnitude of the variability of the spectral irradiances over the solar cycle. The effects of different solar features on the ultraviolet spectral irradiances over both the 28 day solar rotation period and over the solar cycle are discussed. It is proposed that any attempt to predict the magnitudes of the ultraviolet spectral irradiances must take into account a long term variability of emission from quiet regions of the solar disk over the solar cycle. The need for direct long term monitoring of the ultraviolet spectral irradiances is emphasized.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 280-321
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  • 32
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    A new method of very long-term prediction of solar activity (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method of solar activity prediction based on the statistical relationship between the minimum value of geomagnetic activity in each 11 year cycle and the height of the next sunspot cycle is proposed. The method is applied to predict sunspot cycle 21.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 258-263
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  • 33
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    The needs for prediction and real-time monitoring for the flare build-up study (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Similarities between plasma instabilities occurring in the magnetospheric tail and in active regions on the Sun are discussed. Intense observations of the flare build-up processes on the Sun planned for May and June 1980 as a part of the Solar Maximum Year are described.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 322-330
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  • 34
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    New methods for predicting the magnitude of sunspot maximum (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Three new and independent methods of predicting the magnitude of a forthcoming sunspot maximum are suggested. The longest lead time is given by the first method, which is based on a terrestrial parameter measured during the declining phase of the preceding cycle. The second method, with only a slightly shorter foreknowledge, is based on an interplanetary parameter derived around the commencement of the cycle in question (sunspot minimum). The third method, giving the shortest prediction lead-time, is based entirely on solar parameters measured during the initial progress of the cycle in question. Application of all three methods to forecast the magnitude of the next maximum (Cycle 21) agree in predicting that it is likely to be very similar to that of Cycle 18.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 264-279
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    Long-term solar activity predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The need for long term solar activity predictions is addressed. The spatial organization of solar activity is described including applications for predictions, and ancient evidence for solar variability. Methods of predicting sunspot numbers are discussed. The inherent accuracy of the methods varies considerably, but a typical error bar 20%. The accuracy of sunspot cycle predictions is considered along with long term predictions of great solar events.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 246-257
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  • 36
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    Very large geomagnetic disturbance during sunspot cycle 21: A prediction (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Evidence is presented which suggests that very large geomagnetic disturbances (350 gammas or greater at an invariant magnetic latitude of 50 degrees) occur once or twice per sunspot cycle, on the average. There is also some tendency for these disturbances to group in large odd numbered sunspot cycles similar to the current cycle, cycle 21. No such disturbance was noted during the past cycle although a series of major solar flares was observed in August 1972. At least one very large geomagnetic disturbance is expected during the current cycle; a prediction with perhaps serious consequences for electric power companies.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 193-197
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  • 37
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    PPS76: A computerized event mode solar proton forecasting technique (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A procedure was developed to generate a computerized time intensity profile of the solar proton intensity expected at the Earth after the occurrence of a significant solar flares on the Sun. A combination of many pieces of independent research and theoretical results are included. A construction of selected experimental and theoretical results from the entire domain of solar terrestrial physics is given.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 406-427
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  • 38
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    Short-term solar activity forecasting (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method of forecasting the level of activity of every active region on the surface of the Sun within one to three days is proposed in order to estimate the possibility of the occurrence of ionospheric disturbances and proton events. The forecasting method is a probability process based on statistics. In many of the cases, the accuracy in predicting the short term solar activity was in the range of 70%, although there were many false alarms.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 176-181
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  • 39
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    Spiral sunspots and solar activity forecasts (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The definition of a spiral sunspot is given. Three examples are described which illustrate the processes of the occurrence of spiral sunspots and the roles played by them in prominence and flare activities. A method for solar activity forecasts is then proposed making use of parameters such as spiral sunspots, prominences and neutral lines.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 140-153
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  • 40
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    Long-term forecasting of solar activity (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Corrections to the forecast of the basic parameters of the 21st cycle are described. Estimates about the level of solar activity in the 22nd cycle are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 163-175
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  • 41
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    Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed at the ocean surface by passive microwave techniques from the Nimbus 5 satellite (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave brightness temperature measurements for Nimbus 5 electrically scanned microwave radiometer (ESMR) and Nimbus-E microwave spectrometer (NEMS) are used to retrieve the atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed by a quasi-statistical retrieval technique. It is shown that the brightness temperature can be utilized to yield these parameters under various weather conditions. Observations at 19.35, 22.235, and 31.4 GHz were input to the regression equations. The retrieved values of these parameters for portions of two Nimbus 5 orbits are presented. Then comparison between the retrieved parameters and the available observations on the total water vapor content and the surface wind speed are made.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 14; Sept
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  • 42
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    New atomic data of O/2+/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: New atomic data are tabulated for the ion O(2+). Collision strengths are calculated for several energies of the exciting electron. The populations of the levels of O(2+) are calculated as a function of electron density under conditions appropriate for the solar atmosphere. The available solar data are compared with theoretical predictions of relative line intensities.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 76; 3, Ju; July 197
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  • 43
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    Magnetic dips in the solar wind (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using magnetic data from the Helios-1 fluxgate magnetometer, with a 0.2 s resolution, we have investigated the structure of several interplanetary discontinuities involving magnetic dips and rotations of the magnetic field vector. A minimum variance analysis illustrates the behaviour of the magnetic field through the transition. Using this analysis, quite different structures have been isolated and, in particular, narrow transitions resembling almost one dimensional reconnected neutral sheets. For the thinner cases (scale lengths of the magnetic rotation of the order or smaller than 1000 km), we find that the observed structures can be the nonlinear effect of a resistive tearing mode instability having developed on an originally one dimensional neutral sheet at the solar corona.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 62; May 1979
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  • 44
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    Solar wind heavy ions from flare-heated coronal plasma (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Information concerning the coronal expansion is carried by solar-wind heavy ions. Distinctly different energy-per-charge ion spectra are found in two classes of solar wind having the low kinetic temperatures necessary for E/q resolution of the ion species. Heavy-ion spectra which can be resolved are most frequently observed in the low-speed interstream (IS) plasma found between high speed streams; the streams are thought to originate from coronal holes. Although the sources of the IS plasma are uncertain, the heavy-ion spectra found there contain identifiable peaks of O, Si, and Fe ions. Such spectra indicate that the IS ionization state of O is established in coronal gas at a temperature of approximately 1.6 million K, while that of Fe is frozen in farther out at about 1.5 million K. On occasion anomalous spectra are found outside IS flows in solar wind with abnormally depressed local kinetic temperatures. The anomalous spectra contain Fe(16+) ions, not usually found in IS flows, and the derived coronal freezing-in temperatures are significantly higher. The coronal sources of some of these ionizationally hot flows are identified as solar flares.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 62; May 1979
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  • 45
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    Thunderstorm intensity as determined from satellite data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Digital infrared data from SMS 2 obtained on May 6, 1975 are used to study thunderstorm vertical growth rates and cloud top structure in relation to the occurrence of severe weather (tornadoes, hail, and high wind) on the ground. All thunderstorms from South Dakota to Texas along a N-S oriented cold front were monitored for a 4 h period with 5 min interval data. Thunderstorm growth rate, as determined by the rate of blackbody temperature isotherm expansion and minimum cloud top temperature, are shown to be correlated with reports of severe weather on the ground.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Apr. 197
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  • 46
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    Hydromagnetic waves and turbulence in the solar wind (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents a state-of-the-art review of interplanetary fluctuations, their origins, and their effects on the solar wind. Typical values of parameters to waves and turbulence in the solar wind are examined, along with a classification of large-amplitude waves. Cases where description by the MHD theory is qualitatively correct and where it can be misleading are noted. An attempt is made to state rigorously the essential points of hydromagnetic-wave theory and to identify areas in which theoretical research needs to be extended. The review covers the observed hydromagnetic fluctuations, their interpretation in terms of current theory, and the degree of closure between observation and theory. The spatial distribution and origins of waves in the solar wind are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 47
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    Pulsed laser Doppler measurements of wind shear (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There is a need for a sensor at the airport that can remotely detect, identify, and track wind shears near the airport in order to assure aircraft safety. To determine the viability of a laser wind-shear system, the NASA pulsed coherent Doppler CO2 lidar (Jelalian et al., 1972) was installed in a semitrailer van with a rooftop-mounted hemispherical scanner and was used to monitor thunderstorm gust fronts. Wind shears associated with the gust fronts at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) between 5 July and 4 August 1978 were measured and tracked. The most significant data collected at KSC are discussed. The wind shears were clearly visible in both real-time velocity vs. azimuth plots and in postprocessing displays of velocities vs. position. The results indicate that a lidar system cannot be used effectively when moderate precipitation exists between the sensor and the region of interest.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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  • 48
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    A passive microwave technique for profiling of atmospheric water vapor (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There is considerable interest in remote measurements of the vertical distribution of water vapor, particularly under cloud conditions. The net integrated amount of water vapor has been measured using the 22.235-GHz water vapor line (Staelin et al., 1975). Attempts to use this line for obtaining vertical distribution information have not been fruitful because of the weakness of absorption even at line center. The 183.310-GHz line is much stronger and thus provides a possibility of profiling water vapor. The paper presents a preliminary analysis of this possibility. A technique is described for retrieval of water vapor profiles from microwave radiometric measurements near the 183-GHz water vapor line, and weighting functions useful in the retrievals are developed. The results suggest that microwave radiometry near the 183-GHz water vapor line could yield interesting water vapor profiles, at least over oceans.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 14; May-June
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  • 49
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    Thunderstorm vertical velocities estimated from satellite data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared geosynchronous satellite data with an interval of 5 min between images are used to estimate thunderstorm top ascent rates on two case study days. A mean vertical velocity of 3.4 m/sec for 23 clouds is calculated at a height of 8.7 km. This upward motion is representative of an area of approximately 10 km on a side. Thunderstorm mass flux of approximately 2 times 10 to the 8th power kg/sec is calculated, which compares favorably with previous estimates. There is a significant difference in the mean calculated vertical velocity between elements associated with severe weather reports (omega = 4.9 m/sec) and those with no such reports (2.4 m/sec). Calculations were made using a velocity profile for an axially symmetric jet to estimate the peak updraft velocity. For the largest observed omega value of 7.8 m/sec the calculation indicates a peak updraft of approximately 50 m/sec.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Sept
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  • 50
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    Coronal hole boundary brightness in lambda 284 of Fe XV (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 62; June 197
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  • 51
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    NASA's search for the solar connection. I (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: NASA's solar research, which leans toward the study of the sun as a star, is surveyed. The Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) program is covered, which yielded data such as spectras of 140-400 A wavelength of the entire solar disk. Attention is also given to the results obtained by Skylab, such as data showing that whenever a large coronal hole exists near the sun's equator, a stream of high-speed solar wind will be observed at the earth. Finally areas of future research, such as a concerted study of flare phenomenon, are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 58; Aug. 197
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  • 52
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    The benefits of using short-interval satellite images to derive winds for tropical cyclones (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the 1975, 1976 and 1977 North Atlantic hurricane seasons, NOAA/NESS and NASA/GSFC conducted a cooperative program to determine the best resolution and frequency now available from satellite images for deriving winds to study and forecast tropical cyclones. High spatial and temporal resolution satellite imagery made it feasible to provide a large number of lower and upper tropospheric winds which can be obtained by tracking clouds within 650 km of tropical cyclone centers. Up to 10 (5) times as many low-level winds were derived from images spaced at 3 or 7.5 min intervals as from those at 30 min (15 min) intervals. Rapid-scan full-resolution IR and visible images minimized the 'erroneous' winds derived by tracking cloud elements that propagate by growing on one side and dissipating on the other and by tracking repetitive patterns that provided ambiguous indications of direction of movement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; May 1979
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  • 53
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    The source of electrostatic fluctuations in the solar-wind (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar wind electron and ion distribution functions measured simultaneously with or close to times of intense electrostatic fluctuations are subjected to a linear Vlasov stability analysis. Although all distributions tested were found to be stable, the analysis suggests that the ion beam instability is the most likely source of the fluctuations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; May 1
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  • 54
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    A one-dimensional model describing aerosol formation and evolution in the stratosphere. I - Physical processes and mathematical analogs. II - Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new time-dependent one-dimensional model of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer is developed. The model treats atmospheric photochemistry and aerosol physics in detail and includes the interaction between gases and particles explicitly. It is shown that the numerical algorithms used in the model are quite precise. Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations are made. The simulated aerosol physics generates a particle layer with most of the observed properties. The sensitivity of the calculated properties to changes in a large number of aeronomic aerosol parameters is discussed in some detail. The sensitivity analysis reveals areas where the aerosol model is most uncertain. New observations are suggested that might help resolve important questions about the origin of the stratospheric aerosol layer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 55
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    A graphical summary of solar wind electron content observations by Pioneer 6, 8, and 9 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Between 1965 and 1972, solar wind density measurements were obtained by Mariner 5 and Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9 using a radio science method called the 'dual-frequency experiment'. The measurements and data processing are now terminated. A graphical summary is presented of the best of the resulting data, showing the average electron number density of the solar wind across radio paths that vary in length up to 1.8 AU and that lie broadside to the flow direction. These graphs summarize 3.4 years of observations with a time resolution of 1 hour; the measurements provided 1-min resolution and spanned 7 years. Because the orientation and length of the paths change continually and have a major influence on the interpretation of these data, a spacecraft trajectory chart and a plot of the corotation interval are provided.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Feb. 1
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  • 56
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    The N III and O IV intersystem multiplets as density indicators for solar plasmas (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The usefulness of the relative intensities of lines within the N III intersystem multiplet near 1750 A as an electron density indicator for solar plasmas is discussed. Although the relative intensities of lines in the multiplet are density sensitive, the intensity ratios should at present be used with caution. Errors of the order of 20% in transition probabilities and excitation rate coefficients can lead to order of magnitude errors in density determinations. It is demonstrated that the intensity ratio of one of the N III intersystem lines and an allowed line from a different ion may also be used as a density indicator in the 10 to the 9th to 10 to the 11th per cu cm regime.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 79; 3, No; Nov. 197
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  • 57
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    The effect of cumulus friction on the simulation of the January Hadley Circulation by the GLAS model of the general circulation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method of parameterizing the vertical mixing of horizontal momentum by cumulus convection was added to the GLAS model of the general circulation of the tropics. Addition of the cumulus friction term strengthened the winter Hadley circulation and smoothed the mean meridional wind field, with a slight increase in the eddy kinetic energy. The results showed that the intensity of the meridional circulation is regulated by the atmosphere's angular momentum budget, changes in the zonally-averaged Coriolis force correlate with the new cumulus friction term, and the intensification of Hadley circulation is a response of the mean meridional flow field to the downward cumulus field of relative angular momentum in the winter hemisphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Oct. 197
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  • 58
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    The effect of nonuniform wind shear on the intensification and reflection of mountain waves (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study is made of the intensification and reflection of mountain waves when the shear of the basic wind profile is nonuniform. A two-layer atmospheric model is treated, and the wind profile in the troposphere is assumed to be parabolic. The Scorer parameter includes the wind profile curvature term, which may not be neglected if the Richardson number Ri is finite. When Ri is finite, the optimal phase difference across the troposphere for maximum surface velocity intensifications is found to be slightly greater than Pi. As Ri increases, the optimal phase difference decreases with Ri and approaches the limiting value Pi. This implies that waves approximately reverse phase between the surface and the tropopause for maximum wave intensifications in most physically realistic atmospheric situations. The concept of Eliassen and Palm concerning the additivity of the vertical wave energy fluxes is expanded (valid at least up to the parabolic wind profile), by which the upward and downward energy transporting modes are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 59
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    Water vapor differential absorption lidar development and evaluation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A ground-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system is described which has been developed for vertical range-resolved measurements of water vapor. The laser transmitter consists of a ruby-pumped dye laser, which is operated on a water vapor absorption line at 724.372 nm. Part of the ruby laser output is transmitted simultaneously with the dye laser output to determine atmospheric scattering and attenuation characteristics. The dye and ruby laser backscattered light is collected by a 0.5-m diam telescope, optically separated in the receiver package, and independently detected using photomultiplier tubes. Measurements of vertical water vapor concentration profiles using the DIAL system at night are discussed, and comparisons are made between the water vapor DIAL measurements and data obtained from locally launched rawinsondes. Agreement between these measurements was found to be within the uncertainty of the rawinsonde data to an altitude of 3 km. Theoretical simulations of this measurement were found to give reasonably accurate predictions of the random error of the DIAL measurements. Confidence in these calculations will permit the design of aircraft and Shuttle DIAL systems and experiments using simulation results as the basis for defining lidar system performance requirements
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Oct. 15
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  • 60
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    On the simulation of the oceanic general circulation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two global ocean simulations based on the physics of a highly viscous ocean are discussed, one having realistic atmospheric functions for calculating the thermal forcing of the ocean. The velocity field of this model compares reasonably well with the relatively small amount of real data available. Temperature and heat budget components of the model reproduce best the equatorial band of heating. A simulation based upon the physics of a weakly viscous ocean is described, which produces the correct pattern of isotherms. This model has not yet been run to thermal equilibrium. The Gulf Stream and eddies and their influence on the oceanic and atmospheric heat budgets are discussed in the terms of their importance in coupled ocean-atmosphere models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 2; p 607-687
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  • 61
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    Comparisons of observed seasonal climate features with a winter and summer numerical simulation produced with the GLAS general circulation model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented from numerical simulations performed with the general circulation model (GCM) for winter and summer. The monthly mean simulated fields for each integration are compared with observed geographical distributions and zonal averages. In general, the simulated sea level pressure and upper level geopotential height field agree well with the observations. Well simulated features are the winter Aleutian and Icelandic lows, the summer southwestern U.S. low, the summer and winter oceanic subtropical highs in both hemispheres, and the summer upper level Tibetan high and Atlantic ridge. The surface and upper air wind fields in the low latitudes are in good agreement with the observations. The geographical distirbutions of the Earth-atmosphere radiation balance and of the precipitation rates over the oceans are well simulated, but not all of the intensities of these features are correct. Other comparisons are shown for precipitation along the ITCZ, rediation balance, zonally averaged temperatures and zonal winds, and poleward transports of momentum and sensible heat.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 1; p 207-253
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  • 62
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    Effect of a Pacific sea-surface temperature anomaly on the circulation over North America: A numerical experiment with the GLAS model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical experiment was carried out to determine the effect of sea surface temperature anomalies over the Pacific on the circulation over North America. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern chosen for this study was similar to the one observed during January 1977. It is shown that a cold sea surface temperature anomaly over the Pacific produces a strong southward flow over the United States and colder temperature in eastern Canada and the United States, as it was observed during the 1977 winter. The results indicate that the SST anomaly over the Pacific can produce a significant downstream effect over the continental United States.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 1; p 501-518
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  • 63
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    In situ aircraft verification of the quality of satellite cloud winds over oceanic regions (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 5-year aircraft experiment to verify the quality of satellite cloud winds over oceans using in situ aircraft Inertial Navigation System wind measurements is presented. Cloud motions measured by satellite and aircraft wind measurements that were coincident in time and space, and the results from the experiment are for undisturbed to moderately disturbed oceanic weather regimes. The results show that satellite measured cumulus cloud motions are good estimators of the cloud-base wind for trade wind and subtropical high regions. The average magnitude of the vector differences between the cloud motion and the cloud-base wind was determined; for cumulus clouds near frontal regions, the cloud motions agreed best with the mean cloud layer wind. For a very limited sample, cirrus cloud motions most closely followed the mean wind in the cloud layer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Nov. 197
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  • 64
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    Assessment of the urban heat island effect through the use of satellite data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A recent NASA satellite is obtaining high spatial resolution thermal infrared data at times of day appropriate for the study of the urban heat island effect. Quantitative estimates of the extent and intensity of urban surface heating are obtained by analysis of digital data acquired over the New York City-New England area. In many large cities satellite sensed temperatures are 10-15 C warmer than in surrounding rural areas. A thorough interpretation of the elevated urban surface temperature will require studies of (1) the relationship between remotely sensed surface temperatures and air temperatures, and (2) compensation for observed very localized heating due to industry and/or power plants.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Nov. 197
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    Long-term solar wind electron variations between 1971 and 1978 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Imp solar wind electron data measured between 1971 and 1978 were studied with the aim of determining long-term variations near the earth. Two separate sets of parameter variations were observed: (1) in 1976-1977 the solar wind density, the electron temperature, and the interplanetary electrostatic potential were all enhanced, and (2) the halo density and associated electron parameters were all depressed during a 1 1/2-year period centered on the last 6 months of 1976. Although interpretation of these results in terms of corresponding coronal and interplanetary variations is not unique, it may be significant that measured solar wind parameters near the minimum of solar cycle 20 agree better with the Hartle-Sturrock model of the coronal expansion than they do during other epochs.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Dec. 1
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    Remote sensing of seasonal distribution of precipitable water vapor over the oceans and the inference of boundary-layer structure (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From the depth of the water vapor spectral lines in the 8-9 micron window region, measured by the Nimbus 4 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) with a resolution of about 3/cm, the precipitable water vapor over the oceans is remotely sensed. In addition the IRIS spectral data in the 11-13 micron window region have been used to derive the sea surface temperature (SST). Seasonal maps of w on the oceans deduced from the spectral data reveal the dynamical influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. With the help of a model for the vertical distribution of water vapor, the configuration of the atmospheric boundary layer over the oceans can be inferred from these remotely sensed w and SST. The gross seasonal mean structure of the boundary layer inferred in this fashion reveals the broad areas of trade wind inversion and the convectively active areas such as the ITCZ. The derived information is in reasonable agreement with some observed climatological patterns over the oceans.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Oct. 197
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    A hydrological analysis of east Australian floods using Nimbus-5 electrically scanning radiometer data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The chronological development and diminution of six floods in eastern Australia during January, February, and March 1974 were mapped for the first time by the Nimbus Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR). Day and nighttime ESMR (19.35 GHz) coverage was analyzed for the low gradient, flooded Darling River system in New South Wales. Apparent movement of surface water as indicated by low brightness temperatures (less than 250 K, day and less than 240 K, night) was easily followed around the curved runoff basin along the northern shoreline of the flooded Darling River during this 3-month period. This pattern was in good agreement with flood crest data at selected river height gage stations, even under cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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    The Fe XXI lambda1354 line in solar flares observed from Skylab and its implications on ionization equilibrium calculations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 233
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  • 69
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    EUV limb spectra of a surge observed from Skylab (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The EUV spectra of a surge observed at plus 8 in. and plus 20 in. above the white light limb from Skylab are examined. The shape of the differential emission measure determined at 8 in. and 20 in. is nearly the same as for a quiet Sun spectrum at 8 in., but the emission measure of the surge at 8 in. is about an order of magnitude greater than for the quiet Sun. At 20 in. the emission measure of the surge is initially close to the quiet Sun distribution, but decreases by a factor of 4 within 6 min. The optically thin lines formed near 10 to the 5th power K show nonthermal broadening at 8 in., and electron densities near this temperature are derived from intersystem to resonance ratios. The volume of the emitting plasma at 8 in. above the limb was determined, concluding that a continuous energy input is required to explain the observations.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 78; 3, Oc; Oct. 197
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    Are solar spectral variations a drive for climatic change (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of UV variations on atmospheric ozone content and climate for time scales encompassing the 27-day solar rotation period, the sunspot period, twice the solar magnetic, and also longer time periods are examined. The studies of the relationship between solar UV variations, atmospheric ozone content and atmospheric temperatures were conducted by estimating the impact of such variations on tropospheric temperature. The total luminosity constant is then held and the dependence of the ozone variations on the forcing period is calculated. It is concluded that solar UV variations on time scales of weeks to months occasionally perturb total ozone and stratospheric temperatures by noticeable amounts but result in only minor changes in the troposphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 282; Dec. 6
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  • 71
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    New atomic data for Si/6+/, S/8+/ and Ar/10+/ (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper gives new atomic data, populations of excited levels, and line intensity ratios for the ions Si VII, S IX, and Ar XI of the O I isoelectronic sequence. Ten levels are included in the calculations, i.e., the levels of the 2s/2/2p/4/ and 2s2p/5/ and 2p/6/ configurations. It is noted that the calculations are done for applications to solar plasmas. The line ratios (2s/2/2p/4/3P1 - 2s2p/5/3P0) / (2s/2/2p/4/3P1 - 2s2p/5/3P1) and (2s/2/2p/4/1D2 - 2s2p/5/1P/1/) / (2s/2/2p/4/3P/1/ - 2s1p/5/3P/1/) are two of the ratios useful for electron density determination. Finally, density sensitive line ratios of Ca XIII and Fe XIX are also discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 80; 1, No; Nov. 197
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    Principal component analysis of solar flares in the soft X-ray flux (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers principal component analysis of solar flares in the soft X-ray flux, a technique for extracting the salient features from a mass of data. The method applies particularly to the analysis of nonstationary ensembles, and its computations require the evaluation of eigenvalues of matrices. The Eispack matrix eigen system routines were used to analyze full-disk proportional-counter data from the X-ray event analyzer which was part of the Skylab experiment. Empirical orthogonal functions were derived for events in the soft X-ray spectrum between 2.5 and 20 A during different time periods, indicating that about 90% of the cumulative power of each analyzed flare is contained in the largest eigenvector. The first two largest eigenvectors are sufficient for an empirical curve fit through the raw data and a characterization of solar flares in the soft X-ray flux, and power spectra of two largest eigenvectors reveal a reported periodicity of about 5 min.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 80; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 73
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    Nonlinear stability of solar type III radio bursts. II - Application to observations near 1 AU (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A set of rate equations including strong turbulence effects and anomalous resistivity are solved using parameters which model several solar type III bursts. Analysis of these bursts has led to quantitative comparisons between several of the observed phenomena and the theory. Through use of an analytic model for the time evolution of the energetic electron exciter, it is found that the exciter distributions observed at 1 AU are unstable to the excitation of the linear bump-in-tail instability, amplifying Langmuir waves above the threshold for the oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI). The OTSI and the attendant anomalous resistivity produce a rapid spectral transfer of Langmuir waves to short wavelengths, out of resonance with the electron exciter. In addition, the various parameters needed to model the bursts are extrapolated inside 1 AU with similar results. Finally, reabsorption of the Langmuir waves by the beam is shown to be unimportant in all cases, even at 0.1 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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  • 74
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    Solar cycle variations in IMF intensity (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Annual averages of logarithms of hourly interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) intensities, obtained from geocentric spacecraft between November 1963 and December 1977, reveal the following solar cycle variation. For 2-3 years at each solar minimum period, the IMF intensity is depressed by 10-15% relative to its mean value realized during a broad 9-year period centered at solar maximum. No systematic variations occur during this 9-year period. The solar minimum decrease, although small in relation to variations in some other solar wind parameters, is both statistically and physically significant.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Oct. 1
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    NASA's participation in the AVE-SESAME '79 program (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center participated with its AVE (Atmospheric Variability Experiment) in a large interagency mesoscale and severe storms experiment identified herein as AVE-SESAME '79 (Atmospheric Variability Experiment-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment 1979). A primary objective of NASA was to support an effort to acquire carefully edited sets of rawinsonde data during selected severe weather events for use in correlative and diagnostic studies with satellite and radar data obtained at approximately the same times. Data were acquired during six individual 24-h experiments on both the regional and storm scales over a network in the central United States that utilized approximately 20 supplemental rawinsonde sites meshed among 23 standard National Weather Service sites. Included among the six experiments are data obtained between 1200 GMT on April 10 and 1200 GMT on April 11, encompassing the formation and development period for the tornado-producing systems that devastated Wichita Falls, Texas, and other sections of Oklahoma and Texas. The other dates for which data sets are available are April 19-20 and 25-26, May 9-10 and 20-21, and June 7-8, 1979.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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    Solar variability and ozone (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Stratospheric temperature and concentration of ozone above 26 km, as measured by rocket-borne instruments, showed an increase from 1964 to 1969-70, and a decline between 1970 and 1975, closely following the solar cycle, which peaked in 1969 (+0.89 correlation at both 35 and 50 km). Similar correlations were found between the ozone density and the 10.7 cm solar radio flux (as measured by the Nimbus IV satellite), and between ozone column density and the Lyman-alpha flux, both observations being taken over the same 10 month period. A mechanism is hypothesized which would link solar flux variation with both changes in stratospheric temperature and concentration of ozone (which is produced by the photodissociation of stratospheric oxygen molecules by solar radiation in the ultraviolet wavelength region).
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: New Scientist; 84; Nov. 15
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    Nonlinear stability of solar type III radio bursts. I - Theory (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A theory of the excitation of solar type III bursts is presented. Electrons initially unstable to the linear bump-in-tail instability are shown to rapidly amplify Langmuir waves to energy densities characteristic of strong turbulence. The three-dimensional equations which describe the strong coupling (wave-wave) interactions are derived. For parameters characteristic of the interplanetary medium the equations reduce to one-dimension. In that case the oscillating two-stream instability (OTSI) is the dominant nonlinear instability. OTSI is stabilized through the production of nonlinear ion density fluctuations that efficiently scatter Langmuir waves out of resonance with the electron beam. An analytical model of the electron distribution function is also developed which is used to estimate the total energy losses suffered by the electron beam as it propagates from the solar corona to 1 AU and beyond.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 234
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    Influence of environmental saturation and electric field on growth and evaporation of epitaxial ice crystals (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth; 46; 1979
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    QCSEE - The key to future short-haul air transport (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the design and test procedure for the QCSEE (quiet, clean, short-haul experimental engine). The engines designed for the YC-14 and YC-15 STOL aircraft, both use a very low fan pressure ratio to keep jet-flap noise about 3 dB below total system noise. Other noise reducing features discussed are the low tip speed fans and a carefully selected number of fan blades and vanes with adequate spacing between them. Attention is also given to the development of a low emissions combustor, and reduction of fan frame weight, through the use of graphite/epoxy material. The YC-15 engine also employs variable pitch fans to provide thrust reversal, thus saving weight. Finally, it is noted that the tests have proven that the engines could be configurated to meet the needs of a powered lift system without excessively compromising performance or weight.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: ICAO Bulletin; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 80
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    A statistical technique for determining rainfall over land employing Nimbus 6 ESMR measurements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Statistical analysis of the Nimbus 6 ESMR measurements for remote monitoring of active rainfall data over land is presented. Horizontally and vertically polarized brightness temperature pairs from ESMR 6 were sampled for areas of rainfall over land as determined from the rain recording stations and the WSR 57 radar, and wet and dry ground over the southeastern U.S. These three categories of brightness temperatures were significantly different so that the possibilities of the mean vectors of any two populations coinciding were less than 1 in 100, so that classification algorithms were then developed. The Fisher linear classifier, the Bayesian quadratic classifier, and a non-parametric linear classifier were examined, and the Bayesian algorithm performed best. It was concluded that a rainfall area delineated by the Bayesian classifier coincided well with the synoptic-scale rainfall area mapped by ground recording rain data and radar echoes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Aug. 197
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  • 81
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    The core electron temperature profile between 0.5 and 1.0 AU in the steady-state high speed solar wind (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Aug. 1
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    NASA's search for the solar connection. II (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of future space missions planned to investigate the sun and how its events affect the earth is presented. The International Solar-Polar mission, scheduled for 1983, is designed to investigate the three-dimensional structure of the solar-wind flow and to study the corona from above the sun's poles. The Spacelab mission will make major contributions to solar study by employing a 1.25 m telescope for observations from the near violet to the near infrared wavelengths with an angular resolution of 0.1 arc sec, and will be capable of resolving features on the sun 72 km across. Other missions, including the International Sun-Earth Explorer and the solar cycle and dynamic mission, which is designed to study the global oscillations of the sun, are also discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 58; Sept
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  • 83
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    The data systems tests - The final phase (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The U.S.A. has conducted a series of data systems tests (DSTs) as a precursor to its participation in FGGE, the Global Weather Experiment. The paper briefly describes the impact those tests have had on the FGGE observing system and on the data management plans. In particular, the final phase of the DST programs is described, wherein a number of investigators have been selected to work with the DST data sets in research studies directed toward the GARP objectives. Thus, an important first step has been taken in providing feedback to the potential FGGE research community.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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  • 84
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    Variations of the sun's radius and temperature due to magnetic buoyancy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 280; Aug. 23
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  • 85
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    Perturbation of the zonal radiation balance by a stratospheric aerosol layer (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of stratospheric aerosols on the earth's monthly zonal radiation balance is investigated using a model layer consisting of 75% H2SO4, the primary constituent of the background aerosol layer. The reduction in solar energy absorbed by the earth-atmosphere system is determined through the albedo sensitivity, and the optically thin approximation is used in conjunction with the Henyey-Greenstein phase function for scattering. An infrared radiative transfer model is used to estimate the increased greenhouse effect from the aerosol layer, and the infrared heating compensates for the albedo effect in altering the radiation balance. The results indicate that the dominant influence of the thin model stratospheric aerosol layer is an increased reflection of solar energy all over the globe except for the polar-winter region, but the change in the radiation balance is uniform and small equatorward of 50 deg.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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    Differences between seasonal and mean annual energy balance model calculations of climate and climate sensitivity (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper extends a simple Budyko-Sellers mean annual energy balance climate model with diffusive transport to include a seasonal cycle. In the model the latitudinal distribution of the zonal average surface temperature is represented by Legendre polynomials and its time-dependence by a Fourier sine-cosine series, and it has three parameters adjusted so that the observed amplitudes of the Northern Hemisphere zonal mean surface temperature are recovered. The seasonal model is used to reveal how the annual mean climate and the sensitivity to changes in incident radiation differ from the predictions obtained with the corresponding mean annual model. The distribution of the incident solar radiation in the models is shown to be insensitive to changes in the eccentricity and the longitude of perihelion and sensitive only to changes in the obliquity of the earth, and for past orbital changes both the seasonal and the mean annual model fail to produce glacial advances of the magnitude that are thought to have occurred.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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    A stability theorem for energy-balance climate models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper treats the stability of steady-state solutions of some simple, latitude-dependent, energy-balance climate models. For north-south symmetric solutions of models with an ice-cap-type albedo feedback, and for the sum of horizontal transport and infrared radiation given by a linear operator, it is possible to prove a 'slope stability' theorem, i.e., if the local slope of the steady-state iceline latitude versus solar constant curve is positive (negative) the steady-state solution is stable (unstable). Certain rather weak restrictions on the albedo function and on the heat transport are required for the proof, and their physical basis is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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    Solar activity cycle during classical antiquity (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Early accounts of phenomena that may be identified as auroral displays have been abstracted from reports of unusual celestial prodigies in the classical literature. An extensive catalog of ancient aurorae and a new mathematical method of analyzing fragmentary time series of observations have been used to demonstrate, provisionally, that an auroral cycle actually existed in antiquity, at least during the 2nd century BC, and that it had an average length and amplitude comparable with those of the modern auroral cycle. On the reasonable supposition that solar activity has always been the factor responsible for aurorae, it can be concluded that the solar cycle two millennia ago was very similar to what it is today.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 77; 1-2,; Aug. 197
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    Solar radio spectrum extended to 10 km wavelength (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar radio spectra for quiet times and radio bursts in the wavelength range from 1 mm to 10 km are presented. Solar nonthermal emission in the range of 100 m to 10 km was monitored by means of long wire antennas connected to multi-channel radiometers in the frequency range 25 kHz to 10 MHz on board the IMP-6 and RAE-1 satellites. Flux densities for very intense type III bursts with intensities ranging from 10 to the -18th to 10 to the -14th W/sq m per Hz with maxima at 330 to 1500 m are shown, and a power-law wavelength distribution function of maximum burst intensities is derived. Intensities of a large type III noise storm are shown to increase with increasing wavelength to a peak near 500 m. The flux densities of both types of burst emission are observed to greatly exceed quiet sun intensities at long wavelengths.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 280; Aug. 16
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  • 90
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    On solar cosmic rays (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The report summarizes the major results obtained over the last four years in the following areas: (1) transport in interplanetary space which includes solar particle observations combined with theoretical efforts to develop models which simulate the dynamics of the event; (2) transport in the solar corona and release of particles in the interplanetary medium; and (3) characteristics of source spectra and acceleration models. Modelling the propagation of solar cosmic rays through interplanetary space and establishing the magnitude and the radial and energy dependence of the diffusion coefficient K are considered. An important result due to statistical observation is that the coronal propagation must be independent of or weakly dependent on both rigidity and energy. Increasing evidence is found for prolonged injection at the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; June 197
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  • 91
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    Dielectronic recombination rates, ionization equilibrium, and radiative energy-loss rates for neon, magnesium, and sulfur ions in low-density plasmas (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results of detailed and systematic calculations are presented for the total dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for the ions of Ne, Mg, and S in a low-density predominantly hydrogen plasma. The new recombination rates are used to calculate solar corona ionization-equilibrium distributions of the ions. The most important effect of dielectronic recombination for ions in corona equilibrium is found to be a shift in the maximum-abundance temperatures toward higher temperatures, which are in some cases reduced from those predicted on the basis of the simple Burgess formula.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 92
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    Proton-driven electromagnetic instabilities in high-speed solar wind streams (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Electromagnetic instabilities of the field-aligned, right-hand circularly polarized magnetosonic wave and the left-hand circularly polarized Alfven wave driven by two drifted proton components are analyzed for model parameters determined from Imp 7 solar wind proton data measured during high-speed flow conditions. Growth rates calculated using bi-Lorentzian forms for the main and beam proton as well as core and halo electron velocity distributions do not differ significantly from those calculated using bi-Maxwellian forms. Using distribution parameters determined from 17 measured proton spectra, we show that considering the uncertainties the magnetosonic wave may be linearly stable and the Alfven wave is linearly unstable. Because proton velocity distribution function shapes are observed to persist for times long compared to the proton gyroperiod, the latter result suggests that linear stability theory fails for proton-driven ion cyclotron waves in the high-speed solar wind.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Feb. 1
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    Approximations for proton excitation - Erratum and extension (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Kastner (1977) proposed relatively simple approximations for proton excitation in coronal ions, which yield both excitation rate coefficients and excitation cross sections. An error in Kastner's expression for one of the partial excitation rate coefficients is corrected. The expression for excitation cross section is extended to higher energies, and the resulting expression for the other partial rate coefficient is given. Results obtained with the corrected and extended total excitation rate coefficient are presented for several representative transitions in Ca XIII, Ca XV, Fe X, Fe XIII, Fe XIV, Fe XVIII, and S X. The corrected and extended approximation is expected to yield excitation rates reliably within 50%.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 71; 1-2,; Jan. 197
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  • 94
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    Physics of the solar wind for the 1975-1978 IUUG Quadrennial Report (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper surveys topics related to the origin, expansion, and acceleration of the solar wind and the plasma physics of the interplanetary medium. The study of the relationship between coronal holes and solar-wind streams, and the associated revision of ideas about solar wind acceleration and heating are reviewed. In addition, topics of hydromagnetic waves and turbulence, and interplanetary electrons, as items of particular importance during the past quadrennium, are discussed. While the research discussed was concerned with data taken near solar minimum, further solar-wind studies will concentrate on observations from the rising and maximum phases of the solar cycle.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 17; June 197
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  • 95
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    XUV electron density diagnostics for solar flares (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Potential electron-density diagnostics for the high-temperature component of solar flares are studied with reference to the wavelength region from 171 to 630 A. The specific ions discussed include Fe IX through Fe XV, Ni XI through Ni XVII, and ions in the beryllium, boron, carbon, and nitrogen isoelectronic sequences. Line ratios that could be useful as density indicators under solar-flare conditions are indicated, available data for the ions considered are reviewed, and several theoretical intensity ratios are plotted. The results are employed to determine the electron-density distribution as a function of electron temperature for several spectra from two flares. For these flares it is found that the electron density increases from 10 billion to 500 billion per cu cm for a temperature increase from 1 million to 10 million K.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 40; June 197
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  • 96
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    Magnetic fields, plasmas, and coronal holes - The inner solar system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent results concerning streams and magnetic fields in the inner solar system are reviewed. Observations have shown that MHD streams are bounded by thin shear layers within 1 AU, probably because they originate in coronal holes which have sharp boundaries. The properties of Alfvenic fluctuations in streams cannot be fully explained on the basis of the hypothesis that they are plane, transverse Alfven waves. A more complete and accurate description might be that they represent nonplanar general Alfven waves weakly coupled to a compressive mode and moving through a medium containing tangential discontinuities and other convected inhomogeneities.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 97
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    A theory of local and global processes which affect solar wind electrons. I - The origin of typical 1 AU velocity distribution functions - Steady state theory (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A kinetic theory for the velocity distribution of solar wind electrons which illustrates the global and local properties of the solar wind expansion is proposed. By means of the Boltzmann equation with the Krook collision operator accounting for Coulomb collisions, it is found that Coulomb collisions determine the population and shape of the electron distribution function in both the thermal and suprathermal energy regimes. For suprathermal electrons, the cumulative effects of Coulomb interactions are shown to take place on the scale of the heliosphere itself, whereas the Coulomb interactions of thermal electrons occur on a local scale near the point of observation (1 AU). The bifurcation of the electron distribution between thermal and suprathermal electrons is localized to the deep solar corona (1 to 10 solar radii).
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 1
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  • 98
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    An observational test of the quasi-geostrophic relation between eddy momentum flux convergence and eddy fluxes of potential vorticity and potential temperature (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The quasi-geostrophic relation between the fluxes of momentum, potential vorticity and potential temperature is tested with atmospheric data by computing the convergence of momentum flux as a residual of the potential temperature and potential vorticity flux and comparing it to the momentum flux convergence computed directly. It is shown that in the troposphere between 18 and 74 deg N the observed momentum flux convergence differs from the quasi-geostrophic convergence by 25-60% depending on tropospheric level and season.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; May 1979
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  • 99
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    The high-temperature corona associated with a loop prominence system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Flare-associated coronal loops were observed on the SE limb of the sun of 1972 February 9 by the Goddard X-ray and EUV spectroheliograph on board OSO 7. The loop structure is clearly visible in the lines of Mg VIII and Mg IX, whereas little or no detail is observed in Fe XV and Fe XVI. A looplike structure with a cloud of emission at the top is observed in soft X-rays. The temperature structure in the region has been calculated from the ratio Fe XVI/Fe XV. The isothermal contour plot is strikingly similar to the isointensity contour plots of the soft X-ray spectroheliograms. With these temperatures and the Fe XV intensity calculated from a calibration scheme developed by Chapman and Neupert, the emission measure has been estimated in the loops. Calculated energy losses suggest that continued deposition of energy is required over the observing period.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 100
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    Solar gamma rays above 8 MeV (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Processes that lead to the production of gamma rays with energy greater than 8 MeV in solar flares are reviewed and evaluated. Excited states that can be produced by inelastic scattering, charge exchange, and spallation reactions in the abundant nuclear species are considered in order to identify nuclear lines that may contribute to the gamma-ray spectrum of solar flares. The flux of 15.11-MeV gamma rays relative to the flux of 4.44-MeV gamma rays from the deexcitation of the corresponding states in C-12 is calculated for a number of assumed distributions of exciting particles. This flux ratio is shown to be a sensitive diagnostic of accelerated particle spectra. Other high-energy nuclear levels are not so isolated as the 15.11-MeV state and are not expected to be so strong. The spectrum of gamma rays from the decay of neutral pions is shown to be sensitive to the energy distribution of particles accelerated to energies greater than 100 MeV.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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